Resumen: Esta investigación compara dos métodos de extracción de celulosa de cáscaras de las mazorcas de Theobroma cacao L. (CMT) del clon Federación Arauquita 5 (FEAR 5). EL método 1 (Lubis) es un tratamiento álcali con calentamiento utilizando hidróxido de sodio y un blanqueamiento con hipoclorito de sodio. En el segundo método, se realiza una extracción en soxhlet por un tiempo de 6 horas que posteriormente es tratado con un tratamiento ácido y alcalino. Se realizan análisis fisicoquímicos y termográficos que permiten identificar características propias al método de extracción. Los resultados muestran que el mayor rendimiento en masa de celulosa se obtiene con el método 1 Lubis modificado con 27.09%. Se concluye que la celulosa obtenida puede ser producida y aprovechada para desarrollar productos biotecnológicos, aportando a la economía circular y al desarrollo sustentable del cacao en el Departamento de Risaralda, Colombia.

Abstract: This research study compares two methods of cellulose extraction from Theobroma cacao L. (CMT) clone Federación Arauquita 5 (FEAR 5) husks. Method 1 (Lubis) is an alkaline treatment with heating that uses sodium hydroxide and whitening with sodium hypochlorite. In the second method, a soxhlet extraction is conducted for a period of six hours, followed by an alkaline-acidic treatment. Physicochemical and thermographic analyzes are conducted to identify characteristics specific to the extraction method. The results show that the highest mass cellulose yield is obtained by the modified Lubis method 1 with 27.09%. It is concluded that the cellulose obtained can be produced and used to develop biotechnological products, contributing to the circular economy and the sustainable development of cocoa in the Department of Risaralda, Colombia.

Abstract The Saman tree (Samanea saman) is a native species with a significant and economic importance in Costa Rica due to its high-quality wood and versatile range of uses. It is ability to compete with other reforestation species and suits specific niche markets increses its value. This research aimed to develop a methodology of in vitro culture for cenízaro, as a key tool for breeding and germplasm conservation programs in Costa Rica. Experiments were focused on using greenhouse-reproduced material, both inside and outside of a microtunnel environment. Two disinfectant agents, sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) and mercury chloride (HgCl2), were assessed at varying concentrations and exposure durations. In vitro establishment success rates for material from the microtunnel greenhouse were less than 12.5 %. Conversely, material from outside the microtunnel showed remarkable in vitro establishment rates, surpassing 72.3 %. The most effective disinfection treatment for achieving contamination free shoots involved an incubation in 1 % v/v NaClO for 20 minutes, yielding the highest percentage of contamination-free shoots, corresponding to 85.47 %. As for apex disinfection, employing a 0.2 % (w/v) HgCl2 for 5 minutes proved optimal, resulting in 100 % establishment of explants devoid of contaminants.

Resumen El cenízaro (Samanea saman), es una especie nativa de Costa Rica, de reconocido valor económico por la calidad de la madera y la variedad de usos; estas características le permiten competir con otras especies usadas para reforestación, con el fin de generar productos dirigidos a mercados selectos. El objetivo de esta investigación fue desarrollar una metodología para el establecimiento in vitro de cenízaro como herramienta biotecnológica para un programa de mejoramiento genético y conservación de germoplasma en Costa Rica. El ensayo se estableció a partir de material reproducido en invernadero, tanto en microtúnel como fuera de este. Posteriormente, se evaluaron dos agentes desinfectantes, hipoclorito de sodio (NaClO) y cloruro de mercurio (HgCl2), en diferentes concentraciones y tiempos de exposición. Se obtuvieron porcentajes de establecimiento in vitro inferiores al 12,5 % al emplear material proveniente del invernadero microtúnel; mientras que, el material proveniente fuera del microtúnel, presentó porcentajes de establecimiento in vitro superiores a 72,3 %. La desinfección con hipoclorito de sodio (NaClO) al 1 % v/v durante 20 minutos presentó el mayor porcentaje de nudos libres de contaminación y correspondiente al 85,47 %. Por otro lado, la desinfección de ápices con cloruro de mercurio (HgCl2) al 0,2 % p/v durante 5 minutos, presentó el mayor porcentaje de ápices libres de contaminación (100 %).

Abstract This study was designed to investigate the impact of access cavity designs on fracture resistance of endodontically treated maxillary first premolars. The study sample consisted of 72 intact maxillary first premolars, randomly divided into six groups (n = 12). A standardized proximal cavity preparation was prepared for all samples using standard bur. Groups I: control group with only standard proximal cavity and no endodontic access, group II: Truss access cavity, group III: Separated access to buccal and palatal canals without removal of dentine in between, group IV: Access to buccal and palatal canals with removal of dentine in between, group V: Traditional access cavity, group VI: Mesio-occlusal-distal cavity (MOD). For groups I and VI, only composite restoration was used to restore the proximal cavity, while for groups II- V, the access was prepared and endodontic treatment was performed on all teeth, then composite restoration was placed. The root canals were instrumented using nickel-titanium files, irrigated with sodium hypochlorite, and filled with AH plus sealer and gutta-percha using warm vertical condensation. All samples were then placed in an acrylic mold and underwent thermal aging for 10,000 cycles between 5 and 55°C. The samples were fixed in a universal testing machine with the long axis of the roots positioned at 20° to a load applied at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min using a stainless steel semi-spherical indenter (Ø = 3 mm) until fracture occurred to determine the fracture resistance force in Newton. The normality test (Shapiro-Wilk) showed that data are normally distributed. Group II exhibited the highest mean fracture resistance, and group VI was the least likely to resist the fracture. No statistically significant differences between tested groups (p-value = 0.237). The MOD group showed a more unfavorable mode of fracture compared to other groups. No significant difference in fracture resistance between conservative and traditional access cavities. The missing marginal ridges, such as in MOD cavities played an important role in decreasing the fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth. premolars 7 n 12. 12 . 12) bur III IV V Mesioocclusaldistal Mesio occlusal distal MOD. (MOD) teeth nickeltitanium nickel titanium files hypochlorite guttapercha gutta percha condensation 10000 10 000 10,00 55C C 55 55°C 20 mmmin mm min semispherical semi spherical Ø Newton ShapiroWilk Shapiro Wilk (Shapiro-Wilk distributed pvalue p value 0.237. 0237 0.237 0 237 0.237) ridges (MOD 1000 00 10,0 2 023 0.23 23 100 10, 02 0.2 0.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o impacto do design da cavidade de acesso na resistência à fratura de primeiros pré-molares superiores tratados endodonticamente. MÉTODOS: A amostra do estudo consistiu em 72 primeiros pré-molares superiores intactos, divididos aleatoriamente em seis grupos (n = 12). Um preparo padronizado da cavidade proximal foi realizado para todas as amostras usando broca padrão. Grupos I: grupo de controle com apenas cavidade proximal padrão e sem acesso endodôntico, grupo II: cavidade de acesso Truss, grupo III: acesso separado aos canais vestibular e palatino sem remoção de dentina entre eles, grupo IV: acesso aos canais vestibular e palatino com remoção de dentina entre eles, grupo V: cavidade de acesso tradicional, grupo VI: cavidade mesio-oclusal-distal (MOD). Para os grupos I e VI, apenas a restauração de compósito foi usada para restaurar a cavidade proximal. Já nos grupos II e V, o acesso foi preparado e o tratamento endodôntico foi realizado em todos os dentes e, em seguida, foi colocada a restauração de resina composta. Os canais radiculares foram instrumentados com limas de níquel-titânio, irrigados com hipoclorito de sódio e preenchidos com AH plus sealer e guta-percha usando condensação vertical quente. Todas as amostras foram então colocadas em molde de acrílico e submetidas a envelhecimento térmico por 10.000 ciclos entre 5 e 55°C. As amostras foram fixadas em uma máquina de teste universal com o eixo longo das raízes posicionado a 20° para uma carga aplicada a uma velocidade de cruzeta de 1 mm/min usando indentador semiesférico de aço inoxidável (Ø = 3 mm) até que ocorresse a fratura para determinar a força de resistência à fratura em Newton. RESULTADOS: O teste de normalidade (Shapiro-Wilk) mostrou que os dados são normalmente distribuídos. O grupo II apresentou a maior resistência média à fratura, e o grupo VI foi o menos propenso a resistir à fratura. Não houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos testados (p-valor = 0,237). O grupo MOD apresentou um modo de fratura mais desfavorável em comparação com os outros grupos. CONCLUSÕES: Não houve diferença significativa na resistência à fratura entre as cavidades de acesso conservador e tradicional. A ausência de cristas marginais, como nas cavidades MOD, desempenhou um papel importante na diminuição da resistência à fratura dos dentes tratados endodonticamente. prémolares pré molares endodonticamente MÉTODOS 7 intactos n 12. 12 . 12) Truss III eles IV V tradicional mesiooclusaldistal mesio oclusal distal MOD. (MOD) seguida composta níqueltitânio, níqueltitânio níquel titânio, titânio níquel-titânio gutapercha guta percha quente 10000 10 000 10.00 55C C 55 55°C 20 mmmin mm min Ø Newton RESULTADOS ShapiroWilk Shapiro Wilk (Shapiro-Wilk distribuídos pvalor p valor 0,237. 0237 0,237 0 237 0,237) CONCLUSÕES marginais (MOD 1000 00 10.0 2 023 0,23 23 100 10. 02 0,2 0,

Abstract Denture biofilm acts as a potential reservoir for respiratory pathogens, considerably increasing the risk of lung infections, specifically aspiration pneumonia, mainly 48h after hospital admission. The establishment of a straightforward, affordable, and applicable hygiene protocol in a hospital environment for the effective control of denture biofilm can be particularly useful to prevent respiratory infections or reduce the course of established lung disease. Objectives To evaluate the anti-biofilm effectiveness of denture cleaning protocols in hospitalized patients. Methodology The maxillary complete dentures (MCDs) of 340 hospitalized participants were randomly cleaned once using one of the following 17 protocols (n=20): brushing with distilled water, toothpaste, or neutral liquid soap (controls); immersion in chemical solutions (1% sodium hypochlorite, alkaline peroxide, 0.12% or 2% chlorhexidine digluconate), or microwave irradiation (650 W for 3 min) combined or not with brushing. Before and after the application of the protocols, the biofilm of the intaglio surface of the MCDs was evaluated using two methods: denture biofilm coverage area (%) and microbiological quantitative cultures on blood agar and Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (CFU/mL). Data were subjected to the Wilcoxon and Kruskal-Wallis tests (α=0.05). Results All 17 protocols significantly reduced the percentage area of denture biofilm and microbial and fungal load (P<0.05). The highest percentage reductions in the area of denture biofilm were observed for 1% hypochlorite solution with or without brushing and for 2% chlorhexidine solution and microwave irradiation only in association with brushing (P<0.05). The greatest reductions in microbial and fungal load were found for the groups that used solutions of 2% chlorhexidine and 1% hypochlorite and microwave irradiation, regardless of the association with brushing (P<0.05). Conclusions A single immersion for 10 min in 1% sodium hypochlorite, even in the absence of brushing, proved to be a straightforward, rapid, low-cost, and effective protocol for cleaning the dentures of hospitalized patients. pathogens pneumonia h admission straightforward affordable disease antibiofilm anti patients (MCDs 34 1 n=20 n20 n 20 (n=20) water toothpaste controls (controls) (1 peroxide 012 0 12 0.12 2 digluconate, digluconate , digluconate) 650 (65 methods % (% CFU/mL. CFUmL CFU/mL . CFU mL (CFU/mL) KruskalWallis Kruskal Wallis α=0.05. α005 α α=0.05 05 (α=0.05) P<0.05. P005 P P<0.05 (P<0.05) rapid lowcost, lowcost low cost, cost low-cost n=2 n2 (n=20 (controls ( 01 0.1 65 (6 (CFU/mL α00 α=0.0 (α=0.05 P00 P<0.0 (P<0.05 n= (n=2 0. 6 α0 α=0. (α=0.0 P0 P<0. (P<0.0 (n= α=0 (α=0. P<0 (P<0. (n α= (α=0 P< (P<0 (α= (P< (α (P

Aim This study aimed to compare the influence of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and calcium hypochlorite [Ca(OCl)2] on the apical sealing capacity of AH Plus (Dentsply Maillefer) and Bio-C Sealer (Angelus) endodontic sealers. Methods Sixty permanent human lower incisors were randomly allocated (http://www.randomized.org), according to the irrigant used, into three groups (n=20): 0.9% sodium chloride (NaCl/Control); 2.5% NaOCl; and 2.5% Ca(OCl)2. The root canal was prepared with rotary files under 10 mL of the solution corresponding to the experimental group. Each group was subdivided into two (n=10) according to the sealer used for filling: AH Plus (Dentsply Maillefer) or Bio-C Sealer (Angelus). Then, all samples were immersed in black India ink for one week. After the storage period, the roots were then grooved longitudinally and split, and the ink penetration was measured from the apical part to the coronal part of the root canal into which the ink penetrated using a stereomicroscope. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post-hoc tests. Results There was no statistical difference in ink penetration between the different endodontic sealers tested for the same irrigating solution (p > 0.05). However, when the Bio-C Sealer (Angelus) was used, the group treated with 2.5% Ca(OCl)2 was associated with lower values of apical leakage, compared to 2.5% NaOCl (p < 0.05). For the AH Plus sealer (Dentsply Maillefer), there was no difference between the irrigants (p > 0.05). Conclusions Associating Ca(OCl)2 irrigant with Bio-C Sealer (Angelus) seems to be a good option to reduce apical leakage. (NaOCl CaOCl2 CaOCl Ca OCl 2 [Ca(OCl)2 Dentsply Maillefer BioC Bio C Angelus (Angelus http//www.randomized.org, httpwwwrandomizedorg http //www.randomized.org , www randomized org (http://www.randomized.org) n=20 n20 n 20 (n=20) 09 0 9 0.9 NaCl/Control NaClControl NaCl Control (NaCl/Control) 25 5 2.5 CaOCl2. 2. 1 n=10 n10 (n=10 filling Angelus. . Then week period split stereomicroscope oneway way Tukeys Tukey s posthoc post hoc tests p 0.05. 005 0.05 05 0.05) However Ca(OCl) leakage Maillefer, [Ca(OCl) http//www.randomized.org wwwrandomizedorg (http://www.randomized.org n=2 n2 (n=20 0. (NaCl/Control n=1 n1 (n=1 00 0.0 Ca(OCl [Ca(OCl n= (n=2 (n= (n

ABSTRACT Sideroxylon obtusifolium is a native species recognized by traditional communities for its versatility, as it is used to treat various diseases, in fence construction, furniture manufacturing, and tool handles. It is also used for both human and animal consumption. However, extractive use combined with environmental impacts such as habitat loss and wildfires can cause a significant reduction in this species. Therefore, the adoption of biotechnological techniques such as plant tissue culture has been recognized as a significant resource to support the preservation of species with economic and medicinal importance and endangered. Thus, this study aimed to determine an efficient protocol for the in vitro establishment of S. obtusifolium. To achieve this, the seeds were disinfected using different chemical agents (carbendazim, chlorine dioxide, and sodium hypochlorite) for varying lengths of time to establish an efficient disinfection method. Additionally, MS ½ and WPM media, with and without the addition of activated charcoal, were tested to determine the most efficient medium composition for germination. The results indicated that sodium hypochlorite at 2% for 25 minutes was effective for seed asepsis. For germination, the most suitable medium was WPM containing activated charcoal, resulting in healthy and uniform seedlings that can serve as plant material for in vitro propagation of the species. versatility diseases construction manufacturing handles consumption However Therefore endangered Thus S carbendazim, carbendazim (carbendazim dioxide method Additionally media charcoal germination 2 asepsis

RESUMO Sideroxylon obtusifolium é uma espécie nativa, reconhecida pelas comunidades tradicionais por sua versatilidade, sendo empregada para o tratamento de diversas doenças, na construção de cercas, fabricação de móveis e cabo de ferramentas. Além disso é utilizada tanto na alimentação humana quanto animal. No entanto, o uso extrativista somado aos impactos ambientais como perda de habitat e queimadas pode ocasionar redução considerável dessa espécie. Dessa forma, a adoção de técnicas biotecnológicas, como a cultura de tecidos vegetais, tem sido reconhecida como um recurso significativo para apoiar a preservação de espécies com relevância econômica, medicinal e ameaçadas de extinção. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo determinar um protocolo eficiente para o estabelecimento in vitro de S. obtusifolium. Para isso, as sementes foram desinfestadas utilizando diferentes agentes químicos (carbendazim, dióxido de cloro e hipoclorito de sódio) por tempo variado visando estabelecer um método eficiente de desinfestação. Além disso, o meio MS ½ e WPM, com e sem adição de carvão ativado foram testados para determinar a composição do meio mais eficiente para germinação. Os resultados indicaram que o hipoclorito de sódio a 2% durante 25 minutos foi eficiente para a assepsia das sementes. Para a germinação o meio mais adequado foi o WPM contendo carvão ativado, resultando em plântulas sadias e uniformes e que podem servir de material vegetal para propagação in vitro da espécie. nativa versatilidade doenças cercas ferramentas animal entanto forma biotecnológicas vegetais econômica extinção Assim S isso carbendazim, carbendazim (carbendazim desinfestação 2

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare postoperative pain, tenderness, edema, and medication use after foraminal enlargement in a single visit, using 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and 2% chlorhexidine gel (CHX). Material and Methods: Seventy patients with single-rooted teeth with apical periodontitis were randomized into two groups according to the irrigation protocol: control (NaOCl - 35 patients) and case (CHX - 35 patients). Pain intensity was assessed using the visual analog scale (recorded every day for seven days, on the 14th and 30th days after treatment). Edema was assessed by two independent evaluators on the 2nd, 3rd, and 7th days after treatment using photographs. Data were analyzed using Chi-square, Fisher's Exact, and Mann-Whitney U tests in SPSS. Results: There was a statistically significant difference in postoperative pain and tenderness between the groups on the 2nd day (p<0.05). There was no difference between the groups for edema (p=1.00) and use of medication (p=0.77). Conclusion: Chlorhexidine resulted in more significant postoperative pain and tenderness after foraminal enlargement. Objective visit 25 2 5 2.5 NaOCl CHX. CHX . (CHX) Methods singlerooted rooted protocol 3 patients. recorded th treatment. treatment) nd 3rd rd photographs Chisquare, Chisquare Chi square, square Chi-square Fishers Fisher s Exact MannWhitney Mann Whitney SPSS Results p<0.05. p005 p p<0.05 0 05 (p<0.05) p=1.00 p100 1 00 (p=1.00 p=0.77. p077 p=0.77 77 (p=0.77) Conclusion 2. p00 p<0.0 (p<0.05 p=1.0 p10 (p=1.0 p07 p=0.7 7 (p=0.77 p0 p<0. (p<0.0 p=1. p1 (p=1. p=0. (p=0.7 p<0 (p<0. p=1 (p=1 p=0 (p=0. p< (p<0 p= (p= (p=0 (p< (p

ABSTRACT: Soybean (Glycine max) is the most important legume cultivated in the world. With the aim of studying alternative products isolated and associated with fungicide on the efficiency of controlling powdery mildew (Microsphaera diffusa), in two sowing seasons, field experiments were conducted in Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil, during the 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 seasons. The treatments were: 1- control (water), 2- Bacillus subtilis lineage QST, 3- Bacillus subtilis lineage QST associated with fungicide, 4- 1% chitosan, 5- 1% chitosan associated with fungicide, 6- sulfur, 7- sulfur associated with fungicide, 8- sodium hypochlorite, 9- sodium hypochlorite associated with fungicide, 10- fungicide (2 applications) and 11- fungicide (3 apllications). In all fungicide treatments, azoxystrobin + benzovindiflupyr with adjuvant was used. The variables evaluated were: powdery mildew severity and yield. The severity data made it possible to calculate the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). AUDPC values were higher in the second sowing season. Sulfur, chitosan and B. subtilis, isolated, reduced AUDPC, but when associated with the fungicide they obtained superior results. Sulfur, whether or not associated with the fungicide, provided less severity of the disease. The fungicide applied three times showed better control than two applications. The highest yield averages were, obtained in the first sowing season. There was no difference between the treatments during sowing in October for yield, this was affected by the treatments, only in the second sowing season, highlighting the sulfur associated with the fungicide. ABSTRACT Glycine max world Microsphaera diffusa, diffusa , diffusa) seasons Grossa PR Brazil 20162017 2016 2017 2016/201 20172018 2018 2017/201 1 water, water (water) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ( applications 11 apllications. apllications . apllications) used AUDPC. (AUDPC) season Sulfur B results 2016201 201 2016/20 2017201 2017/20 (water (AUDPC 201620 20 2016/2 201720 2017/2 20162 2016/ 20172 2017/

RESUMO: A soja (Glycine max) é a mais importante leguminosa cultivada no mundo. Com o objetivo de estudar produtos alternativos isolados e associados a fungicida sobre a eficiência do controle do oídio (Microsphaera diffusa), em duas épocas de semeadura, foram conduzidos experimentos a campo em Ponta Grossa, PR, Brasil, durante as safras 2016/2017 e 2017/2018. Os tratamentos foram: 1- testemunha (água), 2- Bacillus subtilis linhagem QST, 3- Bacillus subtilis linhagem QST associado a fungicida, 4- quitosana 1%, 5- quitosana 1% associado a fungicida, 6- enxofre, 7- enxofre associado a fungicida, 8- hipoclorito de sódio, 9- hipoclorito de sódio associado a fungicida, 10- fungicida (2 aplicações) e 11- fungicida (3 aplicações). Em todos os tratamentos com fungicida foi utilizado azoxistrobina + benzovindiflupir com adjuvante. As variáveis avaliadas foram: severidade do oídio e produtividade. Os dados de severidade possibilitaram o cálculo da área abaixo da curva do progresso da doença (AACPD). Os valores da AACPD foram maiores na segunda época de semeadura. O enxofre, a quitosana e B. subtilis, isolados reduziram a AACPD, porém quando associados ao fungicida obtiveram resultados superiores. O enxofre, associado ou não ao fungicida proporcionou menor severidade da doença. O fungicida aplicado três vezes, apresentou controle superior a duas aplicações. Obtiveram-se as maiores médias de produtividade na primeira época de semeadura. Não houve diferença entre os tratamentos na semeadura em outubro para a produtividade, esta foi afetada pelos tratamentos, apenas na segunda época de semeadura, destacando-se o enxofre associado ao fungicida. RESUMO Glycine max mundo Microsphaera diffusa, diffusa , diffusa) Grossa PR Brasil 20162017 2016 2017 2016/201 20172018 2018 2017/2018 1 água, água (água) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ( aplicações 11 . adjuvante AACPD. (AACPD) B superiores vezes Obtiveramse Obtiveram se destacandose destacando 2016201 201 2016/20 2017201 2017/201 (água (AACPD 201620 20 2016/2 201720 2017/20 20162 2016/ 20172 2017/2 2017/

ABSTRACT Biostimulants are chemical or biological components adopted to improve nutrient uptake/efficiency and tolerance to abiotic stresses in crops. We studied three biostimulants (Stimulate®, tryptophol and Bacillus subtilis C-3102) associated to two sanitizers (sodium hypochlorite or thymol), on initial growth of propagules of Arracacia xanthorrhiza. Sodium hypochlorite associated to B. subtilis improve the leaf gas exchange, furthermore this treatment showed greater root volume. The interaction among sodium hypochlorite and tryptophol improves the plant branching; in addition this association showed better results for root dry mass. Different biostimulants improve differently the arracacha organs development, hence it is necessary to evaluate the plant morphophysiological competence to apply the correct biostimulant and sanitizer. uptakeefficiency uptake efficiency crops Stimulate®, Stimulate (Stimulate® C3102 C 3102 C-3102 thymol, thymol , thymol) xanthorrhiza B exchange volume branching mass development sanitizer Stimulate® (Stimulate C310 310 C-310 C31 31 C-31 C3 3 C-3 C-

RESUMO Bioestimulantes são produtos químicos ou biológicos que melhoram a absorção ou eficiência dos nutrientes e a tolerância contra estresses abióticos em cultivos. Foram estudados três bioestimulantes (Stimulate®, tryptofol e Bacillus subtilis C-3102) e dois sanitizantes (hipocloclorito de sódio ou timol), sobre o crescimento inicial de Arracacia xanthorrhiza. Hipoclorito de sódio associado ao B. subtilis melhoram as trocas gasosas e induzem maior volume de raiz. A interação entre hipoclorito de sódio e triptofol aprimorou a ramificação das hastes e a biomassa seca das raízes. Diferentes bioestimulantes agem diferentemente sobre o desenvolvimento dos órgãos de batata baroa; portanto é necessário avaliar a competência morfofisiológica da planta para aplicar o bioestimulante e sanitizante correto. cultivos Stimulate®, Stimulate (Stimulate® C3102 C 3102 C-3102 hipocloclorito timol, timol , timol) xanthorrhiza B raiz raízes baroa correto Stimulate® (Stimulate C310 310 C-310 C31 31 C-31 C3 3 C-3 C-

Aim This study’s objective was to assess the accuracy of the integrated apex locator in identifying artificial root canal perforations in the presence of saline, chlorhexidine, sodium hypochlorite, QMix, and MTAD. Methods The root canals of 60 single-rooted extracted human teeth were perforated artificially at a point 10 mm away from the root apex. After measuring the actual lengths up to the perforation point, the teeth were then put within an alginate mould for measurements using an integrated apex locator. Using a #20 K-file in the presence of NaCl, CHX, MTAD, NaOCl, and QMix, an electronic apex locator was used to measure the perforations electronically in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. Between the measurements, each canal was dried with paper points after being irrigated with distilled water. The accuracy of all the readings was calculated at ± 0.5 mm. Statistical analyses were performed using the Z-test. Results In comparison to the MTAD, NaOCl, and Qmix, saline and chlorhexidine scored more readings in the ± 0.5 mm range of the perforation site, and the difference was statistically significant. Conclusion The most precise electronic measurements of artificial perforation were obtained in the presence of chlorhexidine or saline. studys study s hypochlorite QMix MTAD 6 singlerooted single rooted 1 20 #2 Kfile K file NaCl CHX NaOCl manufacturers manufacturer instructions water 05 0 5 0. Ztest. Ztest Z test. test Z-test Qmix site significant 2 #

Abstract Cleaning and shaping the root canal system are essential steps for performing successful endodontic therapy, and are challenging procedures in the apical region. This study aimed to conduct an ex vivo assessment of the debridement ability of the WaveOne Gold (Medium 35/.06) and TruNatomy (Medium 36/.03) systems in the apical third of round root canals of mandibular premolars. Forty-eight teeth, extracted for orthodontic or periodontal reasons, were divided into three groups (n=16), as follows: Group C, control (without instrumentation or irrigation); Group WOG, instrumentation with WaveOne Gold; Group TN, instrumentation with TruNatomy. A total of 40 mL of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite and 5 mL of 17% ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid were used per root canal in all the groups. Ten 0.5-μm serial cross-sections per specimen were obtained every 0.2 mm from a 2-mm segment of the apical region, extending from 1 to 3 mm short of the root apex. The sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and analyzed under a digital microscope (100x). The percentages of unprepared walls and remaining debris were quantified using ImageJ software. Generalized linear models were used to analyze the results (α=5%). Groups WOG and TN had significantly lower percentages of unprepared walls and remaining debris than Group C (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between groups WOG and TN for either of the variables studied (p>0.05). Instrumentation with the WaveOne Gold Medium and TruNatomy Medium instruments was associated with equivalent percentages of unprepared walls and remaining debris in the apical third of round canals of mandibular premolars. therapy region 35/.06 3506 35 06 36/.03 3603 36 03 premolars Fortyeight Forty eight teeth reasons n=16, n16 n n=16 , 16 (n=16) follows without irrigation irrigation) 4 25 2 2.5 17 0.5μm 05μm μm 0.5 0 crosssections cross 02 0. 2mm apex hematoxylineosin hematoxylin eosin 100x. 100x x . (100x) software α=5%. α5 α α=5% (α=5%) p<0.05. p005 p p<0.05 05 (p<0.05) p>0.05. p>0.05 (p>0.05) 35/.0 350 36/.0 360 n1 n=1 (n=16 2. 5μm (100x α=5 (α=5% p00 p<0.0 (p<0.05 p>0.0 (p>0.05 35/. 36/. n= (n=1 α= (α=5 p0 p<0. (p<0.0 p>0. (p>0.0 35/ 36/ (n= (α= p<0 (p<0. p>0 (p>0. (n (α p< (p<0 p> (p>0 (p< (p> (p

Resumo A limpeza e modelagem do sistema de canais radiculares são etapas fundamentais para o sucesso da terapia endodôntica e são procedimentos desafiadores na região apical. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma avaliação ex vivo da capacidade de debridamento dos sistemas WaveOne Gold (Medium 35/.06) e TruNatomy (Medium 36/.03) no terço apical de canais radiculares circulares de pré-molares inferiores. Quarenta e oito dentes que haviam sido extraídos por razões ortodônticas ou periodontais foram divididos em três grupos (n=16),da seguinte forma: Grupo C, Controle (sem instrumentação nem irrigação); Grupo WOG, instrumentação com WaveOne Gold; Grupo TN, instrumentação com TruNatomy. Um total de 40 mL de hipoclorito de sódio a 2,5% e 5 mL de ácido etilenodiamino tetraacético a 17% foi utilizado por canal radicular em todos os grupos. Dez secções transversais em série de 0,5 μm por espécime foram obtidas a cada 0,2 mm de um segmento de 2 mm da região apical, estendendo-se desde 1 até 3 mm aquém do ápice radicular. As seções foram coradas com hematoxilina-eosina e analisadas sob um microscópio digital (100x). As porcentagens de paredes não tocadas e detritos remanescentes foram quantificadas utilizando-se o software ImageJ. Modelos lineares generalizados foram utilizados para analisar os resultados (α=5%). Os grupos WOG e TN apresentaram porcentagens significativamente menores de paredes intocadas e detritos remanescentes do que o grupo C (p<0,05). Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos WOG e TN quanto a nenhuma das variáveis estudadas (p>0,05). A instrumentação com os instrumentos WaveOne Gold Medium e TruNatomy Medium foi associada a porcentagens equivalentes de paredes intocadas e detritos remanescentes no terço apical de canais circulares de pré-molares inferiores. 35/.06 3506 35 06 36/.03 3603 36 03 prémolares pré molares inferiores n=16,da n16da nda n=16 ,da n 16 forma sem irrigação irrigação) 4 25 2,5 17 05 0 0, 02 estendendose estendendo se apice pice hematoxilinaeosina hematoxilina eosina 100x. 100x x . (100x) utilizandose utilizando ImageJ α=5%. α5 α α=5% (α=5%) p<0,05. p005 p p<0,05 (p<0,05) p>0,05. p>0,05 (p>0,05) 35/.0 350 36/.0 360 n16 n=1 2, (100x α=5 (α=5% p00 p<0,0 (p<0,05 p>0,0 (p>0,05 35/. 36/. n1 n= α= (α=5 p0 p<0, (p<0,0 p>0, (p>0,0 35/ 36/ (α= p<0 (p<0, p>0 (p>0, (α p< (p<0 p> (p>0 (p< (p> (p

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana do hipoclorito de cálcio (Ca(OCl)2) e do hipoclorito de sódio (NaOCl) usando a microscopia confocal a laser (MCVL) e a alteração da matriz orgânica da dentina por meio da coloração com picrosirius e microscopia óptica (MO). Amostras de dentes humanos extraídos foram infectados com Enterococcus faecalis por centrifugação da suspensão bacteriana. As amostras foram tratadas com Ca(OCl)2 ou NaOCl a 0,5%, 2,5% e 6% durante 15, 30 e 60 segundos. A MCVLe a coloração de viabilidade foram utilizadas para analisar quantitativamente as proporções de bactérias vivas/mortas no lúmen do canal e no bordo do canal radicular. Os dados foram analisados por ANOVA e teste de Fisher LSD. Para análise de MO, cem dentes bovinos foram divididos aleatoriamente em 10 grupos teste (n=10): G1- Sem tratamento; G2- 17% de EDTA; G3- 6% de NaOCl; G4- 6% de NaOCl + EDTA; G5- 0,5% de Ca(OCl)2; G6- 0,5% de Ca(OCl)2 + EDTA; G7- 2,5% de Ca(OCl)2; G8- 2,5% de Ca(OCl)2 + EDTA; G9- 6% de Ca(OCl)2; G10- 6% de Ca(OCl)2 + EDTA. As amostras foram fragmentadas e coradas com Picrosirius. Os dados foram analisados por Kruskal-Wallis e teste de Dunn (P<0,05). Houve uma forte correlação nos resultados do lúmen do canal e na borda do canal radicular (r=0,962). Ambos os hipocloritos, a uma concentração de 0,5%, mostraram menor redução microbiana em comparação com 2,5% e 6% (P<0,05). Houve menor atividade antimicrobiana aos 15 segundos em comparação com 30 e 60 segundos (P<0,05). Em conclusão, o Ca(OCl)2 e o NaOCl apresentaram resultados semelhantes nas mesmas concentrações (P>0,05). O Ca(OCl)2 causou menos alterações na matriz orgânica da dentina em concentrações de 0,5% e 2,5%. O Ca(OCl)2 apresenta atividade antimicrobiana semelhante ao NaOCl, e os danos ao colágeno dependem da concentraçã CaOCl2 CaOCl Ca OCl 2 (Ca(OCl)2 (NaOCl MCVL (MCVL MO. MO . (MO) bacteriana Ca(OCl) 05 0 5 25 2,5 6 3 vivasmortas vivas mortas LSD 1 n=10 n10 n (n=10) G1 G tratamento G2 17 EDTA G3 G4 G5 0,5 G6 G7 G8 G9 G10 Picrosirius KruskalWallis Kruskal Wallis P<0,05. P005 P P<0,05 (P<0,05) r=0,962. r0962 r r=0,962 962 (r=0,962) hipocloritos conclusão P>0,05. P>0,05 (P>0,05) (Ca(OCl) (MO Ca(OCl 2, n=1 n1 (n=10 0, P00 P<0,0 (P<0,05 r096 r=0,96 96 (r=0,962 P>0,0 (P>0,05 (Ca(OCl n= (n=1 P0 P<0, (P<0,0 r09 r=0,9 9 (r=0,96 P>0, (P>0,0 (n= P<0 (P<0, r0 r=0, (r=0,9 P>0 (P>0, (n P< (P<0 r=0 (r=0, P> (P>0 (P< r= (r=0 (P> (P (r= (r

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of calcium hypochlorite (Ca (OCl)2) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and dentin organic matrix alteration by picrosirius staining and light microscopy (LM). Samples of human extracted teeth were infected with Enterococcus faecalis by centrifugation of the bacterial suspension and were treated with Ca(OCl)2 or NaOCl at 0.5%, 2.5%, and 6% for 15, 30, and 60 seconds. CLSM and viability staining were used to quantitatively analyze the proportions of dead/live bacteria in the canal lumen and border of the root canal. The data were analyzed by ANOVA and Fisher test. For LM analysis, one hundred bovine teeth were randomly divided into 10 test groups (n=10): G1- Without treatment; G2- 17% EDTA; G3- 6% NaOCl; G4- 6% NaOCl + EDTA; G5- 0.5% Ca(OCl)2; G6- 0.5% Ca(OCl)2 + EDTA; G7- 2.5% Ca(OCl)2; G8- 2.5% Ca(OCl)2 + EDTA; G9- 6% Ca(OCl)2; G10- 6% Ca(OCl)2 + EDTA. The samples were fragmented and stained with Picrosirius. Data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn (P<0.05). There was a strong correlation between the results of the canal lumen and the border of the root canal (r=0.962). Both hypochlorites at a concentration of 0.5% showed less microbial reduction compared to 2.5% and 6% (P<0.05). There was less antimicrobial activity at 15 seconds compared to 30 and 60 seconds (P<0.05). Ca(OCl)2 and NaOCl showed similar results at the same concentrations (P>0.05). In conclusion, Ca(OCl)2 caused fewer alterations to the dentin organic matrix at concentrations of 0.5% and 2.5%. Ca(OCl)2 presents antimicrobial activity similar to NaOCl, and collagen damage is concentration-dependent. Ca OCl2 OCl 2 (OCl)2 (NaOCl (CLSM LM. . (LM) CaOCl2 CaOCl Ca(OCl) 05 0 5 25 6 deadlive dead live analysis 1 n=10 n10 n (n=10) G1 G treatment G2 17 EDTA G3 G4 G5 0.5 G6 G7 2.5 G8 G9 G10 Picrosirius KruskalWallis Kruskal Wallis P<0.05. P005 P P<0.05 (P<0.05) r=0.962. r0962 r r=0.962 962 (r=0.962) 3 P>0.05. P>0.05 (P>0.05) conclusion concentrationdependent. concentrationdependent dependent. dependent concentration-dependent (OCl) (LM Ca(OCl n=1 n1 (n=10 0. 2. P00 P<0.0 (P<0.05 r096 r=0.96 96 (r=0.962 P>0.0 (P>0.05 (OCl n= (n=1 P0 P<0. (P<0.0 r09 r=0.9 9 (r=0.96 P>0. (P>0.0 (n= P<0 (P<0. r0 r=0. (r=0.9 P>0 (P>0. (n P< (P<0 r=0 (r=0. P> (P>0 (P< r= (r=0 (P> (P (r= (r

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate a 0.5% sodium hypochlorite (SH) protocol in reducing Candida spp. levels in complete dentures (CD) and palate and denture stomatitis (DS) remission. Material and Methods: Twelve CD wearers diagnosed with Candida-associated denture stomatitis (CADS) had their initial situation (Candida spp. levels and DS score) recorded (baseline). Then, participants were instructed to soak dentures once a day (10 minutes) in 0.5% SH. Candida spp. levels and DS scores were reassessed after 15, 30, and 60 days of SH denture cleanness. Biofilms from the denture base and palate were seeded in CHROMagar Candida. After incubation, colony-forming units were calculated. The palate was photographed at each time point, and DS was assessed according to Newton's classification. Data of Candida spp. levels were analyzed by 2-way repeated measures ANOVA followed by the Holm-Sidak test, and DS scores data were accessed by Friedman's 2-way ANOVA by ranks (α=0.05). Results: 0.5% SH significantly reduced Candida spp. levels after treatment compared to baseline (p<0.001) for both sites. Although at baseline, Candida spp. counts were higher on the denture base (p<0.001), no significant differences were observed between the collected areas within the other time points (p<0.05). Also, 0.5% SH effectively reduced clinical signs of DS after treatment (p<0.05). Conclusion: The protocol tested effectively decreased Candida spp. levels on the denture base and palatal mucosa and effectively reduced the signs of DS. Objective 05 0 5 0.5 (SH spp (CD (DS remission Methods Candidaassociated associated CADS (CADS score baseline. . (baseline) Then 10 (1 minutes 15 30 6 cleanness incubation colonyforming colony forming calculated point Newtons Newton s classification 2way way 2 HolmSidak Holm Sidak test Friedmans Friedman α=0.05. α005 α α=0.05 (α=0.05) Results p<0.001 p0001 p 001 (p<0.001 sites p<0.001, , p<0.05. p005 p<0.05 (p<0.05) Also Conclusion 0. (baseline 1 ( 3 α00 α=0.0 (α=0.05 p<0.00 p000 00 (p<0.00 p00 p<0.0 (p<0.05 α0 α=0. (α=0.0 (p<0.0 p0 p<0. α=0 (α=0. (p<0. p<0 α= (α=0 (p<0 p< (α= (p< (α (p

Resumo Objetivos: Avaliar a comunicação entre médicos dentistas e técnicos de prótese dentária em Lisboa para a confeção de uma estrutura de prótese parcial removível esquelética. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo observacional cuja população-alvo foram laboratórios na área metropolitana de Lisboa. A recolha de dados foi realizada através de um questionário, que recolheu informação de 6 categorias: guia de requisição médica, impressão definitiva convencional e respetiva desinfeção, impressão digital, análise dos modelos de estudo e de trabalho, e desenho e construção da estrutura metálica. O preenchimento do questionário foi realizado pelos técnicos de prótese com consulta das requisições médicas e dos modelos de gesso. Foi realizada estatística descritiva das variáveis. Resultados: Três laboratórios aceitaram participar no estudo. A amostra incluiu 53 questionários completamente preenchidos. Todos os modelos definitivos foram obtidos por impressão convencional, com moldeira universal (67,9%) e alginato (84,9%). Todas as impressões foram desinfetadas no laboratório, maioritariamente com hipoclorito de sódio (98,1%). A análise com paralelómetro foi realizada pelo técnico de prótese em 84,9% dos casos e 66% dos modelos de trabalho não tinham preparações pré-protéticas. Verificou-se que o médico dentista transmitiu instruções sobre o desenho em 5 casos e apenas num caso enviou o desenho em papel. Todas as estruturas metálicas foram obtidas em cobalto-crómio e o método mais usado foi a fundição por indução eletrónica (96,6%). Conclusões: A maior parte das instruções do desenho e do planeamento para a construção de próteses parciais removíveis não foram fornecidas pelo médico dentista ao técnico de prótese dentária, verificando-se uma comunicação insuficiente entre clínicas e laboratórios em Lisboa.

Abstract Objectives: To evaluate the communication between dentists and dental technicians in Lisbon for the construction of metal frameworks for removable partial dentures (RPDs). Methods: This observational study’s target population was laboratories in Lisbon. Data were collected through a questionnaire including six categories: medical prescription, conventional definitive impression and its disinfection, digital impression, analysis of study and working casts, and design and construction of the metallic structure. Dental technicians completed the questionnaire after consulting the medical instructions and observing the stone casts. The variables were subjected to descriptive statistics. Results: Three laboratories agreed to participate in this study, and the final sample included 53 entirely completed questionnaires. All definitive casts were obtained by conventional impression, with a universal tray (67.9%) and alginate (84.9%). The laboratories disinfected all impressions, mostly with sodium hypochlorite (98.1%), and the dental technician analyzed 84.9% of the casts in the parallelometer. There were no pre-prosthetic preparations in 66% of the working casts. The dentists provided design instructions in five cases, and only one delivered a drawing on paper. All metal frameworks were made in cobalt-chromium, mainly by electronic induction casting (96.6%). Conclusions: The dentist did not provide the dental technician with most of the design and planning instructions required for constructing removable partial dentures. This finding confirms the lack of communication between clinics and laboratories in Lisbon.

Resumen: El experimento se realizó en el Laboratorio de Biotecnología de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias de la Universidad Nacional de Asunción, con el objetivo de evaluar dos tratamientos de desinfección de explantes para la micropropagación del banano (Musa spp.) variedad Nanicao. Se utilizaron 80 hijuelos de 30 - 40 cm de los cuales se extrajeron los ápices meristemáticos que fueron sembrados en medios MS (Murashige y Skoog 1962) con el agregado de 1 g.l-1 de carbón activado como antioxidante. Los tratamientos consistieron en dos concentraciones de NaClO (5 y 10 %) durante cinco minutos. El diseño experimental utilizado fue completamente al azar. Las variables evaluadas fueron: porcentaje de supervivencia, grado de oxidación y porcentaje de contaminación de plántulas. Los datos obtenidos fueron sometidos al análisis de varianza al 5 % de probabilidad de error. No se registraron diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos de desinfección aplicados relacionados a la sobrevivencia de explantes de banano cultivados in vitro, aunque existieron diferencias significativas con respecto al grado de oxidación y contaminación microbiana. Se logró una regeneración de 12,5% de los segmentos nodales de banano sembrados. En conclusión, al incrementar la concentración de hipoclorito de sodio, el porcentaje de explantes contaminados con hongos y bacterias fue menor, sin embargo, esto se tradujo en un incremento del grado de oxidación de explantes de Musa spp variedad Nanicao.

Abstract: The experiment was carried out in the Biotechnology Laboratory of the Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias of the Universidad Nacional de Asunción, with the objective of evaluating two explant disinfection treatments for the micropropagation of banana (Musa spp.) variety Nanicao. Eighty shoots of 30 - 40 cm were used, from which the meristematic apices were extracted and planted in MS media (Murashige and Skoog 1962) with the addition of 1 g.l-1 of activated carbon as an antioxidant. The treatments consisted of two concentrations of NaClO (5 and 10%) for five minutes. The experimental design used was completely randomized. The variables evaluated were: percentage of survival, degree of oxidation and percentage of contamination of seedlings. The data obtained were subjected to variance analysis at 5% probability of error. No significant differences were recorded between the applied disinfection treatments related to the survival of banana explants cultivated in vitro, although there were significant differences with respect to the degree of oxidation and microbial contamination. A regeneration of 12.5% of the planted banana nodal segments was achieved. In conclusion, by increasing the concentration of sodium hypochlorite, the percentage of explants contaminated with fungi and bacteria was lower, however, this translated into an increase in the degree of oxidation of Musa spp variety Nanicao.