ABSTRACT Introduction: For thousands of years, Traditional and Complementary Medicine has provided natural advantages in the treatment of infectious diseases. Due to drug resistance, public health faces a global crisis, marked by the need to develop new drugs and find therapeutic alternatives. A documentary review was carried out in biomedical databases using the Google academic information search engine, in Spanish and English, during the period from January to June 2023. Objective: To delve into the alternatives for using the modalities of natural and traditional medicine approved in Cuba, as an antimicrobial therapeutic option. Development: Although there are multiple traditional therapies used globally, in Cuba phytotherapy, apitherapy, acupuncture and related techniques, ozone therapy, homeopathy, floral therapy, medical hydrology, traditional therapeutic exercises, heliothalassotherapy, naturopathic nutritional guidance and adyurvedic medicine are approved. All of them offer, to a greater or lesser extent, therapeutic possibilities as adjuvants to antimicrobial therapy. Conclusions: The growing antimicrobial resistance and the social and economic consequences it causes connote the need to use therapeutic alternatives today for the treatment of infectious diseases. Traditional and Complementary Medicine constitutes a useful tool in this sense, since it offers a different approach to treatment these nosological entities.

RESUMEN Introducción: Durante miles de años la medicina natural y tradicional ha brindado ventajas naturales en el tratamiento de enfermedades infecciosas. A causa de la farmacorresistencia, la salud pública enfrenta una crisis global, marcada por la necesidad de desarrollar nuevos fármacos y encontrar alternativas terapéuticas. Se realizó una revisión documental en bases de datos biomédicas mediante el motor de búsqueda de información Google académico, en los idiomas español e inglés, durante el período comprendido entre enero a junio de 2023. Objetivo: Profundizar en las alternativas del empleo de las modalidades de la medicina natural y tradicional aprobadas en Cuba, como opción terapéutica antimicrobiana. Desarrollo: Aunque son múltiples las terapias tradicionales empleadas en el ámbito internacional, en Cuba están aprobadas la fitoterapia, apiterapia, acupuntura y técnicas afines, ozonoterapia, homeopatía, terapia floral, hidrología médica, ejercicios terapéuticos tradicionales, heliotalasoterapia, orientación nutricional naturista y la medicina adyurvédica. Todas ofrecen en mayor o menor medida, posibilidades terapéuticas como coadyuvantes de la terapia antimicrobiana. Conclusiones: La creciente resistencia antimicrobiana y las consecuencias sociales y económicas que provoca connotan la necesidad de utilizar en la actualidad, alternativas terapéuticas para el tratamiento de las enfermedades infecciosas. La medicina natural y tradicional constituye una herramienta útil en este sentido, pues ofrece un enfoque diferente para el tratamiento de estas entidades nosológicas.

Abstract The goal of this paper is to characterize the human use of space in the region of Melipeuco (Cautín, Province, La Araucanía, Chile) by analyzing the spatial distribution of archaeological sites during the Holocene in relation to the ecological and anthropic factors that may have shaped it. We propose a hierarchization of space considering the regional topography and its relationship with hydrology, temperature, moisture, seasonality, and vegetal biomass. We identify preliminary tendencies in the distribution of sites across space and time and in association with the structure of the landscape. Building on this, and by means of a GIS-based approach, we propose a model of human use of space incorporating the geographic variability of this highland setting.

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo es contribuir a la caracterización del uso humano del espacio de la región de Melipeuco (Provincia de Cautín, La Araucanía, Chile), considerando tendencias espaciales de los asentamientos en el área durante el Holoceno y los factores y procesos naturales y humanos que influyeron en ello. Se realiza una jerarquización del paisaje considerando la incidencia del marco topográfico y su relación con variables hídricas, bioclimáticas de temperatura, humedad, estacionalidad y de biomasa fotosintéticamente activa. A partir de los resultados, se generan expectativas sobre las tendencias espaciales y temporales preliminares en la distribución de los sitios con relación a la heterogeneidad ambiental. A partir de estos datos se construye un modelo SIG que sugiere cierto grado de variabilidad y heterogeneidad en el uso de estos entornos andinos de Sudamérica.

The partial or complete loss of vegetation cover triggers an increase in surface runoff, erosion, and sedimentation of water bodies, including reservoirs for hydroelectric power generation, reducing their life expectancy. To control or mitigate this issue, ecological restoration interventions should prioritize the recovery of areas most vulnerable to these processes, such as springs. Conversely, wildfires cause damage to vegetation cover and hinder ecological restoration and/or natural regeneration processes. Therefore, this study aimed to identify - with the aid of Geographic Information Systems - the temporal and spatial likelihood of fire occurrences in spring recharge areas undergoing ecological restoration and contributing to hydroelectric reservoirs in southern Minas Gerais, Brazil. The findings indicated that the months with the highest probability of wildfire occurrences were August and September (accounting for 66% of cases), requiring increased attention to prevention efforts. Furthermore, locations most susceptible to fires (steeper slopes, more flammable vegetation, and higher anthropogenic use) should be treated as priorities for both prevention and ecological restoration actions

A perda parcial ou total da cobertura vegetal desencadeia um aumento do escoamento superficial, erosão e assoreamento de corpos hídricos, entre eles os reservatórios para a geração de energia hidroelétrica, reduzindo sua expectativa de vida útil. Para tentar controlar ou corrigir este problema, intervenções de restauração ecológica devem priorizar a recuperação de áreas mais frágeis a estes processos, como as nascentes. Por outro lado, a ocorrência de incêndios promove danos à cobertura vegetal e inibem os processos de restauração ecológica e/ou regeneração natural. Desta forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi identificar - com o auxílio de Sistemas de Informações Geográficas - a época mais provável e os locais mais susceptíveis aos incêndios, em áreas de recarga de nascentes sob processo de restauração ecológica e que são contribuintes de reservatórios hidroelétricos no sul de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Os resultados demonstraram que os meses de maior probabilidade de ocorrências de incêndios florestais foram agosto e setembro (66% dos casos), o que exigirá maior atenção quando das ações de prevenção. Bem assim, que os locais mais susceptíveis à ocorrência de incêndios (maior inclinação, vegetação mais inflamável e maior uso antrópico) necessitarão ser tratados como prioritários, tanto para ações de prevenção quanto de restauração ecológica

SIGNIFICANCE: Recent research reveals that the arid western interior of South Africa has experienced substantially more humid conditions on several occasions during the last 70 000 years. These findings, likely regional in scope, speak to changes to the resource base available to prehistoric hunter-gatherers. Together with recent archaeological findings from this region, there has emerged a growing recognition that previously archaeologically overlooked areas of South Africa's arid interior need to be included in models of human history. This presents new challenges for archaeologists and palaeoclimatologists, particularly given the prevalence of surficial, rather than stratified, archaeological evidence throughout much of this region.

Hydropedology is an interdisciplinary field that studies the interactions between soil and water, recognizing that soils influence hydrological processes through their hydraulic properties, and serve as indicators of hydrological behaviour through their morphological properties that are shaped by water regimes. Given the practical implications of hydropedology and its integration into South Africa's latest soil classification system, an updated categorization of soil forms and 1 657 (1 629 + 28) families was necessary, organizing them into three overarching response groups based on their predominant hydrological responses: recharge, interflow, and responsive. Within these groups, recharge soils are further classified into deep, shallow, and slow subgroups, interflow soils encompass soil/bedrock, shallow, and slow categories, while responsive soils are subdivided into responsive shallow and responsive wet. This paper aims to enhance the reader's comprehension of hydrological responses and simplify the intricacies integrated into South Africa's official soil classification system.

Resumen: El tránsito de avenidas por lo general es usado en el análisis y evaluación de inundaciones, sin embargo, ha sido poco estudiado en la extensión y determinación de caudales. Por ello, esta investigación tuvo por objetivo generar caudales aplicando un método simple de tránsito de avenidas conocido como Muskingum a nivel mensual, en la cuenca La Leche de Perú. Se escogió la cuenca en mención, pues en los últimos 40 años ha sufrido grandes inundaciones, viéndose afectada gran parte de la población, terrenos de cultivo e infraestructura local, por lo que se requiere abordar su estudio. La metodología fue del tipo aplicada y de diseño no experimental comparativo. Debido a que el tránsito de avenidas emplea los parámetros de proporcionalidad de volumen y ponderación del tránsito en intervalos de tiempo definido, se creyó conveniente usar indicadores estadísticos para optimizar la comparación de los caudales registrados en las estaciones hidrométricas y los hidrogramas de la simulación de un modelo hidrológico tipo precipitación-escorrentía para diferentes períodos de retorno, obteniéndose significativos resultados en cada caso, según la correlación de Pearson, el criterio de Schultz, el criterio de Nash-Sutcliffe, el error de balance de masas y la prueba t para dos muestras suponiendo varianzas iguales. Finalmente, se concluye que se pueden establecer caudales empleando el tránsito de avenidas con el método Muskingum en la cuenca La Leche, además pueden utilizarse en descargas simuladas donde se disponga de información meteorológica e hidrométrica.

Abstract: The flood routing is generally used in the analysis and evaluation of floods; however, it has been scarcely explored in the extent and determination of flows. Therefore, this research aimed to generate flows applying a simple method of flood routing known as Muskingum to monthly level, in the La Leche basin of Peru. The basin in question was chosen, since in the last 40 years it has suffered major floods, affecting a large part of the population, farmland and local infrastructure, which is why it is necessary to address its study. The methodology was of applied type and comparative non-experimental design. Due to the fact that the flood routing uses the parameters of proportionality of volume and weighting of routing in defined intervals of time, it was considered convenient to use statistical indicators to optimize the comparison of the flows registered in the hydrometric stations and the hydrographs of the simulation of a hydrological model rainfall-runoff type for different return periods, obtaining significant results in each case, according to the Pearson correlation, the Schultz criterion, the Nash-Sutcliffe criterion, the mass balance error and the t-test for two samples assuming equal variances. Finally, it is concluded that flows can be established using the flood routing with the Muskingum method in the La Leche basin, and can also be used in simulated discharges where meteorological and hydrometric information is available.

Abstract Soil moisture content can be used to predict drought impact on agricultural yield better than precipitation. Remote sensing is viable source of soil moisture data in instrument-scarce areas. However, space-based soil moisture estimates lack suitability for daily and high-resolution agricultural, hydrological, and environmental applications. This study aimed to assess the potential of the random forest machine learning technique to enhance the spatial resolution of remote soil moisture products from the SMAP satellite. Models were built using random forest for spatial downscaling of SMAP-L3-E, then visually and statistically evaluated for disaggregation quality. The impact of topography, soil properties, and precipitation on the downscaled soil moisture was examined. The relationship between downscaled soil moisture and in-situ soil moisture was analyzed. The results indicate that the proposed method demonstrated spatial and hydrological coherence, along with a satisfactory downscaling quality. Statistical validation indicated suitable generalization error for scientific and practical use (RMSE < 0.05 cm3 cm-3). Random forest effectively achieved spatial downscaling of SMAP-L3-E in the study area. Principal component and spatial analysis revealed dependence of downscaled soil moisture on elevation, soil organic carbon content, clay content, and saturated hydraulic conductivity, mainly under near-saturation conditions. Regarding validation against in-situ data, downscaled soil moisture explained in-situ soil moisture well under low soil water content (ρ = 0.624). Downscaling performance deteriorates for water contents between 0.40 to 0.50 cm3 cm-3, suggesting inadequacy under near saturation conditions at a daily temporal frequency. However, coarser temporal aggregations (7 to 10 days) yielded an average 0.98 correlation coefficient, regardless of saturation conditions. These results could potentially be applied in irrigation planning, soil physics studies and hydrology monitoring, to forecasting the occurrence of droughts, leaching of contaminants, surface runoff modeling, carbon cycle studies, soil's capacity to store and provide nutrients. Our results could mainly be applied to understanding the impact of droughts on crop yield.

Non-perennial rivers (NPRs) have three hydrological states; each state has its importance, function and implication for water resource management. The dynamics of these states have been inadequately assessed and understood. Hence, this study sought to determine the spatiotemporal variations in the hydrological :onditions of NPRs, focusing on the Touws River-Karoo drylands and Molototsi River within the semi-arid region of the Limpopo Province of South Africa. Additionally, the study aimed to delineate and characterize the primary areas contributing to runoff in these two river systems. Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 satellite data sources were employed in this study. Specifically, the modified normalized difference water index (MNDWI) derived from Sentinel-2 was utilized to delineate water surface areas along the two rivers. Subsequently, these derived datasets were utilized to assess the hydrological states over a 32-month period (2019-2022,. Based on the presence of water, the river's state was classified as flowing, pooled, or dry. The results showed that remote sensing can be used to determine the hydrological state of the two river systems with -90% overall accuracy. However, there is about a 30% chance that a flow event can be missed using Sentinel-2 due to clouds and temporal resolution. Some of these gaps can be filled using synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data (Sentinel-1), as demonstrated with the Molototsi River. In the Molototsi catchment, the upper catchment contributes the majority of flows. For theTouws River, the southwestern part of the catchment was determined as the major contributing area for the observed flows. This suggests that the chosen observation site might riot be representative of upper catchment dynamics; therefore, a monitoring site in the upper catchment is equired. This study provided hydrological information and an approach that can be used to monitor the hydrological states for better understanding and management of NPRs and catchments.

ABSTRACT The Orinoco River basin, ranked as South America’s third-largest catchment, is pivotal in contributing to the Atlantic Ocean’s water volume. This study provides a comprehensive update on the basin’s surface water balance, examining trends using gridded precipitation and total evaporation datasets. We also explore projected changes in precipitation until the end of the 21st century, focusing on the RCP8.5 climate change scenario. To achieve this, we utilize data from regional climate models designed by the CORDEX-CORE experiment, selecting an ensemble that excels in performance across South America and Central America. We estimate the accuracy of reference datasets in capturing water balance dynamics. We identify increasing trends in precipitation and total evaporation across most of the basin, enhancing our understanding of its long-term hydrological balance. Notably, the Andean and Guianese sectors of the basin contribute equally to half of the mean surface runoff, although the latter encompasses only 30% of the total area. This underscores the key role of the Guianese shield sub-basins. In regional climate modeling, despite some underestimation, the model runs for the CORDEX South America domain simulate effectively the precipitation across the basin. Regarding climate scenarios, our analysis using the RCP8.5 scenario projects an average annual precipitation reduction of around 45% for the entire basin. These findings emphasize the urgency of adopting measures to mitigate potential adverse effects on the Orinoco River basin’s hydrological sustainability in response to evolving climate patterns.

RESUMEN La cuenca del río Orinoco está clasificada como la tercera más grande de América del Sur y desempeña un papel fundamental en la contribución al volumen de agua del Océano Atlántico. En este estudio proporcionamos una actualización completa del balance hídrico superficial de la cuenca, examinando mediante conjuntos de datos grillados tendencias en la precipitación y la evaporación total. También exploramos los cambios proyectados en la precipitación hasta finales del siglo XXI, enfocándonos al escenario de cambio climático RCP8.5. Para llevar a cabo este estudio utilizamos datos de modelos climáticos regionales del experimento CORDEX-CORE, de donde seleccionamos un ensamble que sobresale en términos de su desempeño en América del Sur y América Central. Cuantificamos la precisión de los datos de referencia en la representación de la dinámica del balance hídrico. Encontramos tendencias crecientes en precipitación y evaporación total en la mayor parte de la cuenca, lo cual aporta al entendimiento del balance hidrológico de la cuenca en el largo plazo. Es notable que tanto la parte Andina como la parte Guayanesa de la cuenca contribuyen por igual al balance hídrico, a pesar de que la segunda abarca sólo el 30 % del área total. Esto resalta la importancia de las subcuencas del escudo guayanés. Respecto a la modelación climática regional, las simulaciones para el dominio CORDEX América del Sur simulan de manera efectiva la precipitación en toda la cuenca, a pesar de cierta subestimación. En cuanto al escenario de cambio climático RCP8.5, los resultados muestran una reducción anual de la precipitación promedio de alrededor del 45 % para toda la cuenca. Estos hallazgos enfatizan la urgencia de adoptar medidas para mitigar posibles efectos adversos en la sostenibilidad hidrológica de la cuenca del río Orinoco, en respuesta a los patrones climáticos en evolución.

Invasive freshwater fish can often have severe negative effects on native fishes in river systems. The interactions between hydrology and habitat variability can mediate the speed and success of individual invasions and the consequent impact on biodiversity. The rivers within Addo Elephant National Park (AENP) in the Eastern Cape, South Africa experience cyclical droughts and wet periods and as a result are naturally episodic. These rivers were recently invaded by three non-native species, the invasive largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) as well as the extralimital sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). Monitoring of key sampling sites along two rivers over a 12-year period that included two major droughts revealed unexpected patterns in the spread of these species and their interactions with native fishes. On the Coerney River, C. gariepinus repeatedly invaded and was extirpated from a seasonal reach of the river, wherein O. mossambicus was only occasionally captured. On the Wit River, two apparently independent introductions of M. salmoides in the lower and upper reaches of the river resulted in patchy habitat occupancy over the course of 12 years. While C. gariepinus regularly co-occurred with native species, M. salmoides appeared to locally extirpate the endangered Eastern Cape redfin (Pseudobarbus afer). During drought, both species persisted in close but disconnected pools, suggesting that the episodic hydrology and geomorphology of these rivers may offer temporary predation refugia for native species during drought. CONSERVATION IMPLICATIONS: Drought in episodic rivers can mitigate against the impact and spread of freshwater invasions within protected areas. Effects of drying on invasion corridors and spatial interactions with native species should be taken into consideration when managing such invasions. Severe droughts also offer an opportunity to actively control invasive species when they are confined to accessible drought refugia within the protected area

Resumen En la última década, la escasez hídrica en Minas Gerais afectó la disponibilidad hídrica superficial, direccionando a los usuarios al uso de aguas subterráneas como fuente alternativa. La cuenca del río São Francisco es una de las más importantes entre las que bañan el estado, tanto por su alcance espacial como por la preponderancia del uso de aguas subterráneas. Debido a la escasez hídrica resultante de sequías extremas entre 2009 y 2018, presentó una tendencia de aumento en requerimientos de uso de aguas subterráneas. El objetivo de este artículo fue evaluar la correlación entre el aumento de estos requerimientos y los períodos de anomalías pluviométricas negativas en relación a la situación crítica de escasez hídrica, definida por la Resolusión Normativa CERH/MG 49/2015. Se observó una relación directa entre las anomalías de precipitación negativa y la escasez de agua, y el aumento de los requerimientos para uso de aguas subterráneas, especialmente entre 2014 y 2018.

Abstract In the last decade, water scarcity in Minas Gerais affected surface water availability, leading users to privilege the use of groundwater as an alternative source. The São Francisco River basin is one of the most important watersheds of the state, both for its spatial occurrence and for the preponderance of groundwater use. Due to water scarcity resulting from extreme drought events between 2009 and 2018, there was an increasing requirement trend for the licensing of groundwater abstractions. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the correlation between the increase in these requirements and periods of negative rainfall anomalies in relation to critical situations of water scarcity, defined by the State’s Normative Deliberation CERH/MG 49/2015. A direct relationship between negative rainfall anomalies and water scarcity and the increased need for groundwater use was observed, especially in the years between 2014 and 2018.

Resumo Na última década, a escassez hídrica em Minas Gerais afetou a disponibilidade hídrica superficial, levando usuários a privilegiar o uso da água subterrânea como fonte alternativa. A bacia hidrográfica do rio São Francisco é uma das mais importantes dentre as que banham o estado, tanto pela abrangência espacial quanto pela preponderância do uso de água subterrânea. Devido à escassez hídrica resultado de eventos extremos de estiagem entre 2009 e 2018, houve uma tendência no aumento de requerimentos de outorgas de uso de água subterrânea. O objetivo deste artigo foi avaliar a correlação entre o aumento desses requerimentos e períodos de anomalias negativas de precipitações em relação à situação crítica de escassez hídrica, definida pela Deliberação Normativa CERH/MG 49/2015. Observou-se uma relação direta entre anomalias negativas de precipitação e escassez hídrica, e o aumento de requerimentos para uso de águas subterrâneas, principalmente nos anos entre 2014 e 2018.

RESUMO A perda parcial ou total da cobertura vegetal desencadeia um aumento do escoamento superficial, erosão e assoreamento de corpos hídricos, entre eles os reservatórios para a geração de energia hidroelétrica, reduzindo sua expectativa de vida útil. Para tentar controlar ou corrigir este problema, intervenções de restauração ecológica devem priorizar a recuperação de áreas mais frágeis a estes processos, como as nascentes. Por outro lado, a ocorrência de incêndios promove danos à cobertura vegetal e inibem os processos de restauração ecológica e/ou regeneração natural. Desta forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi identificar - com o auxílio de Sistemas de Informações Geográficas - a época mais provável e os locais mais susceptíveis aos incêndios, em áreas de recarga de nascentes sob processo de restauração ecológica e que são contribuintes de reservatórios hidroelétricos no sul de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Os resultados demonstraram que os meses de maior probabilidade de ocorrências de incêndios florestais foram agosto e setembro (66% dos casos), o que exigirá maior atenção quando das ações de prevenção. Bem assim, que os locais mais susceptíveis à ocorrência de incêndios (maior inclinação, vegetação mais inflamável e maior uso antrópico) necessitarão ser tratados como prioritários, tanto para ações de prevenção quanto de restauração ecológica.

ABSTRACT The partial or complete loss of vegetation cover triggers an increase in surface runoff, erosion, and sedimentation of water bodies, including reservoirs for hydroelectric power generation, reducing their life expectancy. To control or mitigate this issue, ecological restoration interventions should prioritize the recovery of areas most vulnerable to these processes, such as springs. Conversely, wildfires cause damage to vegetation cover and hinder ecological restoration and/or natural regeneration processes. Therefore, this study aimed to identify - with the aid of Geographic Information Systems - the temporal and spatial likelihood of fire occurrences in spring recharge areas undergoing ecological restoration and contributing to hydroelectric reservoirs in southern Minas Gerais, Brazil. The findings indicated that the months with the highest probability of wildfire occurrences were August and September (accounting for 66% of cases), requiring increased attention to prevention efforts. Furthermore, locations most susceptible to fires (steeper slopes, more flammable vegetation, and higher anthropogenic use) should be treated as priorities for both prevention and ecological restoration actions.

RESUMO Introdução: Inúmeras investigações estudaram a ligação entre a variabilidade climática e seus efeitos na epidemiologia da dengue, destacando a natureza complexa dessa relação devido à grande adaptabilidade do vetor Aedes. Estudar a variabilidade climática como parte de uma análise abrangente da epidemiologia da dengue é essencial para avaliar seu impacto nas epidemias recorrentes que ocorrem. Objetivo: O presente estudo buscou determinar se existe associação entre os casos de dengue notificados de 2014 a 2023 na província de Coronel Portillo, Peru, e a variabilidade climática, no período de janeiro de 2021 a dezembro de 2023. Método: O estudo foi descritivo, reflexivo e analítico ao longo do tempo. As fontes de informação foram obtidas na Direção Regional de Saúde de Ucayali e no Serviço Nacional de Meteorologia e Hidrologia do Peru. Foram realizados testes estatísticos de correlação cruzada entre variáveis. Resultados: A temperatura apresentou correlação positiva moderada com os casos notificados de dengue (0,594; P=0,042), assim como a precipitação (0,678; P=0,015).Quanto à sua correlação com a incidência de casos foi de 0,619 e P=0,032; e 0,675 e P=0,016, respectivamente. A umidade apresentou correlação muito baixa (0,111; P=0,732); Sua correlação com a incidência de casos foi de 0,106 e P=0,744. A incidência de casos de dengue apresentou estreita ligação com os casos notificados de dengue (0,998; P=0,00). Conclusões: Os resultados revelam correlações estatisticamente significativas que sugerem que o aumento de casos de dengue causados pelo vetor Aedes, na província de Coronel Portillo, Peru, está associado à variabilidade climática ocorrida de 2014 a 2023.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Numerous investigations have studied the link between climate variability and its effects on the epidemiology of dengue, highlighting the complex nature of this relationship due to the great adaptability of the Aedes vector. Studying climate variability as part of a comprehensive analysis of dengue epidemiology is essential to evaluate its impact on the recurring epidemics that occur. Objective: The present study sought to determine if there is an association between dengue cases reported from 2014 to 2023 in the province of Coronel Portillo, Peru, and climate variability, in the period January 2021 to December 2023. Method: The study was descriptive, reflective and analytical over time. The sources of information were obtained from the Regional Health Directorate of Ucayali and the National Meteorology and Hydrology Service of Peru. Statistical tests of cross-correlation between variables were carried out. Results: Temperature showed a moderate positive correlation with reported dengue cases (0.594; P=0.042), as did precipitation (0.678; P=0.015).Regarding its correlation with the incidence of cases, it was 0.619 and P=0.032; and 0.675 and P=0.016, respectively. Humidity showed a very low correlation (0.111; P=0.732); Its correlation with the incidence of cases was 0.106 and P=0.744. The incidence of dengue cases presented a close connection with the reported dengue cases (0.998; P=0.00). Conclusions: The results reveal statistically significant correlations that suggest that the increase in dengue cases caused by the Aedes vector, in the province of Coronel Portillo, Peru, is associated with the climate variability that occurred from 2014 to 2023.

RESUMEN Introducción: Numerosas investigaciones han estudiado el nexo entre la variabilidad climática y sus efectos en la epidemiología del dengue, donde se destaca el carácter complejo de esta relación debido a la gran adaptabilidad del vector Aedes. Estudiar la variabilidad climática como parte de un análisis integral de la epidemiología del dengue es fundamental para evaluar su repercusión en las recurrentes epidemias acontecidas. Objetivo: El presente estudio buscó determinar si existe una asociación entre los casos de dengue reportados de 2014 a 2023en la provincia de Coronel Portillo, Perú,y la variabilidad climática, en el periodo enero 2021 a diciembre de 2023. Método: El estudio fue descriptivo, reflexivo y analítico en el tiempo. Las fuentes de información fueron obtenidas de la Dirección Regional de Salud de Ucayali y del Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología del Perú. Se realizaron pruebas estadísticas de correlación cruzada entre variables. Resultados: La temperatura mostró una correlación positiva moderada con los casos de dengue reportados (0,594; P=0,042), al igual que la precipitación (0,678; P=0,015). En cuanto a su correlación con la incidencia de casos fue de 0,619 y P=0,032; y 0,675 y P=0,016, respectivamente. La humedad mostró una correlación muy baja (0,111; P=0,732); su correlación con la incidencia de casosfue de 0,106 y P=0,744.La incidencia de los casos de dengue presentó una estrecha conexión con los casos de dengue reportados (0,998; P=0,00). Conclusiones: Los resultados revelan correlaciones estadísticamente significativas que sugieren que el aumento en los casos de dengue producidos por el vector Aedes, en la provincia de Coronel Portillo, Perú, está asociado con la variabilidad climática ocurrida de 2014 a 2023.

Maldonado Bay is situated on the northeastern shore of the River Plate estuary. Some hydrological and biological characteristics of the area were investigated during a complete year. The survey encompassed the characterization and circulation of main water masses in the bay, water quality, zooplankton composition and dynamics, and settlement and growth of the mussel Mytilus. The sample strategy was designed to cope with the high spatial and temporal variability of the estuary.

Resumen Las anomalías climáticas, tanto a nivel mundial como en Ecuador, son cada vez más frecuentes y de mayor intensidad, generando impactos negativos en la sociedad, economía y medio ambiente. Ante la posibilidad de eventos hidrometeorológicos, como un evento El Niño, surge la pregunta de si Ecuador está preparado para enfrentar y reducir los impactos del cambio climático. Para responder a esto, se analizan diferentes factores como la existencia de política nacional, institucionalidad con capacidad de respuesta, opciones de formación profesional y recursos humanos, disponibilidad y acceso a datos actualizados, y recursos económicos y tecnológicos. En términos generales, se concluye que Ecuador no cuenta con una política nacional adecuada ni una institucionalidad con recursos y capacidad suficientes para generar, procesar y difundir datos e información necesarios para tomar decisiones frente al cambio climático. Es necesario enfrentar las falencias coyunturales y estructurales y establecer una política nacional para la gestión nacional de la meteorología e hidrología que genere opciones de formación profesional, una institucionalidad técnica desconcentrada y con recursos adecuados, y cumpla un rol de rectoría y facilitador de procesos en torno a la política nacional de la meteorología e hidrología.

Abstract Climate anomalies, both worldwide and in Ecuador, are becoming more frequent and intense, generating negative impacts on society, economy and the environment. Given the possibility of hydrometeorological events, such as an El Niño event, the question arises of whether Ecuador is prepared to face and reduce the impacts of climate change. To answer this, different factors are analyzed, such as the existence of a national policy, institutional capacity to respond, options for professional training and human resources, availability and access to updated data, and economic and technological resources. In general terms, it is concluded that Ecuador does not have an adequate national policy or an institution with sufficient resources and capacity to generate, process and disseminate data and information necessary to make decisions regarding climate change. It is necessary to address the current and structural shortcomings and establish a national policy for the management of meteorology and hydrology that generates options for professional training, a decentralized technical institution with adequate resources, and performs a role of leadership and facilitator of processes around the national policy of meteorology and hydrology.