Na pesquisa em saúde pública, os indicadores socioeconômicos desempenham um papel crucial, sendo essenciais para entender a relação entre pobreza e questões de saúde, bem como para direcionar a alocação de recursos na infraestrutura de saúde pública e na oferta de tratamentos adequados à população. Tradicionalmente, a renda tem sido o principal indicador usado para medir a pobreza, estabelecendo uma linha que considera quem está acima dela como não pobre ou não vulnerável, e quem está abaixo como pobre ou vulnerável. Essa análise unidimensional da condição, entretanto, tem suas limitações, particularmente em regiões com complexidade epidemiológica elevada e populações altamente vulneráveis como a Amazônia Legal. Esse trabalho discute e calcula uma abordagem multidimensional da pobreza na Amazônia Legal a partir do índice de pobreza multidimensional (IPM), conforme a metodologia Alkire-Foster (2010). Como indicador socioeconômico, o IPM considera não apenas a renda, mas também outros âmbitos relacionados à saúde pública que afetam o bem-estar das populações. A utilização de um indicador multidimensional permite uma compreensão mais completa das condições socioeconômicas e de vida, facilitando a formulação de políticas públicas. Os resultados do indicador calculado, IPM - Amazônia Legal, mostram diferenças importantes nas características da pobreza rural, bem como na intensidade e incidência dessa pobreza, que não são identificadas pelos indicadores de renda unidimensionais. O trabalho conclui que a abordagem multidimensional é fundamental para lidar com as complexas questões de saúde pública e desenvolvimento socioeconômico na região.

Los indicadores socioeconómicos juegan un papel fundamental en los estudios de salud pública. Son esenciales para comprender la relación entre la pobreza y los problemas de salud, así como para conducir la asignación de recursos en la infraestructura de salud pública y en la provisión de tratamientos adecuados a la población. Los ingresos han sido el principal indicador utilizado para medir la pobreza, estableciendo un umbral de pobreza que determina quién está por encima de él (clasificado como no pobre o no vulnerable) y quién está por debajo (considerado pobre o vulnerable). Sin embargo, el análisis unidimensional de la pobreza es limitado, particularmente en regiones con alta complejidad epidemiológica y poblaciones muy vulnerables, como la Amazonía Legal. Este estudio discute y calcula un enfoque multidimensional de la pobreza en la Amazonía Legal basado en el índice de pobreza multidimensional (IPM) de acuerdo con la metodología Alkire-Foster (2010). El IPM considera no solo los ingresos como indicador socioeconómico, sino también otros indicadores relacionados con la salud pública que afectan el bienestar de las poblaciones. El uso de un indicador multidimensional favorece una comprensión más completa de las condiciones socioeconómicas y de vida, facilitando la formulación de políticas públicas. Los resultados del indicador calculado, IPM - Amazonía Legal, muestran diferencias significativas en las características de la pobreza rural, así como en la intensidad e incidencia de la pobreza, que no son identificadas por los indicadores unidimensionales de renta. Se concluye que un enfoque multidimensional es fundamental para abordar los complejos problemas de salud pública y de desarrollo socioeconómico en la región.

In public health research, socioeconomic indicators play a crucial role. They are essential for understanding the relation between poverty and health issues, as well as for allocating resources to public health infrastructure and providing appropriate treatments to the population. Traditionally, income has been the main indicator for measuring poverty, by establishing a poverty line that distinguishes those considered not poor or not vulnerable (above the line) from those categorized as poor or vulnerable (below the line). The one-dimensional analysis of poverty, however, shows limitations, particularly in regions with high epidemiological complexity and highly vulnerable populations, such as Brazil’s Legal Amazon. This paper discusses and estimates a multidimensional approach to poverty in Brazil’s Legal Amazon based on the multidimensional poverty index (MPI) according to the Alkire-Foster (2010) methodology. As a socioeconomic indicator, the MPI considers not only income, but also other indicators related to public health that affect the well-being of populations. The use of a multidimensional indicator allows a more complete understanding of socioeconomic and living conditions, facilitating the formulation of public policies. The results of the calculated indicator, MPI - Legal Amazon, show important differences in the characteristics of rural poverty, as well as in the intensity and incidence of this poverty, which are not identified by one-dimensional income indicators. The paper concludes that the multidimensional approach is key to address the complex issues of public health and socioeconomic development in the region.

RESUMEN Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) es una plaga importante en los cereales almacenados en Colombia, que causa pérdidas significativas en la producción. El control químico es la principal herramienta utilizada en el país, a pesar del uso común de insecticidas, como la deltametrina, se ha observado resistencia en algunas poblaciones colombianas, pero es un problema mundial. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la eficacia de la deltametrina y la combinación de deltametrina más butóxido de piperonilo en poblaciones colombianas de R. dominica. Pruebas de falla de control y supervivencia, revelaron que las dosis recomendadas en las etiquetas de los productos eran insuficientes para proteger el grano de esta plaga. La falla de control mostró a que la mortalidad no superó el 80 por ciento en las poblaciones estudiadas. Se observaron diferencias de susceptibilidad entre poblaciones, destacando El Espinal y Neiva como las menos susceptibles y Pore como la más sensible a la acción de los insecticidas. La combinación de deltametrina y butóxido de piperonilo redujo la supervivencia del insecto, pero no lo controló eficazmente (0-20%). Estos resultados sugieren que R. dominica puede estar desarrollando resistencia a los insecticidas, como se ha constatado en otros países. Esto subraya la importancia de realizar estudios toxicológicos y la necesidad de investigar moléculas con diversos modos de acción, contribuyendo al fortalecimiento de las estrategias de manejo químico. Para lograr un control eficaz, es necesario aplicar el manejo integrado de plagas enfocándose en métodos de control alternativos al químico.

ABSTRACT Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) is a major pest in stored cereals in Colombia, which causes significant losses in production. Chemical control is the main tool used in the country, and despite the common use of insecticides such as deltamethrin, resistance has been observed in some Colombian populations but is a worldwide problem. The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficacy of deltamethrin and the combination of deltamethrin and piperonyl butoxide in Colombian populations of R. dominica. Failure to control and survival tests showed that the recommended doses on product labels were insufficient to protect the grain from this pest. Failure control demonstrated that mortality did not exceed 80 percent in the populations studied. Differences in susceptibility were observed between populations, with El Espinal and Neiva highlighted as less susceptible and Pore as the most sensitive to the action of insecticides. The combination of deltamethrin and piperonyl butoxide reduced insect survival but did not effectively control it (0-20%). These results suggest that R. dominica may be developing resistance to insecticides, as has been found in other countries. This underscores the importance of conducting toxicological studies and the need to investigate molecules with diverse modes of action, contributing to the strengthening of chemical management strategies. To achieve effective control, it is necessary to implement Integrated Pest Management (IPM) with a focus on alternative methods to chemical control.

ABSTRACT: Anticarsia gemmatalis (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) is distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of America, and is an important pest of Fabaceae, such as: soybean, peanut, common bean, cowpea, pea, chickpea and kudzu. In soybean, the velvet bean caterpillar is important due to the plant defoliation in their larval stage. This study evaluated soybean cultivars as source of resistance to A. gemmatalis by antixenosis (attractiveness and non-preference for feeding) and antibiosis (biological parameters of the insect). The parameters evaluated were: antixenosis: attractiveness and non-preference, dry mass consumed and attractiveness index and antibiosis: duration of larval and pupal stages, adult longevity, total cycle, larval and pupal weights and larval, pupal and total viability. Considering antixenosis and antibiosis the least suitable cultivars for A. gemmatalis were found to be BRS 8383 IPRO, BRS 1074 IPRO, BRS 1061 IPRO, BRS 7180 IPRO, BRS 9383 IPRO, BRS 8980 IPRO and BRS 1003 IPRO due to high mortality in the larval phase. The cultivars BRS 523 and BRS 543 RR “block technology” suggest displays antixenosis and or antibiosis to A. gemmatalis. These cultivars can be used by soybean producers in combination with other control tactics in soybean IPM.

RESUMO: Anticarsia gemmatalis (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) está distribuída nas regiões tropicais e subtropicais da América, trata-se de importante praga de Fabaceae, como: soja, amendoim, feijão, feijão-caupi, ervilha, grão de bico e kudzu. Na soja, a lagarta-da-soja é importante devido à desfolha da planta em sua fase larval. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar cultivares de soja como fonte de resistência a A. gemmatalis por antixenose (atratividade e não-preferência para alimentação) e antibiose (parâmetros biológicos do inseto). Os parâmetros avaliados foram: antixenose: atratividade e não-preferência, massa seca consumida e índice de atratividade e antibiose: duração dos estágios larval e pupal, longevidade de adultos, ciclo total, peso larval e pupal e viabilidade larval, pupal e total. Na antixenose e antibiose os cultivares menos favoráveis a A. gemmatalis foram: BRS 8383 IPRO, BRS 1074 IPRO, BRS 1061 IPRO, BRS 7180 IPRO, BRS 9383 IPRO, BRS 8980 IPRO e BRS 1003 IPRO devido à alta mortalidade larval. Os cultivares BRS 523 e BRS 543 RR “Tecnologia block” apresentaram antixenose e/ou antibiose a A. gemmatalis. Essas cultivares podem serem utilizadas por produtores de soja em combinação com outras táticas de controle no MIP.

The use of protective netting is becoming an increasingly popular practice in the citrus industry in South Africa. However, data on its effects on biotic factors, particularly insect pests, are limited. This study focused on the effect nets have on key citrus pests in the Eastern Cape province. Orchards under nets and open orchards, of similar cultivars, ages and management practices, were monitored at several sites over two seasons for pest infestation and damage. Weekly monitoring was conducted for Thaumatotibia leucotreta infestation. Other pests were monitored either monthly or once a season. During the first season, T. leucotreta infestation was higher in orchards under nets, probably because, unlike the open orchards, the nets provided protection for the existing high levels of T. leucotreta. No T. leucotreta infestation was recorded in both orchard types in 2019. This was due to generally lower than usual pest abundance and dramatically improved area-wide management of T. leucotreta. Pheromone traps were used to monitor T. leucotreta males, including sterile moths used in a sterile insect technique programme. Although higher catches of wild T. leucotreta moths were recorded in orchards under nets, so too were there higher numbers of sterile moths and a higher ratio of sterile to wild moths, indicating the potential for better pest suppression for orchards under nets. Various other key pests were monitored during this time, with variable results for each species. Pests that were elevated under nets include Planococcus citri and Aonidiella aurantii. Pests that seemed to be lower under nets were Ceratitis capitata and Scirtothrips aurantii. Nets had no effect on Empoasca distinguenda, Penthimiola bella and Eriophyes sheldoni. These differences in pest levels in netted and open orchards trigger an important debate on whether nets are beneficial for or detrimental to the successful implementation of an integrated pest management programme.

ABSTRACT Here, single-trap, multiple-release-recapture field experiments were used for the first time to estimate the trap sampling area and absolute population density from trap catches for the coffee berry borer (CBB) Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari). Fluorescent-dusted CBBs were released at several distances at all four cardinal points from an ethanol-methanol-baited multifunnel trap. Only 2.6 % of released beetles were recaptured, and recaptures decreased significantly with increasing release distances. The recapture analyses revealed that CBB moves randomly in the field and disperses at a maximum of 22.2 m. Despite the short plume of the trap (1.3 m), the calculated trap sampling area was 0.17 ha, with an overall catch probability of 0.01. Therefore, capturing 100 CBBs trap –1 ha –1 at the early filling stage of coffee beans reflects a 20.2 million borers ha –1 population at harvest. This results in a projected bean loss of 60.3 kg ha –1 . The findings shed light on improvements in using semiochemical traps and interpretations of catch data to enhance the CBB integrated management. Future studies on the performance of attractants and trap designs in different coffee farmscapes are encouraged to adopt the present methodology. Here singletrap, singletrap single trap, single-trap multiplereleaserecapture multiple (CBB Ferrari. Ferrari (Ferrari) Fluorescentdusted Fluorescent dusted ethanolmethanolbaited ethanol methanol baited 26 2 6 2. recaptured 222 22 22. m 1.3 13 1 3 (1. m, , m) 017 0 17 0.1 001 01 0.01 Therefore 10 – 202 20 20. harvest 603 60 60. management methodology (Ferrari 1. (1 0. 00 0.0 (

Resumo O presente estudo foi realizado para avaliar o efeito de duas pulverizações de sete pesticidas na dose recomendada sobre o ácaro marrom dos citros, Eutetranychus orientalis, e os efeitos colaterais sobre seus ácaros predadores, Euseius scutalis, Amblyseius swirskii, Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) em campo, nas condições das temporadas de 2022 e 2023. Os resultados obtidos mostram que todos os pesticidas testados alcançaram alta redução (%) de E. orientalis, a qual variou entre (82,1-90,0%) e (81,6-87,1%) após a primeira e a segunda pulverizações da temporada de 2022. A redução variou entre (84,9-88,7%) e (79,7-88,7%) após a primeira e a segunda pulverizações da temporada 2023. A abamectina registrou a maior redução (%) contra o ácaro marrom dos citros, enquanto o pesticida Congest registrou a menor redução (%) após as duas pulverizações ao longo das temporadas de 2022 e 2023. Quanto aos efeitos colaterais dos pesticidas testados em ácaros predadores associados, todos os pesticidas foram seguros para números de E. scutalis, registrando diminuição (%) entre (18,4-28,6%) e (16,2-26,1%) após a primeira e a segunda pulverizações na temporada de 2022, a qual variou entre (15,3-29,1%) e (19,6-32,0%) após a primeira e a segunda pulverizações da safra 2023. Pelo contrário, o imidaclopride não foi seguro para os números de E. scutalis, registando a maior diminuição média (%) após a primeira e a segunda pulverizações durante as duas estações. Além disso, todos os pesticidas testados foram seguros para números de A. swirskii, após a primeira e a segunda pulverizações das duas temporadas, registrando diminuição (de 10,9 para 28,1%) e (de 24,4 para 31,4%) para a temporada de 2022, e (19-38,9%) e (18,7-39,4%), na temporada de 2023. Pelo contrário, o imidaclopride não era seguro para A. swirskii e os números registraram a maior diminuição (%) após a primeira e a segunda pulverizações durante as duas estações. Quanto aos números de P. Persimilis, todos os pesticidas testados foram seguros, em que se registrou baixa porcentagem de redução, variando entre (17-33,8%) e (20,4-34,8%) após a primeira e a segunda pulverizações da temporada de 2022, e (24,3-39%) & (20,2-28,9%) após a primeira e a segunda pulverizações da temporada de 2023. Por outro lado, o imidaclopride não foi seguro para os números de P. persimilis, registando a maior diminuição (%) após a primeira e a segunda pulverizações durante as duas épocas. O presente estudo provou que todos os pesticidas testados foram altamente eficazes contra E. orientalis e parecem ser seguros e seletivos para os ácaros predadores associados, exceto o imidaclopride, que foi muito prejudicial para todos os ácaros predadores testados. Pôde-se concluir que os pesticidas testados, Fenpiroximato, Hexitiazox, Congest, Espirodiclofeno, Abamectina e Clorfenapir, poderiam ser usados nos programas de Manejo Integrado de Pragas (MIP) para E. orientalis em pomares cítricos. citros scutalis Acari (Acari Phytoseiidae campo 202 2023 % (% E 82,190,0% 821900 82,1 90,0% 82 1 90 0 (82,1-90,0% 81,687,1% 816871 81,6 87,1% 81 6 87 (81,6-87,1% 84,988,7% 849887 84,9 88,7% 84 9 88 7 (84,9-88,7% 79,788,7% 797887 79,7 79 (79,7-88,7% associados 18,428,6% 184286 18,4 28,6% 18 4 28 (18,4-28,6% 16,226,1% 162261 16,2 26,1% 16 2 26 (16,2-26,1% 15,329,1% 153291 15,3 29,1% 15 3 29 (15,3-29,1% 19,632,0% 196320 19,6 32,0% 19 32 (19,6-32,0% contrário estações disso 109 10 10, 28,1% 281 244 24 24, 31,4% 314 31 1938,9% 19389 38,9% 38 (19-38,9% 18,739,4%, 187394 18,7 39,4% , 39 (18,7-39,4%) P Persimilis 1733,8% 17338 17 33,8% 33 8 (17-33,8% 20,434,8% 204348 20,4 34,8% 20 34 (20,4-34,8% 24,339% 24339 24,3 39% (24,3-39% 20,228,9% 202289 20,2 28,9% (20,2-28,9% lado épocas Pôdese Pôde Fenpiroximato Hexitiazox Espirodiclofeno Clorfenapir MIP (MIP cítricos ( 190 82,190,0 82190 821 82, 900 90,0 (82,1-90,0 687 81,687,1 81687 816 81, 871 87,1 (81,6-87,1 988 84,988,7 84988 849 84, 887 88,7 (84,9-88,7 788 79,788,7 79788 797 79, (79,7-88,7 428 18,428,6 18428 184 18, 286 28,6 (18,4-28,6 226 16,226,1 16226 162 16, 261 26,1 (16,2-26,1 329 15,329,1 15329 153 15, 291 29,1 (15,3-29,1 632 19,632,0 19632 196 19, 320 32,0 (19,6-32,0 28,1 31,4 1938 1938,9 389 38,9 (19-38,9 739 18,739,4% 18739 187 394 39,4 (18,7-39,4% 1733 1733,8 338 33,8 (17-33,8 434 20,434,8 20434 204 20, 348 34,8 (20,4-34,8 339 24,339 2433 243 (24,3-39 228 20,228,9 20228 289 28,9 (20,2-28,9 82,190, 8219 90, (82,1-90, 68 81,687, 8168 87, (81,6-87, 98 84,988, 8498 88, (84,9-88, 78 79,788, 7978 (79,7-88, 42 18,428, 1842 28, (18,4-28, 22 16,226, 1622 26, (16,2-26, 15,329, 1532 29, (15,3-29, 63 19,632, 1963 32, (19,6-32, 31, 193 1938, 38, (19-38, 73 18,739,4 1873 39, (18,7-39,4 173 1733, 33, (17-33, 43 20,434, 2043 34, (20,4-34, 24,33 (24,3-3 20,228, (20,2-28, 82,190 (82,1-90 81,687 (81,6-87 84,988 (84,9-88 79,788 (79,7-88 18,428 (18,4-28 16,226 (16,2-26 15,329 (15,3-29 19,632 (19,6-32 (19-38 18,739, (18,7-39, (17-33 20,434 (20,4-34 (24,3- 20,228 (20,2-28 82,19 (82,1-9 81,68 (81,6-8 84,98 (84,9-8 79,78 (79,7-8 18,42 (18,4-2 16,22 (16,2-2 15,32 (15,3-2 19,63 (19,6-3 (19-3 18,739 (18,7-39 (17-3 20,43 (20,4-3 (24,3 20,22 (20,2-2 (82,1- (81,6- (84,9- (79,7- (18,4- (16,2- (15,3- (19,6- (19- 18,73 (18,7-3 (17- (20,4- (24, (20,2- (82,1 (81,6 (84,9 (79,7 (18,4 (16,2 (15,3 (19,6 (19 (18,7- (17 (20,4 (24 (20,2 (82, (81, (84, (79, (18, (16, (15, (19, (1 (18,7 (20, (2 (82 (81 (84 (79 (18 (16 (15 (20 (8 (7

Abstract The present study has been conducted to evaluate the effect of two sprays of seven pesticides at recommended dose on citrus brown mite, Eutetranychus orientalis and the side effects on their predatory mites, Euseius scutalis, Amblyseius swirskii, Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) under field conditions at 2022 & 2023 seasons. The obtained results show that, all tested pesticides achieved high reduction % of E. orientalis ranged between (82.1-90.0%) and (81.6-87.1%) after the 1st and 2nd sprays of 2022 season, where it ranged between (84.9- 88.7%) and ( 79.7- 88.7%) after 1st and 2nd sprays of 2023 season. Abamectin recorded the highest reduction % against the citrus brown mite, whereas Congest pesticide recorded the lowest reduction % after the two sprays along 2022 & 2023 seasons. As for the side effects of tested pesticides on associated predatory mites, all pesticides were safely for E. scutalis numbers recording decrease % between (18.4-28.6%) and (16.2 -26.1%) after the 1st and 2nd spray at 2022 season , where it ranged between (15.3- 29.1%) and (19.6-32.0%) after the 1st and 2nd sprays of 2023 season. On contrary, imidacloprid was unsafely for E. scutalis numbers recording the highest mean decrease % after 1st and 2nd sprays during the two seasons. Also, all tested pesticides were safely for A. swirskii numbers, after the 1st and 2nd sprays of the two seasons recording decrease (from 10.9 to 28.1%) & (24.4 to 31.4%) for the 2022 season, and (19-38.9%) & (18.7-39.4%) at 2023 season. On contrary, imidacloprid was unsafely for A. swirskii numbers recorded the highest decrease % after 1st and 2nd sprays during the two seasons. As for, Ph. Persimilis numbers, all tested pesticides were safely, where it recorded low decrease % ranged between (17-33.8%) & (20.4-34.8%) after the 1st and 2nd sprays of 2022 season, and (24.3-39%) & (20.2-28.9%) after the 1st and 2nd sprays of 2023 season. On the other side, imidacloprid was unsafely for Ph. persimilis numbers recording the highest decrease % after the 1st and 2nd sprays during the two seasons. The present study proved that all tested pesticides were high effective against E. orientalis and appeared to be safely and selective for associated predatory mites except imidacloprid which was very harmful for all tested predatory mites, and it could be concluded that the tested pesticides, Fenpyroximate, Hexythiazox , Congest , Spirodiclofen, Abamectin, and Chlorfenapyr could be used in the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs for E. orientalis at citrus orchards. mite Acari (Acari Phytoseiidae 202 E 82.190.0% 821900 82.1 90.0% 82 1 90 0 (82.1-90.0% 81.687.1% 816871 81.6 87.1% 81 6 87 (81.6-87.1% st nd 84.9 849 84 9 (84.9 88.7% 887 88 7 79.7 797 79 18.428.6% 184286 18.4 28.6% 18 4 28 (18.4-28.6% 16.2 162 16 2 (16. 26.1% 261 26 -26.1% 15.3 153 15 3 (15.3 29.1% 291 29 19.632.0% 196320 19.6 32.0% 19 32 (19.6-32.0% contrary Also A from 109 10 10. 28.1% 281 24.4 244 24 (24. 31.4% 314 31 1938.9% 19389 38.9% 38 (19-38.9% 18.739.4% 187394 18.7 39.4% 39 (18.7-39.4% Ph 1733.8% 17338 17 33.8% 33 8 (17-33.8% 20.434.8% 204348 20.4 34.8% 20 34 (20.4-34.8% 24.339% 24339 24.3 39% (24.3-39% 20.228.9% 202289 20.2 28.9% (20.2-28.9% Fenpyroximate Spirodiclofen IPM (IPM orchards 190 82.190.0 82190 821 82. 900 90.0 (82.1-90.0 687 81.687.1 81687 816 81. 871 87.1 (81.6-87.1 84. (84. 88.7 79. 428 18.428.6 18428 184 18. 286 28.6 (18.4-28.6 16. (16 26.1 -26.1 15. (15. 29.1 632 19.632.0 19632 196 19. 320 32.0 (19.6-32.0 28.1 24. (24 31.4 1938 1938.9 389 38.9 (19-38.9 739 18.739.4 18739 187 394 39.4 (18.7-39.4 1733 1733.8 338 33.8 (17-33.8 434 20.434.8 20434 204 20. 348 34.8 (20.4-34.8 339 24.339 2433 243 (24.3-39 228 20.228.9 20228 289 28.9 (20.2-28.9 82.190. 8219 90. (82.1-90. 68 81.687. 8168 87. (81.6-87. (84 88. 42 18.428. 1842 28. (18.4-28. (1 26. -26. (15 29. 63 19.632. 1963 32. (19.6-32. (2 31. 193 1938. 38. (19-38. 73 18.739. 1873 39. (18.7-39. 173 1733. 33. (17-33. 43 20.434. 2043 34. (20.4-34. 24.33 (24.3-3 22 20.228. (20.2-28. 82.190 (82.1-90 81.687 (81.6-87 (8 18.428 (18.4-28 -26 19.632 (19.6-32 (19-38 18.739 (18.7-39 (17-33 20.434 (20.4-34 (24.3- 20.228 (20.2-28 82.19 (82.1-9 81.68 (81.6-8 18.42 (18.4-2 -2 19.63 (19.6-3 (19-3 18.73 (18.7-3 (17-3 20.43 (20.4-3 (24.3 20.22 (20.2-2 (82.1- (81.6- (18.4- - (19.6- (19- (18.7- (17- (20.4- (20.2- (82.1 (81.6 (18.4 (19.6 (19 (18.7 (17 (20.4 (20.2 (82. (81. (18. (19. (20. (82 (81 (18 (20

Resumo: Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar a dimensão subjetiva da pobreza junto a pessoas em situação de rua de Fortaleza, CE. A dimensão subjetiva tem como foco processos psicossociais como autoculpabilização, vergonha e humilhação, vinculados ao contexto da pobreza. Trata-se de uma pesquisa quantitativa, que possibilitou a construção do Índice de Pobreza Multidimensional (IPM) específico para essa população, bem como a mensuração de pobreza multidimensional. Participaram 236 pessoas em situação de rua de Fortaleza, que responderam ao questionário. Foram realizadas Análises de Correlações, teste t de Student e Estatísticas Descritivas com auxílio do software SPSS 21. Os resultados apontaram que os participantes sofrem situações intensas de humilhação, que tem como consequência a vergonha, o auto-isolamento e a autoculpabilização por sua condição de vida. As práticas de opressão e dominação que vitimizam as pessoas em situação de pobreza, incluindo as que moram na rua, configuram-se como negação da vida, podendo prejudicar o desenvolvimento de capacidades de ação coletiva e transformação. No entanto, as pessoas em situação de rua têm potencial de enfrentamento e resistência, de modo a buscar outras alternativas de vida e transformar suas condições. Resumo Fortaleza CE humilhação Tratase Trata se quantitativa IPM (IPM população multidimensional 23 questionário Correlações 21 autoisolamento auto isolamento configuramse configuram transformação entanto resistência condições 2

Resumen: Esta investigación tiene como objetivo analizar la dimensión subjetiva de la pobreza entre las personas sin hogar en Fortaleza (Ceará, Brasil). La dimensión subjetiva tiene el foco en en procesos psicosociales como la autoculpabilidad, la vergüenza y la humillación relacionados con el contexto de pobreza. Esta es una investigación cuantitativa, que permitió la construcción del Índice de Pobreza Multidimensional (IPM) específico para esta población, así como la medición de la pobreza multidimensional. Participaron un total de 236 personas sin hogar, que respondieron al cuestionario. Con la ayuda del software SPSS 21, se realizó análisis de correlación, prueba t de Student y estadística descriptiva. Los resultados mostraron que los participantes sufren intensas situaciones de humillación, lo que resulta en vergüenza, autoaislamiento y autoculpabilización por su condición de vida. Las prácticas de opresión y dominación que victimizan a las personas en situación de pobreza, incluidas aquellas que viven en la calle, se configuran como negación de la vida, lo que puede perjudicar el desarrollo de capacidades de acción colectiva y de transformación. Sin embargo, las personas sin hogar revelan potencialidades de confrontación y resistencia para buscar otras alternativas y transformar sus condiciones de vida. Resumen Ceará, Ceará (Ceará Brasil. Brasil . Brasil) autoculpabilidad cuantitativa IPM (IPM población multidimensional 23 cuestionario 21 correlación descriptiva vida calle transformación embargo 2

Abstract: This study aims to analyze the subjective dimension of poverty in homeless people in Fortaleza, (Ceará, Brazil). This research stressed psychosocial processes such as self-blame, shame, and humiliation. This quantitative research enabled the construction of a multidimensional poverty index specific to homeless people and the measurement of multidimensional poverty. A total of 236 homeless people participated, who responded to the questionnaire. With the help of SPSS 21, we performed correlation analysis and descriptive statistics and applied the student’s t -test. Results showed that participants suffer intense humiliation, resulting in shame, self-isolation, and self-blame for their life condition. The practices of oppression and domination that victimize people in poverty (including those who live on the street) deny life, which can weaken the development of capacities for collective action and transformation. However, homeless people show potential for coping and resistance to seek other life alternatives and transform their conditions. Abstract Fortaleza Ceará, Ceará (Ceará Brazil. Brazil . Brazil) selfblame, selfblame self blame, blame shame humiliation 23 participated questionnaire 21 students student s test. test -test selfisolation, selfisolation isolation, isolation self-isolation condition including street transformation However conditions 2

Abstract Telenomus remus (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) is an efficient parasitoid of Spodoptera eggs. However, biological control programs require taxonomic, bioecological and behavioral studies of biological agents. Although the performance of T. remus in pest control has been evaluated, little is known about its behavioral aspects that can influence IPM tactics. The aim of this study was therefore to study the parameters related to the oviposition behavior of T. remus on Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) eggs. The experiment was conducted in the laboratory, where 17 females were transferred individually to arenas containing a mass of S. frugiperda eggs. Oviposition behavior was recorded for 30 minutes. The average walking speed of the females was 0.116 mm.s-1 and the total distance covered was 203.3 mm. The females remained on the egg masses for an average of 16.7 min, which corresponds to more than half of the total time. The average number of parasitized eggs was 15.1 per female in 30 minutes. Females with larger antennae had lower values for average speed and total distance covered. The results of the parameters evaluated show the standard oviposition behavior of T. remus females on S. frugiperda eggs and help us to better understand the species. Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera Scelionidae However taxonomic agents T tactics Lepidoptera (Lepidoptera Noctuidae laboratory 1 S 3 minutes 0116 0 116 0.11 mm.s1 mms1 mms mm.s mm s mm.s- 2033 203 203. 167 16 7 16. min time 151 15 15. species 011 11 0.1 s1 20 01 0. 2

Resumo A lagarta-do-cartucho (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), uma praga invasora e polífaga que afeta muitas culturas importantes ao redor do mundo, foi estudada para avaliar de que modo diferentes híbridos de milho impactam seus parâmetros biológicos em condições de laboratório. O milho é uma das culturas de cereais mais amplamente distribuídas e desempenha um papel importante na segurança alimentar no Egito. Vários métodos de Manejo Integrado de Pragas (MIP) devem, portanto, ser usados para controlar essas pragas que ocorrem esporadicamente. O controle cultural, químico, biológico e integrado de pragas é comumente usado para infestações de S. frugiperda. Portanto, este artigo tem como objetivo explorar como S. frugiperda se comporta em cinco híbridos ne milho, nomeadamente Hi-tech 2031, Wataniya 6, Giza 10, Giza 128 e Giza 168. A duração larval diferiu significativamente quando as larvas foram criadas com diferentes híbridos de milho. A menor duração larval (14,08 dias) foi observada quando as larvas foram criadas com o híbrido Hi-tech 2031. O maior período de pupação (9,39 dias) ocorreu com as larvas criadas com o híbrido Giza 128. A vida útil dos adultos variou de 8,91 a 9,61 dias. Os diferentes híbridos de milho influenciaram significativamente a reprodução de S. frugiperda. O tempo antes da oviposição variou de 4,64 a 4,90 dias. Os períodos de oviposição das fêmeas variaram de 3 a 4,14 dias. O maior número médio de ovos (1352,19 ovos) foi observado quando as larvas se alimentaram do híbrido Giza 10. A proporção de machos foi menor que a proporção de fêmeas nos insetos alimentados com os híbridos Hi-tech 2031 e Giza 128, 44,81 e 43,45%, respectivamente. As larvas de S. frugiperda alimentadas com o híbrido Giza 10 apresentaram a maior porcentagem de pupação (93,33%). As larvas de S. frugiperda alimentadas com o híbrido Hi-tech 2031 registraram a maior porcentagem de emergência (96,33%). lagartadocartucho lagarta cartucho FAW, FAW , (FAW) J.E. JE J E (J.E Smith Lepidoptera (Lepidoptera Noctuidae, Noctuidae Noctuidae) mundo laboratório Egito MIP (MIP devem portanto esporadicamente cultural químico S Portanto Hitech Hi tech 6 12 168 14,08 1408 14 08 (14,0 dias 9,39 939 9 39 (9,3 891 8 91 8,9 961 61 9,6 464 4 64 4,6 490 90 4,9 414 4,1 1352,19 135219 1352 19 (1352,1 203 4481 44 81 44,8 4345 43 45 43,45% respectivamente 1 93,33%. 9333 93,33% . 93 33 (93,33%) 96,33%. 9633 96,33% 96 (96,33%) (FAW J.E 16 14,0 140 0 (14, 9,3 (9, 89 8, 9, 46 4, 49 41 1352,1 13521 135 (1352, 20 448 44, 434 43,45 933 93,33 (93,33% 963 96,33 (96,33% 14, (14 (9 1352, 13 (1352 2 43,4 93,3 (93,33 96,3 (96,33 (1 ( (135 43, 93, (93,3 96, (96,3 (13 (93, (96, (93 (96

Abstract The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), an invasive and polyphagous pest affecting various vital crops globally, was studied to assess how different maize hybrids impact its biological parameters under controlled laboratory conditions. Maize, a crucial crop for food security in Egypt, requires effective Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies to manage pests like S. frugiperda. This article explores how S. frugiperda performs on five maize hybrids—Hi-Tech 2031, Wataniya 6, Giza 10, Giza 128, and Giza 168. Significant differences were observed in larval duration across the hybrids, with the shortest duration (14.08 days) on Hi-Tech 2031. Giza 128 resulted in the longest pupal period (9.39 days), and adult lifespans varied between 8.91 and 9.61 days. Reproductive parameters also diverse, with pre-oviposition periods ranging from 4.64 to 4.90 days and oviposition periods from 3 to 4.14 days. The highest average egg count (1352.19 eggs) was recorded with Giza 10. Hybrids Hi-Tech 2031 and Giza 128 had a lower male proportion (44.81% and 43.45%, respectively). Giza 10 also yielded the highest pupation rate (93.33%), while Hi-Tech 2031 showed the highest emergence rate (96.33%). FAW, FAW , (FAW) J.E. JE J E (J.E Smith Lepidoptera (Lepidoptera Noctuidae, Noctuidae Noctuidae) globally conditions Maize Egypt IPM (IPM S hybridsHiTech Hi Tech 6 168 14.08 1408 14 08 (14.0 HiTech 12 9.39 939 9 39 (9.3 days, 891 8 91 8.9 961 61 9.6 diverse preoviposition pre 464 4 64 4.6 490 90 4.9 414 4.1 1352.19 135219 1352 19 (1352.1 eggs 203 44.81% 4481 44 81 (44.81 4345 43 45 43.45% respectively. respectively . respectively) 1 93.33%, 9333 93.33% 93 33 (93.33%) 96.33%. 9633 96.33% 96 (96.33%) (FAW J.E 16 14.0 140 0 (14. 9.3 (9. 89 8. 9. 46 4. 49 41 1352.1 13521 135 (1352. 20 44.81 448 (44.8 434 43.45 933 93.33 (93.33% 963 96.33 (96.33% 14. (14 (9 1352. 13 (1352 2 44.8 (44. 43.4 93.3 (93.33 96.3 (96.33 (1 ( (135 44. (44 43. 93. (93.3 96. (96.3 (13 (4 (93. (96. (93 (96

RESUMEN Las moscas Sarcophagidae tienen gran importancia forense, ya que diferentes etapas de su desarrollo larvario son utilizadas en la determinación del intervalo post mortem (IPM) de cadáveres. Sin embargo, para muchas especies los datos sobre el desarrollo intrapupal son escasos. Aquí analizamos el desarrollo intrapupal del sarcofagido Peckia pexata y describimos los cambios cronológicos y morfológicos que ocurren durante la metamorfosis. Criamos aproximadamente 330 especímenes originarios de la Amazonía colombiana en laboratorio. Prepupas se identificaron por la reducción de tamaño y cambio de color. Durante los primeros cinco días se tomaron muestras de cuatro individuos cada tres horas, y posteriormente cada seis horas hasta la emergencia de los adultos. Los especímenes se fijaron en alcohol al 96%, posteriormente se sumergieron en solución Carnoy durante 24 horas y en ácido fórmico (5%) durante 48 horas, para disección y el análisis de los cambios morfológicos. Observamos cuatro etapas del desarrollo intrapupal de P. pexata: 1) larva pupa apolisis, que duró, en promedio, 9 h; 2) pupa criptocefálica, 6 h; 3) pupa fanerocefálica, 6.5 h; y 4) adulto farado (ojos transparentes, 48 h; ojos amarillos, 216 h; ojos rosados, 35 h; y ojos rojos, 52 h). El adulto farado se formó completamente a las 340 h y la emergencia del adulto se produjo a las 372.5 h o 15,5 días. También describimos la formación de la prepupa, la pupariación y la metamorfosis final para el imago y lo comparamos con los eventos conocidos para Peckia intermutans, Peckia lambens (Sarcophagidae) y Lucilia eximia (Calliphoridae). forense IPM (IPM cadáveres embargo escasos 33 laboratorio color adultos 96 96% 2 5% 5 (5% 4 P 1 apolisis duró promedio criptocefálica 3 fanerocefálica 65 6. transparentes amarillos 21 rosados rojos h. . h) 34 3725 372 372. 155 15 15, prepupa intermutans (Sarcophagidae Calliphoridae. Calliphoridae (Calliphoridae) (5 37 (Calliphoridae (

ABSTRACT Sarcophagidae flies have great forensic importance, since different instars of their larval development are used in the determination of the postmortem interval (PMI) of corpses. However, for many species, intrapuparial developmental data are scarce. Here we analyzed the intrapuparial development of the sarcophagid Peckia pexata and describe the chronological and morphological changes that occur during metamorphosis. We reared approximately 330 specimens originating from the Colombian Amazon in the laboratory. Prepupae were identified by size reduction and coloration change. During the first five days of the study, four individuals were sampled every three hours, then every six hours until adult emergence. Specimens were fixed in 96% alcohol, then immersed in Carnoy solution for 24 hours and in formic acid (5%) for 48 hours for dissection and analysis of morphological changes. Four morphological phases of intrapuparial development of P. pexata were observed: 1) larva pupa apolysis, which lasted, in average, 9 h; 2) cryptocephalic pupa, 6 h; 3) phanerocephalic pupa, 6.5 h; and 4) pharate adult (transparent eyes, 48 h; yellow eyes, 216 h; pink eyes, 35 h; and red eyes, 52 h). The pharate adult was fully formed at 340 h and adult emergence occurred at 372.5 h or 15.5 days. We also described the formation of the prepupa, the pupariation and the final metamorphosis for the imago and compared it with the known events for Peckia intermutans, Peckia lambens (Sarcophagidae) and Lucilia eximia (Calliphoridae). importance PMI (PMI corpses However species scarce 33 laboratory change study 96 alcohol 2 5% 5 (5% 4 P observed 1 apolysis lasted average 3 65 6. transparent eyes 21 h. . h) 34 3725 372 372. 155 15 15. prepupa intermutans (Sarcophagidae Calliphoridae. Calliphoridae (Calliphoridae) (5 37 (Calliphoridae (

RESUMO Atualmente, os sistemas de cultivo agrícola adotam o manejo integrado de pragas (MIP) como modelo de sucesso para o controle de pragas. O uso de fungos entomopatogênicos tem aumentado no manejo integrado devido ao seu grande potencial em reduzir as populações de pragas agrícolas sem causar danos à saúde humana e aos ecossistemas. Beauveria bassiana e Metarhizium anisopliae são as espécies de fungos mais utilizadas no controle biológico, contando com muitos isolados comercializados no mundo. Helicoverpa armigera é uma praga de importância agrícola, causadora de prejuízos associados a diversas culturas. Assim, esse estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial virulento de Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae e Metarhizium rileyi no controle biológico dos estágios larvais de H. armigera. Os resultados indicaram que em diferentes concentrações (1 × 107, 1 × 108 e 1 × 109 con.mL-1) e métodos de aplicação (DA ou DF) B. bassiana (cepa ESALQ PL63), M. anisopliae (cepa ESALQ E9) e M. rileyi (cepa UFMS 03) causaram baixa mortalidade e não foram virulentos ao primeiro, terceiro e quinto ínstares de H. armigera. A mortalidade pelo tratamento com B. bassiana (cepa ESALQ PL63) foi confirmada por conidiogênese em todos os cadáveres. Dada a importância de H. armigera como praga agrícola e a biodiversidade de fungos entomopatogênicos no Brasil, novas investigações sobre a virulência de cepas fúngicas são necessárias para aprimorar o manejo integrado de pragas através do controle microbiano, o potencial para novas cepas e o entendimento das relações entre microrganismos e os mecanismos de defesa dos hospedeiros. Atualmente MIP (MIP ecossistemas mundo culturas Assim H ( 107 10 con.mL1 conmL1 conmL con.mL con mL con.mL-1 DA DF B cepa PL63, PL63 PL , M E9 E 03 primeiro cadáveres Brasil microbiano hospedeiros mL1 con.mL- PL6 0

ABSTRACT Currently, agricultural cropping systems have adopted integrated pest management (IPM) as a successful model for pest control. The use of entomopathogenic fungi in IPM has increased because of their great potential for reducing arthropod pest populations without causing harm to human health and ecosystems. Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae stand out among the most used fungi in biological control, with many isolates commercialized worldwide. Helicoverpa armigera is an agriculturally important pest in Brazil and worldwide, causing damage to several crops. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the biological control potential of Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, and M. rileyi on H. armigera. The results indicated that the entomopathogenic fungi B. bassiana (strain ESALQ PL63), M. anisopliae (strain ESALQ E9), and M. rileyi (strain UFMS 03), applied using different methods (direct application and dry film) and concentrations (1 × 107, 1 × 108, and 1 × 109 conidia mL-1), resulted in low mortality and no virulence in first-, third-, and fifth-instar larvae of H. armigera. The death of all individuals subjected to treatment with B. bassiana (strain ESALQ PL63) was confirmed by conidiogenesis. Considering the importance of H. armigera as an agricultural pest and the biodiversity of entomopathogenic fungi in Brazil, further investigations on the virulence of fungal strains are necessary to improve the integrated management of lepidopteran pests through microbial control, explore the potential of new strains, and understand the relationships between microorganisms and host defense mechanisms. Currently (IPM ecosystems worldwide crops context M H B strain PL63, PL63 PL , E9, E9 E E9) 03, 03 03) direct film ( 107 108 10 mL1, mL1 mL mL-1) first, first first- third, third third- fifthinstar fifth instar conidiogenesis mechanisms PL6 0 mL-1 mL-

Abstract This research aimed to predict the seasonal incidence of whitefly, B. tabaci (Asia II 5) with its management by new plant systemic insecticides and their influence on natural enemies on potato crop. Results concluded that the whitefly population was slightly higher in 2020-21 than in 2019-20 and temperature (minimum and maximum), relative humidity (minimum), evaporation, and sunshine hours were key factors in determining the B. tabaci population buildup with reasonable accuracy (R2=0.82). Sequential spray of Diafenthiuron and Thiamethoxam (1.61 adults/3 compound leaves) was noticed to be the most effective treatment with the highest cost-benefit ratio (1:2.55), whereas two sequential sprays of Pymetrozine (3.17 adults/3 compound leaves) was found to be the least effective with the lowest cost-benefit ratio (1:1.61). All of the insecticides sequential spray examined were found to be either harmless or slightly detrimental to natural enemies (spiders and coccinellids). The current study concluded that B. tabaci population growth and seasonal incidence were greatly influenced by weather factors and this information validates the monitoring for early decision-making prior to developing insect pest management strategies against B. tabaci. Sequential spray of Imidacloprid and Thiamethoxam were shown reliable both from bio-efficacy and economic point of view in managing B. tabaci infestations in potato crop and can be incorporated into the IPM module. B Asia 5 202021 2020 21 2020-2 201920 2019 20 2019-2 minimum maximum, maximum , maximum) minimum, (minimum) evaporation R2=0.82. R2082 R R2=0.82 . R2 0 82 (R2=0.82) 1.61 161 1 61 (1.6 adults3 adults 3 adults/ leaves costbenefit cost benefit 12.55, 1255 2.55 2 55 (1:2.55) 3.17 317 17 (3.1 11.61. 1161 (1:1.61) spiders coccinellids. coccinellids coccinellids) decisionmaking decision making bioefficacy bio efficacy module 20202 202 2020- 20192 201 2019- R208 R2=0.8 8 (R2=0.82 1.6 16 6 (1. 12 12.55 125 255 2.5 (1:2.55 3.1 31 (3. 11 11.61 116 (1:1.61 R20 R2=0. (R2=0.8 1. (1 12.5 25 2. (1:2.5 3. (3 11.6 (1:1.6 R2=0 (R2=0. ( 12. (1:2. 11. (1:1. R2= (R2=0 (1:2 (1:1 (R2= (1: (R2 (R

Resumo Carrapatos são artrópodes parasitos que causam perdas econômicas significativas na produção de bovinos em todo o mundo. Embora o carrapato bovino - Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus - esteja distribuído em todo o território brasileiro, não há um programa oficial de controle do parasito. Nesta revisão, foi abordada a situação da resistência de R. (B.) microplus aos carrapaticidas sintéticos no Brasil, incluindo: controle do carrapato; estado da resistência por estado; histórico da ocorrência de resistência a diferentes carrapaticidas; resistência múltipla; e as principais estratégias para o manejo integrado de carrapatos. No Brasil, laboratórios locais empregam empregam, inicialmente, o teste de imersão de adultos como método diagnóstico de resistência aos carrapaticidas. Apenas três estados (Acre, Amapá e Amazonas) não têm relatos de populações resistentes. O controle de carrapatos, no Brasil, é caracterizado por erros de manejo, há desinformação sobre estratégias de controle de carrapatos, uso inadequado dos produtos disponíveis, falta de adoção de práticas de manejo integrado de parasitos (MIP), baixo suporte técnico aos produtores e a rápida emergência de populações de carrapatos multirresistentes a carrapaticidas. Ao final, propõe-se uma lista de necessidades e prioridades para o controle de carrapatos em bovinos com relação à comunicação, pesquisa e políticas públicas. mundo Boophilus (Boophilus brasileiro parasito revisão R B. B (B. Brasil incluindo múltipla inicialmente Acre, Acre (Acre Amazonas resistentes disponíveis MIP, MIP , (MIP) final propõese propõe se comunicação públicas (B (MIP

Abstract Ticks are parasitic arthropods that cause significant economic losses to livestock production worldwide. Although Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, the cattle tick, occurs throughout the Brazilian territory, there is no official program to control this tick, which is the vector of tick fever pathogens. We address the situation of R. (B.) microplus resistance to synthetic acaricides in Brazil, including cattle tick management; the status of tick resistance per Brazilian state; the history of resistance occurrence of different acaricides; multiple resistance occurrence; and the main strategies for integrated tick management. Tick control in Brazil is characterized by management errors. Local laboratories affiliated with federal and state research institutions and universities employ the Adult Immersion Test as a primary diagnostic method to assess acaricide resistance to topically applied drugs. Only three states (Acre, Amapá, and Amazonas) have no reports on resistant populations. Misinformation on tick control strategies, misuse of available products for tick control, no adoption of Integrated Parasite Management (IPM) practices, low technical support to producers, and the high-speed emergence of acaricide-resistant tick populations are the main problems. We also propose a list of needs and priorities for cattle tick control regarding communication, research, and policies. worldwide Boophilus (Boophilus territory pathogens R B. B (B. errors drugs Acre, Acre (Acre Amapá Amazonas IPM (IPM practices producers highspeed high speed acaricideresistant problems communication policies (B

RESUMEN Los barrenadores del tallo del género de Diatraea spp. (Lepidoptera:Crambidae) han sido reconocidos por ser la plaga de mayor impacto en el cultivo de caña de azúcar, en el que causan importantes pérdidas económicas. Para su control, una cepa colombiana de Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill (aislamiento Bv062) que demostró alta virulencia frente a larvas de D. saccharalis (Fabricius), fue utilizada para el desarrollo de un bioinsecticida formulado como un concentrado emulsionable (CE). Con el fin de integrar este bioinsecticida en un esquema de manejo integrado de plagas, es necesario evaluar su compatibilidad con los agroquímicos utilizados comúnmente en el cultivo de caña de azúcar. Para tal fin se evaluó el efecto in vitro de 11 agroquímicos (fungicidas, insecticidas y herbicidas) sobre la germinación y actividad insecticida de conidios formulados. Inicialmente el CE y los agroquímicos fueron ajustados al doble de la concentración recomendada y mezclados en proporción 1:1, se incubaron durante dos horas, y se determinó el porcentaje de germinación. Los conidios expuestos a los agroquímicos fueron también purificados y utilizados para un bioen-sayo frente a larvas de segundo instar de D. saccharalis. El CE resultó ser compatible con los herbicidas e insecticidas evaluados, manteniendo una germinación y eficacia superior al 80%. Por el contrario, el CE fue incompatible con todos los fungicidas evaua-dos. Estos resultados permiten sugerir recomendaciones de aplicación del bioplaguicida a base de B. bassiana Bv062, junto con insecticidas y herbicidas empleados en el cultivo de caña, pero se recomienda no aplicarlo de manera simultánea con fungicidas como el benomil y del grupo de triazoles. Se recomienda validar estos resultados en condiciones de campo.

ABSTRACT Sugarcane stem borers of the genus Diatraea spp. (Lepidoptera:Crambidae) have been recognized as the pest of the greatest impact on sugarcane crops causing significant economic losses. For its control, a colombian strain of Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill (code Bv062) that showed a high virulence against D. saccharalis (Fabricius) larvae was used for a biopesticide development, formulated as emulsifiable concentrate (EC). In order to include the EC into an integrated pest management (IPM) scheme, it is necessary to evaluate its compatibility with the agrochemicals commonly used in sugarcane crops. For this purpose, the in vitro effect of 11 agrochemicals (fungicides, insecticides and herbicides) on the germination and insecticidal activity of Bv062 formulated conidia was evaluated. Initially, the EC and agrochemicals were adjusted to double the recommended concentration and mixed in a 1:1 ratio. The mixes were incubated for two hours, and the germination percentage was calculated. The conidia exposed to the agrochemicals were also purified and used for a bioassay against second instar larvae of D. saccharalis. The EC was compatible with the herbicides and insecticides, maintaining germination and efficacy higher than 80%. In contrast, EC was incompatible with all the fungicides evaluated. These results allow us to suggest recommendations for the application of the biopesticide based on B. bassiana Bv062 with insecticides and herbicides used in sugarcane crops, but it is not recommended to apply it simultaneously with fungicides such as benomyl and the triazole group. It is recommended to validate these results under field conditions.

RESUMEN En Costa Rica la pobreza suele calificarse de estructural, debido a ello, el objetivo de esta investigación es indagar en la estructura de la pobreza y su evolución en el país. Para esto, se recorren las principales concepciones del desarrollo, sus definiciones de pobreza y los indicadores asociados a dichas definiciones. Con esta base, se realiza un estudio de la pobreza en Costa Rica entre 2010-2021, mediante líneas de pobreza e índice de pobreza multidimensional (IPM) (por dimensión e indicador) para cada región de planificación. Se encontró que las asimetrías regionales parecen ser cuantitativas, no cualitativas y las estructuras de privación son similares en las regiones. También, se identifican tres grupos de comportamiento según IPM: la región Central en mejores condiciones, un grupo intermedio y las regiones huetares en peor estado. Seguido, se analizan los datos cantonales para dar una visión coyuntural y corroborar las tendencias. Finalmente, se señala un camino en la atención de la pobreza y elaboración de política pública.

ABSTRACT In Costa Rica, poverty is typically characterized as structural. This paper investigates the structure and evolution of poverty from 2010 to 2021. The analysis begins by reviewing main conceptions of development, their specific definitions of poverty, and the indicators linked to those definitions. Using poverty lines and the multidimensional poverty index (MPI) as tools, the research evaluates poverty by dimension, indicator, and region. The findings indicate that regional disparities in poverty appear more quantitative than qualitative, suggesting similar deprivation structures across areas. Regions are classified into three distinct MPI patterns: the Central region with superior conditions, an intermediate group, and the Huetar regions with more challenging conditions. An additional study of cantonal data offers a short-term perspective, further validating these identified trends. The research concludes by suggesting recommendations for the elaboration of public policies to address poverty effectively.