Abstract Aim The largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides was introduced in more than 50 countries for the purpose of sport fishing. In Brazil, records date from 1922, and nowadays many populations are known to occur in the southern region. Here we investigated the reproductive biology of this species in a small reservoir in southern Brazil, to understand the role of the reproductive strategy in the invasion process and assist in its management. We conclude with suggestions for the management in local scale, as this species can bring relevant problems to the public supply through trophic cascade and other negative effects. Methods Samples were performed with different methods, between May 2011 and April 2012. All fishes were measured, and the reproductive season was determined through the relative frequency of reproductive stages and the gonadosomatic index. Sex ratio was calculated monthly and for each total length (TL) class and compared with the estimates presented in the literature. Total length at maturity (L50, length at which 50% of the individuals were mature) was estimated for females, males and the entire study population. Results A total of 565 individuals of M. salmoides were analyzed. Overall sex-ratio did not differ significantly. The monthly distribution of the gonadosomatic index for females and males showed higher values between August (late winter) and November 2011 (austral spring). ��-Binomial modelling of sex-ratio data of native (n=1) and introduced populations (n=7) showed a lower proportion of females in its native range. All individuals > 21.5 cm TL were mature (L95), and L50 was calculated at 18.7 cm TL. After the reproductive period, an increase in the abundance of young individuals (≤ 7.0 cm TL) was registered, corresponding to 50% of all individuals collected. The relative frequency of mature individuals and the variation in the gonadosomatic index indicate a prolonged spawning period during the austral spring, coinciding with the increase in temperature. Conclusions Results suggested that some changes in life history traits, such as the early sexual maturation and the long reproductive period, coupled with a remarkable adaptability, may have facilitated the establishment of M. salmoides populations in this reservoir. The illegal and intentional stocking by anglers plays a central role in the introduction and dispersal of M. salmoides in Brazil. We encourage studies on the sanitary quality of this fish for human consumption, so that massive campaigns of education the population to encourage capture and consumption are implemented by the competent authorities as a control measure in local scale, combined with targeted samplings with artificial baits during the reproductive period, identification, and removal of nests and fingerlings using electric fishing or trap nets during the recruitment period. 5 Brazil 1922 region scale effects methods 201 2012 measured (TL literature L50, L (L50 56 M analyzed sexratio sex significantly late winter spring. spring . spring) ��Binomial Binomial �� n=1 n1 n 1 (n=1 n=7 n7 7 (n=7 range 215 21 21. L95, L95 , (L95) L5 187 18 18. ≤ ( 70 0 7. registered collected temperature traits adaptability identification 192 20 (L5 � n= (n= 2 L9 (L95 19 (L (n (L9

Resumo Objetivo O black-bass Micropterus salmoides foi introduzido em mais de 50 países para fins de pesca esportiva. No Brasil, os primeiros registros datam de 1922 e atualmente muitas populações são conhecidas na região sul. Neste trabalho investigamos a biologia reprodutiva desta espécie em um pequeno reservatório no sul do Brasil, para entender o papel da estratégia reprodutiva no processo de invasão e auxiliar no manejo. Concluímos com sugestões para o manejo em escala local, pois esta espécie pode trazer problemas relevantes ao abastecimento público através da cascata trófica e outros efeitos negativos. Métodos As amostragens foram realizadas com diferentes métodos, entre maio de 2011 e abril de 2012. Todos os peixes foram medidos, e a época reprodutiva foi determinada através da frequência relativa dos estádios reprodutivos e do índice gonadossomático. A razão sexual foi calculada mensalmente para cada classe de comprimento total (CT) e comparada com as estimativas apresentadas na literatura. O comprimento total de primeira maturidade (L50, comprimento em que 50% dos indivíduos estavam maduros) foi estimado para fêmeas, machos e toda a população de estudo. Resultados Um total de 565 indivíduos de M. salmoides foi analisado. A razão geral entre os sexos não foi significativa. A distribuição mensal do índice gonadossomático para fêmeas e machos apresentou maiores valores entre agosto (final do inverno) e novembro de 2011 (primavera austral). A modelagem ��-binomial dos dados de proporção sexual de populações nativas (n=1) e introduzidas (n=7) mostrou uma menor proporção de fêmeas em sua área nativa. Todos os indivíduos > 21,5 cm CT eram maduros (L95), e o L50 calculado foi de 18,7 cm TL. Após o período reprodutivo, foi registrado um aumento na abundância de indivíduos jovens (≤ 7,0 cm CP), correspondendo a 50% de todos os indivíduos coletados. A frequência relativa de indivíduos maduros e a variação do índice gonadossomático indicam um período prolongado de desova durante a primavera austral, coincidindo com o aumento da temperatura. Conclusões Os resultados sugerem que algumas mudanças nas características de vida, como a maturação sexual precoce e o longo período reprodutivo, aliadas a uma notável adaptabilidade, podem ter facilitado o estabelecimento de populações de M. salmoides neste reservatório. A estocagem ilegal e intencional por pescadores tem papel central na introdução e dispersão de M. salmoides no Brasil. Incentivamos estudos sobre a qualidade sanitária desse pescado para consumo humano, para que campanhas massivas de educação da população para incentivar a captura e consumo sejam implementadas pelos órgãos competentes como medida de controle em escala local, combinada com amostragens direcionadas com iscas artificiais durante o período reprodutivo, identificação e retirada de ninhos e alevinos por meio de pesca elétrica ou rede-armadilha durante o período de recrutamento. blackbass black bass 5 esportiva Brasil 192 local negativos métodos 201 2012 medidos (CT literatura L50, L (L50 estudo 56 M analisado significativa final inverno austral. austral . austral) ��binomial binomial �� n=1 n1 n 1 (n=1 n=7 n7 7 (n=7 nativa 215 21 21, L95, L95 , (L95) L5 187 18 18, TL reprodutivo ≤ ( 70 0 7, CP, CP CP) coletados temperatura vida adaptabilidade humano redearmadilha rede armadilha recrutamento 19 20 (L5 � n= (n= 2 L9 (L95 (L (n (L9

Abstract Fish stocking is a common management strategy in Brazil, yet no assessment has examined its real extent and features. The present work investigated fish stocking practices in Brazil between 2010 and 2019 to characterize propagule pressure, species composition, the use of non-native species, geographical and temporal trends, environment types, and responsible agencies. Based on information disseminated on the internet, the study detected 1,155 stocking events (ca. 115 events/year). In total, ca. 56.4 million fish were stocked, with an average of ca. 90 thousand fish/event. We found events in all Brazilian regions involving 436 municipalities and 21 states. Most events occurred in the Northeast region (66.3%), which received alone ca. 41 million fish. Reservoirs were the primary target environment, and the public sector conducted most events. Fish stocking involved 63 taxa, including 14 non-native taxa and three hybrids. Considering the events that informed composition, 62.4% released non-native species, which summed 19.7 million fish. These results provide a broad overview of fish stocking practices in Brazil, and reveal that this action is widely disseminated. Its frequent use, associated with the lack of proper criteria and the illegal stocking of non-native species, raise concerns about technical aspects, outcomes, and potential environmental impacts. features 201 pressure composition nonnative non native trends types agencies internet 1155 1 155 1,15 ca (ca 11 events/year. eventsyear events/year . year events/year) total 564 56 4 56. stocked 9 fishevent event fish/event 43 2 states 66.3%, 663 66.3% , 66 3 (66.3%) 6 hybrids 624 62 62.4 197 19 7 19. aspects outcomes impacts 20 15 1,1 5 66.3 (66.3% 62. 1, 66. (66.3 (66. (66 (6 (

Resumo A estocagem de peixes é uma estratégia de manejo comum no Brasil, mas nenhum estudo investigou sua real extensão e características. O presente trabalho investigou práticas de estocagem de peixes realizadas no Brasil entre 2010 e 2019, para caracterizar a pressão de propágulos, composição de espécies, participação de espécies não-nativas, variação espaço-temporal, ambientes e órgãos responsáveis. Com base em informações divulgadas na internet, o estudo detectou 1155 eventos de estocagem (ca. 115 eventos/ano). No total, ca. 56,4 milhões de peixes foram liberados, com média de ca. 90 mil peixes/evento. Encontramos eventos em todas as regiões brasileiras, envolvendo 436 municípios e 21 estados. A região nordeste somou a maioria dos casos (66,3%), e sozinha recebeu cerca de 41 milhões de peixes. Os reservatórios foram o principal ambiente alvo, sendo o setor público o principal responsável pelas ações. A estocagem de peixes envolveu 63 táxons, incluindo 14 táxons não-nativos e três híbridos. Considerando os eventos que informaram a composição das espécies, 62,4% liberaram espécies não-nativas, que somaram 19,7 milhões de peixes. Estes resultados fornecem um amplo panorama das práticas de estocagem de peixes no Brasil, e revelam que essa ação de manejo é amplamente disseminada. Seu uso frequente, associado com a falta de critérios apropriados e a soltura ilegal de espécies não-nativas, suscita preocupações quanto a aspectos técnicos, resultados, e potenciais impactos ambientais. características 201 2019 propágulos nãonativas, nãonativas não nativas, nativas não-nativas espaçotemporal, espaçotemporal espaço temporal, temporal espaço-temporal responsáveis internet ca (ca 11 eventos/ano. eventosano eventos/ano . ano eventos/ano) total 564 56 4 56, liberados 9 peixesevento evento peixes/evento brasileiras 43 2 estados 66,3%, 663 66,3% , 66 3 (66,3%) alvo ações 6 1 nãonativos nativos híbridos 624 62 62,4 197 19 7 19, disseminada frequente técnicos ambientais 20 5 66,3 (66,3% 62, 66, (66,3 (66, (66 (6 (

Resumen El artículo se posiciona desde las criminologías verde y azul para analizar la problemática de la pesca ilegal en la Argentina. Con base en el estudio de instrumentos normativos y entrevistas, el estudio aborda el rol de la Prefectura Naval Argentina (PNA) dentro de la zona económica exclusiva (ZEE) y más allá de la milla 200 frente al accionar pesquero lesivo por parte de buques extranjeros. Por un lado, el artículo se enfoca en el uso del derecho penal como instrumento de control de la pesca ilegal, poniendo de sobresalto las problemáticas y limitaciones de este abordaje. Por otro lado, el estudio se enfoca en el trabajo de la PNA en búsqueda de soluciones no punitivas. Principalmente, se analizan la intervención de esta agencia de seguridad en el caso Huali 8 identificado por la PNA como un “cambio de paradigma” en el control de la pesca ilegal dentro de la ZEE y el trabajo intersectorial e interdisciplinario como respuesta no punitiva para la pesca no reglamentada en el espacio marítimo más allá de la milla 200. En su conjunto, desde el paradigma crítico de las criminologías verde y azul, este artículo busca poner el foco en el Sur global y en como una de las agencias destinadas a ejercer poder punitivo buscó explorar cauces de acción alternativos, priorizando el cuidado del medio acuático sin necesidad de más pena.

Abstract The article takes a green and blue criminology stance to analyze the problem of illegal fishing in Argentina. Based on the study of regulatory instruments and interviews, the study addresses the role of the Prefectura Naval Argentina (PNA) within the exclusive economic zone (ZEE) and beyond mile 200 in the face of harmful fishing actions by foreign vessels. On the one hand, the article focuses on the use of criminal law as an instrument to control illegal fishing, highlighting the problems and limitations of this approach. On the other hand, the study focuses on the work of the PNA in the search for non-punitive solutions. It mainly analyzes the intervention of this security agency in the Huali 8 case, identified by the PNA as a "paradigm shift" in the control of illegal fishing within the ZEE, and the intersectoral and interdisciplinary work as a non-punitive response to unregulated fishing in the maritime space beyond mile 200. As a whole, from the critical paradigm of green and blue criminologies, this article seeks to focus on the global South and on how one of the agencies destined to exercise punitive power sought to explore alternative courses of action, prioritizing the care of the aquatic environment without the need for more punishment.

ABSTRACT From 1999-2001, the Argopecten purpuratus population at La Rinconada was directly evaluated by monitoring larvae and their subsequent settlement on artificial collectors to determine their density, size structure, and abundance. An increase in specimens, doubling the number observed in 1997, occurred in 1999. However, reductions in the distribution area, specimens, and average size occurred in 2000 and 2001, reflecting anthropogenic impacts. Application of the growth parameters to the annual size structure indicated losses of 5.7 million individuals between 1999 and 2000 and 5 million between 2000 and 2001. The specimens increase over 90 mm, from 130,000 in 1997 to 2.6 million in 2001, explains the high larvae numbers found, with records of 17,667 and 21,756 in 1999; 16,100 in 2000; and 34,175 and 21,700 in 2001. A relationship between larval presence and postlarval settling could not be established; only the relationships between periods of larval abundance and those of maximum fixation could be observed. In conclusion, a viable solution to illegal fishing affecting the reserve with complementary or substitute measures for local fishers is urgently required.

Resumen Los pueblos indígenas amazónicos reclaman la delimitación integral de su territorio, que incluye las zonas de caza y pesca, en respuesta a la invasión territorial por parte de las actividades extractivas. Estos pueblos han elaborado propuestas de gestión y ordenamiento territorial. Después de repasar el momento extractivista en el que se encuentra Perú, en este artículo se analizan las propuestas de alternativas registradas en el Atlas de Justicia Ambiental, con base en el parámetro “resultado del conflicto”. Se identifican las características comunes que llevaron al éxito de la resistencia, aunque sea temporal. Se profundiza en las propuestas concretas más elaboradas y avanzadas de los pueblos indígenas amazónicos en acuerdo con organismos estatales locales encargados del bosque amazónico, y en las amenazas a la construcción de las propuestas frente a la intromisión permanente de actividades legales o ilegales que atentan contra su propia existencia, con asesinatos de defensores ambientales. Se concluye con una reflexión sobre la importancia del autogobierno local como respuesta al extractivismo.

Abstract Amazonian indigenous peoples demand the integral delimitation of their territory, which includes hunting and fishing areas, in response to territorial invasion by extractive activities. These peoples have developed management and territorial planning proposals as concrete local alternatives. After reviewing the extractivist moment in which Peru finds itself, the proposals for alternatives registered in the Atlas of Environmental Justice based on the parameter “Result of the conflict” are analyzed. Common features of stalled conflicts that led to successful resistance, albeit temporary, are identified. We delve into the most elaborate and advanced concrete proposals made by the Amazonian indigenous peoples in agreement with local state agencies in charge of the Amazon Forest, and the legal or illegal activities that threaten even their existence with murders of environmental defenders. It is concluded that local self-government is an important response to extractivism.

Resumo O mero, Epinephelus itajara, o maior Epinephelidae do Oceano Atlântico, está classificado como criticamente ameaçado no Brasil. No Nordeste brasileiro, os estudos voltados à esta espécie ainda são incipientes. Aqui estudamos a ocorrência, uso do habitat e distribuição espacial do mero em Alagoas (Brasil) combinando métodos participativos, como Ciência Cidadã e Conhecimento Ecológico Local. No total, os indivíduos vivos representaram 64% (n = 85) e os mortos 36% (n = 47), com 14 registros de capturas ilegais. Juvenis foram observados em estuários e em recifes naturais costeiros rasos, enquanto adultos grandes distribuíram-se em recifes naturais e artificiais em áreas mais profundas. A ocorrência foi significativamente maior no litoral sul de Alagoas. O estuário Rio São Francisco (RSF) se destacou com 52 ocorrências. Mapeamos 37 locais onde o mero ocorre, distribuídos ao longo do litoral, com destaque para um recife artificial localizado próximo ao RSF, que obteve 12 citações sobre agregações. Indicamos que a área de influência do RSF é prioritária para a conservação, em razão da identificação de um berçário e de possíveis agregações próximas a sua foz. Destacamos a urgência na aplicação de ações de gestão de curto e longo prazo em Alagoas.

Abstract The Atlantic Goliath Grouper (AGG), Epinephelus itajara, the largest Epinephelidae in the Atlantic Ocean, it is classified as critically endangered in Brazil. In the Brazilian northeast, studies focusing on the species are still incipient. Here we study the occurrence, habitat use, and spatial distribution of AGG in Alagoas (Brazil) by combining participatory methods, such as Citizen Science and Local Ecological Knowledge. Living individuals represented 64% (n = 85) of the records, while dead individuals were 36% (n = 47), with 14 records from illegal captures. Juveniles are common in estuaries and shallow natural coastal reefs, while adults are distributed in deeper areas on natural and artificial reefs. The occurrence was significantly higher on Alagoas’ southern coast. The São Francisco River (SFR) estuary stood out with 52 occurrences. We mapped 37 occurrence sites for AGG distributed along the coast, emphasising an artificial reef near SFR that received 12 reports about aggregations. The influence area of the SFR was indicated as a priority for species conservation due to the identification of a nursery and possible aggregations close to its mouth. We highlight the urgency of implementing short and long-term management actions along Alagoas’ coast.

Resumen Introducción: Los pescadores en Playas del Coco, Guanacaste, Costa Rica, son vulnerables por el mal manejo y gestión de los recursos pesqueros y la pesca ilegal, excluyéndose de los beneficios otorgados por el Estado. Esto incide en que no cuenten con opciones que les permita crecer tanto a nivel económico como social. Objetivo: Determinar una estrategia de promoción social para las personas en exclusión social de Playas del Coco. Métodos: De febrero a septiembre 2018, se aplicó la Acción Participativa y la investigación Crítica, por medio de la entrevista semi estructurada y abierta, y la observación participante a miembros de la Asociación de Desarrollo, líderes comunales y pescadores de la zona, con edades entre los 17 y 40 años. Resultados: Se establecieron las bases teórico prácticas para un trabajo interdisciplinario entre trabajo social, turismo y biología marina por medio de la estrategia de intervención para los pescadores artesanales de Playas del Coco basada en el Modelo Socioeducativo Promocional y se documentó la situación actual de los habitantes de esta región. Conclusiones: La incursión del trabajo social en temas ambientales es viable, promocionando socialmente a los habitantes de Playas del Coco usando el turismo marino sostenible a través del modelo socioeducativo promocional.

Abstract Introduction: Fishermen in Playas del Coco, Guanacaste, Costa Rica, are vulnerable due to the mismanagement of fishing resources and illegal fishing; excluding them from benefits granted by the State. This means that they do not have many options that allow them to grow both economically and socially. Objective: Determine a social promotion strategy for people in social exclusion in Playas del Coco. Methods: From February to September 2018, participatory action and critical research were applied, through semi-structured and open interview, and participant observation to members of the Development Association, community leaders and fishermen in the area, ranging in age between 17 and 40 years old. Results: Theoretical and practical bases were established for an interdisciplinary work between social work, tourism and marine biology through the intervention strategy for fishermen of Playas del Coco based on the Socio-educational Promotional Model and the current situation of the inhabitants was documented. Conclusions: The incursion of social science in environmental issues is viable, by social promotion of the inhabitants of Playas del Coco developing sustainable marine tourism through a socio-educational model.

Resumo Esta pesquisa busca responder se a Lei n. 17.985/2013, que regulamenta a pesca no Estado de Goiás, está garantindo que o turismo de pesca seja feito de maneira sustentável. A pesquisa foi realizada na comunidade Itacaiu, às margens do Rio Araguaia. Foi verificado que a região de estudo vem sofrendo com a pesca predatória devido ao conhecimento limitado dos pescadores sobre a Lei e devido à falta de fiscalização governamental. Peixes fora de medida e espécies protegidas são capturados, transportados e consumidos ilegalmente, comprometendo o desenvolvimento local sustentável.

Abstract This study aims to answer whether the Law n. 17.985/2013, which regulates fishing in the Brazilian State of Goiás, ensures that fishing tourism is carried out in a sustainable manner. Field research was carried out in the Itacaiu community on the banks of the Araguaia River. Results show that the study area has been suffering from predatory fishing due to fishermen’s limited knowledge about the Law and the lack of law enforcement. Out-of-measure fish and protected species are caught, transported, and consumed illegally, jeopardizing sustainable local development.

Resumen Esta investigación busca responder si la Ley n. 17.985/2013, que regula la pesca en el Estado de Goiás, está garantizando que el turismo pesquero sea realizado de manera sostenible. La investigación se llevó a cabo en la comunidad ribereña Itacaiu, a orillas del Río Araguaia. Se verificó que la región de estudio viene sufriendo con la sobrepesca debido al limitado conocimiento de la Ley por parte de los pescadores y debido a la falta de inspección gubernamental. Los peces fuera de medida y las especies protegidas son capturados, transportados y consumidos ilegalmente, comprometiendo el desarrollo local sostenible.

Abstract Spiny lobsters (Family Palinuridae) are a popular seafood in Brazil. We characterize the fishing activity and analyze the population of lobster species captured in the coast of the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Northeast Brazil. We monitored the landings of lobster fishermen at the start of the fishing season, from May 24 to November 21, in 2010, at Pirangi beach, the main landing point in the metropolitan area of Natal. The lobster fisherman in the region use small vessels and a compressor to dive in artificial reefs known as marambaias. The artisanal fishermen are engaged in several illegal practices and revealed a greater capture of lobsters categorized as small-sized for the market (11-13.95cm tail length). The capture area led to different fishing pressures for each species. For P. laevicauda, fishing pressure occurred for all size classes, while for P. meripurpuratus, pressure occurred partially, only for a few population cohorts. On regional scale, fishing involved a demand-supply trade balance centered on the size of capture vs. abundance, regardless of the natural interespecific differences on body size and the preferential distribution area. Our results provide key information for future decision making involving the fishing of spiny lobster.

Abstract: The vaquita (Phocoena sinus), an endemic porpoise of the Gulf of California, México, was first described scientifically in 1958, from three skulls. It is considered a sister taxon of an ancestor of the Southern Hemisphere Burmeister’s porpoise (P. spinipinnis) and spectacled porpoise (P. dioptrica), a case of antitropical distribution and speciation. Vaquita in modern times seem to have existed largely in waters 10 to 30 m deep of the very northern Gulf of California, and may have already existed in relatively low numbers by the 1950s and 1960s. The external appearance of the vaquita was not described until the late 1970s, and not until the 1980s and 1990s did additional information about ecology and biology emerge. Those studies and more recent shipboard and aerial visual line transect surveys, as well as stationary and boat-towed acoustic arrays, mapped occurrence patterns and approximate numbers in greater detail than before. The first credible estimates of abundance appeared in the 1990s, with numbers in the mid-hundreds and declining. While several reasons for the decline were originally postulated, mortality due to entanglement in nets has been established as the only known cause of decline, especially due to bycatch in large-mesh gillnets set for the endangered croaker fish totoaba (Totoaba macdonaldi). This fish is prized in China for human consumption of its swim bladder, generally ground up for purported therapeutic purposes. An extensive, lucrative fishery for totoaba, now illegal for many decades, has existed since at least the 1920s, and has recently increased. Although there have been laudable attempts to stem or halt totoaba fishing, these have largely been unsuccessful, and as of this writing the vaquita is on the brink of extinction. However, rapid concentrated action against illegal fishing with gillnets may yet save the species, and hope (with attendant action) must be kept alive. This overview is followed by an appendix of a previously unpublished popular essay by K.S. Norris describing when, where, and how he first discovered the species, and subsequent early work relative to this newly-described porpoise.

Resumen: La vaquita marina (Phocoena sinus), una marsopa endémica del Golfo de California, México, fue descrita científicamente por primera vez en 1958, a partir de tres cráneos. Se considera un taxón hermano de un ancestro de la marsopa de Burmeister del hemisferio sur (P. spinipinnis) y la marsopa de anteojos (P. dioptrica), un caso de distribución y especiación antitropical. En los tiempos modernos, la vaquita marina parece haber existido principalmente en aguas de 10 a 30 m de profundidad en el extremo norte del Golfo de California, y es posible que ya existiera en cantidades relativamente bajas en las décadas de 1950 y 1960. La apariencia externa de la vaquita no se describió hasta fines de la década de 1970, y no fue hasta las décadas de 1980 y 1990 cuando surgió información adicional sobre ecología y biología. Esos estudios y los estudios más recientes de transectos de líneas visuales aéreas y a bordo, así como los arreglos acústicos estacionarios y remolcados por bote, cartografiaron patrones de ocurrencia y números aproximados con mayor detalle que antes. Las primeras estimaciones creíbles de abundancia aparecieron en la década de 1990, con cifras de alrededor de cientos y en declive. Si bien originalmente se postularon varias razones para la disminución, la mortalidad debida al enredo en las redes se ha establecido como la única causa conocida de disminución, especialmente debido a la captura incidental en redes de enmalle de malla grande colocadas para la totoaba corvina (Totoaba macdonaldi), en peligro de extinción. Este pescado es apreciado en China para el consumo humano de su vejiga natatoria, generalmente molido con supuestos propósitos terapéuticos. Una pesquería extensa y lucrativa de totoaba, ahora ilegal durante muchas décadas, ha existido desde al menos la década de 1920 y ha aumentado recientemente. Aunque ha habido loables intentos de detener o detener la pesca de totoaba, en gran parte no han tenido éxito y, al momento de escribir este artículo, la vaquita está al borde de la extinción. Sin embargo, una acción rápida y concentrada contra la pesca ilegal con redes de enmalle aún puede salvar a la especie, y la esperanza (con la acción correspondiente) debe mantenerse viva. A esta descripción general le sigue un apéndice de un ensayo popular inédito de K.S. Norris describiendo cuándo, dónde y cómo descubrió la especie por primera vez, y los primeros trabajos posteriores relacionados con esta marsopa recién descrita.

ABSTRACT Non-compliance with fishing regulations is a widespread phenomenon in fisheries worldwide, jeopardizing the recovery of stocks and ecosystem services. There is an urgent need to fill the gaps in our understanding of the scale and nature of illegal fishing in artisanal fisheries, balancing the advances made in industrial fisheries. We explored patterns of fisher compliance with the existing minimum legal size (MLS) regulation in the small-scale benthic fisheries of central Chile. We focus on two of the most conspicuous species (loco Concholepas concholepas and keyhole limpets Fissurella spp.) and comparing two management regimes: management areas (MAs; local name for territorial use rights for fisheries) and open access areas (OAAs; no spatial entry restrictions). We also evaluated the effect of the spatial distribution of MAs, which determines the availability of OAAs on compliance. For both species, we measured the size of individuals in the catch in two consecutive years. We developed an index that accounts for the availability of open access areas per fisher. We found that a) the number of undersized individuals in the catch in OAAs is enormous, b) management regime influences both the median size and fraction of the undersized catch, and c) as the availability of OAAs per fisher decreases, illegal fishing increases, demonstrating the need to manage the levels of effort displacement in designing area-based instruments for management and conservation. Our findings also highlight the need to a) analyze the benefits of area-based instruments at the seascape scale, and b) develop and adapt instruments to prevent illegal fishing.

Resumen Introducción: El fenómeno El Niño del 2015-2016 fue considerado como uno de los más severos a nivel mundial, causando el tercer evento global de blanqueamiento coralino. Eventos previos de alta intensidad (1982-83 y 1997-98), causaron altas mortalidades coralinas y el deterioro de estructuras arrecifales a lo largo de Pacífico Tropical Oriental, afectando tanto al ecosistema como las actividades económicas asociadas. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio, fue determinar el impacto del evento El Niño 2015-2016 en la salud de los arrecifes coralinos de la Isla del Coco y la costa Pacífico Sur de Costa Rica. Métodos: La evaluación de los arrecifes de coral se realizó antes (2013-2014) y después (2016) de la perturbación, utilizando censos visuales subacuáticos en transectos de banda, con el fin de cuantificar la cobertura del fondo a distintas profundidades. Resultados: En general, la cobertura coralina viva promedio disminuyó 50% después del evento El Niño 2015-2016, siendo Golfo Dulce la zona más afectada con una reducción del 75%. Sin embargo, en ciertas localidades como las islas Coco y Caño, los efectos de El Niño fueron aparentemente mínimos, ya que no se detectó una pérdida sustancial de la cobertura coralina viva. Las diferencias en el nivel de deterioro encontradas entre los arrecifes podrían estar relacionadas con varios factores, incluyendo el tiempo transcurrido desde que se estableció el área protegida, la distancia a los centros de la población humana y la efectividad en la aplicación de estrategias de manejo. Conclusiones: El impacto sinérgico del evento El Niño 2015-2016 y otros factores de estrés (por ejemplo, la pesca ilegal y el desarrollo costero no regulado) incrementó los niveles de perturbación en los arrecifes coralinos, amenazando su estructura y funcionamiento. Es necesario fortalecer las estrategias de conservación para mejorar la resiliencia de los arrecifes coralinos ante el impacto de perturbaciones naturales y antropogénicas. Acciones concretas como la jardinería de corales, la educación ambiental marina y el ordenamiento espacial marino, deben convertirse en herramientas importantes para mantener la buena salud de los arrecifes coralinos y asegurar la sostenibilidad de los bienes y servicios proporcionados por estos ecosistemas.

Abstract Introduction: El Niño 2015-2016 was considered one of the most severe worldwide, causing the third global event of coral bleaching. Previous high-intensity El Niño events (1982-83 and 1997-98) caused high coral mortalities and deterioration of coral reef structures along the Eastern Tropical Pacific, affecting both ecosystem and associated economical activities. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the impact of the most recent El Niño event on coral reefs from Cocos Island and the Pacific coast of southern Costa Rica. Methods: Coral reefs were surveyed before (2013-2014) and after (2016) the disturbance, using underwater visual censuses within belt transects, to quantify the bottom coverage at different depths. Results: In general, average live coral cover decreased 50% after the 2015-2016 El Niño event, with Golfo Dulce being the most affected area with 75% of live coral cover decline. However, in certain localities such as Isla del Coco and Isla del Caño, the effects of El Niño were apparently minimal, since no substantial loss of live coral cover was detected. Differences in the level of deterioration found between coral reefs could be related to several factors, including the age of the protected area, the distance to centers of human population, and the effectiveness in the application of management strategies. Conclusions: The synergistic impact of the 2015-16 El Niño event and other stressors (e.g. illegal fishing and unregulated coastal human development) increased the levels of disturbance on coral reefs, threatening their structure and functioning. It is necessary to strengthen conservation strategies in order to improve the resilience of coral reefs to the impact of natural and anthropogenic disturbances. Concrete actions such as coral reef restoration, marine environmental education, and marine spatial planning must become important tools to maintain the good health of coral reefs and ensure the sustainability of the goods and services provided by these ecosystems.

The focus of conservation attention over the past few decades has been on marine-protected areas (MPAs) providing protection for heavily exploited marine fish species. Although some estuaries are included in most large MPAs, specific attention on the protection needs of fish species in estuaries has been lacking. Furthermore, many of the estuaries located within conservation areas are open to angling activities and this has been exacerbated by the proliferation of illegal gillnet fishing in many systems during recent decades. Three fish species, the dusky kob Argyrosomus japonicus, white steenbras Lithognathus lithognathus and spotted grunter Pomadasys commersonnii - are used as examples of estuary-dependent taxa whose populations have been decimated by fishing over-exploitation, as well as habitat degradation caused by various human activities. By having complete protection for vulnerable fish species in certain estuaries, the potential benefits of increased catches for both subsistence and recreational anglers along the entire South African coastline could be substantial. If such protection is not offered to these species, then the downward spiral in fish catches will continue, to the ultimate detriment of both the people who currently use these protein resources for food security and those who are part of the economically important recreational fishing industry. CONSERVATION IMPLICATIONS: Based on collapsing populations of targeted fishery species in estuaries, there is an urgent need to implement no-take estuarine-protected areas in each of the biogeographic regions along the South African coast

ABSTRACT This paper presents considerations on the Federal Law nº 12651/2012, better known as Brazil's new Forest Code, which granted the use of “apicum” (swamp in the Tupi language)” and “salgado” sectors (regions of mangrove) to shrimp farming. This code approved that 35% of these ecotones can be used for shrimp farming. Thus, this study aimed to look into the way these legislative updates have influenced or will influence the social, economic and environmental aspects of the shrimp farming activity in Rio Grande do Norte (RN), particularly in the municipality of Canguaretama. A quali-quantitative approach was used, with questionnaires and semi-structured interviews applied to the artisanal fishermen, shrimp farmers and to the State Environmental Agency. Artisanal fishermen understood that this legislative change degrades and unbalances the ecological environment, especially that there will be loss of territory and damage to their fishing resources, so they were against such change, the same opinion of the State Environmental Agency. On the other hand, shrimp farmers were in favor of the changes, claiming to be a legal incentive for their activity, contributing to the legalization of previously illegal enterprises, in addition to expanding their area of cultivation. 126512012 12651 2012 12651/2012 Brazils Brazil s Code apicum “apicum swamp language language) salgado “salgado regions mangrove 35 Thus social RN, RN , (RN) Canguaretama qualiquantitative quali quantitative semistructured semi structured Agency environment resources hand changes enterprises cultivation 12651201 1265 201 12651/201 3 (RN 1265120 126 20 12651/20 126512 12 2 12651/2 1 12651/

RESUMO Esse artigo apresenta considerações sobre a Lei n 12.651/2012 mais conhecida como o novo Código Florestal Brasileiro, o qual garantiu o uso de apicuns e salgados, feições do ecossistema manguezal, para atividade da carcinicultura. Os carcinicultores poderão utilizar uma área de 35% desses ecótonos. Assim, este estudo objetivou investigar de que forma as mudanças na legislação influenciaram ou influenciarão os aspectos sociais, econômicos e ambientais da atividade de carcinicultura no Rio Grande do Norte (RN), particularmente, no município de Canguaretama. Para tanto, utilizou uma abordagem qualiquantitativa com questionários e entrevistas semiestruturadas aplicados aos pescadores artesanais, carcinicultores e ao órgão ambiental licenciador da atividade no Estado. Os pescadores artesanais entenderam que essa alteração na legislação degrada e desequilibra o ambiente ecológico, sobretudo, que haverá perda de território e o comprometimento dos seus recursos pesqueiros, desse modo, apresentaram-se contra a mudança, mesma opinião compartilhada pelo Órgão Licenciador do Estado. Em contrapartida, os carcinicultores se mostraram favoráveis as alterações, alegando ser um incentivo legal para atividade a fim de contribuir para a legalização dos empreendimentos antes ilegais, além de ampliar sua área de cultivo. 126512012 12 651 2012 12.651/201 Brasileiro salgados manguezal 35 ecótonos Assim sociais RN, RN , (RN) particularmente Canguaretama tanto Estado ecológico sobretudo pesqueiros modo apresentaramse apresentaram mudança contrapartida alterações ilegais cultivo 12651201 1 65 201 12.651/20 3 (RN 1265120 6 20 12.651/2 126512 2 12.651/ 12651 12.651 1265 12.65 126 12.6 12.

Abstract This article analyzes the federal government’s measures to obtain resources during the years 1916 to 1932, fishing regulation in Baja California. It describes and explains the illegal exploit of marine resources by local fishermen and those from California, as well as the tasks carried out by the governmental fisheries organizations under the Secretaría de Agricultura y Fomento, as well as the impact the issuance of laws and decrees on concessionaries that used to exploit the marine resources of the Baja California without fulfilling their contractual obligations.

Resumen Este artículo analiza las medidas del gobierno federal para obtener recursos durante los años de 1916 a 1932, por medio de la regulación pesquera en Baja California. Se describe y explica la explotación ilegal de los recursos marinos por parte de pescadores locales y provenientes de California, así como las tareas realizadas por las organizaciones gubernamentales de pesca dependientes de la Secretaría de Agricultura y Fomento, así como los efectos que tuvieron la expedición de leyes y decretos sobre concesionarios acostumbrados a explotar los recursos marinos del litoral bajacaliforniano sin cumplir con sus obligaciones contractuales.