ABSTRACT: Lymph node status is considered an important clinical prognostic factor in canine mammary carcinomas and women’s breast neoplasms. However, occult isolated tumor cells (ITCs) can be missed during hematoxylin and eosin (HE) analyses. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for cytokeratin can be used to detect carcinomatous occult ITCs in mammary drainage lymph nodes. However, brown pigments, such as hemosiderin and ceroid in lymph nodes, may hinder the search for occult metastases by IHC utilizing DAB (3,3′-diaminobenzidine) as the chromogen. The aim of this study was to identify ITCs in canine lymph nodes of cases in which it was not detectable by routine HE evaluation through IHC for cytokeratin (AE1/AE3) combined with histochemistry techniques, such as Perls’ Prussian blue and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), to improve the detection of occult metastases when hemosiderin and ceroid were present in these lymph nodes. For this, 25 tubulopapillary mammary carcinomas with their respective submitted 29 regional lymph nodes, previously given as free of tumor cells by HE analyses, were selected. Mammary tumors were graduated, and vascular invasion was investigated in these tumors. The submitted lymph nodes were reevaluated in HE, looking for occult metastases. IHC for cytokeratin (AE1/AE3) was used to detect occult metastases in mammary lymph nodes. Subsequently, a combined technique of IHC with Perl’s Prussian blue (for hemosiderin) or PAS (for ceroid) was performed to optimize the detection of ITCs by IHC, distinguishing them from pigments. Occult metastases were classified by their microanatomical location in subcapsular, cortical and medullary. Hemosiderin and ceroid were searched in lymph nodes and quantified as low, moderate, or high. The amount of pigments with a percentage of ITCs was also compared. Isolated tumor cells were found in 24.1% (7/29) of mammary lymph nodes. These ITCs were located mainly in subcapsular sinuses (4/7; 57.1%), followed by cortical (2/7; 28.5%) and medullary sinuses (1/7; 14.3%). There were concomitant lymph nodes with ITCs in 33.4% (2/6) of cases with vascular invasion. Hemosiderin and ceroid were present in about 90% of the 29 lymph nodes analyzed. In 42.8% (3/7) of lymph nodes with ITCs, hemosiderin and/or ceroid were in the same location as ITCs. It was found that lymph nodes in which ITCs were detected also present high amounts of hemosiderin (3/7; 42.9%) and low amounts of ceroid (5/7; 71.4%). In this study, IHC for cytokeratin (AE1/AE3) was an efficient method to detect occult tumor cells. IHC combined with Perls’ Prussian blue or with PAS proved to be a helpful way to investigate the presence of occult metastases in the lymph nodes of mammary canine tumors. It allowed distinguishing hemosiderin and ceroid, respectively, from ITCs in the same slide of IHC (immunostained by DAB), favoring a more accurate analysis by pathologists, which can be useful for the oncological staging of these patients. ABSTRACT womens women s neoplasms However (ITCs (HE analyses (IHC 3,3′diaminobenzidine 33diaminobenzidine diaminobenzidine 3,3′ 3 (3,3′-diaminobenzidine chromogen AE1/AE3 AE1AE3 AEAE AE1 AE3 AE (AE1/AE3 techniques Perls acidSchiff acid Schiff PAS, , (PAS) 2 selected graduated Subsequently Perl moderate compared 241 24 1 24.1 7/29 729 7 (7/29 4/7 47 4 (4/7 57.1%, 571 57.1% 57 57.1%) 2/7 27 (2/7 28.5% 285 28 5 1/7 17 (1/7 14.3%. 143 14.3% . 14 14.3%) 334 33 33.4 2/6 26 6 (2/6 90 analyzed 428 42 8 42.8 3/7 37 (3/7 andor 42.9% 429 9 5/7 (5/7 71.4%. 714 71.4% 71 71.4%) respectively immunostained DAB, DAB) pathologists patients 3,3 AE1/AE AE1AE (AE1/AE (PAS 24. 7/2 72 (7/2 4/ (4/ 57.1 2/ (2/ 28.5 1/ (1/ 14.3 33. 42. 3/ (3/ 42.9 5/ (5/ 71.4 3, 7/ (7/ (4 57. (2 28. (1 14. (3 (5 71. (7 (

RESUMO: O status nodal é considerado um importante fator prognóstico clínico em cães com carcinomas mamários e em mulheres com neoplasmas mamários. No entanto, durante a análise histopatológica convencional (coloração de hematoxilina e eosina - HE), células neoplásicas podem permanecer ocultas no linfonodo. Imuno-histoquímica (IHQ) para citoqueratina pode ser utilizada para detectar células carcinomatosas isoladas ocultas em linfonodos de drenagem mamária. Entretanto, a presença de pigmentos marrons, como a hemossiderina e o ceroide em linfonodos, pode dificultar a procura por metástases ocultas durante a análise por IHQ utilizando o DAB (3,3′-diaminobenzidina) como cromógeno. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar células tumorais isoladas (CTIs), não detectadas pela avaliação de rotina (HE), em linfonodos de cães, através de IHQ para citoqueratina (AE1/AE3) combinada com técnicas histoquímicas, como azul da Prússia e ácido periódico Schiff (PAS), para otimizar a detecção de metástases ocultas, quando os pigmentos hemossiderina e ceroide estavam presentes nos linfonodos. Para esta finalidade, 25 carcinomas mamários túbulo-papilares com seus respectivos 29 linfonodos regionais remetidos, previamente diagnosticados como livres de células neoplásicas pelo HE foram selecionados. Os tumores mamários foram graduados e a presença de invasão vascular foi investigada nestes tumores. Os linfonodos submetidos foram reavaliados histologicamente no HE, à procura de metástases ocultas. IHQ para citoqueratina (AE1/A3) foi utilizada para detectar metástases ocultas nos linfonodos mamários. Subsequentemente, técnicas combinadas de IHQ com azul da Prússia (para hemossiderina) ou PAS (para ceroide) foram realizadas para otimizar a detecção de CTIs através da IHQ, distinguindo-as dos pigmentos. As metástases ocultas foram classificadas pela sua região microanatômica nodal em subcapsular, cortical e medular. Hemossiderina e ceroide foram identificados no linfonodo e classificados de acordo com sua quantidade em baixa, moderada e alta. Também foram comparadas a quantidade de pigmentos com a porcentagem de CTIs. Foram encontradas CTIs em 24,1% (7/29) dos linfonodos mamários. Estas CTIs estavam localizadas principalmente em seios subcapsulares (4/7; 57,1%), seguido pela cortical (2/7; 28,5%) e seios medulares (1/7; 14,3%). Em 33,4% (2/6) dos casos com invasão vascular havia, concomitantemente, linfonodos de drenagem com CTIs. Hemossiderina e ceroide estavam presentes em cerca de 90% dos 29 linfonodos analisados. Em 42,8% (3/7) dos linfonodos com CTIs, hemossiderina e/ou ceroide estavam na mesma localização das CTIs. Os linfonodos que apresentaram CTIs também apresentavam grande quantidade de hemossiderina (3/7; 42,9%) e pequena quantidade de ceroide (5/7; 71,4%). Neste estudo, IHQ para citoqueratina (AE1/AE3) foi um método eficiente para detecção de células tumorais ocultas. A técnica combinada de IHQ com azul da Prússia ou com o ácido periódico de Schiff (PAS) mostrou ser uma maneira útil de investigar a presença de metástases ocultas em linfonodos de cães com tumores mamários caninos, distinguindo a hemossiderina e o ceroide, respectivamente, de CTIs na mesma lâmina de IHQ (imunomarcadas por DAB), favorecendo uma análise mais acurada pelos patologistas, o que pode ser útil no estadiamento oncológico destes pacientes. RESUMO entanto coloração , HE) Imunohistoquímica Imuno histoquímica (IHQ mamária Entretanto marrons 3,3′diaminobenzidina 33diaminobenzidina diaminobenzidina 3,3′ 3 (3,3′-diaminobenzidina cromógeno (CTIs) (HE) AE1/AE3 AE1AE3 AEAE AE1 AE3 AE (AE1/AE3 histoquímicas PAS, finalidade 2 túbulopapilares túbulo papilares remetidos selecionados AE1/A3 AE1A3 AEA A3 (AE1/A3 Subsequentemente distinguindoas as subcapsular medular baixa alta 241 24 1 24,1 7/29 729 7 (7/29 4/7 47 4 (4/7 57,1%, 571 57,1% 57 57,1%) 2/7 27 (2/7 28,5% 285 28 5 1/7 17 (1/7 14,3%. 143 14,3% . 14 14,3%) 334 33 33,4 2/6 26 6 (2/6 havia concomitantemente 90 analisados 428 42 8 42,8 3/7 37 (3/7 eou 42,9% 429 9 5/7 (5/7 71,4%. 714 71,4% 71 71,4%) (PAS caninos respectivamente imunomarcadas DAB, DAB) patologistas pacientes 3,3 (CTIs (HE AE1/AE AE1AE (AE1/AE AE1/A AE1A (AE1/A 24, 7/2 72 (7/2 4/ (4/ 57,1 2/ (2/ 28,5 1/ (1/ 14,3 33, 42, 3/ (3/ 42,9 5/ (5/ 71,4 3, 7/ (7/ (4 57, (2 28, (1 14, (3 (5 71, (7 (

Abstract Background Field dodder is a parasitic plant that has long been a concern in agriculture and natural ecosystems and a difficult plant to control. Objective This study aimed to evaluate the allelopathic effect of four species of cruciferous plants on germination parameters of field dodder seeds and to determine the isothiocyanate compounds in these plants. Methods The experiment was implemented in two trails during 2020 and 2021 using a completely randomized design. Cruciferous plant extracts were prepared at concentrations of 2%, 6%, 10%, and 20%. For each petri dish populated with field dodder seeds 5 ml of cruciferous plant extract was added based on the experiment design while 5 ml of distilled water was added to control plots. The germination indicators were monitored, and the samples of cruciferous plants were prepared to determine their contents of ITCs. Results The effect of extracts on germination indicators was weak at concentrations of 2 and 6%. The effect increased when the concentration increased to 10%. At a 20% concentration of turnip extract, field dodder seed germination decreased significantly to 2.1%. Arugula, broccoli, and black radish extracts at 20% concentration had germination percentages ranging from 9.6% to 12.5%. Other indicators significantly decreased compared to the control plots. GC-MS analysis showed the highest ITC compounds percentage in turnip (56.6%) and the lowest in black radish (29.2%). Conclusions Cruciferous plants can be used as an alternative control method against field dodder by mixing these plants into the soil to reduce the soil’s stock of field dodder seeds. 202 2% 6 6% 10 10% 20 plots monitored ITCs 21 1 2.1% Arugula broccoli 96 9 9.6 125 12 12.5% GCMS GC MS 56.6% 566 56 (56.6% 29.2%. 292 29.2% . 29 (29.2%) soils s 2.1 9. 12.5 56.6 (56.6 29.2 (29.2% 2. 12. 56. (56. 29. (29.2 (56 (29. (5 (29 ( (2

ABSTRACT A bibliographic review was performed to reflect on the innovative use of GeoGebra and the advantages and disadvantages that this software offers for the teaching of mathematics in this century were determined.

RESUMEN Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica para reflexionar sobre el uso innovador del GeoGebra y se determinó las ventajas y desventajas que ofrece este software para la enseñanza de las matemáticas en este siglo.

Resumen Este ensayo ofrece una lectura personalizante del uso de las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC) en la escuela, con el objetivo de mostrar la importancia del personal docente como educador que interpela los diferentes dinamismos antropológicos del educando: el intelectivo, como también el volitivo y afectivo. Cada docente interpela estos dinamismos de manera distinta a las TIC; la motivación que genera en el educando no es equiparable a la de la concepción del profesorado principalmente como facilitador de información. Así, a través de una revisión crítica de estudios relevantes en torno al uso de las tecnologías, y desde el enfoque de autores cercanos al personalismo integral, se presenta la necesidad antropológica de mantener el encuentro entre el cuerpo docente y el educando para contribuir adecuadamente al desarrollo personal del educando. Se concluye que un encuentro que puede ser sostenido y reforzado por las TIC como herramienta de apoyo puntual, no ha de ser suplantado por las TIC como principal instrumento de trabajo cuando este sustituya la relación interpersonal. Queda justificada la pertinencia de un sistema educativo que, o bien renuncia al empleo de las TIC en favor de habilidades distintas a las técnicas, o bien las introduce de manera revisable, crítica y limitada, teniendo en cuenta: lo obsoleto e intuitivo del aprendizaje del lenguaje tecnológico, y la contingencia humana para la adquisición de otras habilidades no tecnológicas.

Abstract This study provides a personalized interpretation on the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) at schools with the objective of demonstrating the importance of teachers as educators, particularly with regards to questioning anthropological dynamics of learners which include intellectual, volitional and emotional aspects. Teachers have a different approach towards these dynamics than do ICTs and teacher motivation is not comparable to that of being perceived as a mere facilitator of information. Thus, through a critical review of relevant studies regarding use of technology at schools by authors with a perspective of comprehensive personalism, it is argued that there is an anthropological need for a teacher-student encounter to appropriately contribute to the personal development of the learner. It is concluded that this encounter may be sustained and reinforced by ITCs as a specific support mechanism and that this interpersonal relationship cannot be replaced by ICTs. Thus, educational systems must either relinquish the use of ICTs in favor of other non-technical skills or use ICTs in such a manner where its use can be reviewed, assessed and limited without losing sight of the obsolete and intuitive nature associated with learning through technology and highlighting the importance for human beings to acquire other skills unrelated to technology.

Along with the recommendation of a healthy diet, it is suggested to increase the consumption of fruits and vegetables. Among the latter, Brassicaceae species are preferred, because they show many phytochemicals mainly belonging to the isothiocyanates (ITCs) family compounds, with proven activities related to the prevention of chronic diseases and cancer. A survey about seasonal availability and phytochemical levels of Brassicaceae species in the total of vegetables marketed in the province of Mendoza (located in the centre west of Argentina) was done. Results throw that Brassicaceae vegetables are an important part of Mendoza vegetable market reaching up to 23% of the vegetables commercialized. Regarding ITCs content, watercress and rocket were the vegetables with the highest ITCs levels, being, therefore, the most promising vegetables studied herein by their potential functional activities. Finally, high levels of variation (up to 10 times) on ITCs content along the year in a single species were found. These facts should be considered when designing Brassicaceae species phytochemical characterization assays to achieve more reliable results. This work represents the first report of Brassicaceae availability and seasonal phytochemical variability in local conditions.

El consumo de frutas y hortalizas es recomendado para mantener una dieta saludable. Dentro de las hortalizas, las especies de la familia Brassicaceae se destacan por poseer grandes contenidos de diversos fitoquímicos que han demostrado su acción en la prevención de enfermedades crónicas y cáncer. En el presente trabajo, se realizó un relevamiento sobre disponibilidad estacional y niveles de fitoquímicos de especies de Brassicaceae considerando el total de hortalizas comercializadas en la provincia de Mendoza (ubicada en centro oeste de Argentina). Los resultados demostraron que los vegetales de la familia Brassicaceae contribuyen de modo importante en el mercado representando hasta un 23% de las hortalizas comercializadas. Respecto del contenido de ITCs (isotiocianatos), los mayores niveles fueron encontrados en berro y rúcula y como consecuencia de ello representan los vegetales más prometedores por sus potenciales propiedades funcionales. Además, se pudo observar que la variabilidad en los niveles de ITCs a lo largo del año en una misma especie, puede ser muy amplia (hasta 10 veces). Por esta razón es que podemos recomendar tener en cuanta la fluctuación estacional al evaluar niveles de fitoquímicos en especies de esta familia. Cabe destacar, que este trabajo representa el primer reporte de la disponibilidad de hortalizas de la familia Brassicaceae y la variabilidad fitoquímica estacional en las condiciones locales.

Abstract: This article is aimed at exposing some ideas on the use of fractals in the nondeterministic systems as random phenomena. The analysis offers arguments to state that fractals have diversified application in many fields of knowledge and that the study of attractors and the random causes play an important role in current scientific research works. The ideas exposed in this article can be used in the university teaching for the students and professors to better understand the dynamic systems involved in every research work.

Resumen: El presente artículo tiene como objetivo exponer algunas ideas sobre el uso de los fractales dentro de los sistemas no deterministas como fenómenos aleatorios. El análisis ofrece argumentos para afirmar que los fractales tienen aplicación diversificada en varios campos del conocimiento, y que el estudio de los atractores y las causas aleatorias tienen un importante papel en las investigaciones científicas actuales. Las ideas expuestas en este artículo pueden ser empleadas en la docencia universitaria para una mejor comprensión por estudiantes y profesores de los sistemas dinámicos que entran en toda investigación.

ABSTRACT Introduction: There has been a marked increase in the incidence of thyroid cancer worldwide over recent decades. Some studies have suggested that the probability of finding malignancy is similar in both multinodular goitres and solitary nodules. There is a paucity of data regarding incidental thyroid cancer (ITC) in the West Indies literature. The aim of this study is to report our experience with ITC in order to examine the frequency of cancer in resected specimens for benign thyroid disease and to better characterize this entity. Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed on 753 patients who had a final histo-logical diagnosis of benign thyroid disease after surgery between 2000 and 2009 at the University Hospital of the West Indies (UHWI). Twenty-one patients who had ITC had their charts analysed regarding the preoperative findings and histopathological diagnosis and this was compared to the preoperative and histological findings for 65 patients who had frank malignancy with no benign thyroid disease. The data were analysed using SPSS 22 software. Results: There were 753 patients with postoperative histopathological reports of multinodular goitre (MNG). Twenty-one of the 753 patients (3%) with MNG were found to have a malignancy. The mean (SD) age of presentation of ITC was 48 (11.7) and the female-to-male ratio was nine to one. There were similar demographics for the 65 patients with frank thyroid carcinoma. There were no statistically significant preoperative clinical or diagnostic findings associated with ITC. Eighteen (86%) ITCs were of the papillary type. Follicular carcinoma was seen in 9% and hurthle cell carcinoma accounted for only 5%. There were no cases of medullary or anaplastic carcinoma. While in the frank carcinomas, papillary accounted for 70%, follicular 9% and 7% each for medullary and anaplastic carcinoma. Conclusion: The frequency of cancer in multinodular goitre in Jamaica of three per cent is lower than other frequencies seen worldwide of both ITC and cancer arising from a solitary nodule. It is seen more commonly in the middle-aged females. Patients with MNG need a careful evaluation for the risk factors and require investigations such as an ultrasound and fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). Incidental thyroid cancers are most common of the papillary type which has a good prognosis.

RESUMEN Introducción: Ha habido un marcado aumento en la incidencia del cáncer de tiroides en todo el mundo durante las últimas décadas. Algunos estudios han sugerido que la probabilidad de encontrar malignidad es similar tanto en el bocio multinodular como en los nódulos solitarios. Hay escasez de datos sobre el cáncer incidental de tiroides (CIT) en la literatura de West Indies. El objetivo de este estudio es reportar nuestra experiencia con el CIT con el fin de examinar la frecuencia de cáncer en especímenes resecados para tratar enfermedades tiroideas benignas y para caracterizar mejor esta entidad. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión retrospectiva de las historias clínicas de 753 pacientes que tuvieron un diagnóstico histológico definitivo de enfermedades tiroideas benignas después de la cirugía entre 2000 y 2009 en el Hospital Universitario de West Indies (HUWI). A veintiún pacientes que tuvieron CIT se les analizó sus historias clínicas en relación con los hallazgos preoperatorios y el diagnóstico histopatológico, comparándose estos luego con los hallazgos preoperatorios e histológicos de 65 pacientes que tenían evidente malignidad sin enfermedad tiroidea benigna. Los datos fueron analizados utilizando el software SPSS 22. Resultados: Hubo 753 pacientes con reportes postoperatorios histopatológicos de bocio multinodular (BMN). Se halló que veintiuno de los 753 pacientes (3%) con BMN tenían un tumor maligno. La edad promedio (SD) de la manifestación del CIT fue 48 (11.7) y la relación hembra-varón fue de nueve a uno. Hubo una demografía similar para los 65 pacientes con carcinoma de tiroides clínicamente evidente. No hubo hallazgos diagnósticos o clínicos preoperatorios estadísticamente significativos asociados con el CIT. Dieciocho (86%) de las malignidades de CIT fueron de tipo papilar. Se observó carcinoma folicular en 9%, en tanto que el carcinoma de células de Hürthle representó sólo el 5%. No hubo casos de carcinoma medular o anaplásico. Si bien dentro de los carcinomas clínicamente evidentes, los papilares representaron un 70%, los foliculares representaron un 9%, y 7% los carcinomas medulares y anaplásicos respectivamente. Conclusión: La frecuencia de cáncer en el bocio multinodular en Jamaica, estimada en un tres por ciento, es menor que otras frecuencias observadas en todo el mundo tanto con respecto a CIT como en relación con el cáncer proveniente de nódulos solitarios. Se observa más comúnmente en las mujeres de mediana edad. Los pacientes con BMN necesitan una evaluación cuidadosa de los factores de riesgo y requieren investigaciones tales como ultrasonidos y citologías de aspiración con aguja fina (CAAF). Los cánceres tiroideos incidentales son comúnmente de tipo papilar, los cuales tienen un buen pronóstico.

Resumo Os dados do sistema educativo e os da área empresarial indicam que a presença feminina nos estudos e profissões relacionadas com as Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação (TIC) continua a ser minoritária. Além disso, assinalam que, no paradigma tecnológico imperante, os homens criam e gerem a inovação digital e as mulheres são utilizadoras dessas inovações, persistindo o risco de aumentar a exclusão de gênero, pois, na sociedade digital, as TIC sustentam a comunicação, a ciência, a cultura, a economia e a inovação, de maneira ubíqua e a nível planetário. A hipótese da socialização diferencial dos gêneros goza de plausibilidade científica como explicação do menor interesse das mulheres nesta área do saber desde idades precoces. Este estudo analisa as barreiras de gênero na educação tecnológica, as sinergias que as sustentam e o papel da educação para que mulheres e homens sejam responsavelmente agentes ativos da arquitetura e desenvolvimento das TIC.

Abstract Data on the educational system and on the business environment suggest that female representation in ITC-related studies and careers continues to be in a minority. Moreover, they show that in the prevailing technological paradigm, men create and manage digital innovations and women are users of such innovations, thus the risk of a growing gender gap persists, since ITCs underpin communication, science, culture, economy and innovation in this digital society, both ubiquitously and globally. The hypothesis of gender-differential socialisation is scientifically plausible as an explanation of women’s lower interest in this area of knowledge from an early age. This study analyses gender barriers to technological education, their underlying synergies and the role of education for women and men to share the responsibility of being active agents in ITCs’ architecture and development.

Resumo Los datos del sistema educativo y los del ámbito empresarial indican que la presencia femenina en los estudios y profesiones relacionadas con las TIC sigue siendo minoritaria. Además señalan que en el paradigma tecnológico imperante los hombres crean y gestionan la innovación digital y las mujeres son usuarias de dichas innovaciones, persistiendo el riesgo de que aumente la brecha de género. Recordemos que las TIC sustentan la comunicación, la ciencia, la cultura, la economía y la innovación, de forma ubicua y a nivel planetario. La hipótesis de la socialización diferencial de los géneros goza de plausibilidad científica como explicación del menor interés de las mujeres por este ámbito del saber desde edades tempranas. Este estudio analiza las barreras de género en la educación tecnológica, las sinergias que las sostienen y el papel de la educación para que mujeres y hombres sean corresponsablemente agentes activos de la creación y desarrollo de las TIC.

Abstract: INTRODUCTION Information regarding the cost of implementing insecticide-treated curtains (ITCs) is scarce. Therefore, we evaluated the ITC implementation cost, in addition to the costs of intensive conventional routine activities of the Aedes control program in the city of Guantanamo, Cuba. METHODS A cost-analysis study was conducted from the perspective of the Aedes control program, nested in an ITC effectiveness trial, during 2009-2010. Data for this study were obtained from bookkeeping records and activity registers of the Provincial Aedes Control Programme Unit and the account records of the ITC trial. RESULTS The annual cost of the routine Aedes control program activities was US$16.80 per household (p.h). Among 3,015 households, 6,714 ITCs were distributed. The total average cost per ITC distributed was US$3.42, and 74.3% of this cost was attributed to the cost of purchasing the ITCs. The annualized costs p.h. of ITC implementation was US$3.80. The additional annualized cost for deploying ITCs represented 19% and 48.4% of the total cost of the routine Aedes control and adult-stage Aedes control programs, respectively. The trial did not lead to further reductions in the already relatively low Aedes infestation levels. CONCLUSIONS At current curtain prices, ITC deployment can hardly be considered an efficient option in Guantanamo and other comparable environments.

Este artículo describe la aplicación del Portfolio Europeo de las Lenguas Electrónico (e-PEL) en la Escuela Oficial de Idiomas de Alicante. El estudio fue realizado durante un semestre en dos grupos de alumnos de alemán de nivel B1.1, partiendo de la correlación entre su utilización y el aprendizaje lingüístico y estratégico. De igual manera, se analizó su adecuación para la evaluación formativa y sumativa. A través de un Pretest, un Test y un Postest se recogieron datos cuantitativos sobre el rendimiento en las cuatro destrezas lingüísticas, mientras que los estudiantes rellenaron un cuestionario para recopilar datos cualitativos sobre su utilización para el aprendizaje de idiomas. La investigación ha demostrado que el e-PEL ha repercutido positivamente en la adquisición de destrezas y estrategias lingüísticas. Sin embargo, la leve mejoría podría ser mayor si se realizara una implementación tecnológica de esta herramienta.

This article describes the application of the Electronic European Language Portfolio (e-ELP) in the Official Language School of Alicante. The study was conducted during a semester in two groups of students studying German (level B1.1), based on the correlation between its use and language and strategic learning. Similarly, its suitability for the formative and summative evaluation was analyzed. Through a pretest, a test and a posttest, quantitative data on results in the four language skills were collected, while students completed a questionnaire to collect qualitative data on its use for language learning. Research has shown that e-ELP has positively affected the acquisition of language skills and strategies. However, the slight improvement could be higher if a technological implementation of this tool were made.

For many years, literature's value has been widely regardedas a mean for the spiritual growth of every human being; however, this type of reading is neither common nor paramount for a large number of children and young people at present. There are many factors influencing such situation; this paper deals with only one of them: methods used by some professors regarding reading formation and development. Besides, the present work suggests some activities to be performed by professors towards literary competence.

Desde tiempos inmemorables es reconocido el valor de la literatura para el crecimiento espiritual de todo ser humano; sin embargo, en la actualidad, ella ocupa un lugar poco privilegiado dentro de las actividades de los jóvenes. Son múltiples los factores que inciden en esta situación, por lo que este trabajo se ocupa solo de uno de ellos: los métodos que emplean algunos docentes para la formación y desarrollo de la lectura. También se proponen algunas de las actividades que pueden desplegar los docentes para formar la competencia literaria.

Objective: To compare the relative efficacy of infliximab, adalimumab and golimumab through adjusted indirect treatment comparisons (ITCs). Methods: An exhaustive search was performed until October 2013. Databases consulted were MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, the Centre for Reviews and Dissemination and the Web of Science. Randomized control trials (RCTs) comparing the efficacy of infliximab, adalimumab or golimumab versus placebo, in terms of clinical remission, clinical response and mucosal healing, were included. In the case that more than one RCT fulfilled the inclusion criteria for the same drug, a metanalysis was undertaken using a fixed effects model. ITCs were carried out using the method proposed by Bucher et al. Results: 6 RCTs published in 5 papers were included: 2 for infliximab (ACT 1 and ACT 2), 2 for adalimumab (ULTRA 1 y ULTRA 2) and 2 for golimumab (PURSUIT-SC y PURSUIT-M).In these RTCs, each biological agent was superior in efficacy to placebo. The results of the adjusted ITC are the following. In relation to the clinical remission, in the induction and maintenance period, there are no statistically significant differences between the three anti-TNF drugs. In relation to the clinical response and mucosal healing, in the induction period, there are statistically significant differences between infliximab and adalimumab. Conclusion: In view of the results obtained, infliximab, adalimumab and golimumab appear to be similarly effective therapeutic alternatives. Therefore, other considerations such as safety, tolerance and cost-effectiveness should be taken into account in order to select the most appropriate treatment.

Objetivo: Comparar la eficacia relativa de infliximab, adalimumab y golimumab mediante comparaciones indirectas (CI) ajustadas. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica que abarcó hasta Octubre 2013. Las bases de datos consultadas fueron: MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, the Centre for Reviews and Dissemination y the Web of Science. Se incluyeron ensayos clínicos aleatorizados (ECA) que compararan la eficacia de infliximab, adalimumab o golimumab frente a placebo en términos de remisión clínica, respuesta clínica y curación de la mucosa. En el caso de que se incluyera más de un ECA para un mismo fármaco se llevó a cabo un metanálisis utilizado el modelo de efectos fijos. Las CI se realizaron utilizando el método de Butcher et al. Resultados: Se incluyeron 6 ECA publicados en 5 artículos: 2 para infliximab (ACT 1 y ACT 2), 2 para adalimumab (ULTRA 1 y ULTRA 2) y 2 para golimumab (PURSUIT-SC y PURSUIT-M). Los tres agentes biológicos presentaron mayor eficacia que placebo. Los resultados de las CI fueron los siguientes: en relación a la remisión clínica, en el período de inducción y en el período de mantenimiento, no hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los tres fármacos anti-TNF. En relación a la respuesta clínica y a la curación de la mucosa, en el período de inducción hay diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre infliximab y adalimumab. Conclusiones: En base a los resultados obtenidos (eficacia similar), infliximab, adalimumab y golimumab parecen ser alternativas terapéuticas. Así, otras consideraciones como la seguridad, la tolerancia y el coste-efectividad deben considerarse a la hora de seleccionar el tratamiento más adecuado.

Introduction Despite the advent of antibiotics and immunizations in the last century, complications of otitis media remain quite frequent, have high morbidity and mortality rates, and pose a challenge to the otorhinolaryngologist. Objective To establish the annual incidence of intratemporal complications of otitis media and prospectively evaluate patients via an analysis of epidemiologic and clinical aspects. Methods Prospective, observational study. Between February 2010 and January 2011, patients admitted to a tertiary care, university-based otology practice with diagnosis of otitis media and an associated intratemporal complication (ITC) were included in the study. The following data were evaluated: age, sex, type of ITC, treatment, imaging tests findings, type and degree of hearing loss, and clinical outcome. The overall incidence of all complications and of each complication individually was determined. Results A total of 1,816 patients were diagnosed with otitis media. For 592 (33%) individuals, the diagnosis was chronic otitis media; for 1,224 (67%), the diagnosis was acute otitis media. ITCs of otitis media were diagnosed in 15 patients; thus, the annual incidence of intratemporal complications was 0.8%. We identified 19 ITC diagnoses in 15 patients (3 patients had more than one diagnosis). Labyrinthine fistulae were diagnosed in 7 (36.8%) individuals, mastoiditis in 5 (26.3%), facial palsy in 4 (21.1%), and labyrinthitis in 3 (15.8%). Conclusion The incidence of intratemporal complications in Brazil remains significant when compared with developed countries. Chronic otitis media with cholesteatoma is the most frequent etiology of intratemporal complications. Labyrinthine fistula is the most common intratemporal complication.

Se presenta la tercera fase2 del proyecto, diseño de una estrategia de comunicación y educación a través del uso de las TIC que permita a jóvenes de cinco colegios de Palmira la construcción de discursos para el fomento del desarrollo sostenible3, consistente en el establecimiento de una propuesta de comunicación y educación. Se trabajaron dos fases, una primera donde se realizó un ejercicio piloto y una segunda donde se diseñó la propuesta; para ello se adoptó la metodología del taller investigativo donde se creó una comunidad virtual de aprendizaje en la red social Facebook y se desarrollaron videos a partir de narrativas digitales. El proceso se desarrolló con un semillero de estudiantes de la Institución Educativa Domingo Irurita, de Palmira. Como resultados se describe el pilotaje que sirvió de base para la propuesta y se presenta su diseño, basado en un modelo de estrategia que plantea la UNESCO para la comunicación y educación para el desarrollo sostenible. Se concluye que este tipo de estrategias basadas en TIC son eficientes y generan una gran dinámica de aprendizaje en los estudiantes, al abrir nuevas posibilidades a la educación ambiental, sobre la base del aprendizaje autónomo.

The third phase of the project is presented: the design of a communication and education strategy through the use of ITCs [Information & Computer Technologies] which would make it possible for young people from five secondary schools in Palmira to construct discourses to encourage sustainable development, consistent with the establishment of a communication and education proposal. The work was completed in two phases: a first phase where a pilot exercise was carried out and a second phase where the proposal was designed. To accomplish this, the methodology of investigative workshop was adopted, where a virtual learning community was created in the Facebook social network, and video clips were prepared on the basis of digital narratives. The process developed with an incubator for students at the Institución Educativa Domingo Irurita [Domingo Irurita Educational Institution] in Palmira. The results are described as being the pilot project that served as the basis for the proposal, and its design is presented, based on a strategy model proposed by UNESCO for communication and education for sustainable development. It is concluded that these kinds of ICT-based learning strategies are effective and generate a broad dynamic of learning in the students by revitalizing the educational process and opening up new possibilities for environmental education based on autonomous learning.

O presente artigo se baseia na investigação denominada avaliação posterior e de impacto do programa de Contabilidade Pública da Universidade de Quindío, período 2005-2007, terminada no ano 2010. Foi realizado em duas fases: Em primeira instância foram verificados e quantificados os resultados a curto prazo, pelos indicadores de eficiência, eficácia e êxito. Em segunda instância, foram analisadas as necessidades de Entendimento, Participação, Criação, Identidade, Liberdade, propostas na Teoria de Desenvolvimento a Escala Humana do Dr. Manfred Max Neef. Para nosso objeto de estudo, somente se interpretou a necessidade básica de Entendimento. Os resultados obtidos permitiram identificar forças e fraquezas, no intuito de uma melhoria contínua de cada um dos atores do Programa de Contabilidade Pública da Universidade de Quindío.

El presente artículo presenta los resultados de la investigación sobre la valoración de los procesos de gestión del conocimiento (identificar, generar, retener, compartir y aplicar) en el clúster de Tecnologías de información, TI, del triángulo del café, como base para establecer estrategias desde la innovación y las buenas prácticas de gestión de conocimiento. Para el efecto se desarrollo una aplicación web 2.0, con la cual se hizo la valoración, en el marco de métodos de investigación, validación y verificación, análisis documental, investigación-acción-participación y metodologías agiles de desarrollo de aplicaciones web, cuyos resultados aproximan a establecer un avance, para la mejora de la competitividad.

Este artigo apresenta os resultados da pesquisa sobre a valoração dos processos de gestão de conhecimento (identificar, gerar, reter, compartilhar e aplicar) no cluster de Tecnologias da informação, TI, no triângulo do café, como base para estabelecer estratégias desde a inovação e as boas práticas de gestão de conhecimento. Para este fim desenvolveu-se uma aplicação web 2.0 com a qual foi feita a valoração, enquadrada no âmbito de métodos de pesquisa, validação e verificação, análise documental, investigação-ação-participação e metodologias ágieis de desenvolvimento de aplicações web, cujos resultados levam a estabelecer um avanço para o melhoramento da competitividade.

This article shows the results of researching on the area of knowledge management processes (identifying, generating, retaining, exchanging and applying) in ITCs clusters, from TI, specifically in the region of "Eje Cafetero", as the bases to set up innovation strategies and the best practices of knowledge management. This evaluation was based on a web application called 2.0, involving a set of research methods such as validating and verifying, documental analysis, action- participation research and easy- to- use methodologies to design web links whose results aim at developing competitiveness.

Cet article présente les résultats de diverses études sur l'évaluation de la gestion des connaissances (identifier, générer, conserver, partager et appliquer) réalisées par les pôles de technologie de l'information. Ces recherches représentent la base des stratégies d'innovation permettant de meilleures pratiques de gestion des connaissances. Une application web 2.0 a été développée, et les résultats obtenus sont encourageants pour mener à bien cet objectif de recherche visant à l'amélioration de la compétitivité, de la validation et de la vérification, de l'analyse documentaire des méthodes de recherche action - participation et de méthodologies de développement des applications web.