Abstract Background: Lobelia villaregalis is an endemic and endangered species in Jalisco, Mexico. Knowing the structure and genetic diversity of populations of species at risk can contribute to improving strategies for their conservation. This information has not been generated for L. villaregalis. Questions: 1) Does L. villaregalis present low levels of genetic diversity?, 2) Are there genetic differences between its populations?. Studied species: Lobelia villaregalis T.J. Ayers (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae), herbaceous perennial. Study site and dates: During 2018-2020, field work was carried out in El Bosque La Primavera Natural Protected Area, in Zapopan, Jalisco, in order to locate new populations of the species and collect leaf material. Methods: The diversity and genetic structure of 87 individuals in five populations were evaluated using ISSR molecular markers. Results: The average genetic diversity of L. villaregalis is low (He = 0.057, P = 48.17 %, I = 0.110) as well as the total diversity (HT = 0.069). Molecular analysis of variance showed that most of the genetic variation (92 %) occurred within populations. The Mantel test indicates that there is no correlation between the genetic distances and the geographical distances for the five populations of the species (R = 0.64, P = 0.18). With the genetic assignment analysis, 4 groups were identified, however there is no genetic structure (GST = 0.060). Conclusions: Lobelia villaregalis requires urgent actions of conservation to maintain the genetic diversity present in all its populations, giving the highest priority to three of them.

Resumen Antecedentes: Lobelia villaregalis es una especie endémica y en peligro de extinción en Jalisco, México. Conocer la estructura y diversidad genética de las poblaciones de especies en riesgo puede contribuir a mejorar las estrategias para su conservación. Esta información no se ha generado para L. villaregalis. Preguntas: 1) ¿Presenta L. villaregalis niveles bajos de diversidad genética?, 2) ¿Existen diferencias genéticas entre sus poblaciones? Especies de estudio: Lobelia villaregalis T.J. Ayers (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae), herbácea perenne. Sitio y años de estudio: Durante 2018-2020 se realizó trabajo de campo en el Área Natural Protegida Bosque La Primavera, Zapopan, Jalisco, para localizar nuevas poblaciones de la especie y recolectar material foliar. Métodos: Se evaluó la diversidad y estructura genética de 87 individuos en cinco poblaciones utilizando marcadores moleculares ISSR. Resultados: La diversidad genética promedio de L. villaregalis es baja (He = 0.057, P = 48.17 %, I = 0.110) así como la diversidad total (HT = 0.069). El análisis de varianza molecular mostró que la mayor parte de la variación genética (92 %) ocurrió dentro de las poblaciones. La prueba de Mantel indica que no hay correlación entre las distancias genéticas y las distancias geográficas para las cinco poblaciones estudiadas (R = 0.64, P = 0.18). Con el análisis de asignación genética se identificaron 4 grupos, sin embargo, no existe estructura genética (GST = 0.060). Conclusiones: Lobelia villaregalis requiere acciones urgentes de conservación para mantener la diversidad genética de todas sus poblaciones, dando máxima prioridad a tres de ellas.

Resumen La diversidad genética es importante para la adaptación de una especie a los cambios ambientales, por lo que el conocimiento del nivel y distribución de la diversidad es útil para elaborar estrategias de conservación y manejo de una especie; sin embargo, la información sobre diversidad genética es escasa para especies arbóreas que habitan en el bosque tropical caducifolio, como es el caso de lináloe [Bursera linanoe (La Llave) Rzed., Calderón & Medina], una especie que crece en dos subprovincias bióticas en el bosque tropical seco de los estados de Guerrero, Morelos, Puebla y Oaxaca en México. Por lo anterior, el objetivo del presente estudio fue estimar la diversidad y estructura genética de Bursera linanoe en poblaciones naturales en dos subprovincias bióticas. En 2019 se recolectó follaje de 92 árboles de lináloe en cuatro poblaciones en las subprovincias bióticas Balsasana y Cañadiana. Posteriormente, el ADN se extrajo del follaje con el protocolo CTAB. Cinco intermicrosatélites (ISSR) se utilizaron, y los fragmentos fueron separados en geles de agarosa. Los siguientes estimadores de diversidad genética se calcularon: porcentaje de loci polimórficos (P), heterocigosidad esperada (He), número efectivo de alelos por locus (Ne) e índice de Shannon (IS); además, se estimó el FST de Wright y se realizó un análisis de varianza molecular (AMOVA). También, la estructura genética se evaluó con el software STRUCTURE. Los valores de los estimadores de la diversidad genética para lináloe fueron: P = 100 %, He = 0.352, Ne = 1.618 e IS = 0.522, el valor de FST fue 0.160. La partición de la diversidad genética fue de 74 % dentro de poblaciones, 21 % entre poblaciones y 5 % entre subprovincias. Cuatro grupos (K) se formaron con los árboles de lináloe de las cuatro poblaciones. El número de migrantes fue 1.3 por generación. Se encontró una diversidad genética alta y una diferenciación alta entre poblaciones de Bursera linanoe.

Summary Genetic diversity is important for the adaptation of a species to environmental changes, thus knowledge of the level and distribution of diversity is useful for developing conservation and management strategies for a species; however, information on genetic diversity is scarce for tree species that habit in the tropical deciduous forest as is case of linaloe [Bursera linanoe (La Llave) Rzed., Calderón & Medina], a species that grows in two biotic subprovinces in the dry tropical forest of the states of Guerrero, Morelos, Puebla and Oaxaca in Mexico. Therefore, the objective of this study was to estimate the genetic diversity and structure of Bursera linanoe in natural populations at two biotic subprovinces. In 2019, foliage was collected from 92 linaloe trees in four populations of the biotic subprovinces Balsasana and Cañadiana. Subsequently, the DNA was extracted from the foliage with the CTAB protocol. Five inter-microsatellites (ISSR) were used, and the fragments were separated on agarose gels. The following estimators of genetic diversity were calculated: percentage of polymorphic loci (P), expected heterozygosity (He), effective number of alleles per locus (Ne) and Shannon index (SI). In addition, the Wright’s FST was estimated, and an analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) was performed. Also, the genetic structure was evaluated with the STRUCTURE software. The values of the genetic diversity estimators were P = 100 %, He = 0.352, Ne = 1.618 and SI = 0.522, the FST value was 0.160. The partition of genetic diversity was 74 % within populations, 21 % between populations and 5 % between subprovinces. Four groups (K) were formed with the linaloe trees of the four populations. The number of migrants was 1.3 per generation. High genetic diversity and high genetic differentiation between population of Bursera linanoe were found.

ABSTRACT Lessonia nigrescens and L. trabeculata are economically important kelp species in northern Chile. Despite their considerable value, the genetic diversity of these kelp has received limited attention in the Atacama region. This study aimed to analyze genetic diversity, establish genetic relationships, and identify diagnostic DNA markers in the Atacama region's L. nigrescens and L. trabeculata. Both species' Inter-sequence simple repeat (ISSR) band patterns showed high reproducibility and reliability. Among 17 ISSRs, 161 polymorphic bands were identified in Lessonia spp. Parameters, such as percentage polymorphism, number of alleles per locus, effective number of alleles, and Shannon information index, indicated that L. nigrescens had slightly higher genetic diversity than L. trabeculata. The Unweighted pair group method with arithmetic average (UPGMA) cluster analysis revealed two main clusters: one containing L. nigrescens and the other containing L. trabeculata. Additionally, four species diagnostic ISSR markers were identified for L. nigrescens and L. trabeculata. The ISSR markers proved valuable in detecting genetic diversity in L. nigrescens and L. trabeculata. This information is particularly important for marine management strategies and ensuring successful conservation.

Abstract The gall wasp, Leptocybe invasa, poses a significant global threat to Eucalyptus cultivation, by causing substantial economic losses. The objective of this study was to differentiate between resistant and susceptible genotypes by morphological characteristics using image analysis based on the damage caused by the gall wasp. In addition, consensus sequences derived from transposable elements (TEs) and the genome of Eucalyptus spp. Were identified by in silico analysis. Furthermore, another objective was to discriminate Eucalyptus genotypes in response to Leptocybe invasa by conducting molecular analyses involving transposable elements and inter simple sequence markers. For image analysis, the GroundEye ® system was used to collect images of 60 leaves from six genotypes, three of which were resistant and three susceptible. Eucalyptus spp. sequences were obtained from the GenBank database by in silico analysis and pairwise alignments with TE sequences were conducted using BLASTN. Multiple sequence alignment was performed with Clustal Omega, followed by the identification of conserved regions in Jalview. A motif signature was generated using Weblogo. For molecular characterization using ISSR markers and TEs, samples of young leaves were obtained from a total of 80 Eucalyptus seedlings, of which 50 were classified as resistant and 30 as susceptible to L. invasa. It was possible to distinguish gall wasp susceptible and resistant genotypes by image analysis. In silico analysis enabled the identification of conserved regions in the Eucalyptus spp. genome, which were associated with proteins involved in secondary metabolite production, e.g., terpenes, which play a role in the response to L. invasa. The discrimination capacity of TEs and ISSR primers was demonstrated and bands were generated that could be used to identify resistant genotypes. However, increasing the number of markers required to discriminate genotypes in both cases is suggested. cultivation losses addition (TEs spp Furthermore 6 BLASTN Omega Jalview Weblogo 8 seedlings 5 3 L production eg e g e.g. terpenes However suggested e.g

Resumo A vespa-da-galha, Leptocybe invasa, representa uma ameaça global significativa para o cultivo de Eucalyptus, causando consideráveis prejuízos econômicos. O objetivo deste estudo foi diferenciar entre genótipos resistentes e suscetíveis por meio de características morfológicas, usando análise de imagem com base nos danos causados pela vespa-da-galha. Além disso, sequências de consenso derivadas de elementos transponíveis (TEs) e do genoma de Eucalyptus spp. foram identificadas por análise in silico. Outro objetivo foi discriminar genótipos de Eucalyptus em resposta a L. invasa, por meio de análises moleculares envolvendo elementos transponíveis e marcadores de sequências simples intercaladas (ISSR). Para a análise de imagem, o sistema GroundEye® foi utilizado para coletar imagens de 60 folhas de seis genótipos, sendo três resistentes e três suscetíveis. Sequências de Eucalyptus spp. foram obtidas do banco de dados GenBank por análise in silico, e alinhamentos de sequências em pares com sequências de TE foram conduzidos usando o BLASTN. Alinhamento de múltiplas sequências foi realizado com Clustal Omega, seguido pela identificação de regiões conservadas no Jalview. Uma assinatura de motivo foi gerada usando o Weblogo. Para a caracterização molecular usando marcadores ISSR e TEs, amostras de folhas jovens foram obtidas de um total de 80 mudas de Eucalyptus, das quais 50 foram classificadas como resistentes e 30 como suscetíveis a L. invasa. Foi possível distinguir genótipos suscetíveis e resistentes à vespa-das-galhas por meio da análise de imagem. A análise in silico permitiu a identificação de regiões conservadas no genoma de Eucalyptus spp., associadas a proteínas envolvidas na produção de metabólitos secundários, como terpenos, que desempenham um papel na resposta a L. invasa. A capacidade de discriminação de TEs e iniciadores ISSR foi demonstrada, e bandas foram geradas que poderiam ser usadas para identificar genótipos resistentes. No entanto, sugere-se aumentar o número de marcadores necessários para discriminar genótipos em ambos os casos. vespadagalha, vespadagalha vespa galha, galha vespa-da-galha invasa econômicos morfológicas vespadagalha. galha. disso (TEs spp L ISSR. . (ISSR) GroundEye 6 BLASTN Omega Jalview Weblogo 8 5 3 vespadasgalhas galhas secundários terpenos demonstrada entanto sugerese sugere se casos (ISSR

ABSTRACT Background: The objective of this study is to characterize the diversity and genetic structure of A. colubrina in three Atlantic Forest fragments in the south of Espírito Santo state, using Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) molecular markers. Genomic DNA from 85 trees was analyzed using 12 ISSR primers, generating 147 fragments, of which 109 were polymorphic (74%). Markers were characterized as moderately informative, with a mean polymorphic informational content of 0.34. Results: Low genetic diversity was found for the three fragments and in the total sample, based on Nei’s diversity parameters (H* = 0.26) and Shannon’s index (I* = 0.38). In the dissimilarity analysis, four groups were observed in the dendrogram with an exclusive clustering trend by location. The analysis of molecular variance confirmed that most of the genetic variation is found within populations (73.50%), however, with high genetic differentiation between them (Φ ST = 0.26). This result was supported by the Bayesian approach that indicated genetically structured populations. Conclusion: The data obtained reveal that forest fragmentation affected the diversity and genetic structure of A. colubrina and allow expanding knowledge for the development of effective strategies for the conservation and management of the species. Background A state (ISSR markers 8 1 primers 14 10 74%. 74 74% . (74%) informative 034 0 34 0.34 Results sample Neis Nei s H* H (H 0.26 026 26 Shannons Shannon I* I (I 0.38. 038 0.38 38 0.38) location 73.50%, 7350 73.50% , 73 50 (73.50%) however Φ 0.26. Conclusion species 7 (74% 03 3 0.3 0.2 02 2 735 73.50 5 (73.50% (74 0. 73.5 (73.50 (7 73. (73.5 ( (73. (73

ABSTRACT. Zeyheria tuberculosa, a native species of Brazil known for its significant potential in silviculture and genetic improvement, holds prominence among various species. In this study, our objective was to assess the diversity, genetic structure, and feasibility of establishing a seedling seed orchard (SSO) for this species. A total of 71 progenies were collected from different locations and were used in our experiment in Ijaci - MG. We genotyped 92 individuals (nine families with eight individuals, two families with seven individuals, and one family with six individuals), specifically selecting those with the highest predicted genetic values, using ten ISSR primers. The molecular markers employed effectively detected polymorphism (PIC = 0.44). The population exhibited moderate to high genetic diversity, as evidenced by observed (AO = 2.00) and effective alleles (AE = 1.61), Nei's diversity index (H* = 0.35), and Shannon's diversity index (I* = 0.52). Molecular variance analysis indicated significant genetic differentiation between the progenies (Φst = 0.19), yet the majority of the variation was observed within them (80.1%). Employing a Bayesian approach, we identified the formation of two distinct genetic groups, further confirming the non-genetic structure of the population. These findings affirm the potential of the Z. tuberculosa progenies to contribute to the establishment of a seedling seed orchard, supporting genetic improvement strategies and the conservation of the species' genetic diversity. ABSTRACT study SSO (SSO 7 MG 9 nine , individuals) values primers PIC 0.44. 044 0.44 . 0 44 0.44) AO 2.00 200 2 00 AE 1.61, 161 1.61 1 61 1.61) Neis Nei s H* H (H 0.35, 035 0.35 35 0.35) Shannons Shannon I* I (I 0.52. 052 0.52 52 0.52) Φst 0.19, 019 0.19 19 0.19) 80.1%. 801 80.1% 80 (80.1%) approach groups nongenetic non Z 04 0.4 4 2.0 20 16 1.6 6 03 0.3 3 05 0.5 5 01 0.1 80.1 8 (80.1% 0. 2. 1. 80. (80.1 (80. (80 (8 (

Abstract: Spondias mombin is an arboreal species, the fruits of which possess a unique flavor and aroma and contain both nutritive and bioactive compounds. Considering that knowledge regarding the genetic variability in S. mombin is important for the establishment of a genetic improvement program, the aim was to characterize S. mombin accessions collected in the states of Maranhão and Piauí, northeastern Brazil, using molecular analysis with simple sequence repeats markers (ISSR). Twenty-six accessions maintained in the Embrapa Meio-Norte germplasm bank (Teresina, PI, Brazil) and two dwarf accessions collected from a private property in Teresina-PI were evaluated. The 12 ISSR markers employed presented strong discriminatory power as demonstrated by the high percentage of polymorphism (88.75%) and mean polymorphic information content (0.641). High genetic diversity among the accessions was demonstrated by the diversity indices of Nei (H=0.37) and Shannon (I=0.55), while gene flow between populations was considered moderate (Nm=0.6268 migrants per generation). The genetic diversity could be explained mainly by variability within-populations (88.71%) rather than between-populations (11.29%), although the genetic differentiation coefficient between-populations was moderate (GST=0.11) and statistically significant (P < 0.01). Unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) clustering and Population Structure analysis showed genetically distinct groups. The dwarf accessions were the most divergent and should be incorporated into the germplasm bank. Our study verified the existence of genetic differentiation between the tested S. mombin accessions and confirmed that such variability could be exploited through genetic improvement programs. Abstract species compounds S program Piauí Brazil ISSR. . (ISSR) Twentysix Twenty six MeioNorte Meio Norte Teresina, Teresina (Teresina PI TeresinaPI evaluated 1 88.75% 8875 88 75 (88.75% 0.641. 0641 0.641 0 641 (0.641) H=0.37 H037 H 37 (H=0.37 I=0.55, I055 I I=0.55 , 55 (I=0.55) Nm=0.6268 Nm06268 Nm 6268 (Nm=0.626 generation. generation generation) withinpopulations within 88.71% 8871 71 (88.71% betweenpopulations 11.29%, 1129 11.29% 11 29 (11.29%) GST=0.11 GST011 GST (GST=0.11 P 0.01. 001 0.01 01 0.01) UPGMA (UPGMA groups programs (ISSR 88.75 887 8 7 (88.75 064 0.64 64 (0.641 H=0.3 H03 3 (H=0.3 I05 I=0.5 5 (I=0.55 Nm=0.626 Nm0626 626 (Nm=0.62 88.71 (88.71 112 11.29 2 (11.29% GST=0.1 GST01 (GST=0.1 00 0.0 88.7 (88.7 06 0.6 6 (0.64 H=0. H0 (H=0. I0 I=0. (I=0.5 Nm=0.62 Nm062 62 (Nm=0.6 11.2 (11.29 GST=0. GST0 (GST=0. 0. 88. (88. (0.6 H=0 (H=0 I=0 (I=0. Nm=0.6 Nm06 (Nm=0. 11. (11.2 GST=0 (GST=0 (88 (0. H= (H= I= (I=0 Nm=0. Nm0 (Nm=0 (11. GST= (GST= (8 (0 (H (I= Nm=0 (Nm= (11 (GST ( (I Nm= (Nm (1

Resumo Spondias mombin é uma espécie arbórea cujos frutos possuem sabor e aroma únicos e contêm compostos nutritivos e bioativos. Considerando que o conhecimento sobre a variabilidade genética em S. mombin é importante para o estabelecimento deum programa de melhoramento genético, objetivou-se caracterizar acessos de S. mombincoletados nos Estados do Maranhão e Piauí, Nordeste do Brasil, utilizando análisemolecular com repetições simples de sequência: marcadores (ISSR). Foram avaliados 26 acessos mantidos no banco de germoplasma da Embrapa Meio-Norte (Teresina-PI, Brasil) e dois acessos anões coletados em propriedade privada, em Teresina-PI. Os 12 marcadores ISSR empregadosapresentaram forte poder discriminatório demonstrado pelo alto percentual de polimorfismo(88,75%) e conteúdo médio de informação polimórfica (0,641). A altadiversidade genética entre os acessos foi demonstrada pelos índices de diversidade de Nei (H=0,37)e Shannon(I=0,55), enquanto o fluxo gênico entre populações foi considerado moderado(Nm=0,6268 migrantes por geração). A diversidade genética pode ser explicada,principalmente, pela variabilidade dentro das populações (88,71%) e não entre populações (11,29%), embora ocoeficiente de diferenciação genética entre populações tenha sido moderado (GST = 0,11) e estatisticamente significativo (P <0,01). O método de grupos de pares nãoponderados com agrupamento de média aritmética (UPGMA) e a análise de estrutura populacional mostraram grupos geneticamente distintos. Os acessos anões foram os mais divergentes edeveriam ser incorporados ao banco de germoplasma. Nosso estudo verificou a existência de diferenciação genética entre os acessos testados de S. mombine confirmou quetal variabilidade poderia ser explorada através de programas de melhoramento genético. bioativos S genético objetivouse objetivou se Piauí Brasil sequência ISSR. . (ISSR) 2 MeioNorte Meio Norte TeresinaPI, TeresinaPI Teresina PI, PI (Teresina-PI privada TeresinaPI. PI. Teresina-PI 1 polimorfismo88,75% polimorfismo8875 polimorfismo 88,75% 88 75 polimorfismo(88,75% 0,641. 0641 0,641 0 641 (0,641) H=0,37e H037e He H=0,37 H 37 ShannonI=0,55, ShannonI055 ShannonI Shannon I=0,55 , I 55 Shannon(I=0,55) moderadoNm=0,6268 moderadoNm06268 moderadoNm Nm=0,6268 Nm 6268 moderado(Nm=0,626 geração. geração geração) explicadaprincipalmente explicada principalmente explicada,principalmente 88,71% 8871 71 (88,71% 11,29%, 1129 11,29% 11 29 (11,29%) GST 0,11 011 P <0,01. 001 <0,01 01 <0,01) UPGMA (UPGMA distintos (ISSR polimorfismo88 polimorfismo88,75 polimorfismo887 8875 88,75 8 7 polimorfismo(88,75 064 0,64 64 (0,641 37e H037 H=0,3 3 ShannonI=0,55 ShannonI05 I055 I=0,5 5 Shannon(I=0,55 moderadoNm=0,626 moderadoNm0626 Nm06268 Nm=0,626 626 moderado(Nm=0,62 88,71 887 (88,71 112 11,29 (11,29% 0,1 00 <0,0 polimorfismo8 polimorfismo88,7 88,7 polimorfismo(88,7 06 0,6 6 (0,64 H03 H=0, ShannonI=0,5 ShannonI0 I05 I=0, Shannon(I=0,5 moderadoNm=0,62 moderadoNm062 Nm0626 Nm=0,62 62 moderado(Nm=0,6 (88,7 11,2 (11,29 0, <0, polimorfismo88, 88, polimorfismo(88, (0,6 H0 H=0 ShannonI=0, I0 I=0 Shannon(I=0, moderadoNm=0,6 moderadoNm06 Nm062 Nm=0,6 moderado(Nm=0, (88, 11, (11,2 <0 polimorfismo(88 (0, H= ShannonI=0 I= Shannon(I=0 moderadoNm=0, moderadoNm0 Nm06 Nm=0, moderado(Nm=0 (88 (11, < polimorfismo(8 (0 ShannonI= Shannon(I= moderadoNm=0 Nm0 Nm=0 moderado(Nm= (8 (11 polimorfismo( ( Shannon(I moderadoNm= Nm= moderado(Nm (1

ABSTRACT Moringa oleifera Lam. is a tropical tree that belongs to the Moringaceae family and is popularly known worldwide for its multiple applications. This study aimed to evaluate the genetic variability of individuals from the Moringa Genebank of Embrapa Tabuleiros Costeiros, Sergipe state, Brazil. The Moringa Genebank comprises 25 accessions, represented by 177 genotypes, of which 18 were transferred in from an exchanged germplasm of the University of Florida, USA, and the others were from different states in Brazil. Leaves of each genotype were collected for DNA extraction and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis using 20 Inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) primers. A total of 141 bands were amplified, and 100 % were polymorphic. The average expected heterozygosity (He) and Shannon's index were 0.11 and 0.16, respectively. The highest genetic divergence was found between the M4 and M18 accessions, both from Florida, USA, whereas the closest pair of accessions was M23 and M24, both from Brazil. The cluster analysis obtained through the Structure software divided moringa genotypes into two groups. These results suggest low genetic diversity between the accessions in the Moringa Genebank. Therefore, the introduction of new accessions in the Moringa GeneBank is essential to increasing the genetic variability of the species to ensure its conservation and improvement. Lam applications Costeiros state Brazil 2 17 1 Florida USA PCR (PCR ISSR (ISSR primers 14 amplified 10 polymorphic He (He Shannons Shannon s 011 0 11 0.1 016 16 0.16 respectively M M1 M2 M24 groups Therefore improvement 01 0.

Resumen: En México existen diferentes genotipos criollos de aguacate con gran valor genético, cultural y nutricional. En Parras, Coahuila el aguacate criollo Persea americana Mill es famoso por su sabor y rusticidad. Estos árboles podrían servir como fuente de germoplasma, sin embargo, no existen estudios científicos sobre su morfología y diversidad genética que establezcan su valor genético. En este estudio se muestrearon trece árboles de aguacate criollo. Se evaluaron características morfométricas de frutas y del árbol. Asimismo, se determinó la diversidad genética utilizando como marcadores moleculares, Inter Secuencias Simples Repetidas (ISSR). Los árboles mostraron variaciones en el tamaño, forma del árbol, circunferencia, patrón de ramificación y forma de la hoja. También las frutas presentaron diferencias morfológicas en tamaño, forma y semilla. El análisis de componentes principales indicó una fuerte asociación entre el tamaño de la semilla con la cavidad del fruto. Por otro lado, la población de árboles de aguacates criollo presentó una diversidad genética de 0.27, y el 78 % de los loci analizados presentaron polimorfismos. Además, se analizó la estructura de la población identificando dos subpoblaciones. En conclusión, los árboles de aguacate criollo de Parras, Coahuila son buenos candidatos como fuente de germoplasma debido a su alto valor genético.

Abstract In Mexico, there are different creole avocado genotypes with great genetic, cultural, and nutritional value. In Parras, Coahuila, the Persea americana Mill creole avocado is famous for its flavor and rusticity. These trees could serve as a source of germplasm, however, there are no scientific studies on their morphology and genetic diversity that establish their genetic value. In this study, thirteen creole avocado trees were sampled. Morphometric characteristics of fruits and the trees were evaluated. Likewise, genetic diversity was determined using Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) as molecular markers. Trees showed variations in size, tree shape, girth, branching pattern, and leaf shape. Fruits also showed morphological differences in size, shape, and seed. Principal component analysis showed a strong association between seed size and fruit cavity. On the other hand, the population of creole avocado trees presented a genetic diversity of 0.27 and 78 % of the loci analyzed presented polymorphisms. In addition, the structure of the population was analyzed identifying two subpopulations of trees. In conclusion, creole avocado trees from Parras, Coahuila are good candidates as a source of germplasm due to their high genetic value.

ABSTRACT The genus Desmanthus presents wide ecogeographical distribution and complex taxonomy. Desmanthus pernambucanus (L.) Thellung, popularly known in Brazil as Jureminha, is a leguminous species native to the Northeast region of Brazil, which stands out by its high protein content, resistance to droughts, and by presenting no toxicity to animals. The objective of this work was to evaluate the genetic diversity of 15 progenies from the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO; Australia), through germplasm exchange for enrichment of the Desmanthus genebank of Embrapa Tabuleiros Costeiros, in Nossa Senhora das Dores, SE, Brazil. Fifteen ISSR markers were used, from which 8 were selected. The progenies identified as 242, 245, 246, 255, and 268 were the most genetically distant, and the most recommended to be introduced to the genebank. taxonomy L. L (L. Thellung Jureminha content droughts animals 1 CSIRO (CSIRO Australia, Australia , Australia) Costeiros Dores SE used selected 242 245 246 255 26 distant (L 24 25 2

RESUMO O gênero Desmanthus apresenta ampla distribuição ecogeográfica e complexa taxonomia. O Desmanthus pernambucanus (L.) Thellung, popularmente conhecido como Jureminha, é uma leguminosa nativa do Nordeste brasileiro, que se destaca pelo elevado teor de proteína, resistência à seca e por não apresentar toxicidade aos animais. O trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar a diversidade genética de 15 progênies oriundas do CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Austrália), através de intercâmbio de germoplasma, para o enriquecimento do Banco Ativo de Germoplasma de Desmanthus da Embrapa Tabuleiros Costeiros (BAG), em Nossa Senhora das Dores, SE, Brasil. Foram utilizados 15 marcadores ISSR, dos quais oito foram selecionados. As progênies identificadas como 242, 245, 246, 255 e 268 foram as mais distantes geneticamente, e as mais indicadas para serem introduzidas no BAG. taxonomia L. L (L. Thellung Jureminha brasileiro proteína animais 1 Commonwealth Organization Austrália, Austrália , Austrália) germoplasma BAG, BAG (BAG) Dores SE Brasil ISSR selecionados 242 245 246 25 26 geneticamente (L (BAG 24 2

Abstract Bacillus cereus is considered the most potent bacterial strain in terms of the increment in induced proteins during thermal treatment at 52 °C for 90 min. Protein production in food-born microorganism (Bacillus cereus) recovered from contaminated food was investigated in response to heat shock treatment. Bacterial tolerance towards pH, salinity, and temperature at various levels was also investigated. Heat-shock proteins (HSPs) produced when exposed to 52 °C for up to 60 minutes led to significant differences (30%) above the untreated control (37 °C), and the maximum difference was recorded at 52°C at 90 minutes. ISSR detected a higher number of bands/primer than RAPD (13.7 vs. 12.7, respectively), and more polymorphic bands (10.7 vs. 8.4 bands/primer, respectively). The untreated bacterial strain did not grow at pH levels lower than 3, whereas the thermally treated strain grew significantly at pH two. A consistent increase in HSPs was observed, with a gradual increase in salinity of less than 16%. Surprisingly, the gradual increase in temperature did not induce tolerance against higher temperatures. However, a significant growth rate was noticed in response to heat-shocked treatments. The untreated Bacillus cereus demonstrated antibiotic resistance to gentamycin and clindamycin (1.54 and 1.65 cm, respectively), much lower than the corresponding inhibition areas with preheat-treated test pathogen which were recorded (2.37 and 2.49 cm, respectively). 5 C 9 min foodborn born Heatshock Heat (HSPs 6 30% 30 (30% 37 (3 °C, , °C) 52C bandsprimer primer 13.7 137 13 7 (13. vs 127 12 12.7 respectively, respectively respectively) 10.7 107 10 (10. 84 8 4 8. respectively. . 3 two observed 16 16% Surprisingly temperatures However heatshocked shocked treatments 1.54 154 1 54 (1.5 165 65 1.6 cm preheattreated preheat 2.37 237 2 (2.3 249 49 2.4 (30 ( 13. (13 12. 10. (10 1.5 15 (1. 1. 2.3 23 (2. 24 2. (1 (2

Resumo Bacillus cereus é considerada a cepa bacteriana mais potente em termos de incremento de proteínas induzidas durante o tratamento térmico a 52 °C por 90 min. A produção de proteínas em microorganismos de origem alimentar (Bacillus cereus) recuperados de alimentos contaminados foi investigada em resposta ao tratamento de choque térmico. A tolerância bacteriana ao pH, salinidade e temperatura em vários níveis também foram investigadas. Proteínas de choque térmico (HSPs) produzidas quando expostas a 52 °C por até 60 minutos levaram a diferenças significativas (30%) acima do controle não tratado (37 °C), e a diferença máxima foi registrada a 52 °C em 90 minutos . O ISSR detectou um maior número de bandas/iniciador do que o RAPD (13,7 vs. 12,7, respectivamente) e mais bandas polimórficas (10,7 vs. 8,4 bandas/iniciador, respectivamente). A cepa bacteriana não tratada não cresceu em níveis de pH abaixo de 3, enquanto a cepa tratada termicamente cresceu significativamente em pH dois. Observou-se aumento consistente de HSPs, com aumento gradual da salinidade inferior a 16%. Surpreendentemente, o aumento gradual da temperatura não induziu tolerância a temperaturas mais altas. No entanto, uma taxa de crescimento significativa foi observada em resposta aos tratamentos de choque térmico. O Bacillus cereus não tratado demonstrou resistência antibiótica à gentamicina e clindamicina (1,54 e 1,65 cm, respectivamente), muito menor do que as áreas de inibição correspondentes com patógeno de teste pré-tratado que foram registradas (2,37 e 2,49 cm, respectivamente). 5 C 9 min investigadas HSPs (HSPs 6 30% 30 (30% 37 (3 °C, , °C) bandasiniciador iniciador 13,7 137 13 7 (13, vs 127 12 12,7 respectivamente 10,7 107 10 (10, 84 8 4 8, respectivamente. 3 dois Observouse Observou se 16 16% Surpreendentemente altas entanto 1,54 154 1 54 (1,5 165 65 1,6 cm respectivamente, prétratado pré 2,37 237 2 (2,3 249 49 2,4 (30 ( 13, (13 12, 10, (10 1,5 15 (1, 1, 2,3 23 (2, 24 2, (1 (2

Abstract This study aimed to assess the genetic differentiation and relationship among five sea cucumber species from the Red Sea in Egypt, namely Holothuria atra, H. impatiens, H. leucospilota, Actinopyga crassa and A. mauritiana, using Inter Simple Sequence Repeated (ISSR) and Start Codon Targeted (SCoT) markers. A collection of 100 specimens, with 20 individuals per species, was gathered for the analysis. With ten ISSR primers, 135 amplified bands were detected, including 11 distinct species-specific bands, indicating high-level polymorphism among species. Using ten SCoT primers, 151 amplicons were generated, including 30 species-specific bands, with 52% polymorphic bands indicating high-level polymorphism among species. The degree of genetic similarity (GS) among the different genotypes of species was calculated based on ISSR bands analysis, which ranged from 93% between H. atra and H. impatiens to 86% between H. atra and A. crassa. The highest genetic similarity was observed between H. atra and H. impatiens (90%), while the lowest was identified between A. crassa and A. mauritiana (75%) using SCoT bands. Notably, the ISSR and SCoT-based DNA analysis revealed similar genetic relationships between H. atra and H. impatiens compared to other sea cucumber species studied. This study provides new insights into the genetic diversity and relationship among sea cucumber species in the Red Sea, which could have implications for their conservation and management. Egypt H leucospilota (ISSR (SCoT markers 10 specimens 2 primers 13 detected 1 speciesspecific specific highlevel high level 15 generated 3 52 GS (GS 93 86 90%, 90 90% , (90%) 75% 75 (75% Notably SCoTbased studied management 5 9 8 (90% 7 (75 (90 (7 (9 (

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a diferenciação genética e a relação entre cinco espécies de pepinos-do-mar do Mar Vermelho no Egito, quais sejam, Holothuria atra, Holothuria impatiens, Holothuria leucospilota, Actinopyga crassa e Actinopyga mauritiana, usando marcadores Inter Simple Sequence Repeated (ISSR) e Start Codon Targeted (SCoT). Uma coleção de 100 espécimes, com 20 indivíduos por espécie, foi reunida para análise. Com 10 primers ISSR, 135 bandas amplificadas foram detectadas, incluindo 11 bandas específicas de espécies distintas, indicando polimorfismo de alto nível entre as espécies. Usando 10 primers SCoT, 151 amplicons foram gerados, incluindo 30 bandas específicas da espécie, com 52% de bandas polimórficas indicando polimorfismo de alto nível entre as espécies. O grau de similaridade genética (GS) entre os diferentes genótipos das espécies foi calculado com base na análise das bandas ISSR, que variou de 93% entre H. atra e H. impatiens a 86% entre H. atra e A. crassa. A maior similaridade genética foi observada entre H. atra e H. impatiens (90%), enquanto a menor foi identificada entre A. crassa e A. mauritiana (75%) usando bandas SCoT. Notavelmente, a análise de DNA baseada em ISSR e SCoT revelou relações genéticas semelhantes entre H. atra e H. impatiens em comparação com outras espécies de pepino-do-mar estudadas. Este estudo fornece novas informações sobre a diversidade genética e a relação entre as espécies de pepino-do-mar no Mar Vermelho, o que pode ter implicações para sua conservação e manejo. pepinosdomar pepinos mar Egito sejam leucospilota (ISSR . (SCoT) espécimes 2 espécie 1 13 detectadas distintas 15 gerados 3 52 GS (GS 93 H 86 90%, 90 90% , (90%) 75% 75 (75% Notavelmente pepinodomar pepino estudadas manejo (SCoT 5 9 8 (90% 7 (75 (90 (7 (9 (

ABSTRACT This study evaluated balsa wood (Ochroma pyramidale) plantations in the search for matrices for genetic improvement. We were evaluated a total of 20 trees in plantations in Mato Grosso for genetic diversity with ISSR (Inter Simple Sequence Repeats) primers, as well as their diameter at breast height (DBH) and commercial height (CH). The primers amplified 111 loci (97.3% polymorphic), and the Nei genetic diversity (0.32) and Shannon index (0.48) indicate that there is genetic diversity in the plantations. The AMOVA revealed greater genetic variation within the plantations rather than among the plantations. The UPGMA group indicated the formation of nine groups, four of which had one individual each. As for phenotypic characterization, individuals 48 and 52 stand out for having higher DBH, and individuals 30 and 34 presented higher CH. Considering DBH and CH concomitantly, 12 individuals are within the standards. In the evaluated plantations, there is sufficient variability for the identification of balsa wood matrices. Ochroma pyramidale improvement 2 Inter Repeats (DBH . (CH) 11 97.3% 973 97 3 (97.3 polymorphic, polymorphic , polymorphic) 0.32 032 0 32 (0.32 0.48 048 (0.48 groups each characterization 4 5 concomitantly 1 standards (CH 97.3 9 (97. 0.3 03 (0.3 0.4 04 (0.4 97. (97 0. (0. (9 (0 (

RESUMO Este estudo avaliou plantações de pau-de-balsa (Ochroma pyramidale) em busca de matrizes para o melhoramento genético. Foi avaliado um total de 20 árvores em plantações no Mato Grosso quanto à diversidade genética com iniciadores ISSR (entre sequências simples repetidas), quanto ao seu diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP) e altura comercial (HC). Os primers amplificaram 111 locos (97,3% polimórficos), sendo que a diversidade genética de Nei (0,32) e o índice de Shannon (0,48) indicam que há diversidade genética nas plantações. A AMOVA revelou maior variação genética dentro das plantações do que entre as plantações. O agrupamento UPGMA indicou a formação de nove grupos, sendo quatro deles com um indivíduo cada. Quanto à caracterização fenotípica, os indivíduos 48 e 52 se destacam por apresentarem DAP mais elevado, e os indivíduos 30 e 34 apresentam HC superior. Considerando DAP e HC concomitantemente, 12 indivíduos estão dentro dos padrões. Nos plantios avaliados, há variabilidade suficiente para a identificação de matrizes de pau-de-balsa. paudebalsa pau balsa Ochroma pyramidale genético 2 repetidas, repetidas , repetidas) (DAP HC. . (HC) 11 97,3% 973 97 3 (97,3 polimórficos, polimórficos polimórficos) 0,32 032 0 32 (0,32 0,48 048 (0,48 grupos cada fenotípica 4 5 elevado superior concomitantemente 1 padrões avaliados paudebalsa. balsa. (HC 97,3 9 (97, 0,3 03 (0,3 0,4 04 (0,4 97, (97 0, (0, (9 (0 (

Abstract Heliconias are tropical plants with ornamental potential. These plants are particularly used in the floriculture industry because of their exotic colors and shapes. Species characterization is important for the selection of genotypes for the ornamental plant market and subsequent application in studies of genetic improvement. The aim of this study was to estimate the genetic divergence of Heliconia densiflora and Heliconia psittacorum accessions based on quantitative morphological and molecular markers. The morphological and molecular descriptors revealed genetic variability among the accessions evaluated. The greatest genetic variability was observed among H. psittacorum accessions, whose sample number was also larger compared to H. densiflora. Morphological characterization was efficient in differentiating the two Heliconia species, especially to characteristics such as bract and inflorescence length, postharvest durability, and flower stem diameter, which contributed most to the divergence in this study. On the other hand, molecular characterization identified one H. densiflora individual that was grouped with the H. psittacorum genotypes. The results showed that ISSR markers can differentiate closely related H. densiflora and H. psittacorum individuals. The materials evaluated can contribute to the maintenance of local genetic diversity through the germplasm bank of the local breeding program of ornamental tropical plants. potential shapes improvement H species length durability diameter hand individuals

Resumo As Helicônias são plantas tropicais com potencial ornamental. Estas plantas são particularmente utilizadas na indústria da floricultura devido às suas cores e formas exóticas. A caracterização das espécies é importante para a seleção de genótipos para o mercado de plantas ornamentais e posterior aplicação em estudos de melhoramento genético. O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar a divergência genética de acessos de Heliconia densiflora e Heliconia psittacorum com base em marcadores morfológicos quantitativos e moleculares. Os descritores morfológicos e moleculares revelaram variabilidade genética entre os acessos avaliados. A maior variabilidade genética foi observada entre os acessos de H. psittacorum, cujo número amostral também foi maior em relação a H. densiflora. A caracterização morfológica foi eficiente na diferenciação das duas espécies de Heliconia, principalmente para as características comprimento das brácteas e inflorescências, durabilidade pós-colheita e diâmetro do caule da flor, que mais contribuíram para a divergência genética neste estudo. Por outro lado, a caracterização molecular identificou um indivíduo de H. densiflora que foi agrupado com os genótipos de H. psittacorum. Os resultados mostraram que os marcadores ISSR podem diferenciar indivíduos H. densiflora e H. psittacorum intimamente relacionados. Os materiais avaliados podem contribuir para a manutenção da diversidade genética local por meio do banco de germoplasma do programa de melhoramento local de plantas ornamentais tropicais. ornamental exóticas genético H inflorescências póscolheita pós colheita flor lado relacionados

Abstract This study evaluated the genetic variability of 34 local rice genotypes from Simeulue Island and Sumba Island, Indonesia, using ISSR and SRAP markers. The amplification of ISSR and SRAP primers produced high percentages of polymorphism, with values of 98.17% and 99.75%, respectively. The result of the UPGMA dendrogram analysis classified the rice genotypes into three groups by ISSR and two groups by SRAP. The ISSR had a higher Resolving Power (RP = 14.66) and Marker Index (MI = 4.61) than the SRAP (RP = 9.13, MI = 3.8). However, the results of the UPGMA dendrogram corresponded to the STRUCTURAL data analysis. The ΔK of STRUCTURAL analysis performed its maximum value when K = 3 by ISSR and K = 2 by SRAP. This study pointed out that ISSR markers were more effective than SRAP markers in evaluating the degree of genetic variability of rice genotypes. Indonesia polymorphism 9817 98 17 98.17 9975 99 75 99.75% respectively RP 14.66 1466 14 66 4.61 461 4 61 913 9 13 9.13 3.8. 38 3.8 . 8 3.8) However 981 1 98.1 997 7 99.75 14.6 146 6 4.6 46 91 9.1 3. 98. 99.7 14. 4. 9. 99.