Abstract This study presents the first preliminary phytochemical screening and investigation of the lipoidal matter of Latania verschaffeltii Lem. leaves, belonging to the Arecaceae family. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) was used to analyze and identify compounds of saponifiable and unsaponifiable content. The preliminary phytochemical screening of total methanolic extract of Latania verschaffeltii Lem. leaves revealed the presence of unsaturated sterols and/or triterpenes, carbohydrates and/or glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and phenolic acids in the leaves. However, cardenolides, cyanogenic compounds, alkaloids, and iridoids were not detected. The results of the gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis indicated that the percentage of saturated fatty acids (83.82%) is higher than that of unsaturated fatty acids (9.42%). The predominant methyl ester of a saturated fatty acid detected in the sample was hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, accounting for 41.68% of the total. The composition of the unsaponifiable matter consisted of hydrocarbons (5.66%), fatty alcohols (0.96%), terpenes (85.97%), and sterols (2.18%). The major terpenes observed were phytol (43.62%) and squalene (39.27%). Lem family GC/MS GCMS GC MS (GC/MS content andor or triterpenes glycosides flavonoids tannins saponins However cardenolides alkaloids chromatographymass 83.82% 8382 83 82 (83.82% 9.42%. 942 9.42% . 9 42 (9.42%) 4168 41 68 41.68 5.66%, 566 5.66% , 5 66 (5.66%) 0.96%, 096 0.96% 0 96 (0.96%) 85.97%, 8597 85.97% 85 97 (85.97%) 2.18%. 218 2.18% 2 18 (2.18%) 43.62% 4362 43 62 (43.62% 39.27%. 3927 39.27% 39 27 (39.27%) 83.82 838 8 (83.82 94 9.42 4 (9.42% 416 6 41.6 56 5.66 (5.66% 09 0.96 (0.96% 859 85.97 (85.97% 21 2.18 1 (2.18% 43.62 436 (43.62 392 39.27 3 (39.27% 83.8 (83.8 9.4 (9.42 41. 5.6 (5.66 0.9 (0.96 85.9 (85.97 2.1 (2.18 43.6 (43.6 39.2 (39.27 83. (83. 9. (9.4 5. (5.6 0. (0.9 85. (85.9 2. (2.1 43. (43. 39. (39.2 (83 (9. (5. (0. (85. (2. (43 (39. (8 (9 (5 (0 (85 (2 (4 (39 ( (3

To investigate the anthropogenic contamination of the Port of Suape, five surface sediments were collected and subjected to a geochemical characterization based on the determination of environmental biomarkers such as sterols, aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and also metals and arsenic. Sterol analyses point to a moderate level of sewage contamination, while n-alkanes analyses indicated contamination by petroleum in an early stage of biodegradation. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons analyses pointed to a mixture of contributions for the organic matter, which were predominantly found for petrogenic and pyrolytic sources. The quantification of trace metals indicated a low risk to the environment, except for As, which was identified as displaying moderate contamination. During the analysis of all biomarkers, the sediment collected near one of the shipyards was the most affected. These results enable comprehension of the level of contamination in an important Brazilian port and the need to develop remediation policies. Suape sterols arsenic nalkanes n alkanes biodegradation matter sources environment As affected policies

Abstract Biomarkers of environmental contamination have been frequently used in the assessment of marine ecosystem quality because they provide quantitative measures of biological changes in organisms exposed to pollutants such as hydrocarbons from oil spills. Polychaetes have been tested as sentinel organisms of marine environmental health because they are abundant taxa of benthic assemblages and their sedentary lifestyle ensures chronic exposure to toxins in impacted areas. In this study, we evaluated whether the polychaete Scolelepis goodbodyi can be used as a reliable sentinel species for exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from an experimental diesel spill in a dissipative sand beach in the Southern Atlantic. The design used in this study comprised replicated control and diesel impact sites sampled four times (one, two, four and seven days) before and after the impact. Total PAH levels reached 114.0 ng g -1 in the impact site one day after the diesel spill; however, the pattern of biomarker responses in S. goodbodyi was primarily influenced by spatial variation rather than being attributed to the simulated diesel spill. The apparent absence of a contaminating effect may be linked to the low levels of the toxins retained in the sediment after the spill was simulated to elicit a response or to the presence of an efficient repair system within the organism. Furthermore, the sediments tested in this study, composed of sandy fractions, had a low capacity to concentrate PAHs after the simulated diesel spill, which may have contributed to the low significant changes in their biomarker activities. Based on our results, further studies testing other Polychaeta species and simulating oil spills in sedimentary environments composed of fine sediments such as salt marshes and mangroves may help produce evidence on more effective biomarker responses in these organisms. areas (PAHs Atlantic one, (one two days 1140 114 0 114. 1 - however S organism Furthermore fractions activities results 11

ABSTRACT This study aimed to assess population and reproductive aspects of the ampithoid amphipod Cymadusa filosa Savigny, 1816 in a region with pollution by petrogenic hydrocarbons. Sampling of Sargassum furcatum Kützing, 1843 fronds and the associated fauna was conducted in March, September and December 2007 and February 2008, on four rocky shores located on São Sebastião Island, southeastern Brazil. A total of 1372 specimens of C. filosa were recorded, including 934 juveniles, 274 females (60 ovigerous) and 164 males. Population mean density ranged from 1.27 to 6.40 ind/g with higher mean values in March 2007 and lower in December 2007 and February 2008. The total body length of males varied from 4.11 to 20.75 mm and of females from 3.58 to 20.22 mm. No significant difference was detected between male and female body length. The overall sex ratio significantly differed from 1:1 proportion and was skewed toward females (0.60:1). Ovigerous females occurred in higher proportion in February 2008 and presented mean fecundity of 26.01 ± 1.84 eggs/female (mean ± se), with great variation in the number of eggs found in the marsupium (between 1 and 56). Fecundity increased significantly with increasing female body length. The C. filosa population structure and reproduction were similar to those of populations in other locations, in Brazil and abroad indicating that pollution by petrogenic hydrocarbons in the São Sebastião Channel did not affect the population parameters of C. filosa in this region. Savigny 181 Kützing 184 200 Island 137 C recorded 93 juveniles 27 60 (6 ovigerous 16 127 1.2 640 6 40 6.4 indg ind g 411 4 11 4.1 2075 20 75 20.7 358 3 58 3.5 2022 22 20.2 1: 0.601. 0601 0.60 . 0 (0.60:1) 2601 26 01 26.0 84 1.8 eggsfemale se, se , se) 56. 56 56) locations 18 13 9 2 ( 12 1. 64 6. 41 4. 207 7 20. 35 5 3. 202 601 0.601 060 0.6 (0.60:1 260 26. 8 06 0. (0.60: (0.60 (0.6 (0. (0

RESUMO Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar aspectos populacionais e reprodutivos do anfípode ampitoídeo Cymadusa filosa Savigny, 1816 em uma região com poluição por hidrocarbonetos petrogênicos. Amostragens de frondes de Sargassum furcatum e da fauna associada foram realizadas em março, setembro e dezembro de 2007 e fevereiro de 2008, em quatro costões rochosos localizados na Ilha de São Sebastião, sudeste do Brasil. Um total de 1372 espécimes de C. filosa foi registrado, incluindo 934 juvenis, 274 fêmeas (60 ovígeras) e 164 machos. A densidade populacional média variou de 1,27 a 6,40 ind/g, com valores médios maiores em março de 2007 e menores em dezembro de 2007 e fevereiro de 2008. O comprimento corporal total dos machos variou de 4,11 a 20,75 mm e das fêmeas de 3,58 a 20,22 mm. Nenhuma diferença significativa foi detectada entre o tamanho do corpo de machos e fêmeas. A razão sexual geral diferiu significativamente da proporção de 1:1 e foi desviada para as fêmeas (0,60:1). Fêmeas ovígeras ocorreram em maior proporção em fevereiro de 2008 e apresentaram fecundidade média de 26,01 ± 1,84 ovos/fêmea (média ± erro padrão), com grande variação no número de ovos encontrados no marsúpio (entre 1 e 56). A fecundidade aumentou significativamente com o aumento do comprimento corporal das fêmeas. A estrutura populacional e a reprodução de C. filosa foram semelhantes às de populações de outras localidades no Brasil e no exterior, indicando que a poluição por hidrocarbonetos petrogênicos no Canal de São Sebastião não afetou os parâmetros populacionais de C. filosa nesta região. Savigny 181 200 137 C registrado 93 juvenis 27 60 (6 16 127 1,2 640 6 40 6,4 indg ind g ind/g 411 4 11 4,1 2075 20 75 20,7 358 3 58 3,5 2022 22 20,2 1: 0,601. 0601 0,60 . 0 (0,60:1) 2601 26 01 26,0 184 84 1,8 ovosfêmea fêmea padrão, padrão , padrão) 56. 56 56) exterior 18 13 9 2 ( 12 1, 64 6, 41 4, 207 7 20, 35 5 3, 202 601 0,601 060 0,6 (0,60:1 260 26, 8 06 0, (0,60: (0,60 (0,6 (0, (0

Resumo O presente trabalho de pesquisa apresenta a importância antiviral e antibacteriana da gordura corporal de Saara hardwickii, comumente chamado de lagarto de cauda espinhosa. O óleo foi extraído de gorduras corporais localizadas na região ventral desse animal usando hidrocarbonetos, por exemplo, n-hexano, metanol, butanol e acetato de etila, como solvente. A atividade antibacteriana do óleo do lagarto foi testada em linhagens padrão e multirresistentes de Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Proteus vulgaris, de forma isolada e com antibiótico ampicilina. Para o potencial antibacteriano, acetato de etila e extrato de butanol apresentaram melhor zona de inibição (7 mm) com P. aeruginosa e S. aureus, respectivamente. Para o potencial antiviral, o extrato de butanol e o extrato de metanol apresentaram melhor título de hemaglutinação de 4 com as cepas virais NDV e IBV, respectivamente. Conclui-se que o óleo do lagarto possui potencial antimicrobiano contra diferentes cepas de patógenos (vírus e bactérias).

Abstract Present research work represents antiviral and antibacterial value of body fat of Saara hardwickii commonly called as spiny tailed lizard. Oil was extracted from body fats located in the ventral region of this animal using hydrocarbons e.g., n-hexane, methanol, butanol and ethyl acetate as a solvent. The antibacterial activity of lizard oil was tested against standard as well as multi-resistant lines ofEscherichia coli, Styphalococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus vulgaris alone and with antibiotic ampicillin. For antibacterial potential, Ethyl acetate and Butanol solvent extract showed best zone of inhibition (7mm) with P. aeruginosa and S. aureus respectively. For antiviral potential, Butanol and Methanol extract showed best HA (Hemagglutination) titer of 04 with NDV and IBV viral strain respectively. It is concluded that lizard oil has antimicrobial potential against different pathogens strains (virus, bacteria).

ABSTRACT The model corridor stretching from Mumbai (India) to St. Petersburg (Russia) through Iran and Azerbaijan is known as the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC). This multi-modal corridor is around 7,200 km long and consists of rail, roads, and waterways. The main objective of the construction of the corridor is to improve connectivity and trade relations between the North and the South. It will play a crucial role in promoting regional cooperation and economic integration. Bilateral relations between the member countries will be developed through the project. India will have easy access to the resource-rich Central Asian nations via this corridor, bypassing Pakistan. It will help India by exporting its products to the North and Central Asian countries, including Russia, and importing hydrocarbons at a lower cost by avoiding the traditional long-time route. In the present geopolitical situation, this venture will also improve India’s strategic relations with the member countries. Although the project at present is suffering from some glitches, it will be a game changer for India’s Eurasia policy in the near future. (India St Russia (Russia NorthSouth South INSTC. INSTC . (INSTC) multimodal multi modal 7200 7 200 7,20 rail roads waterways integration resourcerich resource rich Pakistan longtime time route situation Indias s glitches future (INSTC 720 20 7,2 72 2 7,

RESUMO O corredor modelo que se estende de Mumbai (Índia) a São Petersburgo (Rússia), passando pelo Irã e pelo Azerbaijão, é conhecido como Corredor Internacional de Transporte Norte-Sul (INSTC). Esse corredor multimodal tem cerca de 7.200 km de extensão e é composto por ferrovias, rodovias e hidrovias. O principal objetivo da construção do corredor é melhorar a conectividade e as relações comerciais entre o Norte e o Sul. Desempenhará um papel crucial na promoção da cooperação regional e da integração econômica. As relações bilaterais entre os países-membros serão desenvolvidas através do projeto. A Índia terá acesso fácil às nações ricas em recursos da Ásia Central através deste corredor, contornando o Paquistão. Ajudará a Índia, exportando os seus produtos para os países do Norte e Centro da Ásia, incluindo a Rússia, e importando hidrocarbonetos a um custo mais baixo, evitando a rota tradicional de longa data. Na atual situação geopolítica, este empreendimento também melhorará as relações estratégicas da Índia com os países-membros. Embora o projeto esteja atualmente sofrendo de algumas falhas, será um fator de mudança para a política da Índia para a Eurásia num futuro próximo. (Índia Rússia , (Rússia) Azerbaijão NorteSul Sul INSTC. INSTC . (INSTC) 7200 7 200 7.20 ferrovias hidrovias econômica paísesmembros membros Paquistão baixo data geopolítica paísesmembros. membros. falhas próximo (Rússia (INSTC 720 20 7.2 72 2 7.

Surface tension (SFT) can shape the behavior of liquids in industrial chemical processes, influencing variables such as flow rate and separation efficiency. This property is commonly measured with experimental approaches such as Du Noüy ring and Wilhelmy plate methods. Here, we present machine learning (ML) methodologies that can predict the SFT of hydrocarbons. A comparative analysis encompassing k-nearest neighbors, random forest, and XGBoost (extreme gradient boosting) methods was done. Results from our study reveal that XGBoost is the most accurate in predicting hydrocarbon SFT, with a mean squared error (MSE) of 4.65 mN2 m-2 and a coefficient of determination (R2) score of 0.89. The feature importance was evaluated with the permutation feature importance method and Shapley analysis. Enthalpy of vaporization, density, molecular weight and hydrogen content are key factors in accurately predicting SFT. The successful integration of these methodologies holds the potential to impact efficiency in different industry processes. (SFT processes Here ML (ML hydrocarbons knearest k nearest neighbors forest extreme boosting done MSE (MSE 465 4 65 4.6 mN m2 m 2 m- R2 R (R2 089 0 89 0.89 vaporization density 46 6 4. (R 08 8 0.8 0.

Refined processed olive oil can indeed become significantly contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). To assess exposure to these contaminants, benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) is utilized as a marker due to its known carcinogenicity in humans. The European Commission has established a maximum limit of 2 μg kg-1 for B[a]P in edible oils. However, the analysis of trace amounts of B[a]P in a complex matrix like olive oil poses a persistent challenge. In this study, we have developed a low-temperature liquid-liquid extraction method in combination with constant energy synchronous fluorescence analysis for the determination of B[a]P in olive oil samples. The analyte was extracted from the olive oil using a mixture of acetonitrile and acetone. The performance of fluorescence measurements was evaluated by carefully considering the effects of solvent, temperature, acetone quenching, and slit width for monochromators. The proposed method demonstrates a linear range from 0.8 to 3.2 μg kg-1, with limits of detection and quantification of 0.04 and 0.80 μg kg-1, respectively. Precision and trueness assessments revealed relative standard deviations of less than 10% and recovery rates ranging from 103 to 112%. This method presents an efficient and rapid alternative to sample preparation procedure that minimizes organic solvent consumption. PAHs. PAHs . (PAHs) contaminants benzoapyrene benzo pyrene BaP B P (B[a]P humans kg1 kg 1 kg- oils However challenge study lowtemperature low temperature liquidliquid liquid samples quenching monochromators 08 0 8 0. 32 3 3. kg1, 1, 004 04 0.0 080 80 respectively 10 112 112% consumption (PAHs 00 11

ABSTRACT Benzene represents an environmental and health risk because it has high solubility and mobility in water and also has carcinogenic properties. It is considered one of the most recalcitrant compounds among the aromatic hydrocarbons in anaerobic environments. Despite the investigations already conducted, the effect of important intermediates using mixed cultures as anaerobic sludge is still quite controversial. From this perspective, the objective of this research was to evaluate the influence of ethanol as a co-substrate and the addition of anaerobic benzene degradation by-products (i.e., phenol, benzoate, and toluene). The experiments were carried out in borosilicate glass bottles (115 mL) with a reaction volume of 70 mL (basal medium + microorganisms) inoculated with acclimatized anaerobic sludge (2 g VSS·L−1). Benzene removal was accelerated when ethanol was used as a co-substrate, with the consumption rate increasing from 0.0445 mg·L−1·day−1 (without ethanol) to 0.0563 mg·L−1·day−1 (with ethanol), suggesting the participation of cometabolic processes. Benzene was removed with the subsequent formation of phenol and benzoate, consumed later, with no accumulation of by-products in the medium. Finally, intermediate addition negatively influenced benzene removal, with benzoate showing the greatest interference (~55% reduction), as it is a key intermediate in the anaerobic benzene removal. properties environments conducted controversial perspective cosubstrate co substrate byproducts by products i.e., ie i e (i.e. toluene. toluene . toluene) 115 (11 7 basal microorganisms 2 ( VSS·L−1. VSSL1 VSSL VSS·L−1 VSS L 1 VSS·L−1) cosubstrate, substrate, 00445 0 0445 0.044 mgL1day1 mgLday mg day mg·L−1·day− without 00563 0563 0.056 ethanol, , processes later Finally ~55% 55 (~55 reduction, reduction reduction) i.e. (i.e 11 (1 VSS·L− 0044 044 0.04 mgL mgL1day mg·L−1·day 0056 056 0.05 ~55 5 (~5 i.e VSS·L 004 04 0.0 005 05 ~5 (~ 00 0. ~

RESUMO O benzeno representa um risco ambiental e para a saúde, porque possui alta solubilidade e mobilidade na água e também propriedades cancerígenas. É considerado um dos compostos mais recalcitrantes entre os hidrocarbonetos aromáticos em ambientes anaeróbios. Apesar das investigações já realizadas, o efeito de importantes intermediários utilizando culturas mistas como lodo anaeróbio ainda é bastante controverso. Nessa perspectiva, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a influência do etanol como cossubstrato e da adição de subprodutos da degradação anaeróbia do benzeno (isto é, fenol, benzoato e tolueno). Os experimentos foram realizados em frascos de vidro borossilicato (115 mL) com volume de reação de 70 mL (meio basal + microrganismos) inoculados com lodo anaeróbio aclimatado (2 g VSS·L-1). A remoção do benzeno foi acelerada quando o etanol foi utilizado como cossubstrato, com a taxa de consumo aumentando de 0,0445 (sem etanol) para 0,0563 mg·L-1·dia-1 (com etanol), sugerindo a participação de processos cometabólicos. O benzeno foi removido com posterior formação de fenol e benzoato, consumidos posteriormente, sem acúmulo de subprodutos no meio. Finalmente, a adição de intermediário influenciou negativamente a remoção de benzeno, com o benzoato apresentando a maior interferência (~55% de redução), por ser um intermediário-chave na remoção anaeróbia de benzeno. saúde cancerígenas anaeróbios realizadas controverso perspectiva isto tolueno. tolueno . tolueno) 115 (11 7 meio microrganismos 2 ( VSS·L1. VSSL1 VSSL VSS·L 1 VSS L VSS·L-1) 00445 0 0445 0,044 00563 0563 0,056 mg·L1·dia1 mgL1dia1 mgLdia mg·L 1·dia mg dia mg·L-1·dia- etanol, , cometabólicos posteriormente Finalmente ~55% 55 (~55 redução, redução redução) intermediáriochave chave 11 (1 L1 VSS·L1 VSS·L-1 0044 044 0,04 0056 056 0,05 dia1 mg·L1·dia mgL mgL1dia 1dia mg·L-1·dia ~55 5 (~5 VSS·L- 004 04 0,0 005 05 ~5 (~ 00 0, ~

The unique fundamental force related to chemical bonds, hydrogen bonds, and van der Waals interactions is the electromagnetic force, where the electrostatic force plays the major role. But, to our knowledge, no paper so far has explored the use of the electrostatic force explicitly to account for any molecular property (boiling point, solubility, etc.), except for the book Introductory Organic Chemistry and Hydrocarbons.1 This work uses the electrostatic force applied to chemistry to explain some molecular properties in organic chemistry. It also evaluates the understanding of Brazilian undergraduate students with respect to some topics of organic chemistry based on the electrostatic force. One questionnaire was applied to chemistry undergraduate students about Coulomb’s law and its application to organic chemistry, and the results indicate that most undergraduate students understand the electrostatic force equation applied to chemical education. bonds role But knowledge boiling point solubility etc., etc etc. , etc.) Hydrocarbons1 Hydrocarbons 1 Hydrocarbons. Coulombs Coulomb s education

Abstract The increasing need for sustainable alternatives to synthetic insecticides has driven the analysis of extracts from Solanum habrochaites, a wild tomato, through fractionated column chromatography. Potential bioactive compounds for pest management, a clean and promising biotechnological solution, have been reported from this plant. The objective is to provide detailed gas chromatography data, including peaks, structural formulas, and retention indices for the extracts of S. habrochaites aerial parts. Column chromatographic analysis was conducted with five fractions (F1, F2, F5, F3, and F4) of S. habrochaites extracts. Long-chain hydrocarbons such as hexadecanoic acid and docosano were identified in the F1 fraction; fatty acid esters, including hexadecanoate and octadecenoate ethyls in the F2 and methyl ketones, with tridecan-2-one as the major component in the F5, while no identifiable compounds were disclosed in the F3 and F4 fractions. The column chromatography provided valuable insights into compounds in the F1, F2, and F5 fractions of S. habrochaites extracts, highlighting fatty acid esters, long-chain hydrocarbons, and methyl ketones. The bioactive compounds, from extracts of this plant, including the first record of the docosanoate, hexadecanoate and octadecanoate ethyls in S. habrochaites and Solanaceae, reinforces their promising biological application in different areas of science. tomato management solution plant data peaks formulas S parts F (F1 Longchain Long chain fraction esters ketones tridecan2one tridecanone tridecan 2 one longchain long docosanoate Solanaceae science (F

Resumo A crescente necessidade por alternativas sustentáveis no manejo de pragas motivou a análise de extratos de plantas do tomate silvestre, Solanum habrochaites, por cromatografia em coluna de fração. O objetivo foi detalhar resultados da cromatografia gasosa, incluindo picos, fórmulas estruturais e índices de retenção para compostos de extratos de partes aéreas de S. habrochaites. A análise cromatográfica em coluna foi realizada para cinco frações (F1, F2, F5, F3 e F4) dos extratos de S. habrochaites. Hidrocarbonetos de cadeia longa, como ácidos hexadecanóico e docosanoato, foram identificados na fração F1; ácidos graxos, incluindo hexadecanoato de etila e octadecanoato de etila na F2 e metilcetonas, com tridecan-2-ona como o composto majoritário, na F5 e nenhum composto nas frações F3 e F4. A análise dos extratos de S. habrochaites, por cromatografia em coluna, identificou compostos nas frações F1, F2 e F5, desta planta, destacando ésteres de ácidos graxos, metilcetonas e hidrocarbonetos de cadeia longa e o primeiro relato dos docosanoato, hexadecanoato e octadecanoato nessa planta e em Solanaceae. silvestre habrochaites gasosa picos S F1 F (F1 F4 docosanoato graxos tridecan2ona tridecanona tridecan 2 ona majoritário Solanaceae (F

Abstrac The renewed legal framework for the exploitation of hydrocarbons that would be implemented as of 2014 would not only bring with it the legal possibility of incorporating private capital into the sector through the legal instrument of contracts, but also a new energy scenario in which greater interaction would germinate legal status between private individuals with profoundly disparate legal and socioeconomic conditions. In this context, the general purpose of this article is to analyze certain rules of the legal and contractual framework that implement the exploitation of hydrocarbons, in order to determine if their regulation acts in favor of the aggravation of the social vulnerability that afflicts the members of rural communities, who are somehow involved in the dynamics surrounding oil exploitation.

Resumen El renovado marco legal para la explotación de hidrocarburos que se instrumentaría a partir de 2014 no sólo traería consigo la posibilidad legal de incorporar capital privado al sector mediante el instrumento jurídico de los contratos, sino también un nuevo escenario energético en el que germinaría una mayor interacción legal entre sujetos particulares de condiciones jurídicas y socioeconómicas profundamente dispares. Bajo este contexto, el propósito general del presente artículo es el de analizar ciertas normas del marco legal y contractual que instrumentan a la explotación de los hidrocarburos, en orden de determinar si su regulación actúa en favor del agravamiento de la vulnerabilidad social que aqueja a los miembros de las comunidades rurales, que de alguna forma se ven implicados en la dinámica que circunda al aprovechamiento petrolero.

Summary: Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) is a highly distributed molecule in ecosystems and a component of products that are used and consumed regularly. Recent studies have shown this xenobiotic metabolized by organisms forming carcinogenic metabolites, as well as having genotoxic and teratogenic effects associated with infertility and endocrine disorders. Similarly, due to its dispersion and bioaccumulation, this molecule can severely damage various ecosystems. Therefore, the objective of this study is to conduct a systematic review to demonstrate the importance of BaP in biological systems and its biodegradation as an alternative to bioremediation.

Resumen: El benzo(a)pireno (BaP) es una molécula que se encuentra altamente distribuida en los ecosistemas, así como también forma parte de productos que se utilizan y consumen de forma recurrente. Estudios recientes demuestran que este xenobiótico es metabolizado por los organismos formando metabolitos carcinogénicos, así como también tiene efectos genotóxicos, teratogénicos y se encuentra asociado a la pérdida de fertilidad y trastornos endócrinos. De la misma manera, debido a su dispersión y bioacumulación puede dañar severamente diversos ecosistemas. El objetivo de la presente es realizar una revisión sistemática para evidenciar la importancia del BaP en los sistemas biológicos y su biodegradación como una alternativa de biorremediación.

Summary: Bioremediation with humic substances is one of the recent and promising techniques for the restoration of soils contaminated by hydrocarbons, but little information is available on its behavior in different types of soil. For these reasons, this research aimed to evaluate the removal of total petroleum hydrocarbons (HTP) in three types of soil with different textures (S1, S2 and S3) and treated with organic vermicompost amendments (cocoa husks, Theobroma cacao; rice, Oriza sativa; sugarcane bagasse, Saccharum officinarum; cow manure) and commercial humic substances (potassium humate). A randomized multifactorial experimental design (3 × 3 × 2) was proposed, which consisted of the type of soil, organic amendment (without vermicompost, with organic vermicompost, commercial humic substances) and microbial load (with microorganisms, without microorganisms). The results were analyzed using the ANOVA-Tukey tests in the Statgraphics CenturionTM V.18 program (α = 0.05) in order to evaluate significant differences between treatments. The results show that S2 with the addition of organic matter had the highest removal (86% of HTP) after 60 days of incubation, compared to the treatment with commercial humic substances, which are related to the low bioavailability of the microorganisms. This behavior was also observed in S3 with a TPH percentage removal of 77.52 and 63.4% for S1. Finally, the cell growth rate was better in S2 with commercial humic substances. An average growth of 94 × 104 CFU g-1 of soil was obtained during the 60 days of evaluation of the experiment, and a maximum of 98×105 CFU g-1 of soil in the 45 days of treatment. To conclude, the use of vermicompost is adequate for clayey soils, since the degradation rates are higher in them. In addition, they represent a cheaper alternative to synthetic treatments and revaluation of organic waste.

Resumen: La biorremediación utilizando sustancias húmicas es una de las técnicas recientes y prometedoras para la restauración de suelos contaminados por hidrocarburos, pero existe poca información sobre su comportamiento en los diversos tipos de suelo. Por estas razones, esta investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar la remoción de hidrocarburos totales del petróleo o HTP en tres suelos con diferentes texturas (S1, S2 y S3) y tratados con enmiendas orgánicas de vermicomposta (cascarillas de cacao, Theobroma cacao; arroz, Oriza sativa; bagazo de caña, Saccharum officinarum; estiércol de vaca) y sustancias húmicas comerciales (humato de potasio). Se planteó un diseño experimental multifactorial aleatorio (3 × 3 × 2), constituido por tipo de suelo, enmienda orgánica (sin vermicomposta, con vermicomposta orgánica, con sustancias húmicas comerciales), y carga microbiana (con microorganismos, sin microorganismos). Los resultados fueron analizados mediante las pruebas ANOVA-Tukey en el programa Statgraphics Centurion TM V.18 (α = 0.05) con el fin de evaluar diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos. Los resultados muestran que S2 con vermicomposta orgánica tuvo la mayor remoción (86% de HTP) luego de 60 días de incubación, en comparación con el tratamiento con sustancias húmicas comerciales, relacionándose con la baja biodisponibilidad de microorganismos. Este comportamiento también se observó en S3, el cual tuvo un porcentaje de remoción de HTP de 77.52 y 63.4%. Finalmente, la tasa de crecimiento celular fue mejor en S2 con sustancias húmicas comerciales. Se obtuvo un crecimiento promedio de 94×104 UFC g-1 de suelo durante los 60 días de evaluación del experimento, y un máximo de 98×105 UFC g-1 de suelo a los 45 días de tratamiento. Se concluye que el uso de vermicomposta es adecuada para suelos arcillosos, ya que las tasas de degradación son mayores en ellos. Además, representan una alternativa de menor costo que los tratamientos sintéticos y de revalorización de residuos orgánicos.

Resumen (Introducción): Cuando tiene lugar un vertido de crudo en el suelo comienza un proceso de meteorización que altera la composición de este recurso y en etapas avanzadas puede quedar irreconocible respecto al hidrocarburo original, dificultando la asignación de responsabilidades asociadas a las contaminaciones de este tipo. (Objetivo): En el presente trabajo se analizó la estabilidad de los n-alcanos, hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos e isoprenoides alifáticos en un crudo liviano sometido a un proceso de meteorización en suelo bajo condiciones de laboratorio por el período de un año, para ser aplicado en litigios vinculados a derrames y/o hurtos de hidrocarburos. (Metodología): En base a esto, se analizaron los perfiles de las moléculas antes mencionadas por cromatografía gaseosa acoplada a espectrometría de masas a partir de las fracciones del crudo. (Resultados): A continuación, se calcularon parámetros específicos tales como P/F (pristano/fitano), 4-MeDBT/1-MeDBT (metildibenzotiofenos) y estigmastano C29αS/hopano C30, conocidos como relaciones de diagnóstico, que no superaron el 5 % de su desviación estándar relativa en el transcurso de un año. Por otro lado, las relaciones P/n-C17 (pristano/heptadecano), F/n-C18 (fitano/octadecano), (n-C13 + n-C14)/(n-C25 + n-C26) y (N0 + N1)/N2 (N = naftalenos) fueron las únicas con valores por encima del 5 %. (Conclusiones): Estos resultados, más el análisis de los cromatogramas obtenidos, sugieren que tanto la evaporación como la biodegradación han alterado la composición general del crudo; no obstante, la mayoría de los isoprenoides permanecieron inalterados bajo las condiciones de ensayo a lo largo del tiempo de estudio, lo que demuestra su capacidad para resolver las problemáticas descriptas.

Abstract (Introduction): When an oil spill takes place in the soil a weathering process begins that alters the composition of this resource and in advanced stages it may become unrecognizable with respect to the original hydrocarbon, making it difficult to assign responsibilities associated with contaminations of this type. (Objective): The present work analyzed the stability of n-alkanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and aliphatic isoprenoids in a light crude oil subjected to a soil weathering process under laboratory conditions for a period of one year, to be applied in litigation linked to oil spills and/or thefts. (Methodology): Based on this, the profiles of the aforementioned molecules were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry from the crude oil fractions. (Results): Then, specific parameters such as Pr/Ph (pristane/phytane), 4-MeDBT/1-MeDBT (methyldibenzothiophenes) and stigmastane C29αS/hopane C30, known as diagnostic ratios, that did not exceed 5 % of their relative standard deviation over the course of one year were calculated. On the other hand, the ratios Pr/n-C17 (pristane/heptadecane), Ph/n-C18 (phytane/octadecane), (n-C13 + n-C14)/(n-C25 + n-C26) and (N0 + N1)/N2 (N = naphthalenes) were the only ones with values above 5 %. (Conclusions): These results, plus the analysis of the chromatograms obtained, suggest that both evaporation and biodegradation have altered the overall composition of the crude oil; however, most of the isoprenoids remained unchanged under the test conditions throughout the study time, which demonstrates their ability to solve the problems described.