The partial or complete loss of vegetation cover triggers an increase in surface runoff, erosion, and sedimentation of water bodies, including reservoirs for hydroelectric power generation, reducing their life expectancy. To control or mitigate this issue, ecological restoration interventions should prioritize the recovery of areas most vulnerable to these processes, such as springs. Conversely, wildfires cause damage to vegetation cover and hinder ecological restoration and/or natural regeneration processes. Therefore, this study aimed to identify - with the aid of Geographic Information Systems - the temporal and spatial likelihood of fire occurrences in spring recharge areas undergoing ecological restoration and contributing to hydroelectric reservoirs in southern Minas Gerais, Brazil. The findings indicated that the months with the highest probability of wildfire occurrences were August and September (accounting for 66% of cases), requiring increased attention to prevention efforts. Furthermore, locations most susceptible to fires (steeper slopes, more flammable vegetation, and higher anthropogenic use) should be treated as priorities for both prevention and ecological restoration actions

A perda parcial ou total da cobertura vegetal desencadeia um aumento do escoamento superficial, erosão e assoreamento de corpos hídricos, entre eles os reservatórios para a geração de energia hidroelétrica, reduzindo sua expectativa de vida útil. Para tentar controlar ou corrigir este problema, intervenções de restauração ecológica devem priorizar a recuperação de áreas mais frágeis a estes processos, como as nascentes. Por outro lado, a ocorrência de incêndios promove danos à cobertura vegetal e inibem os processos de restauração ecológica e/ou regeneração natural. Desta forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi identificar - com o auxílio de Sistemas de Informações Geográficas - a época mais provável e os locais mais susceptíveis aos incêndios, em áreas de recarga de nascentes sob processo de restauração ecológica e que são contribuintes de reservatórios hidroelétricos no sul de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Os resultados demonstraram que os meses de maior probabilidade de ocorrências de incêndios florestais foram agosto e setembro (66% dos casos), o que exigirá maior atenção quando das ações de prevenção. Bem assim, que os locais mais susceptíveis à ocorrência de incêndios (maior inclinação, vegetação mais inflamável e maior uso antrópico) necessitarão ser tratados como prioritários, tanto para ações de prevenção quanto de restauração ecológica

Resumen: El tránsito de avenidas por lo general es usado en el análisis y evaluación de inundaciones, sin embargo, ha sido poco estudiado en la extensión y determinación de caudales. Por ello, esta investigación tuvo por objetivo generar caudales aplicando un método simple de tránsito de avenidas conocido como Muskingum a nivel mensual, en la cuenca La Leche de Perú. Se escogió la cuenca en mención, pues en los últimos 40 años ha sufrido grandes inundaciones, viéndose afectada gran parte de la población, terrenos de cultivo e infraestructura local, por lo que se requiere abordar su estudio. La metodología fue del tipo aplicada y de diseño no experimental comparativo. Debido a que el tránsito de avenidas emplea los parámetros de proporcionalidad de volumen y ponderación del tránsito en intervalos de tiempo definido, se creyó conveniente usar indicadores estadísticos para optimizar la comparación de los caudales registrados en las estaciones hidrométricas y los hidrogramas de la simulación de un modelo hidrológico tipo precipitación-escorrentía para diferentes períodos de retorno, obteniéndose significativos resultados en cada caso, según la correlación de Pearson, el criterio de Schultz, el criterio de Nash-Sutcliffe, el error de balance de masas y la prueba t para dos muestras suponiendo varianzas iguales. Finalmente, se concluye que se pueden establecer caudales empleando el tránsito de avenidas con el método Muskingum en la cuenca La Leche, además pueden utilizarse en descargas simuladas donde se disponga de información meteorológica e hidrométrica.

Abstract: The flood routing is generally used in the analysis and evaluation of floods; however, it has been scarcely explored in the extent and determination of flows. Therefore, this research aimed to generate flows applying a simple method of flood routing known as Muskingum to monthly level, in the La Leche basin of Peru. The basin in question was chosen, since in the last 40 years it has suffered major floods, affecting a large part of the population, farmland and local infrastructure, which is why it is necessary to address its study. The methodology was of applied type and comparative non-experimental design. Due to the fact that the flood routing uses the parameters of proportionality of volume and weighting of routing in defined intervals of time, it was considered convenient to use statistical indicators to optimize the comparison of the flows registered in the hydrometric stations and the hydrographs of the simulation of a hydrological model rainfall-runoff type for different return periods, obtaining significant results in each case, according to the Pearson correlation, the Schultz criterion, the Nash-Sutcliffe criterion, the mass balance error and the t-test for two samples assuming equal variances. Finally, it is concluded that flows can be established using the flood routing with the Muskingum method in the La Leche basin, and can also be used in simulated discharges where meteorological and hydrometric information is available.

SIGNIFICANCE: Recent research reveals that the arid western interior of South Africa has experienced substantially more humid conditions on several occasions during the last 70 000 years. These findings, likely regional in scope, speak to changes to the resource base available to prehistoric hunter-gatherers. Together with recent archaeological findings from this region, there has emerged a growing recognition that previously archaeologically overlooked areas of South Africa's arid interior need to be included in models of human history. This presents new challenges for archaeologists and palaeoclimatologists, particularly given the prevalence of surficial, rather than stratified, archaeological evidence throughout much of this region.

Hydropedology is an interdisciplinary field that studies the interactions between soil and water, recognizing that soils influence hydrological processes through their hydraulic properties, and serve as indicators of hydrological behaviour through their morphological properties that are shaped by water regimes. Given the practical implications of hydropedology and its integration into South Africa's latest soil classification system, an updated categorization of soil forms and 1 657 (1 629 + 28) families was necessary, organizing them into three overarching response groups based on their predominant hydrological responses: recharge, interflow, and responsive. Within these groups, recharge soils are further classified into deep, shallow, and slow subgroups, interflow soils encompass soil/bedrock, shallow, and slow categories, while responsive soils are subdivided into responsive shallow and responsive wet. This paper aims to enhance the reader's comprehension of hydrological responses and simplify the intricacies integrated into South Africa's official soil classification system.

Abstract Soil moisture content can be used to predict drought impact on agricultural yield better than precipitation. Remote sensing is viable source of soil moisture data in instrument-scarce areas. However, space-based soil moisture estimates lack suitability for daily and high-resolution agricultural, hydrological, and environmental applications. This study aimed to assess the potential of the random forest machine learning technique to enhance the spatial resolution of remote soil moisture products from the SMAP satellite. Models were built using random forest for spatial downscaling of SMAP-L3-E, then visually and statistically evaluated for disaggregation quality. The impact of topography, soil properties, and precipitation on the downscaled soil moisture was examined. The relationship between downscaled soil moisture and in-situ soil moisture was analyzed. The results indicate that the proposed method demonstrated spatial and hydrological coherence, along with a satisfactory downscaling quality. Statistical validation indicated suitable generalization error for scientific and practical use (RMSE < 0.05 cm3 cm-3). Random forest effectively achieved spatial downscaling of SMAP-L3-E in the study area. Principal component and spatial analysis revealed dependence of downscaled soil moisture on elevation, soil organic carbon content, clay content, and saturated hydraulic conductivity, mainly under near-saturation conditions. Regarding validation against in-situ data, downscaled soil moisture explained in-situ soil moisture well under low soil water content (ρ = 0.624). Downscaling performance deteriorates for water contents between 0.40 to 0.50 cm3 cm-3, suggesting inadequacy under near saturation conditions at a daily temporal frequency. However, coarser temporal aggregations (7 to 10 days) yielded an average 0.98 correlation coefficient, regardless of saturation conditions. These results could potentially be applied in irrigation planning, soil physics studies and hydrology monitoring, to forecasting the occurrence of droughts, leaching of contaminants, surface runoff modeling, carbon cycle studies, soil's capacity to store and provide nutrients. Our results could mainly be applied to understanding the impact of droughts on crop yield.

Non-perennial rivers (NPRs) have three hydrological states; each state has its importance, function and implication for water resource management. The dynamics of these states have been inadequately assessed and understood. Hence, this study sought to determine the spatiotemporal variations in the hydrological :onditions of NPRs, focusing on the Touws River-Karoo drylands and Molototsi River within the semi-arid region of the Limpopo Province of South Africa. Additionally, the study aimed to delineate and characterize the primary areas contributing to runoff in these two river systems. Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 satellite data sources were employed in this study. Specifically, the modified normalized difference water index (MNDWI) derived from Sentinel-2 was utilized to delineate water surface areas along the two rivers. Subsequently, these derived datasets were utilized to assess the hydrological states over a 32-month period (2019-2022,. Based on the presence of water, the river's state was classified as flowing, pooled, or dry. The results showed that remote sensing can be used to determine the hydrological state of the two river systems with -90% overall accuracy. However, there is about a 30% chance that a flow event can be missed using Sentinel-2 due to clouds and temporal resolution. Some of these gaps can be filled using synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data (Sentinel-1), as demonstrated with the Molototsi River. In the Molototsi catchment, the upper catchment contributes the majority of flows. For theTouws River, the southwestern part of the catchment was determined as the major contributing area for the observed flows. This suggests that the chosen observation site might riot be representative of upper catchment dynamics; therefore, a monitoring site in the upper catchment is equired. This study provided hydrological information and an approach that can be used to monitor the hydrological states for better understanding and management of NPRs and catchments.

Resumen En la última década, la escasez hídrica en Minas Gerais afectó la disponibilidad hídrica superficial, direccionando a los usuarios al uso de aguas subterráneas como fuente alternativa. La cuenca del río São Francisco es una de las más importantes entre las que bañan el estado, tanto por su alcance espacial como por la preponderancia del uso de aguas subterráneas. Debido a la escasez hídrica resultante de sequías extremas entre 2009 y 2018, presentó una tendencia de aumento en requerimientos de uso de aguas subterráneas. El objetivo de este artículo fue evaluar la correlación entre el aumento de estos requerimientos y los períodos de anomalías pluviométricas negativas en relación a la situación crítica de escasez hídrica, definida por la Resolusión Normativa CERH/MG 49/2015. Se observó una relación directa entre las anomalías de precipitación negativa y la escasez de agua, y el aumento de los requerimientos para uso de aguas subterráneas, especialmente entre 2014 y 2018. década superficial alternativa estado 200 2018 CERHMG CERH MG 492015 49 2015 49/2015 agua 201 20 49201 4 49/201 2 4920 49/20 492 49/2 49/

Abstract In the last decade, water scarcity in Minas Gerais affected surface water availability, leading users to privilege the use of groundwater as an alternative source. The São Francisco River basin is one of the most important watersheds of the state, both for its spatial occurrence and for the preponderance of groundwater use. Due to water scarcity resulting from extreme drought events between 2009 and 2018, there was an increasing requirement trend for the licensing of groundwater abstractions. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the correlation between the increase in these requirements and periods of negative rainfall anomalies in relation to critical situations of water scarcity, defined by the State’s Normative Deliberation CERH/MG 49/2015. A direct relationship between negative rainfall anomalies and water scarcity and the increased need for groundwater use was observed, especially in the years between 2014 and 2018. decade availability source state 200 2018 abstractions States State s CERHMG CERH MG 492015 49 2015 49/2015 observed 201 20 49201 4 49/201 2 4920 49/20 492 49/2 49/

Resumo Na última década, a escassez hídrica em Minas Gerais afetou a disponibilidade hídrica superficial, levando usuários a privilegiar o uso da água subterrânea como fonte alternativa. A bacia hidrográfica do rio São Francisco é uma das mais importantes dentre as que banham o estado, tanto pela abrangência espacial quanto pela preponderância do uso de água subterrânea. Devido à escassez hídrica resultado de eventos extremos de estiagem entre 2009 e 2018, houve uma tendência no aumento de requerimentos de outorgas de uso de água subterrânea. O objetivo deste artigo foi avaliar a correlação entre o aumento desses requerimentos e períodos de anomalias negativas de precipitações em relação à situação crítica de escassez hídrica, definida pela Deliberação Normativa CERH/MG 49/2015. Observou-se uma relação direta entre anomalias negativas de precipitação e escassez hídrica, e o aumento de requerimentos para uso de águas subterrâneas, principalmente nos anos entre 2014 e 2018. década superficial alternativa estado 200 2018 CERHMG CERH MG 492015 49 2015 49/2015 Observouse Observou se subterrâneas 201 20 49201 4 49/201 2 4920 49/20 492 49/2 49/

ABSTRACT Accuracy in river flows forecasts is crucial for Hydrology, but is challenged by fluviometric data quality. This study investigates the impact of different missing data imputation methods on the Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) model performance. SARIMA (1,1,1)(0,1,1)12 was selected using semi-automated criteria, such as lowest AIC, significant parameters (p-value < 0.05) and residuals adequacy. This model was then compared with reconstructed series using different imputation methods such as Mean (AM), Median (M), Spline and Stinemann Interpolations, Regional Weighting (RW), Multiple Linear Regression (MLR), Multiple Imputation (MI) and Maximum Likelihood (ML). The data were analyzed considering scenarios of 5, 20 and 40% missing data, following random and block patterns, using data from the Doce River, in Southeast Brazil. Results obtained by the performance indicators and, their respective relative differences, indicated that, univariate (AM and M) and multivariate (PW and RLM) methods limited the model's performance, while univariate Spline and Stine and multivariate IM and ML methods didn't present significant limitations, except Spline for the block pattern. It is concluded that, future predictions accuracy depends, not only on a well-trained and validated model, but also on the appropriate use of missing data imputation methods. Hydrology quality (SARIMA 1,1,10,1,112 11101112 1,1,1 0,1,1 12 1 0 (1,1,1)(0,1,1)1 semiautomated semi automated criteria AIC pvalue p value 0.05 005 05 adequacy AM, AM , (AM) M, M (M) Interpolations RW, RW (RW) MLR, MLR (MLR) MI (MI ML. . (ML) 5 2 40 patterns River Brazil differences that PW RLM models s didnt didn t limitations pattern depends welltrained well trained 10 112 1,1,10,1,11 1110111 111 1,1, 011 0,1, (1,1,1)(0,1,1) 0.0 00 (M (RW (MLR (ML 4 11 1,1,10,1,1 111011 1,1 01 0,1 (1,1,1)(0,1,1 0. 1,1,10,1, 11101 1, 0, (1,1,1)(0,1, 1,1,10,1 1110 (1,1,1)(0,1 1,1,10, (1,1,1)(0, 1,1,10 (1,1,1)(0 (1,1,1)( (1,1,1) (1,1,1 (1,1, (1,1 (1, (1 (

RESUMO A precisão nas previsões de vazão dos rios é crucial para a Hidrologia, mas é desafiada pela qualidade dos dados fluviométricos. Este estudo investiga o impacto de diferentes métodos de imputação de dados faltantes no desempenho do modelo Autoregressivo Integrado de Médias Móveis Sazonal (SARIMA). O modelo SARIMA (1,1,1)(0,1,1)12 foi selecionado usando critérios semi-automatizados, como menor AIC, parâmetros significativos (p-valor < 0,05) e adequação dos resíduos. Este modelo foi então comparado com séries reconstruídas usando diferentes métodos de imputação, como Média (AM), Mediana (M), Interpolações Spline e Stinemann, Ponderação Regional (RW), Regressão Linear Múltipla (MLR), Imputação Múltipla (MI) e Máxima Verossimilhança (ML). Os dados foram analisados considerando cenários de 5, 20 e 40% de dados faltantes, seguindo padrões aleatórios e de blocos, utilizando dados do Rio Doce, no Sudeste do Brasil. Os resultados obtidos pelos indicadores de desempenho e suas respectivas diferenças relativas, indicaram que, métodos univariados (AM e M) e multivariados (PW e RLM) limitaram o desempenho do modelo, enquanto os métodos univariados Spline e Stine e multivariados IM e ML não apresentaram limitações significativas, exceto Spline para o padrão de blocos. Conclui-se que a precisão das previsões futuras depende, não apenas de um modelo bem treinado e validado, mas também, do uso adequado de métodos de imputação de dados faltantes. Hidrologia fluviométricos SARIMA. . (SARIMA) 1,1,10,1,112 11101112 1,1,1 0,1,1 12 1 0 (1,1,1)(0,1,1)1 semiautomatizados, semiautomatizados semi automatizados, automatizados semi-automatizados AIC pvalor p valor 0,05 005 05 resíduos AM, AM , (AM) M, M (M) Stinemann RW, RW (RW) MLR, MLR (MLR) MI (MI ML. (ML) 5 2 40 blocos Doce Brasil relativas PW RLM significativas Concluise Conclui se depende validado também (SARIMA 10 112 1,1,10,1,11 1110111 111 1,1, 011 0,1, (1,1,1)(0,1,1) 0,0 00 (M (RW (MLR (ML 4 11 1,1,10,1,1 111011 1,1 01 0,1 (1,1,1)(0,1,1 0, 1,1,10,1, 11101 1, (1,1,1)(0,1, 1,1,10,1 1110 (1,1,1)(0,1 1,1,10, (1,1,1)(0, 1,1,10 (1,1,1)(0 (1,1,1)( (1,1,1) (1,1,1 (1,1, (1,1 (1, (1 (

ABSTRACT Identifying sediment sources is fundamental for protecting and improving soil and water quality. Conventional fingerprinting studies have often collected sediments at the overall watershed outlet only, resulting in an important spatial scale dependency. This study aimed to identify and to assess the delivery patterns of sediment sources within three priority sub-catchments (Sapocaji, Piedade and Minas) located in the downstream portion of the Ipojuca River watershed in Brazil. This research would build on understanding sediment sources in the studied watershed by elucidating source type contributions on a sub-catchment basis. Both bed and suspended sediment samples were collected in these sub-catchments, and two types of sources were sampled: surface and subsurface sources. A total of 21 geochemical tracers were measured. The tracers were evaluated for their conservation and discriminatory ability (Kruskal-Wallis test and linear discriminant analysis), and the best set of tracers was selected for source apportionment modeling using MixSIAR. Surface (i.e., sugarcane croplands) sources contributed the highest to suspended sediments in the Piedade and Minas sub-catchments. There was a difference in the quality of riverbank management, which helped explain contrasts in the importance of this source. Overall, sub-catchment-specific sediment control management measures, such as the revegetation of riparian forests, need to be implemented, mainly in the Sapocaji sub-catchment. These results underscore the importance of connectivity for surface source contributions. only dependency subcatchments sub catchments Sapocaji, (Sapocaji Brazil subcatchment catchment basis subcatchments, catchments, sampled 2 measured KruskalWallis Kruskal Wallis analysis, analysis , analysis) MixSIAR i.e., ie i e (i.e. croplands subcatchments. catchments. Overall subcatchmentspecific specific measures forests implemented subcatchment. catchment. i.e. (i.e i.e

Invasive freshwater fish can often have severe negative effects on native fishes in river systems. The interactions between hydrology and habitat variability can mediate the speed and success of individual invasions and the consequent impact on biodiversity. The rivers within Addo Elephant National Park (AENP) in the Eastern Cape, South Africa experience cyclical droughts and wet periods and as a result are naturally episodic. These rivers were recently invaded by three non-native species, the invasive largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) as well as the extralimital sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). Monitoring of key sampling sites along two rivers over a 12-year period that included two major droughts revealed unexpected patterns in the spread of these species and their interactions with native fishes. On the Coerney River, C. gariepinus repeatedly invaded and was extirpated from a seasonal reach of the river, wherein O. mossambicus was only occasionally captured. On the Wit River, two apparently independent introductions of M. salmoides in the lower and upper reaches of the river resulted in patchy habitat occupancy over the course of 12 years. While C. gariepinus regularly co-occurred with native species, M. salmoides appeared to locally extirpate the endangered Eastern Cape redfin (Pseudobarbus afer). During drought, both species persisted in close but disconnected pools, suggesting that the episodic hydrology and geomorphology of these rivers may offer temporary predation refugia for native species during drought. CONSERVATION IMPLICATIONS: Drought in episodic rivers can mitigate against the impact and spread of freshwater invasions within protected areas. Effects of drying on invasion corridors and spatial interactions with native species should be taken into consideration when managing such invasions. Severe droughts also offer an opportunity to actively control invasive species when they are confined to accessible drought refugia within the protected area

ABSTRACT The partial or complete loss of vegetation cover triggers an increase in surface runoff, erosion, and sedimentation of water bodies, including reservoirs for hydroelectric power generation, reducing their life expectancy. To control or mitigate this issue, ecological restoration interventions should prioritize the recovery of areas most vulnerable to these processes, such as springs. Conversely, wildfires cause damage to vegetation cover and hinder ecological restoration and/or natural regeneration processes. Therefore, this study aimed to identify - with the aid of Geographic Information Systems - the temporal and spatial likelihood of fire occurrences in spring recharge areas undergoing ecological restoration and contributing to hydroelectric reservoirs in southern Minas Gerais, Brazil. The findings indicated that the months with the highest probability of wildfire occurrences were August and September (accounting for 66% of cases), requiring increased attention to prevention efforts. Furthermore, locations most susceptible to fires (steeper slopes, more flammable vegetation, and higher anthropogenic use) should be treated as priorities for both prevention and ecological restoration actions. runoff erosion bodies generation expectancy issue processes springs Conversely andor Therefore Gerais Brazil accounting 66 cases, cases , cases) efforts Furthermore steeper slopes use actions 6

RESUMO A perda parcial ou total da cobertura vegetal desencadeia um aumento do escoamento superficial, erosão e assoreamento de corpos hídricos, entre eles os reservatórios para a geração de energia hidroelétrica, reduzindo sua expectativa de vida útil. Para tentar controlar ou corrigir este problema, intervenções de restauração ecológica devem priorizar a recuperação de áreas mais frágeis a estes processos, como as nascentes. Por outro lado, a ocorrência de incêndios promove danos à cobertura vegetal e inibem os processos de restauração ecológica e/ou regeneração natural. Desta forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi identificar - com o auxílio de Sistemas de Informações Geográficas - a época mais provável e os locais mais susceptíveis aos incêndios, em áreas de recarga de nascentes sob processo de restauração ecológica e que são contribuintes de reservatórios hidroelétricos no sul de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Os resultados demonstraram que os meses de maior probabilidade de ocorrências de incêndios florestais foram agosto e setembro (66% dos casos), o que exigirá maior atenção quando das ações de prevenção. Bem assim, que os locais mais susceptíveis à ocorrência de incêndios (maior inclinação, vegetação mais inflamável e maior uso antrópico) necessitarão ser tratados como prioritários, tanto para ações de prevenção quanto de restauração ecológica. superficial hídricos hidroelétrica útil problema lado eou natural forma Gerais Brasil 66% 66 (66 casos, casos , casos) assim inclinação antrópico prioritários 6 (6 (

Maldonado Bay is situated on the northeastern shore of the River Plate estuary. Some hydrological and biological characteristics of the area were investigated during a complete year. The survey encompassed the characterization and circulation of main water masses in the bay, water quality, zooplankton composition and dynamics, and settlement and growth of the mussel Mytilus. The sample strategy was designed to cope with the high spatial and temporal variability of the estuary.

Abstract: Agriculture plays a very important role due to economic and food dependence. This sector generates large volumes of data represented in the form of text, tables, etc., which lacks meaning or value to be used in decision making by agricultural entrepreneurs, government agencies or researchers in the area. Due to the need to generate agricultural knowledge, some organizations, led by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, implement technologies to structure and formalize knowledge through semantic resources. This has led to the development of a large amount of agricultural semantic resources. However, these resources have been developed with characteristics such as climate, soil, relief, vegetation, fauna and hydrology of a particular country or region, which makes it impossible to use them in another country. Since in Mexico, agriculture is an important sector, it is necessary to make semantic resources of the most common crops in Mexico. This article presents the development of 3 semantic resources of the most common crops in Mexico through the reuse of existing ontologies in the literature.

Resumen Las anomalías climáticas, tanto a nivel mundial como en Ecuador, son cada vez más frecuentes y de mayor intensidad, generando impactos negativos en la sociedad, economía y medio ambiente. Ante la posibilidad de eventos hidrometeorológicos, como un evento El Niño, surge la pregunta de si Ecuador está preparado para enfrentar y reducir los impactos del cambio climático. Para responder a esto, se analizan diferentes factores como la existencia de política nacional, institucionalidad con capacidad de respuesta, opciones de formación profesional y recursos humanos, disponibilidad y acceso a datos actualizados, y recursos económicos y tecnológicos. En términos generales, se concluye que Ecuador no cuenta con una política nacional adecuada ni una institucionalidad con recursos y capacidad suficientes para generar, procesar y difundir datos e información necesarios para tomar decisiones frente al cambio climático. Es necesario enfrentar las falencias coyunturales y estructurales y establecer una política nacional para la gestión nacional de la meteorología e hidrología que genere opciones de formación profesional, una institucionalidad técnica desconcentrada y con recursos adecuados, y cumpla un rol de rectoría y facilitador de procesos en torno a la política nacional de la meteorología e hidrología.

Abstract Climate anomalies, both worldwide and in Ecuador, are becoming more frequent and intense, generating negative impacts on society, economy and the environment. Given the possibility of hydrometeorological events, such as an El Niño event, the question arises of whether Ecuador is prepared to face and reduce the impacts of climate change. To answer this, different factors are analyzed, such as the existence of a national policy, institutional capacity to respond, options for professional training and human resources, availability and access to updated data, and economic and technological resources. In general terms, it is concluded that Ecuador does not have an adequate national policy or an institution with sufficient resources and capacity to generate, process and disseminate data and information necessary to make decisions regarding climate change. It is necessary to address the current and structural shortcomings and establish a national policy for the management of meteorology and hydrology that generates options for professional training, a decentralized technical institution with adequate resources, and performs a role of leadership and facilitator of processes around the national policy of meteorology and hydrology.

Efficient water resource management is crucial, especially in countries that share islands, such as the Dominican Republic. However, the management of these resources is often hindered by a lack of precise and detailed information about the hydrographic network. Although there are multiple sources of geographical information on the country's hydrography, they have limitations in terms of resolution, coverage, and consistency. In this study, we present a dense hydrographic network and its corresponding basins, obtained after applying reproducible computational hydrology algorithms to a medium-resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the Dominican Republic. We extracted statistics on morphotopography and Hortonian variables, and characterized the streams and basins based on network order consistently. The results revealed previously unknown patterns in the hydrography, largely responding to the distribution of lithology, tectonic structures, geomorphology, and possibly climatic variables. Despite limitations such as variability in positional accuracy and the lack of complete data in plains, our result is highly accurate in mountain and foothill areas, while also making a significant methodological and data production contribution. Our work represents a significant addition to Dominican physical geography and sets a precedent in the application of computational hydrology techniques. Combining data, protocols, and analysis, the importance of this research is highlighted, providing valuable tools for future practical and scientific applications.

La administración eficiente de recursos hídricos es crucial, especialmente en países que comparten islas, como República Dominicana. No obstante, la gestión de estos recursos a menudo se ve limitada por la falta de información precisa y detallada sobre la red hidrográfica. A pesar de que existen múltiples fuentes de información geográfica sobre la hidrografía del país, éstas presentan limitaciones en términos de resolución, cobertura y consistencia. En este trabajo presentamos una red hidrográfica densa, y sus correspondientes cuencas, obtenidas tras aplicar algoritmos reproducibles de hidrología computacional a un Modelo Digital de Elevaciones (DEM) de resolución media de República Dominicana. Extrajimos estadísticos sobre la morfotopografía y variables hortonianas, y caracterizamos las corrientes y cuencas en función del orden de red de forma consistente. Los resultados evidenciaron patrones hasta ahora desconocidos sobre la hidrografía, que responden en gran medida a la distribución de la litología, las estructuras tectónicas, la geomorfología y, posiblemente, a variables climáticas. A pesar de limitaciones como la variabilidad en precisión posicional y la falta de datos completos en llanuras, nuestro resultado tiene buena precisión en áreas de montaña y piedemonte y, al mismo tiempo, generamos una contribución metodológica y de producción de datos relevante. Nuestro trabajo constituye un aporte significativo a la geografía física dominicana, y sienta un precedente en la aplicación de técnicas de hidrología computacional. Con la combinación de datos, protocolos y análisis, destaca la trascendencia de la investigación, aportando herramientas valiosas para futuras aplicaciones prácticas y científicas.