Nanoparticles of TiO2 doped with low amount of Fe were synthesized from natural ilmenite obtained from alluvial gold mine wastes. The obtained TiO2 were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-Vis diffuse reflectance, thermogravimetric analysis/differential scanning calorimetry (TGA/DSC), N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results confirm the formation of mesoporous TiO2 nanoparticles in anatase phase with 0.05 wt.% of iron possibly replacing some titanium places. All the characterizations were performed to the synthesized solid and the reference materials (TiO2 anatase and Degussa P25). The photocatalytic activity of both the synthesized solid and references were evaluated in the photo-oxidation of cyanide in aqueous medium under UV illumination. An experimental design type Box-Behnken was performed choosing three different parameters: the initial concentration of cyanide (50, 150 and 250 ppm) the catalyst load (0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 g L-1) and the oxygen source. The percentage of cyanide conversion was chosen as response in the design obtaining as optimal conditions [CN-]0 = 50 ppm, catalyst load = 0.6 g L-1 and air bubbling. Under these conditions it was reached 32, 32 and 89% of cyanide conversion for Fe-TiO2 synthesized, TiO2 anatase and Degussa P25, respectively. TiO wastes Xray X ray XRD, XRD , (XRD) XRF, XRF (XRF) Fouriertransform Fourier transform FTIR, FTIR (FTIR) UVVis Vis reflectance analysisdifferential analysis differential TGA/DSC, TGADSC TGA/DSC TGA DSC (TGA/DSC) N adsorptiondesorption adsorption desorption isotherms TEM (TEM XPS. XPS . (XPS) 005 0 05 0.0 wt wt. places (TiO P25. P25 P P25) photooxidation photo oxidation illumination BoxBehnken Box Behnken parameters 50, (50 15 25 ppm 0.1, 01 1 (0.1 5 0. 10 1. L1 L source CN0 CN [CN-] 06 6 L- bubbling 3 89 FeTiO2 FeTiO Fe-TiO respectively (XRD (XRF (FTIR (TGA/DSC (XPS 00 P2 (5 2 0.1 (0. [CN- 8 ( (0 [CN

Abstract Currently, food products, such as oil, are displayed at high lighting intensities and sometimes at temperatures above 20 °C, factors that can accelerate oxidative rancidity, such as degradation of oil quality. This is the reason why a PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) control system was implemented that allowed quality tests to be carried out on the oil stored in different temperature conditions (13 °C to 27 °C). During these tests, the transfer function of the system and the controller, was found using the automatic tuning of the control box. This improved the precision and continuous voltage for illumination (from 155 lux to 1145 lux) by varying the intensity of the LEDs. For the experimental design, the central composite design (CCD) was used, resulting in 13 treatments. After 30 days, the quality of the oil was evaluated (acidity index and peroxide index), and the oxidative stability index was determined using the Rancimat method. It was found that temperature and lighting have a significant effect on the quality and oxidative stability of the oil (p < 0.05), achieving the storage condition with greater stability at 300 lux of lighting and 15 °C temperature.

Resumen Actualmente, los productos alimenticios, como el aceite, se exhiben a elevadas intensidades de iluminación y en ocasiones a temperaturas por encima de los 20 °C, factores que pueden acelerar la rancidez oxidativa, como la degradación de la calidad del aceite. Esta es la razón por la cual se implementó un sistema de control PID (Proporcional-Integral-Derivativo) que permitió realizar pruebas de calidad del aceite almacenado en diferentes condiciones de temperatura (13 °C a 27 °C). Durante esas pruebas, se halló la función de transferencia del sistema y el controlador, utilizando la sintonía automática de la caja de control. Esto mejoró la precisión y el voltaje continuo para la iluminación (de 155 lux a 1145 lux), variando la intensidad de los LED. Para el diseño experimental, se utilizó el diseño central compuesto (DCC), lo que resultó en trece tratamientos. A los treinta días, se evaluó la calidad del aceite (índice de acidez e índice de peróxidos), y se determinó el índice de estabilidad oxidativa mediante el método Rancimat. Se encontró que la temperatura y la iluminación presentan un efecto significativo sobre la calidad y la estabilidad oxidativa del aceite (p < 0.05), logrando la condición de almacenamiento con mayor estabilidad a 300 lux de iluminación y 15 °C de temperatura.

Resumo Actuamente, os produtos alimenticios, como o óleo, são exibidos em elevadas intensidades de iluminação e em ocasiões em temperaturas por acima dos 20 °C, fatores que podem acelerar o ranço oxidativo, como a degradação da qualidade do óleo. Este é o motivo pelo qual implementou-se um sistema de controle PID (Proporcional-Integral-Derivativo) que permitiu realizar provas de qualidade do óleo almacenado em diferentes condições de temperatura (13 °C até 27 °C). Durante essas provas, encontrou-se a função de transferência do sistema e o controlador, utilizando a sintonia automática da caixa de controle. Isso melhorou a precisão e a tensão contínuo para a iluminação (de 155 lux até 1145 lux), variando a intensidad dos LED. Para o desenho experimental, utilizou-se o disenho central composto (DCC), o que resultou em treze tratamentos. Aos trinta días, avaliou-se a qualidade do óleo (índice de acidez e índice de peróxidos), e determinou-se o índice de estabilidade oxidativa mediante o método Rancimat. Encontrou-se que la temperatura e a iluminação apresentam um efeto significativo sobre a qualidade e a estabilidade oxidativa do óleo (p < 0.05), conseguindo a condição de almacenamento com maior estabilidade, em 300 lux de iluminação e 15 °C de temperatura.

Abstract Continuous illumination and increased feeding periods have enhanced growth in commercial fish species. However, oxygen consumption under these conditions has yet to be previously assessed in agastric short-intestine fish. This study evaluated Chirostoma estor (Atherinopsidae) oxygen consumption under three specific feeding and light regimes: resting-unfed, routine-fed, and continuous light/feeding. Fish in the continuous light/feeding condition presented oxygen consumption levels 60 and 20% higher than resting-unfed and routine-fed fish, respectively. The latter implies that constant high oxygen supply levels are required to satisfy the demand for C. estor raised under these high growth rate conditions. The present study shows the relevance of determining oxygen consumption levels during continuous illumination and extended feeding periods to consider optimal oxygen levels required to achieve better performance indicators, such as the growth and welfare of atherinopsids and species with similar digestive configurations.

Resumen La iluminación continua y el aumento de frecuencias alimenticias han mejorado el crecimiento de peces en cultivo. Sin embargo, el consumo de oxígeno en estas condiciones no se ha evaluado en peces agástricos de intestino corto. Este estudio evaluó el consumo de oxígeno de Chirostoma estor bajo tres regímenes específicos de alimentación y luz: reposo sin alimentación, alimentación de rutina y alimentación/luz continua. En este último tratamiento los peces presentaron niveles de consumo de oxígeno de 60 y 20% más altos que los peces en reposo y con alimentación rutinaria, respectivamente. Esto implica que se requieren niveles elevados y constantes de suministro de oxígeno para satisfacer la demanda de C. estor en cultivo en condiciones crecimiento acelerado. El presente estudio muestra la relevancia de determinar los niveles de consumo de oxígeno bajo protocolos de crecimiento acelerado para lograr mejores indicadores de desempeño de otras especies con configuraciones digestivas similares.

ABSTRACT: The precise account of biodiversity in the tropics has prompted the need for extended and accurate forest inventories in mountainous landscapes, where satellite imagery and radiative transfer modeling of forests have acquired much relevance. Last-generation classification algorithms (i.e. machine learning) using terrain information have proven useful for mapping forest types, however, the accuracy of classifications is measured on average over a large extent, and little emphasis has been placed on predicting which illumination configurations could in fact cause high uncertainty in the classification results. This paper presents a 3D modeling approach adapted to the Discrete Anisotropic Radiative Transfer (DART) image simulator, which indicates whether forest types are distinguishable in a set of steep terrain configurations. The approach also describes a comparison of simulated and real forest scenes on slopes at high (4 m) spatial resolution. This method was applied to estimate the spectral separability of three forest types (oak, pine, and high tropical forests) on steep terrain in Mexico. For extreme (low or high) solar incidence angles, the pine and high tropical forests were indistinguishable, and by contrast, they were distinguishable on slopes near to the solar perpendicular plane. As a consequence, to maximize favourable slope configurations, we recommend to incorporate images acquired in the morning and in the afternoon for machine learning classification algorithms.

RESUMEN: El registro preciso de la biodiversidad tropical ha llevado a la necesidad de inventarios forestales extensos y precisos en zonas montañosas, donde las imágenes satelitales y la modelización de transferencia radiativa de los bosques han adquirido mucha relevancia. Los algoritmos de clasificación de imágenes de última generación (i.e. aprendizaje automático), aplicados con información auxiliar del relieve, se han revelado relativamente exitosos para el mapeo de tipos de bosques, sin embargo, la exactitud de la clasificación se mide solamente en promedio sobre áreas extensas, y poca atención se ha vertido en predecir las configuraciones de iluminación que en realidad causan alta incertidumbre en los resultados de la clasificación. En este artículo, se presenta una metodología basada en el simulador de imágenes Discrete Anisotropic Radiative Transfer (DART), para determinar si los tipos de bosque son distinguibles o no en configuraciones de terreno escarpado. Este trabajo describe la comparación de escenas forestales simuladas y reales en imágenes de alta resolución espacial (4 m). El método se aplicó para la estimación de la separabilidad espectral de tres tipos de bosques (encino, pino y selva alta perennifolia) en terrenos escarpados en México. Para ángulos de incidencia solar extremos (muy pequeños o muy grandes), el bosque de pino y la selva alta resultaron indistinguibles, y en contraste, fueron distinguibles en laderas cercanas al plano perpendicular solar. En consecuencia, para incluir un máximo de configuraciones favorables de laderas, recomendamos incorporar imágenes adquiridas en la mañana y en la tarde en el entrenamiento de los algoritmos de aprendizaje automático.

ABSTRACT Marine diatoms are important part of the diet of mollusks, crustaceans and fish because of their nutritional profile. The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional profile of eight strains of microalgae of the genera Chaetoceros and Skeletonema, dominant in the central coast of Peru, in order to rate their potential as an ingredient for aquaculture. For this, 7 L cultures were carried out at a pH of 7.5-8.5, at 17 °C, illumination of 35 µmol.s-1.m-2 and a photoperiod of 12:12 hours. After 15 days of culture, the dry biomass was obtained by lyophilization and the nutritional profile analyzes were performed. The results show values of moisture from 5 to 14 %, ash from 19 to 57 %, carbohydrates from 2 to 23 %, lipids from 3 to 9 %, and proteins from 12 to 30 %. The strain with the highest percentage of the last two compounds was that corresponding to S. costatum (IMP-BG-466). Likewise, all the strains presented high relative percentages of the essential fatty acid, eicopentaenoic acid (EPA), from 13 to 30 % and the essential amino acid leucine from 1 to 3 % (% w/w). However, as this strain presents low concentrations of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), arginine, histidine and lysine, it is necessary to supplement it with other sources for the formulation of balanced diets.

RESUMEN Las diatomeas marinas forman parte importante de la dieta de moluscos, crustáceos y peces debido a su perfil nutricional. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el perfil nutricional de ocho cepas de microalgas de los géneros Chaetoceros y Skeletonema, dominantes en la costa central del Perú, y valorar su potencial como ingrediente para acuicultura. Se realizaron cultivos de 7 L a pH de 7.5-8.5, a 17 °C, iluminación de 35 µmol.s-1.m-2 y fotoperiodo 12:12 horas. Luego de 15 días de cultivo, se obtuvo la biomasa seca mediante liofilización y se realizaron los análisis de perfil nutricional. Los resultados indican valores de humedad de 5 a 14 %, cenizas de 19 a 57 %, carbohidratos de 2 a 23 %, lípidos de 3 a 9 % y proteínas de 12 a 30 %. La cepa con mayor porcentaje de estos dos últimos compuestos fue la correspondiente a la especie S. costatum (IMP-BG-466). Así mismo, todas las cepas presentaron altos porcentajes relativos del ácido graso esencial, ácido eicopentaenoico (EPA), de 13 a 30 % y el aminoácido esencial leucina de 1 a 3 % (% p/p). Sin embargo, al presentar bajas concentraciones del ácido docosahexaenoico (DHA), arginina, histidina y lisina, es necesario complementar su utilización con otras fuentes para la formulación de dietas equilibradas.

Resumo Este estudo efectua uma análise iconográfica específica de imagens relacionadas com a morte em manuscritos iluminados franceses dos séculos XIII a XV. Utilizando métodos de história da arte, incluindo a análise estilística, semiótica e hermenêutica, o estudo tem como objetivo identificar tipologias iconográficas comuns e examinar a forma como os artistas medievais representaram visualmente ideias sobre a mortalidade. A análise de formatos composicionais recorrentes em vários tipos de manuscritos demonstra como a iluminura ajuda a reconstruir as perspectivas medievais sobre o omnipresente mas enigmático fenómeno da morte. Os resultados mostram que, embora certos modelos convencionais sejam recorrentes, os iluminadores adaptaram-nos para aumentar o impacto emocional e a ressonância narrativa. A prevalência de motivos macabros nos manuscritos seculares e religiosos aponta para uma preocupação com a morte, embora a diversidade de abordagens revele atitudes multifacetadas. Enquanto artefactos da cultura visual medieval, estas obras constituem um terreno fértil para a investigação interdisciplinar de uma sociedade enfeitiçada pela morte.

Abstract This study conducts a targeted iconographic analysis of imagery related to death in French illuminated manuscripts from the 13th to 15th centuries. Using art historical methods including stylistic, semiotic and hermeneutic analysis, the study aims to identify common iconographic typologies and examine how medieval artists visually represented ideas about mortality. Analysis of recurrent compositional formats across various manuscript types demonstrates how illumination helps reconstruct medieval perspectives on the ubiquitous yet enigmatic phenomenon of death. Findings show that while certain conventional templates recurred, illuminators adapted these to heighten emotional impact and narrative resonance. The prevalence of macabre motifs across both secular and religious manuscripts points to a preoccupation with death, even as the diversity of approaches reveals multifaceted attitudes. As artifacts of medieval visual culture, these works provide fertile ground for interdisciplinary investigation into a society Spellbound by death.

BiOCl nanosheets modified with AuCu nanoparticles were successfully designed and fabricated for water reduction of CO2. The AuxCuy/BiOCl composites exhibited enhanced visible light absorption ability due to a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effect. The AuxCuy/BiOCl composites could convert carbon dioxide to ethane (C2H6), while only CO was obtained over pure BiOCl nanosheets. In this study, the rate of C2H6 production (12.2 μmol h-1 g-1) and selectivity of C2H6 (75.7%) were obtained over the Au1Cu1/BiOCl photocatalyst under simulated sunlight illumination. The AuCu nanoparticles played the dual role of electron traps and hot electron donors, facilitating efficient separation and migration of the carriers. The photocatalyst exhibited steady photocatalytic activity over the test duration of 9 h. CO2 AuxCuyBiOCl AuxCuy SPR (SPR effect C2H6, CH , C H (C2H6) study C2H 12.2 122 12 2 (12. h1 h 1 h- g1 g g-1 75.7% 757 75 7 (75.7% Au1Cu1BiOCl AuCuBiOCl Au1Cu1 Au Cu illumination donors carriers (C2H6 12. (12 g- 75.7 (75.7 Au1Cu (C2H (1 75. (75. ( (75 (7

Abstract Secondary cloud forests (SCF) play a valuable role in regulating the hydrological cycle, providing habitat for biodiversity and resources for local livelihoods in cloud forest landscapes. At present, there is limited information on the potential of SCF for timber production. In this study, we determined the growth rates of 4 common SCF tree species, relative to tree size, crown exposure to light, and basal area of neighbouring trees. We used dendrometric bands to measure annual diameter growth in 375 individuals for 2 years, in SCF in Veracruz, Mexico. Average diameter growth rates were: Clethra mexicana = 0.53 ± 0.04 cm y-1, Juglans pyriformis = 0.41 ± 0.03 cm y-1, Liquidambar styraciflua = 0.41 ± 0.03 cm y-1, and Trema micrantha = 0.22 ± 0.04 cm y-1. Tree size was a significant predictor of diameter growth rate; diameter growth rate increased with tree size in all 4 species. Trees with crown laterally illuminated showed higher growth than trees without direct illumination in L. styraciflua. The basal area of neighbouring trees did not affect diameter growth in any species. The results indicate that young trees have high growth potential.

Resumen Los bosques de niebla secundarios (BNS) tienen un papel importante en la regulación del ciclo hidrológico, como hábitat para la biodiversidad y provisión de recursos. Actualmente, existe poca información sobre el potencial del BNS para la producción de madera. Determinamos las tasas de crecimiento de 4 especies maderables comunes en BNS y su respuesta al efecto del tamaño del arbol, la exposición de la copa a la luz (posicion en el dosel) y el area basal de los arboles vecinos. Usamos bandas dendrométricas para medir el crecimiento anual diamétrico en 375 individuos durante 2 años en BNS, en Veracruz, Mexico. Las tasas de crecimiento diamétrico fueron: Clethra mexicana = 0.53 ± 0.04 cm año-1, Juglans pyriformis = 0.41 ± 0.03 cm año-1; Liquidambar styraciflua = 0.41 ± 0.03 cm año-1 and Trema micrantha = 0.22 ± 0.04 cm año-1. En las 4 especies, la tasa de crecimiento aumentó con el tamaño del árbol. Los arboles con copas con iluminación lateral presentaron tasas de crecimiento mayores que los arboles sin iluminación directa en L. styraciflua. El area basal de los vecinos no afectó el crecimiento en ninguna de las especies. Los resultados apoyan que el arbolado joven tiene alto potencial de crecimiento.

This work presents a new filming technique for objects captured in motion that minimizes the typical trail (blur) left in the recorded videos, increasing the accuracy of the video analyses. In order to reduce this trailing, we present a new technique called video analysis by stroboscopic illumination. The technique consists of filming the object of study illuminated only by short and intense pulses of light, without natural or artificial ambient lighting. An electronic device generates the pulses at a frequency adjustable to the frequency of the frames per second that take part in the video. As a result, we present an example of the proposed technique by filming a rubberized sphere launched from a ramp. This technique makes it possible to film by cell phones with low-resolution cameras and a low acquisition rate, allowing the improvement of the results of motion measurements. blur (blur videos analyses trailing illumination light lighting result ramp lowresolution resolution rate measurements

ABSTRACT. Sidewall openings play an important role in the indoor conditions of livestock buildings. It influences airflow patterns, air velocity distribution at the animal-occupied zones and the illumination level in the naturally ventilated animal building. However, there is a paucity of information on the effects of sidewall opening areas on the performance of broiler chickens. Hence, this study investigated the effect of sidewall opening areas on the indoor condition and the body growth of broilers. Two buildings with different sidewall opening areas were developed with broiler chickens reared in them for 28 days. The results showed that air temperatures and relative humidity of the buildings were influenced by the outdoor temperature. The indoor air temperatures of the building exceeded the recommended thermal conditions (18 to 24ºC) for broiler chickens. Similarly, the temperature-humidity index of the building exceeded 21.0ºC recommended for broilers which could result in heat stress and poor performance of broiler chickens during extremely hot weather periods. It was also found in this study that broiler chickens could not perform optimally though they were fed ad libitum. Therefore, further studies are required to ascertain the impact of sidewall opening areas on broiler performance, behaviour and physiological responses. ABSTRACT patterns animaloccupied occupied However Hence 2 days temperature 18 (1 24ºC ºC Similarly temperaturehumidity 210ºC 21 0ºC periods libitum Therefore responses 1 (

ABSTRACT Purpose Establish points on the neck, correspondent to the laryngeal topography, where to apply Low Level Light therapy (LLLT), to evaluate the incidence of light through variables such as skin phototype and body mass index (BMI). Methods This is a cross-sectional, analytical, observational study, carried out with 15 vocally healthy women, between 18 and 50 years of age, who were divided into three groups, according to BMI and skin phototype. Six anatomical reference points were established to locate the larynx and its musculature, with visual monitoring by videonasolaryngoscopy, to assess light reach (present/absent) and degree of illumination (from very weak to very strong) in the larynx during the LASER application at doses of 3J, 6J and 9J. A flexible endoscope was used for visual monitoring during the LASER application, and subsequent image analysis. Results The light reached the larynx at doses of 3J, 6J and 9J, in the anterior commissure of the vocal folds, membranous (thyroarytenoid muscle) and cartilaginous portions of the vocal fold and the cricothyroid muscle. The degree of LASER light illumination decreased in overweight and obese participants and increased in moderate brown and dark brown skin phototypes. Conclusion Data suggest that the LLLT penetrates differently according to skin phototype and BMI, being more evident in individuals with Fitzpatrick IV and V phototypes and less evident with higher BMI levels. The evidence that the LASER light reaches the larynx in specific anatomical points provides direction for the standardization of its use in voice practice. neck topography LLLT, , (LLLT) BMI. . (BMI) crosssectional, crosssectional cross sectional, sectional cross-sectional analytical study 1 women 5 age groups musculature videonasolaryngoscopy present/absent presentabsent present absent (present/absent from strong 3J J 9J analysis folds thyroarytenoid muscle levels practice (LLLT (BMI

This study examined the plausibility and role of theosis in Augustine's theory of divine illumination as a theologic framework for decolonising theology. Theologic refers to God's revelation about himself and his nature. Therefore, through an analysis of Augustine's dogmatic treatise concerning the nature of the Holy Trinity, this article argues that Augustine's theory of divine illumination is a precedent for God to speak about himself. Moreover, this theory of divine illumination is useful in developing a non-biased theoretical framework for decolonialism in theology today. At the centre of this theory is the inability of human beings to possess and command true knowledge as a result of inherent sin. However, in contrast, this highlights the graceful nature of God as he assists us in partaking in his glory and wisdom through theosis. Therefore, by incorporating Augustine's philosophical analyses into empirical studies, the purpose of this study was to discuss the following: (1) The theologic of Augustine's theory of divine illumination in the process of decolonising theology; (2) Augustine's comprehension and use of divine procession through a triadic function of the human mind in his treatise De Trinitate; and (3) the role and plausibility of theosis because of God's love in the process of learning and teaching. Through critical analysis of Augustine's philosophical thought, this study develops an ethical theoretical framework for decolonising theology. Thus, the key contention is to succinctly present Augustine's dogmatic thought rationally and logically in the process of his pragmatic stance. INTRADISCIPLINARY AND/OR INTERDISCIPLINARY IMPLICATIONS: This article develops an ethical theoretical framework for decolonising theology based on Augustine's theory of divine illumination. The theologic of his divine illumination theory posits the pragmatic stance of his inner teacher concept, which he argued was the one true teacher in his philosophical treaties. Conversely, the study of decolonisation advocates for the inculturation of knowledge as an inclusive praxis that does not perpetuate a Eurocentric worldview. Thus, the authority of Augustine's inner teacher concept in his theory of divine illumination becomes ideal and fundamental in developing ethical hermeneutical praxis because of God's love.

Abstract Visible-light communication (VLC) is a technique that employs light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and photodiodes to enable communication in indoor scenarios. VLC has gathered increasing attention due to its potential for data transmission across a broad unregulated spectrum (430-790 THz). One of VLC’s primary objectives is to utilize pre-existing LED infrastructures as access points. In this investigation, we assess the performance of an indoor VLC link by measuring the illumination characteristics of commercial LED luminaire. The results are utilized to design an electronic transmission and reception circuit. An analysis was conducted to identify the optimal operating point that ensures adequate lighting and reliable communication. The designed circuits exhibited a bandwidth of 50 MHz at -3 dB. Characterization of the luminaire demonstrated that a single luminaire provided the illumination (486 lx) within the recommended range at 1.6 m. For data transmission, the variable pulse position modulation (VPPM) and the orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) were employed in different configurations. The bit error rate (BER) results, with a threshold of ≤ 10-3, revealed that VPPM performed best at a distance of 1.9 m with a rate of 12.5 Mbps. Conversely, OFDM modulation achieved optimal performance at 1.75 m, providing a transmission rate of 30 Mbps. Visiblelight Visible light (VLC lightemitting emitting LEDs (LEDs scenarios 430790 430 790 (430-79 THz. THz . THz) VLCs s preexisting pre existing points investigation circuit 5 3 - dB 486 (48 lx 16 1 6 1. (VPPM frequencydivision frequency division (OFDM configurations BER (BER 103, 103 10 3, 10-3 19 9 125 12 12. Mbps Conversely 175 75 1.7 43079 43 79 (430-7 48 (4 10- 17 7 4307 4 (430- ( (430 (43

Resumen: La Suma Teológica de Tomás de Aquino discute el acto de enseñanza en el contexto del gobierno mediato del mundo por Dios, quien comunica su perfección creando seres capaces de comunicarla. El artículo sostiene que la clave para comprender el lugar de esa discusión, que es tan relevante como la misma respuesta, es concebir el acto de enseñar como el modo humano de la iluminación, que se realiza mediante la comunicación de un verbo que lleva consigo, de modo participado, la luz del intelecto agente del maestro.

Abstract: Thomas Aquinas’ Summa Theologica discusses the act of teaching in the context of the mediated government of the world by God, who communicates his perfection by creating beings capable of communicating it. The article argues that the key to understanding the locus of that discussion, which is as relevant as the answer itself, is to conceive of the act of teaching as the human mode of illumination, which is realized through the communication of a verb that brings with it, in a participatory way, the light of the teacher’s agent intellect.

Abstract Faced with little treatment of the symbolic nature of castle architecture, this paper attempts to review its presence in an image of the 9th century, which represents the eschatological city of Revelation, a book that provided the medieval imagination with the stimulus for the creation of a copious iconography. One of the first testimonies of this iconography in the field of medieval manuscript illumination is the Apocalypse of Trier; in it, the representation of the heavenly Jerusalem, studied by researchers such as Peter Klein, Bianca Kühnel, Michael Embach, Annelen Ottermann, and Richard Emmerson, shows us, through the imagery of the Carolingian illuminist, the symbolic presence of the image of the castle through a schematized representation that constitutes an iconic sign with various connotations.

Resumen Frente al poco tratamiento del carácter simbólico de la arquitectura de los castillos, este trabajo intenta revisar su presencia en una imagen del siglo IX que representa a la ciudad escatológica de la Revelación, un libro que proveyó a la imaginación medieval el estímulo para la creación de una copiosa iconografía. Uno de los primeros testimonios de esta iconografía en el campo de la iluminación de los manuscritos medievales es el Apocalipsis de Tréveris; en este, la representación de la Jerusalén Celestial, estudiada por investigadores como Peter Klein, Bianca Kühnel, Michael Embach, Annelen Ottermann, y Richard Emmerson, nos muestra a través del imaginario del iluminista carolingio, la presencia simbólica de la imagen del castillo mediante una representación esquematizada que constituye un signo icónico con diversas connotaciones.