RESUMEN La soja forrajera (Neonotonia wightii) es una leguminosa frecuentemente utilizada como cubierta en cultivos de campo. Sin embargo, al ser una especie de la subfamilia Phaseoloideae, se caracteriza por la latencia física de la semilla, lo que dificulta obtener una germinación alta, homogénea y rápida. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar cuál método de escarificación estimula en mayor medida el proceso de germinación, se evaluaron tiempos de inmersión desde los 5 hasta los 20 minutos en ácido sulfúrico (98%), 24 horas en inmersión en hipoclorito de sodio (5,4%), agua y ácido giberélico [100 ppm], 15 minutos con lija y el combinado de estas dos últimas, las cuales fueron distribuidas en un diseño experimental completamente al azar, donde se evaluaron ocho tratamientos y un testigo, tres repeticiones cada uno y 200 semillas como unidades experimentales, sometidas en condiciones controladas (cámaras de germinación a temperaturas y humedad relativa constantes de 27 °C y 70%, respectivamente) durante la primavera del 2022. Los resultados fueron favorables, un alto porcentaje de germinación se obtuvo de las semillas sometidas a un tiempo de inmersión de 20 minutos en ácido sulfúrico (90% de germinación y un promedio de germinación de seis semillas germinadas por día) y fue significativamente mayor que el resto. Este método resulta efectivo para romper la latencia física de las semillas, debido a la remoción de la cubierta impermeable, permitiendo la inhibición en agua y consecuentemente la activación del metabolismo de la semilla.

ABSTRACT Forage soybean (Neonotonia wightii) is a legume frequently used as a cover crop in field crops. However, as a species of the Phaseoloideae subfamily, it is characterized by the physical latency of the seed, which makes it difficult to obtain a high, homogeneous, and rapid germination. The aim of the present study was to determine which method of scarification stimulates the germination process to a greater extent. The following immersion times were evaluated: 5 to 20 minutes in 98% sulfuric acid, 24 hours in 5.4% sodium hypochlorite, water, and gibberellic acid [100 ppm], 15 minutes of treatment with sandpaper and the combination of these last two. They were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design, where eight treatments and a control were evaluated, with three replicates each and 200 seeds as experimental units, subjected to controlled conditions (germination chambers at constant temperatures and a relative humidity of 27 °C and 70%, respectively) during the spring of 2022. The results were favorable, a high germination percentage was obtained from seeds subjected to a 20-minute immersion time in sulfuric acid (90% germination and an average of six germinated seeds per day) and this was significantly higher than the rest, making it an effective method to break the physical latency of the seeds, as it removes the impermeable cover allowing inhibition and consequently the activation of the seed's metabolism.

Resumen Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar el impacto de la combinación de cloruro de benzalconio (BAC) e hipocloruro de sodio (NaOCl) y su aplicación después del ácido etilendiaminotetraacético (EDTA) en procedimientos de irrigación del conducto radicular sobre la microdureza y el contenido mineral de la dentina. Las raíces distales de los terceros molares mandibulares se incluyeron en resina acrílica autopolimerizable y se seccionaron de coronal a apical, lo que dió como resultado cincuenta y cuatro secciones de raíz. Treinta secciones se sometieron a una evaluación de microdureza y veinticuatro secciones fueron elegidas al azar para el análisis mineral. La evaluación de la microdureza comprendió tres grupos: Grupo 1 (2,5% NaOCl), Grupo 2 (2,5% NaOCl con 0,084% BAC) y Grupo 3 (2,5% NaOCl con 0,084 BAC post-17% EDTA). Para cada grupo se midieron los valores de microdureza inicial y post- irrigación. Para el análisis mineral, las muestras se clasificaron en cuatro grupos: agua destilada, 2,5% NaOCl, 2,5% NaOCl con 0,084% BAC y 17% EDTA+2,5% NaOCl con 0,084% BAC. La espectroscopía fotoelectrónica de rayos X midió inmediatamente el contenido de minerales de magnesio, fósforo y calcio en las superficies de la dentina después de la irrigación. Los resultados indicaron una reducción significativa en la microdureza de la dentina radicular para todas las soluciones (p<0,05). Sin embargo, no se observó diferencia estadísticamente significativa en el porcentaje de reducción entre los grupos (p>0,05). El análisis XPS no reveló ninguna disparidad significativa en el contenido mineral de la superficie de la dentina entre los grupos (p>0,05). En conclusión, la adición de cloruro de benzalconio al hipocloruro de sodio, solo o después de EDTA, no indujo una alteración significativa en la microdureza o el contenido mineral de la dentina. Estos hallazgos contribuyen a una comprensión matizada de los protocolos de irrigación dental y sus efectos sobre las propiedades de la dentina durante los procedimientos de endodoncia.

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the impact of the combination of Benzalkonium chloride (BAC) and sodium hypochloride (NaOCl) and its application after ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) in root canal irrigation procedures on the microhardness and mineral content of dentin. Distal roots of mandibular third molars were embedded in auto-polymerizing acrylic resin, sectioned coronally to apically resulting in fifty-four root sections. Thirty sections underwent microhardness evaluation, and twenty-four sections were randomly chosen for mineral analysis. The microhardness assessment comprised three groups: Group 1 (2.5% NaOCl), Group 2 (2.5% NaOCl with 0.084% BAC), and Group 3 (2.5% NaOCl with 0.084 BAC post-17% EDTA). Initial and post-irrigation microhardness values were measured for each group. For mineral analysis, samples were categorized into four groups: distilled water, 2.5% NaOCl, 2.5% NaOCl with 0.084% BAC, and 17% EDTA+2.5% NaOCl with 0.084% BAC. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy immediately measured magnesium, phosphorus, and calcium mineral contents on dentin surfaces post-irrigation. Results indicated a significant reduction in root dentin microhardness for all solutions (p<0.05). However, no statistically significant difference in the percentage of reduction was observed among the groups (p>0.05). XPS analysis revealed no significant disparity in dentin surface mineral content among the groups (p>0.05). In conclusion, the addition of Benzalkonium chloride to sodium hypochloride, either alone or after EDTA, did not induce a significant alteration in dentin microhardness or mineral content. These findings contribute to a nuanced understanding of dental irrigation protocols and their effects on dentin properties during endodontic procedures.

Abstract The Saman tree (Samanea saman) is a native species with a significant and economic importance in Costa Rica due to its high-quality wood and versatile range of uses. It is ability to compete with other reforestation species and suits specific niche markets increses its value. This research aimed to develop a methodology of in vitro culture for cenízaro, as a key tool for breeding and germplasm conservation programs in Costa Rica. Experiments were focused on using greenhouse-reproduced material, both inside and outside of a microtunnel environment. Two disinfectant agents, sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) and mercury chloride (HgCl2), were assessed at varying concentrations and exposure durations. In vitro establishment success rates for material from the microtunnel greenhouse were less than 12.5 %. Conversely, material from outside the microtunnel showed remarkable in vitro establishment rates, surpassing 72.3 %. The most effective disinfection treatment for achieving contamination free shoots involved an incubation in 1 % v/v NaClO for 20 minutes, yielding the highest percentage of contamination-free shoots, corresponding to 85.47 %. As for apex disinfection, employing a 0.2 % (w/v) HgCl2 for 5 minutes proved optimal, resulting in 100 % establishment of explants devoid of contaminants.

Resumen El cenízaro (Samanea saman), es una especie nativa de Costa Rica, de reconocido valor económico por la calidad de la madera y la variedad de usos; estas características le permiten competir con otras especies usadas para reforestación, con el fin de generar productos dirigidos a mercados selectos. El objetivo de esta investigación fue desarrollar una metodología para el establecimiento in vitro de cenízaro como herramienta biotecnológica para un programa de mejoramiento genético y conservación de germoplasma en Costa Rica. El ensayo se estableció a partir de material reproducido en invernadero, tanto en microtúnel como fuera de este. Posteriormente, se evaluaron dos agentes desinfectantes, hipoclorito de sodio (NaClO) y cloruro de mercurio (HgCl2), en diferentes concentraciones y tiempos de exposición. Se obtuvieron porcentajes de establecimiento in vitro inferiores al 12,5 % al emplear material proveniente del invernadero microtúnel; mientras que, el material proveniente fuera del microtúnel, presentó porcentajes de establecimiento in vitro superiores a 72,3 %. La desinfección con hipoclorito de sodio (NaClO) al 1 % v/v durante 20 minutos presentó el mayor porcentaje de nudos libres de contaminación y correspondiente al 85,47 %. Por otro lado, la desinfección de ápices con cloruro de mercurio (HgCl2) al 0,2 % p/v durante 5 minutos, presentó el mayor porcentaje de ápices libres de contaminación (100 %).

Resumen: Esta investigación compara dos métodos de extracción de celulosa de cáscaras de las mazorcas de Theobroma cacao L. (CMT) del clon Federación Arauquita 5 (FEAR 5). EL método 1 (Lubis) es un tratamiento álcali con calentamiento utilizando hidróxido de sodio y un blanqueamiento con hipoclorito de sodio. En el segundo método, se realiza una extracción en soxhlet por un tiempo de 6 horas que posteriormente es tratado con un tratamiento ácido y alcalino. Se realizan análisis fisicoquímicos y termográficos que permiten identificar características propias al método de extracción. Los resultados muestran que el mayor rendimiento en masa de celulosa se obtiene con el método 1 Lubis modificado con 27.09%. Se concluye que la celulosa obtenida puede ser producida y aprovechada para desarrollar productos biotecnológicos, aportando a la economía circular y al desarrollo sustentable del cacao en el Departamento de Risaralda, Colombia.

Abstract: This research study compares two methods of cellulose extraction from Theobroma cacao L. (CMT) clone Federación Arauquita 5 (FEAR 5) husks. Method 1 (Lubis) is an alkaline treatment with heating that uses sodium hydroxide and whitening with sodium hypochlorite. In the second method, a soxhlet extraction is conducted for a period of six hours, followed by an alkaline-acidic treatment. Physicochemical and thermographic analyzes are conducted to identify characteristics specific to the extraction method. The results show that the highest mass cellulose yield is obtained by the modified Lubis method 1 with 27.09%. It is concluded that the cellulose obtained can be produced and used to develop biotechnological products, contributing to the circular economy and the sustainable development of cocoa in the Department of Risaralda, Colombia.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o impacto do design da cavidade de acesso na resistência à fratura de primeiros pré-molares superiores tratados endodonticamente. MÉTODOS: A amostra do estudo consistiu em 72 primeiros pré-molares superiores intactos, divididos aleatoriamente em seis grupos (n = 12). Um preparo padronizado da cavidade proximal foi realizado para todas as amostras usando broca padrão. Grupos I: grupo de controle com apenas cavidade proximal padrão e sem acesso endodôntico, grupo II: cavidade de acesso Truss, grupo III: acesso separado aos canais vestibular e palatino sem remoção de dentina entre eles, grupo IV: acesso aos canais vestibular e palatino com remoção de dentina entre eles, grupo V: cavidade de acesso tradicional, grupo VI: cavidade mesio-oclusal-distal (MOD). Para os grupos I e VI, apenas a restauração de compósito foi usada para restaurar a cavidade proximal. Já nos grupos II e V, o acesso foi preparado e o tratamento endodôntico foi realizado em todos os dentes e, em seguida, foi colocada a restauração de resina composta. Os canais radiculares foram instrumentados com limas de níquel-titânio, irrigados com hipoclorito de sódio e preenchidos com AH plus sealer e guta-percha usando condensação vertical quente. Todas as amostras foram então colocadas em molde de acrílico e submetidas a envelhecimento térmico por 10.000 ciclos entre 5 e 55°C. As amostras foram fixadas em uma máquina de teste universal com o eixo longo das raízes posicionado a 20° para uma carga aplicada a uma velocidade de cruzeta de 1 mm/min usando indentador semiesférico de aço inoxidável (Ø = 3 mm) até que ocorresse a fratura para determinar a força de resistência à fratura em Newton. RESULTADOS: O teste de normalidade (Shapiro-Wilk) mostrou que os dados são normalmente distribuídos. O grupo II apresentou a maior resistência média à fratura, e o grupo VI foi o menos propenso a resistir à fratura. Não houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos testados (p-valor = 0,237). O grupo MOD apresentou um modo de fratura mais desfavorável em comparação com os outros grupos. CONCLUSÕES: Não houve diferença significativa na resistência à fratura entre as cavidades de acesso conservador e tradicional. A ausência de cristas marginais, como nas cavidades MOD, desempenhou um papel importante na diminuição da resistência à fratura dos dentes tratados endodonticamente.

Abstract This study was designed to investigate the impact of access cavity designs on fracture resistance of endodontically treated maxillary first premolars. The study sample consisted of 72 intact maxillary first premolars, randomly divided into six groups (n = 12). A standardized proximal cavity preparation was prepared for all samples using standard bur. Groups I: control group with only standard proximal cavity and no endodontic access, group II: Truss access cavity, group III: Separated access to buccal and palatal canals without removal of dentine in between, group IV: Access to buccal and palatal canals with removal of dentine in between, group V: Traditional access cavity, group VI: Mesio-occlusal-distal cavity (MOD). For groups I and VI, only composite restoration was used to restore the proximal cavity, while for groups II- V, the access was prepared and endodontic treatment was performed on all teeth, then composite restoration was placed. The root canals were instrumented using nickel-titanium files, irrigated with sodium hypochlorite, and filled with AH plus sealer and gutta-percha using warm vertical condensation. All samples were then placed in an acrylic mold and underwent thermal aging for 10,000 cycles between 5 and 55°C. The samples were fixed in a universal testing machine with the long axis of the roots positioned at 20° to a load applied at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min using a stainless steel semi-spherical indenter (Ø = 3 mm) until fracture occurred to determine the fracture resistance force in Newton. The normality test (Shapiro-Wilk) showed that data are normally distributed. Group II exhibited the highest mean fracture resistance, and group VI was the least likely to resist the fracture. No statistically significant differences between tested groups (p-value = 0.237). The MOD group showed a more unfavorable mode of fracture compared to other groups. No significant difference in fracture resistance between conservative and traditional access cavities. The missing marginal ridges, such as in MOD cavities played an important role in decreasing the fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth.

Abstract Denture biofilm acts as a potential reservoir for respiratory pathogens, considerably increasing the risk of lung infections, specifically aspiration pneumonia, mainly 48h after hospital admission. The establishment of a straightforward, affordable, and applicable hygiene protocol in a hospital environment for the effective control of denture biofilm can be particularly useful to prevent respiratory infections or reduce the course of established lung disease. Objectives To evaluate the anti-biofilm effectiveness of denture cleaning protocols in hospitalized patients. Methodology The maxillary complete dentures (MCDs) of 340 hospitalized participants were randomly cleaned once using one of the following 17 protocols (n=20): brushing with distilled water, toothpaste, or neutral liquid soap (controls); immersion in chemical solutions (1% sodium hypochlorite, alkaline peroxide, 0.12% or 2% chlorhexidine digluconate), or microwave irradiation (650 W for 3 min) combined or not with brushing. Before and after the application of the protocols, the biofilm of the intaglio surface of the MCDs was evaluated using two methods: denture biofilm coverage area (%) and microbiological quantitative cultures on blood agar and Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (CFU/mL). Data were subjected to the Wilcoxon and Kruskal-Wallis tests (α=0.05). Results All 17 protocols significantly reduced the percentage area of denture biofilm and microbial and fungal load (P<0.05). The highest percentage reductions in the area of denture biofilm were observed for 1% hypochlorite solution with or without brushing and for 2% chlorhexidine solution and microwave irradiation only in association with brushing (P<0.05). The greatest reductions in microbial and fungal load were found for the groups that used solutions of 2% chlorhexidine and 1% hypochlorite and microwave irradiation, regardless of the association with brushing (P<0.05). Conclusions A single immersion for 10 min in 1% sodium hypochlorite, even in the absence of brushing, proved to be a straightforward, rapid, low-cost, and effective protocol for cleaning the dentures of hospitalized patients.

Aim This study aimed to compare the influence of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and calcium hypochlorite [Ca(OCl)2] on the apical sealing capacity of AH Plus (Dentsply Maillefer) and Bio-C Sealer (Angelus) endodontic sealers. Methods Sixty permanent human lower incisors were randomly allocated (http://www.randomized.org), according to the irrigant used, into three groups (n=20): 0.9% sodium chloride (NaCl/Control); 2.5% NaOCl; and 2.5% Ca(OCl)2. The root canal was prepared with rotary files under 10 mL of the solution corresponding to the experimental group. Each group was subdivided into two (n=10) according to the sealer used for filling: AH Plus (Dentsply Maillefer) or Bio-C Sealer (Angelus). Then, all samples were immersed in black India ink for one week. After the storage period, the roots were then grooved longitudinally and split, and the ink penetration was measured from the apical part to the coronal part of the root canal into which the ink penetrated using a stereomicroscope. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post-hoc tests. Results There was no statistical difference in ink penetration between the different endodontic sealers tested for the same irrigating solution (p > 0.05). However, when the Bio-C Sealer (Angelus) was used, the group treated with 2.5% Ca(OCl)2 was associated with lower values of apical leakage, compared to 2.5% NaOCl (p < 0.05). For the AH Plus sealer (Dentsply Maillefer), there was no difference between the irrigants (p > 0.05). Conclusions Associating Ca(OCl)2 irrigant with Bio-C Sealer (Angelus) seems to be a good option to reduce apical leakage.

RESUMO Bioestimulantes são produtos químicos ou biológicos que melhoram a absorção ou eficiência dos nutrientes e a tolerância contra estresses abióticos em cultivos. Foram estudados três bioestimulantes (Stimulate®, tryptofol e Bacillus subtilis C-3102) e dois sanitizantes (hipocloclorito de sódio ou timol), sobre o crescimento inicial de Arracacia xanthorrhiza. Hipoclorito de sódio associado ao B. subtilis melhoram as trocas gasosas e induzem maior volume de raiz. A interação entre hipoclorito de sódio e triptofol aprimorou a ramificação das hastes e a biomassa seca das raízes. Diferentes bioestimulantes agem diferentemente sobre o desenvolvimento dos órgãos de batata baroa; portanto é necessário avaliar a competência morfofisiológica da planta para aplicar o bioestimulante e sanitizante correto.

ABSTRACT Biostimulants are chemical or biological components adopted to improve nutrient uptake/efficiency and tolerance to abiotic stresses in crops. We studied three biostimulants (Stimulate®, tryptophol and Bacillus subtilis C-3102) associated to two sanitizers (sodium hypochlorite or thymol), on initial growth of propagules of Arracacia xanthorrhiza. Sodium hypochlorite associated to B. subtilis improve the leaf gas exchange, furthermore this treatment showed greater root volume. The interaction among sodium hypochlorite and tryptophol improves the plant branching; in addition this association showed better results for root dry mass. Different biostimulants improve differently the arracacha organs development, hence it is necessary to evaluate the plant morphophysiological competence to apply the correct biostimulant and sanitizer.

ABSTRACT Introduction: In endodontic treatment, root canals must be irrigated; sodium hypochlorite is usually used. The accidents reported in these cases are due to anatomical circumstances, iatrogenic cases and due to errors in the irrigation technique. Objective: To report the clinical management of three cases, injured during endodontic treatment by extrusion of hypochlorite to the periradicular tissues. Case presentation: Female patients between 52 and 65 years of age. They presented with acute painful symptoms, burning, visible ecchymosis and erythema. A treatment protocol was proposed. Hypochlorite irrigation was discontinued and the procedure was suspended. The root canal was flushed with abundant saline solution, and antibiotics and analgesics were indicated. The event was explained to the patients. The symptoms resolved within eight to 15 days. Endodontic treatment was completed according to the evolution of each case. Conclusions: Although there are guidelines for the management of complications produced by hypochlorite, they should be emphasized and measures should be established, before and during the procedure, to avoid this situation.

RESUMEN Introducción: En el tratamiento endodóncico se deben irrigar los conductos radiculares; por lo general, se utiliza el hipoclorito de sodio. Los accidentes reportados en estos casos se deben a circunstancias anatómicas, casos de iatrogenia y por errores en la técnica de irrigación. Objetivo: Reportar el manejo clínico de tres casos lesionados durante el tratamiento endodóncico por extrusión de hipoclorito a los tejidos perirradiculares. Presentación de caso: Pacientes femeninas entre 52 y 65 años. Presentaron sintomatología dolorosa aguda, tipo quemazón, equimosis visible y eritema. Se propuso un protocolo de tratamiento. Se interrumpió la irrigación con hipoclorito y se suspendió el procedimiento. Se lavó con abundante solución salina el conducto radicular, y se indicaron antibióticos y analgésicos. Se explicó a las pacientes el evento ocurrido. Los síntomas se solucionaron entre ocho y 15 días. El tratamiento de endodoncia finalizó según la evolución de cada caso. Conclusiones: Aunque existen pautas para el manejo de las complicaciones producidas por el hipoclorito, se debe enfatizar en ellas y establecer medidas, antes y durante el procedimiento, para evitar esta situación.

Resumo Objetivos: Avaliar a comunicação entre médicos dentistas e técnicos de prótese dentária em Lisboa para a confeção de uma estrutura de prótese parcial removível esquelética. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo observacional cuja população-alvo foram laboratórios na área metropolitana de Lisboa. A recolha de dados foi realizada através de um questionário, que recolheu informação de 6 categorias: guia de requisição médica, impressão definitiva convencional e respetiva desinfeção, impressão digital, análise dos modelos de estudo e de trabalho, e desenho e construção da estrutura metálica. O preenchimento do questionário foi realizado pelos técnicos de prótese com consulta das requisições médicas e dos modelos de gesso. Foi realizada estatística descritiva das variáveis. Resultados: Três laboratórios aceitaram participar no estudo. A amostra incluiu 53 questionários completamente preenchidos. Todos os modelos definitivos foram obtidos por impressão convencional, com moldeira universal (67,9%) e alginato (84,9%). Todas as impressões foram desinfetadas no laboratório, maioritariamente com hipoclorito de sódio (98,1%). A análise com paralelómetro foi realizada pelo técnico de prótese em 84,9% dos casos e 66% dos modelos de trabalho não tinham preparações pré-protéticas. Verificou-se que o médico dentista transmitiu instruções sobre o desenho em 5 casos e apenas num caso enviou o desenho em papel. Todas as estruturas metálicas foram obtidas em cobalto-crómio e o método mais usado foi a fundição por indução eletrónica (96,6%). Conclusões: A maior parte das instruções do desenho e do planeamento para a construção de próteses parciais removíveis não foram fornecidas pelo médico dentista ao técnico de prótese dentária, verificando-se uma comunicação insuficiente entre clínicas e laboratórios em Lisboa.

Abstract Objectives: To evaluate the communication between dentists and dental technicians in Lisbon for the construction of metal frameworks for removable partial dentures (RPDs). Methods: This observational study’s target population was laboratories in Lisbon. Data were collected through a questionnaire including six categories: medical prescription, conventional definitive impression and its disinfection, digital impression, analysis of study and working casts, and design and construction of the metallic structure. Dental technicians completed the questionnaire after consulting the medical instructions and observing the stone casts. The variables were subjected to descriptive statistics. Results: Three laboratories agreed to participate in this study, and the final sample included 53 entirely completed questionnaires. All definitive casts were obtained by conventional impression, with a universal tray (67.9%) and alginate (84.9%). The laboratories disinfected all impressions, mostly with sodium hypochlorite (98.1%), and the dental technician analyzed 84.9% of the casts in the parallelometer. There were no pre-prosthetic preparations in 66% of the working casts. The dentists provided design instructions in five cases, and only one delivered a drawing on paper. All metal frameworks were made in cobalt-chromium, mainly by electronic induction casting (96.6%). Conclusions: The dentist did not provide the dental technician with most of the design and planning instructions required for constructing removable partial dentures. This finding confirms the lack of communication between clinics and laboratories in Lisbon.

Resumen: El experimento se realizó en el Laboratorio de Biotecnología de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias de la Universidad Nacional de Asunción, con el objetivo de evaluar dos tratamientos de desinfección de explantes para la micropropagación del banano (Musa spp.) variedad Nanicao. Se utilizaron 80 hijuelos de 30 - 40 cm de los cuales se extrajeron los ápices meristemáticos que fueron sembrados en medios MS (Murashige y Skoog 1962) con el agregado de 1 g.l-1 de carbón activado como antioxidante. Los tratamientos consistieron en dos concentraciones de NaClO (5 y 10 %) durante cinco minutos. El diseño experimental utilizado fue completamente al azar. Las variables evaluadas fueron: porcentaje de supervivencia, grado de oxidación y porcentaje de contaminación de plántulas. Los datos obtenidos fueron sometidos al análisis de varianza al 5 % de probabilidad de error. No se registraron diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos de desinfección aplicados relacionados a la sobrevivencia de explantes de banano cultivados in vitro, aunque existieron diferencias significativas con respecto al grado de oxidación y contaminación microbiana. Se logró una regeneración de 12,5% de los segmentos nodales de banano sembrados. En conclusión, al incrementar la concentración de hipoclorito de sodio, el porcentaje de explantes contaminados con hongos y bacterias fue menor, sin embargo, esto se tradujo en un incremento del grado de oxidación de explantes de Musa spp variedad Nanicao.

Abstract: The experiment was carried out in the Biotechnology Laboratory of the Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias of the Universidad Nacional de Asunción, with the objective of evaluating two explant disinfection treatments for the micropropagation of banana (Musa spp.) variety Nanicao. Eighty shoots of 30 - 40 cm were used, from which the meristematic apices were extracted and planted in MS media (Murashige and Skoog 1962) with the addition of 1 g.l-1 of activated carbon as an antioxidant. The treatments consisted of two concentrations of NaClO (5 and 10%) for five minutes. The experimental design used was completely randomized. The variables evaluated were: percentage of survival, degree of oxidation and percentage of contamination of seedlings. The data obtained were subjected to variance analysis at 5% probability of error. No significant differences were recorded between the applied disinfection treatments related to the survival of banana explants cultivated in vitro, although there were significant differences with respect to the degree of oxidation and microbial contamination. A regeneration of 12.5% of the planted banana nodal segments was achieved. In conclusion, by increasing the concentration of sodium hypochlorite, the percentage of explants contaminated with fungi and bacteria was lower, however, this translated into an increase in the degree of oxidation of Musa spp variety Nanicao.

Successful endodontic treatment is achieved by a combination of factors which include acceptable instrumentation, optimal irrigation and disinfection of the root canal system. It is vital that a suitable antimicrobial agent be used during irrigation and sodium hypochlorite emerges as the optimal agent to be used as it complies with most of the criteria of an ideal irrigant. Sodium hypochlorite is a popular choice as an endodontic irrigant due to its solvent activity as well as its antimicrobial action. The tissue dissolving ability of sodium hypochlorite depends on its concentration, volume, contact time of solution with tissue remnants, refreshment and/or activation cycles of solution, as well as the surface area of exposed tissue. instrumentation system action concentration volume remnants andor or

RESUMEN Resumen: La vida útil de hipoclorito de sodio (NaOCl) es limitada, varios estudios señalan la posibilidad de discrepancias entre la concentración esperada y la concentración real en soluciones de NaOCl usadas como irrigantes endodónticos. El presente estudio investigó si existe alguna diferencia en la concentración usada por endodoncistas y dentistas generales. La solución de NaOCl es hasta la fecha, la solución de irrigación del canal radicular más utilizado, pero no existe un acuerdo general en cuanto a su concentración óptima, que varía desde 0,5 % a 5,25 %. Este estudio fue analítico experimental. El tamaño muestral fue por conveniencia. Los sujetos estudiados fueron especialistas en endodoncia y dentistas generales que se desempeñan tanto en la atención pública como privada, en la ciudad de Santiago de Chile. Participaron del estudio de manera voluntaria, para lo cual llenaron un consentimiento informado y completaron una encuesta previamente validada. Cada sujeto aportó una muestra de la solución de hipoclorito de sodio que utilizaba en su práctica clínica. Las muestras fueron recolectadas en recipientes plásticos oscuros y fueron almacenadas sin estar expuestas a la luz y refrigeradas hasta su análisis. Para el análisis de laboratorio se usó espectrofotometría, el análisis estadístico se emplearon los Test de Student y Fischer para medir si existían diferencias entre las concentraciones de hipoclorito de sodio utilizadas por endodoncistas y dentistas generales. Conclusiones: Existe diferencia en la concentración de hipoclorito de sodio en soluciones de hipoclorito de sodio usadas por endodoncistas y dentistas generales. Todas las muestras recolectadas poseen una concentración igual o mayor al 4,7% de hipoclorito. Existe diferencias entre la concentración real de hipoclorito de sodio en soluciones para la irrigación y la encuestada en el caso de dentistas generales. En este caso las concentraciones reales son más de dos veces mayores a las encuestadas. Existe diferencias entre la concentración real de hipoclorito de sodio en soluciones para la irrigación y la esperada en el caso de dentistas generales. Siendo incluso un poco mayores las reales a las encuestadas.

ABSTRACT Abstract: The shelf life of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is limited, several studies point out the possibility of discrepancies between the expected concentration and the actual concentration in NaOCl solutions used as endodontic irrigants. The present study investigated whether there is any difference in the concentration used by endodontists and general dentists. NaOCl solution is to date the most widely used root canal irrigation solution, but there is no general agreement as to its optimal concentration, which varies from 0.5% to 5.25%. This study was analytical experimental. The sample size was for convenience. The subjects studied were specialists in endodontics and general dentists who work in both public and private care, in the city of Santiago de Chile. They participated in the study voluntarily, for which they filled out an informed consent and completed a previously validated survey. Each subject provided a sample of the sodium hypochlorite solution used in their clinical practice. The samples were collected in dark plastic containers and were stored without being exposed to light and refrigerated until analysis. For the laboratory analysis, spectrophotometry was used, for statistical analysis the Student and Fischer tests were used to measure whether there were differences between the concentrations of sodium hypochlorite used by endodontists and general dentists. Conclusions: There is a difference in the concentration of sodium hypochlorite in solutions of sodium hypochlorite used by endodontists and general dentists. All samples collected have a concentration equal to or greater than to 4.7% hypochlorite. There are differences between the actual concentration of sodium hypochlorite in solutions for irrigation and that surveyed in the case of general dentists. In this case, the actual concentrations are more than twice as high as those surveyed. There are differences between the actual concentration of sodium hypochlorite in solutions for irrigation and that expected in the case of general dentists. The real ones are even slightly higher than those surveyed.

Resumen: Evaluar si los sistemas de instrumentación de lima única, como WaveOne Gold y Reciproc son efectivos para reducir la carga microbiana de un biofilm mixto y la limpieza del tercio apical, comparado con los sistemas de limas múltiples, como Twisted File Adaptive. Setenta raíces mesiales de primeros y segundos molares fueron incluidos y divididos de forma aleatoria en tres grupos experimentales (n=20, n=10 controles). El biofilm fue formado en el interior de los conductos durante 31 días. Después se instrumentó con los sistemas de lima única (WaveOne Gold y Reciproc) y el sistema de limas múltiples Twisted File Adaptive, usando hipoclorito de sodio al 2.5% en todos los casos. El conteo de unidades formadoras de colonias se realizó usando diluciones seriales, la limpieza del tercio apical se evaluó empleando el microscopio electrónico de barrido. La comparación entre grupos se realizó con pruebas paramétricas y no paramétricas, de acuerdo con la distribución normal y no normal de los datos, respectivamente. No hubo una diferencia significativa en la reducción de la carga microbiana después de emplear los sistemas de lima única en comparación a los de limas múltiples, además, la limpieza del tercio apical fue similar en los 3 diferentes sistemas de instrumentación. Los sistemas de lima única son igual de efectivos para reducir la carga microbiana comparados con los sistemas de limas múltiples.

Abstract: To evaluate whether the WaveOne Gold and Reciproc single file instrumentation systems, are effective in reducing the microbial load of a mixed biofilm and the cleaning of apical third compared to the Twisted File Adaptive system (multiple- file system). Seventy mesial roots of the first and second molars were included and randomly divided into three experimental groups (n=20, n=10 controls). Biofilms were formed inside canals over 31 days. After instrumentation with the unique file systems, WaveOne Gold and Reciproc and the multiple file system Twisted File Adaptive, using 2.25% sodium hypochlorite as an irrigant in all cases, a count of colony forming units was performed using serial dilutions, cleaning of the apical third was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy. Comparisons amongst groups were made by using parametric and non-parametric statistics, according to a normal or non-normal data distribution, respectively. No significant differences in the reduction of the microbial load after employing a single-file system in comparison to the multiple-file system were found; in addition, the cleaning of the apical third was similar for the three different instrumentation systems. The single-file system is equal in effectiveness compared with the multiple-file system in reducing the microbial load.

Resumo Este estudo in vitro comparou a desinfecção do hipoclorito de sódio 2,5% (NaOCl) e da água ozonizada 8 µg/mL agitados pela irrigação ultrassônica passiva (PUI) e por associação da PUI com EndoActivator (EA) na redução de biofilme misto maduro. Cento e cinco pré-molares inferiores ovalados foram instrumentados, esterilizados e inoculados com Enterococcus faecalis, Candida albicans e Staphylococcus aureus, divididos em: Grupo controle: soro; Grupo O3: água ozonizada; Grupo O3 PUI: água ozonizada agitada por PUI; Grupo O3 PUI + EA: água ozonizada agitada por PUI e EA: Grupo NaOCl: hipoclorito de sódio; Grupo NaOCl PUI: hipoclorito de sódio agitado por PUI; Grupo NaOCl PUI + EA: hipoclorito de sódio agitado por PUI e EA. Amostras microbiológicas foram coletadas antes (S1) e após (S2) os procedimentos de desinfecção e os dados foram analisados estatisticamente pelo teste de Kruskal-Wallis. No método de cultura, houve desinfecção significativa nos grupos O3 PUI + EA, NaOCl, NaOCl PUI e NaOCl PUI + EA (p˂0.05), sendo que no grupo NaOCl PUI + EA não houve crescimento de microrganismo (p˂0.05). No método de qPCR, nas contagens dos microrganismos antes e após os protocolos de desinfecção, houve redução microbiana nos grupos O3 PUI, O3 PUI + EA, NaOCl, NaOCl PUI, NaOCl PUI + EA (p˂0.05). Concluiu-se que o NaOCl 2,5% com e sem agitação foi eficiente, assim como a água ozonizada 8 µg/mL potencializada pelos métodos de agitação na desinfecção e que a mesma está relacionada com os microrganismos presentes no biofilme.

Abstract This in vitro study compared the antimicrobial efficacy of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and 8 µg/mL ozonated water agitated by passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) or PUI combined with EndoActivator (EA) against mature multispecies biofilm. One hundred and five oval-shaped mandibular premolars were instrumented, sterilized, and inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis, Candida albicans, and Staphylococcus aureus, divided into: control group - saline; O3 group - ozonated water; O3 PUI group - ozonated water with PUI agitation; O3 PUI+EA group - ozonated water with PUI+EA agitation; NaOCl group - NaOCl; NaOCl PUI group - NaOCl with PUI agitation; and NaOCl PUI+EA group - NaOCl with PUI+EA agitation. Microbiological samples were collected before (S1) and after (S2) the disinfection procedures and the data were statistically analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. In the culture method, there was significant disinfection in the O3 PUI+EA, NaOCl, NaOCl PUI, and NaOCl PUI+EA groups (p˂0.05). The combination of NaOCl with PUI+EA reduced microbial counts to zero (p˂0.05). In the qPCR method, there was a significant reduction in the total count of viable microorganisms in the O3 PUI, O3 PUI+EA, NaOCl, NaOCl PUI, and NaOCl PUI+EA groups (p˂0.05). It can be concluded that 2.5% NaOCl with and without agitation, as well as 8 µg/mL ozonated water with its action enhanced by the agitation techniques, were effective in root canal disinfection, and their antimicrobial efficacy is related to the microorganisms present in the biofilm.