Iron is an important ion that regulates many metabolic functions in the human body, and its deficiency or overload can cause serious health problems. In view of this, the development of tools that can quantify iron in aqueous media is quite valuable. A new material based on a metal-organic framework (MOF) and a calixarene derivative (CALIX), here named CALIX@UiO-66-NH2, was successfully prepared and used as a luminescent sensor for iron ions in a water matrix containing various metal ions. The post-synthetic modification was demonstrated to be efficient on the MOF (UiO-66-NH2) modification, leading to a hybrid platform. The effect of the combination of both components (MOF and CALIX) led to a platform more sensitive to iron detection than the independent compounds. The CALIX@UiO-66-NH2 sensor shows a linear response toward Fe3+ ions with satisfactory linearity (R2 = 0.994) within the concentration range of 6.74 × 10−6−1.72 × 10−5 mol L−1. The limit of detection was determined to be as low as 1.6 mg L−1. The data demonstrate that CALIX@UiO-66-NH2 is an excellent probe for detecting Fe3+, as confirmed by almost complete fluorescence suppression. body problems this valuable metalorganic organic CALIX, CALIX , (CALIX) CALIX@UiO66NH2, CALIXUiO66NH2 CALIXUiONH CALIX@UiO 66 NH2, UiO NH2 NH postsynthetic post synthetic UiO66NH2 UiONH (UiO-66-NH2 compounds CALIX@UiO66NH2 CALIX@UiO-66-NH Fe3 Fe R2 R (R 0.994 0994 0 994 674 6 74 6.7 106172 10 1 72 10−6−1.7 105 5 10− L1 L L−1 16 1. suppression (CALIX CALIXUiO CALIXUiO66NH UiO66NH (UiO-66-NH CALIX@UiO66NH 0.99 099 99 67 7 6. 10617 10−6−1. L− 0.9 09 9 1061 10−6−1 0. 106 10−6− 10−6

Résumé: Cet article étudie la polarisation socio-territoriale du vote à Mexico, dans une perspective comparative et historique. La polarisation politique touche un nombre croissant de démocraties. Cependant, malgré le caractère intuitif du concept, il n’existe pas de consensus sur sa définition, ni sur ses origines et ses conséquences. Le débat est marqué par le cas américain, caractérisé par une polarisation due au bipartisme et centrifuge vers deux extrêmes opposés, lesquels s’éloignent et se rapprochent de plus en plus. Au Mexique, en revanche, la polarisation s’opère dans un contexte d’érosion, de volatilité et de fragmentation partisane, avec une dynamique centripète qui oppose une coalition gouvernementale pragmatique et hybride à un front d’opposition encore plus hétérogène en termes idéologiques, géographiques et socioculturels. L’étude de ce cas crucial fournit des outils pour saisir et mesurer la polarisation socio-territoriale du vote dans la capitale, et pour la situer dans le contexte fédéral et international.

Resumen: Este artículo estudia la polarización socioterritorial del voto en la Ciudad de México, en perspectiva comparada e histórica. La polarización política afecta a un número creciente de democracias. Empero, pese al carácter intuitivo del concepto, no existe un consenso sobre su definición, ni sobre sus orígenes y consecuencias. El debate está marcado por el caso estadounidense, caracterizado por una polarización bipartidista y centrífuga hacia dos extremos opuestos que se distancian y se cohesionan de manera creciente. En México, en cambio, la polarización se produce en un contexto de erosión, volatilidad y fragmentación partidista, con una dinámica centrípeta que opone una coalición de gobierno pragmática e híbrida, a un frente opositor todavía más heterogéneo en términos ideológicos, geográficos y socioculturales. El estudio de este caso crucial proporciona herramientas para captar y medir la polarización socioterritorial del voto capitalino, y para situarla en el contexto federal e internacional.

Abstract: This article studies the socio-territorial polarization of the vote in Mexico City, in comparative and historical perspective. Political polarization affects a growing number of democracies. However, despite the intuitive nature of the concept, there is no consensus on its definition, nor on its origins and consequences. The debate is marked by the case of the United States, characterized by a bipartisan and centrifugal polarization towards two opposing extremes that are becoming both increasingly distant from each other as well as more cohesive. In Mexico, by contrast, polarization occurs in a context of party erosion, volatility and fragmentation, with a centripetal dynamic that sets a pragmatic and hybrid government coalition against an even more heterogeneous opposition front in ideological, geographic, and socio-cultural terms. The study of this key case provides tools to understand and measure the socio-territorial polarization of the vote in the capital, and to place it in the Mexican and international context.

Abstract Introduction/Frame: Recent pandemic responsiveness has prompted increased online qualitative data collection. Few researchers have offered detailed discussions reflecting on how and/or why they maintained or adjusted in-person data collection techniques for online shifts. This paper pulled on lived experiences from researchers who reflected upon their online data collection practices, galvanized by evidence from peer-reviewed research. Research Question/Objectives: The following research questions guided this project: (1) How did qualitative data collection change when research rapidly shifted online? (2) What were essential elements to consider from in-person to online qualitative data collection practices? Goals and Methods: The goal was to inform qualitative researchers of key concepts to consider in adjusting to online data collection based on a fusion of the literature alongside professional experiences. This applied methodological paper utilized field notebooks and notes from research discussion groups during the transition to online data collection to examine considerations toward responsively revising data collection procedures aligned to online contexts. Results: Our investigation identified eight essential Successfully Applied, Grounded-in-Experience (SAGE) practices to consider in reconceptualizing data collection approaches for online contexts: (1) (re)examining online data collection differences in proximity and amplification of facial-emphasis communication, (2) strengthening awareness of truncated corporal visuality in online contexts, (3) increasing fluency and agility with digital tools, (4) increasing mindfulness of temporal need for visual data over audio-only data, (5) increasing research-oriented professionalism to counterbalance casual social or classroom-styled video chat practices, (6) enhancing researcher reflexivity regarding transcription and field notes, (7) maintaining procedural flexibility and balance regarding potential hybrid data collection, and (8) increasing temporal accessibility vis-à-vis boundaries. Final Considerations: Building from reactionary experiences and guidance during the emergency transition to online data collection modes and approaches, there is a need to reflexively reconceptualize data collection for online contexts.

This study explores developing and implementing an online course to integrate Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) into the South African Curriculum Assessment Policy Statement (CAPS). The course design process emphasises the inclusion of Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) and Sustainable Livelihoods as core components, fostering a transformative learning experience for teachers. Leveraging a Vygotskian action learning schema and expansive learning cycles, the course supports a co-engaged design research methodology to enhance teacher capacity in ESD. A theory of change ' evaluation framework assesses the course's impact on curriculum strengthening. Key findings indicate that online teacher capacity-building programmes can effectively engage teachers, promote curriculum-activated ESD initiatives, and facilitate deeper integration of IKS and sustainable practices in school teaching. The hybrid design, combining online and face-to-face interactions, fosters a Professional Learning Community (PLC), which enhances teaching practices and learner engagement through real-world sustainability challenges.

Abstract: First, we examine the impact of COVID-19 on the Moroccan education system and the many challenges it has created for the Moroccan educational community to guarantee pedagogical continuity in terms of internet connection, pedagogical approach, and the generation of hybrid learning strategies, which combine face-to-face and online work. Secondly, we offer some essential ingredients in digital teaching, such as the new current pedagogical trends based on the use of platforms, specific educational software, and different ICT resources, which are considered modern and essential tools to research and create learning spaces, through the network, applicable to any educational level and always adapting the theme to the contents of the program and the student's profile. Below, details provide the national context and the proposed recommendations for the promotion of education, science, and culture, which represent a priority of the Moroccan government and an important lever to achieve sustainable development goals.

Resumen: En primer lugar, examinamos el impacto del COVID-19 en el sistema educativo marroquí y los numerosos desafíos que ha creado para la comunidad educativa marroquí para garantizar la continuidad pedagógica en materia de conectividad, de abordaje pedagógico, y también de la generación de estrategias de aprendizaje híbridas, que combinen la presencialidad y el trabajo en línea. En segundo lugar, ofrecemos algunos ingredientes esenciales en la enseñanza digital como las nuevas tendencias pedagógicas actuales, basadas en el uso de plataformas, aplicaciones educativas concretas y distintos recursos TIC, que se consideran herramientas modernas e imprescindibles para investigar y crear espacios de aprendizaje, a través de la red, aplicables a cualquier nivel educativo y siempre adaptando la temática a los contenidos del programa y al perfil del estudiante. A continuación, se proporcionará detalles sobre el contexto nacional y las recomendaciones propuestas para la promoción de la educación, la ciencia y la cultura que representan una prioridad del gobierno marroquí y una palanca importante para alcanzar los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible.

Resumo: Ferramentas rápidas de fenotipagem são cruciais para a seleção de progênies em programas de melhoramento genético. Esta pesquisa foi conduzida com o objetivo de avaliar a possibilidade de uso da simulação de estresse em laboratório como forma de distinguir fenótipos de milho quanto à tolerância à seca. Foram conduzidos inicialmente dois experimentos: um em que avaliou-se a emergência de plântulas e seu crescimento em areia sob diferentes capacidades de campo; e um segundo com o uso de solução de PEG a -0.6 Mpa para umedecer o papel de germinação. Estes experimentos foram usados para distinguir características de duas linhagens contrastantes quanto à tolerância à seca: linhagem 57 - sensível e 91 - tolerante. No próximo experimento, foram produzidas sementes hibridas a partir do cruzamento de ambas as linhagens nas gerações F1; F2 e F2:3 as quais foram colocadas para germinar em papel umedecido com solução de PEG a -0.6 MPa com posterior avaliação do crescimento das sementes através da análise de imagens com o sistema GroundEye®. Pelos resultados dessa pesquisa foi possível distinguir tanto as características das linhagens parentais quanto as progênies hibridas quanto à tolerância à seca. Neste sentido, pode-se concluir que a simulação do estresse associada à análise de imagens pode ser uma ferramenta útil para fenotipagem de milho. Resumo genético seca avaliouse avaliou se campo 0.6 06 0 6 -0. germinação 5 9 tolerante experimento F1 F F23 3 F2: GroundEye GroundEye® sentido podese 0. -0

ABSTRACT: Faster phenotyping tools are crucial for field progeny selection. We conducted research comparing two water deficit simulation methods on contrasting cultivars for water deficit tolerance. In a first step, we conducted two experiments: one for seed germination in sand at 10% and 70% water retention capacity, being analyzed seedling emergence and growth; other for seed germination in stress simulation by moistening the germination paper with PEG solution at -0.6 MPa, being analyzed seed germination. These experiments were used to distinguish characteristics of two maize lineages with different response to drought, being 57 - sensitive and 91 - tolerant. After that, we produced hybrid progenies from these lines at generations F1, F2, and F2:3 and applied the stress simulation by moistening the germination paper with -0.6 MPa of PEG solution. The seedling size was analyzed trough image analysis by the GroundEye® system. We could distinguish both lines and its hybrids through the stress simulation and image analysis. The results indicate that maize cultivars can be phenotyped for water deficit tolerance either 5 days postsowing through stress simulation or via image analysis of root length from seedlings germinated under -0.6 MPa. This method provides faster, more accurate, and more cost-effective methods for assessing water deficit tolerance in maize cultivars. ABSTRACT selection step 10 70 capacity growth 0.6 06 0 6 -0. drought 9 tolerant F1 F F2 F23 3 F2: GroundEye system faster accurate costeffective cost effective 1 7 0. -0

Abstract It is common knowledge that the publication of translation projects carried out by students is a very motivating factor for training. Since the second semester of 2015-2016, undergraduate translation students of the Faculty of Arts and Humanities of the University of Porto have participated in the development of the French and English versions of the digital encyclopaedia Ulyssei@s, created by the Institute for Comparative Literature Margarida Losa (ILCML) in the early 2010s. Besides motivating students, this translation project published on the Internet allows us to develop translation skills, foster teamwork, consolidate the three-phase methodology proposed by Gouadec (2002, 2007), and experiment with several essential tasks in language services: collaborative glossary-making, translation, revision of human translation and post-editing neural machine translation (NMT). Some of the challenges posed by the translation of Ulyssei@s are common to all types of translation, while others are specific to the translation of entries of this sui generis encyclopaedia, such as a variety of textual genres (biography, literary criticism, prose, poetry, theatre, essay) in hybrid texts and the need to find the original or the official translation of the works cited. This paper focuses on the data collected in the spring semester of 2022 and is based on the results of a survey submitted to students at the end of the project. It aims to share the experience of developing an inevitably unfinished project and adapting training and learning to the latest advances in Human Language Technology, since NMT has become a valuable tool for human translators, and Ulyssei@s is a digital encyclopaedia regularly enriched by ILCML collaborators with new entries. 20152016, 20152016 2015 2016, 2016 2015-2016 Ulysseis Ulyssei s (ILCML 2010s skills teamwork threephase three phase 2002, 2002 (2002 2007, 2007 , 2007) services glossarymaking, glossarymaking glossary making, making glossary-making postediting post editing NMT. . (NMT) biography, biography (biography criticism prose poetry theatre essay cited 202 Technology translators 2015201 201 2015-201 200 (200 (NMT 20 201520 2015-20 (20 2 20152 2015-2 (2 2015- (

Resumo O desenvolvimento de ações de supervisão, acompanhamento e apoio constituem-se em suporte relevante para professores que iniciam a carreira docente, visto que são muitas as limitações da formação inicial e as dificuldades no início dessa atividade profissional. Diante disso, o Programa Híbrido de Mentoria (PHM) foi criado como uma ação de indução à docência de uma pesquisa construtivo-colaborativa, que visa oferecer acompanhamento e apoio aos professores no início da docência por meio de um processo intitulado mentoria, no qual um professor experiente - com mais de 10 anos de atuação profissional - acompanha professores iniciantes com no máximo 5 anos de experiência na carreira, auxiliando-os no desenvolvimento de suas competências profissionais, bem como na fundamentação de novas práticas profissionais. Neste artigo, buscou-se identificar e compreender as necessidades formativas apresentadas por professoras iniciantes participantes de um programa de mentoria. Os referenciais teóricos envolveram os desafios, as dificuldades e as necessidades formativas de professores em início de carreira. A pesquisa é de natureza qualitativa, com análise descritiva interpretativa de narrativas digitais produzidas por meio do diálogo entre duas professoras iniciantes e suas respectivas mentoras via diferentes ferramentas no ambiente Moodle do PHM. As categorias emergiram das leituras do conjunto de dados, e os resultados apontam que as ações de mentoria desenvolvidas no PHM possibilitaram captar como as iniciantes relatam as suas dificuldades no início da docência e como estas se configuram como necessidades formativas a serem trabalhadas pela díade mentora-iniciante. supervisão constituemse constituem docente disso (PHM construtivocolaborativa, construtivocolaborativa construtivo colaborativa, colaborativa construtivo-colaborativa 1 auxiliandoos auxiliando profissionais artigo buscouse buscou desafios qualitativa dados mentorainiciante. mentorainiciante mentora iniciante. iniciante mentora-iniciante

Abstract The development of supervision, monitoring, and support actions constitute relevant assistance for early career teachers since there are varied limitations of initial training and difficulties at the beginning of this professional activity. Given this scenario, the Hybrid Mentoring Program (HMP) works as an action to induce teaching in a constructive-collaborative research project that aims to offer early career teachers monitoring and support through a process called mentoring, in which an experienced teacher - with more than ten years of professional experience - accompanies early career teachers with a maximum of five years of experience, assisting them in the development of their professional skills, as well as in the foundation of new competence practices. In this article, we sought to identify and understand the training needs presented by early career teachers participating in a mentoring program. The theoretical frameworks involved early career teachers’ challenges, difficulties, and training needs. The research is qualitative, with interpretative descriptive analysis of digital narratives produced through the dialogue between two early career teachers and their respective mentors via different tools in HMP’s Moodle environment. The categories emerged from the readings of the data set, and the results indicate that the mentoring actions developed in the HMP made it possible to capture how the participants report their difficulties at the beginning of their teaching careers and how these configured as training needs to be worked on by the mentor-beginner dyad. supervision activity scenario (HMP constructivecollaborative constructive collaborative skills practices article program challenges qualitative HMPs s environment set mentorbeginner mentor beginner dyad

Resumo A pandemia de Covid-19 acelerou os avanços tecnológicos dentro do sistema de justiça criminal da Polônia, especialmente por meio da integração de ferramentas de comunicação remota para os procedimentos legais. Este artigo analisa a introdução e o impacto das audiências virtuais, incluindo aquelas para prisão cautelar, propondo a expansão das audiências remotas para além dos casos em que o réu está sob custódia. Destacam-se as limitações do arcabouço legal existente, como o contato telefônico condicional entre um réu e seu advogado de defesa, que viola o direito à defesa devido à falta de confidencialidade e efetividade na assistência legal. Além disso, o trabalho discute os benefícios potenciais da digitalização dos arquivos dos processos criminais, incluindo melhoria da eficiência, acessibilidade e garantia do princípio do julgamento justo. Apesar de possíveis desvantagens como exclusão digital e preocupações com segurança, propõe-se a implementação de um sistema digital unificado em todos os tribunais para facilitar a troca de dados e otimizar os procedimentos. Adicionalmente, este artigo aborda as limitações da substituição de intérpretes humanos por software de tradução automatizada em processos penais, enfatizando a necessidade de supervisão humana para garantir o julgamento justo. O estudo sugere uma abordagem híbrida para tradução que combina tradução automática com verificação humana, estabelecendo paralelos com as disposições do GDPR para intervenção humana em processos de tomada de decisão automatizados. Covid19 Covid 19 Covid-1 Polônia legais virtuais cautelar custódia Destacamse Destacam se existente disso criminais eficiência justo segurança propõese propõe Adicionalmente penais automatizados Covid1 1 Covid-

Abstract The Covid-19 pandemic has accelerated technological advancements within the Polish criminal justice system, notably through the integration of remote communication tools for legal proceedings. This paper examines the introduction and impact of remote hearings, including those for detention on remand, arguing for the expansion of remote hearings beyond cases where the defendant is in custody. It highlights the existing legal framework’s limitations, such as the conditional telephone contact between a defendant and their defense counsel, which infringes on the right to defense due to the lack of confidentiality and effectiveness in legal assistance. Furthermore, the paper discusses the potential benefits of digitizing criminal proceeding files, including improved efficiency, accessibility, and the safeguarding of the fair trial principle. Despite potential drawbacks like digital exclusion and security concerns, the implementation of a unified digital system across all courts is proposed to facilitate data exchange and streamline proceedings. Additionally, the paper addresses the limitations of replacing human interpreters with automated translation software in criminal proceedings, emphasizing the necessity of human oversight to ensure fair trial guarantees. The study suggests a hybrid approach to translation that combines machine translation with human verification, drawing parallels with GDPR provisions for human intervention in automated decision-making processes. Covid19 Covid 19 Covid-1 proceedings remand custody frameworks framework s counsel assistance Furthermore files efficiency accessibility principle concerns Additionally guarantees verification decisionmaking decision making processes Covid1 1 Covid-

Abstract Paper aims This study investigates the nanostores' endurance in serving underserved regions in developing countries. The research explores how various competing retail formats influence market choice and demand. We used data from a survey conducted in Sabana Centro, Colombia, in this study. Originality We believe this is the first study examining the nanostores' resilience in serving emerging markets under this novel hybrid technique. Research method We propose a multi-agent-based model mimicking nanostore survival and resilience in a competitive market. Household agents use a discrete choice model to select their preferred retail format for household purchases based on location, price, and service levels. Considering supply breakdowns, we tested the outcoming model under different disruption scenarios. Main findings Results indicated nanostores' great resiliency in competitive markets, specifically in peripheral areas, which are usually neglected by other retail formats. This suggests that this retail format can strategically complement household supply in underserved areas, displaying the importance of supporting these channels and generating tools that improve their performance in the market. Implications for theory and practice Theoretically, we aim to improve the understanding of households' decision-making process when buying food. Practically, a multi-agent-based model simulating end customers and sellers offers insights into future interventions and their impacts on the retail landscape and various supply chain stakeholders. nanostores countries demand Centro Colombia technique multiagentbased multi agent location price levels breakdowns scenarios areas Theoretically households decisionmaking decision making food Practically stakeholders

Abstract The University Center (CU) Ecatepec, of the Autonomous University of the State of Mexico (UAEMéx), is an institution with 27 years of service in which computer engineering, bachelor's degree in Administrative Informatics, bachelor's degree in Psychology, bachelor's degree are taught. in Accounting and a degree in Administration. Use digital tools such as Moodle, Seduca and Microsoft Teams to support the teaching-learning process. It has three types of teaching modalities: school-based, mixed and online. Within the framework of the suspension of face-to-face classes, the need to maintain the continuity of learning has imposed challenges that countries have addressed through different alternatives and solutions in relation to school calendars and forms of work, by non-face-to-face means and with various forms of adaptation. Therefore, the objective of this document is to make visible the diversity of consequences that these measures will have on the educational institution in the short and medium term, as well as to propose recommendations to cope with the impact in the best possible way, projecting opportunities for learning and innovation. in post-pandemic education with the CU Ecatepec university community.

Resumen El Centro Universitario (CU) Ecatepec, de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México (UAEMéx), es una institución con 27 años de servicio en la cual se imparten las carreras de ingeniería en Computación, licenciatura en Informática Administrativa, licenciatura en Psicología, licenciatura en Contabilidad y licenciatura en Administración. Utiliza herramientas digitales como Moodle, Seduca y Microsoft Teams para apoyar el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje. Cuenta con tres tipos de modalidades de enseñanza: escolarizada, mixta y en línea. En el marco de la suspensión de las clases presenciales, la necesidad de mantener la continuidad de los aprendizajes ha impuesto desafíos que los países han abordado mediante diferentes alternativas y soluciones en relación con los calendarios escolares y las formas de trabajo, por medios no presenciales y con diversas formas de adaptación. Por tanto, el objetivo de este documento es visibilizar la diversidad de consecuencias que estas medidas tendrán sobre la institución educativa a corto y mediano plazo, así como plantear recomendaciones para sobrellevar el impacto de la mejor manera posible, proyectando oportunidades para el aprendizaje y la innovación en la educación posterior a la pandemia con la comunidad universitaria del CU Ecatepec.

Resumo O Centro Universitário (CU) Ecatepec, da Universidade Autônoma do Estado do México (UAEMéx), é uma instituição com 27 anos de atuação onde são ministrados engenharia da computação, bacharelado em Informática Administrativa, bacharelado em Psicologia, bacharelado. em Ciências Contábeis e graduada em Administração. Utilizar ferramentas digitais como Moodle, Seduca e Microsoft Teams para apoiar o processo de ensino-aprendizagem. Possui três modalidades de ensino: presencial, misto e online. No quadro da suspensão das aulas presenciais, a necessidade de manter a continuidade da aprendizagem impôs desafios que os países têm enfrentado através de diferentes alternativas e soluções em relação aos calendários escolares e formas de trabalho, através do ensino não presencial. -meios faciais e com diversas formas de adaptação. Portanto, o objetivo deste documento é tornar visível a diversidade de consequências que estas medidas terão na instituição de ensino no curto e médio prazo, bem como propor recomendações para fazer face ao impacto da melhor forma possível, projetando oportunidades para aprendizagem e inovação na educação pós-pandemia com a comunidade universitária CU Ecatepec.

RESUMEN En la actualidad, modalidades novedosas como la enseñanza híbrida representan herramientas importantes para garantizar la continuidad de las actividades académicas dentro de la educación superior. La presente revisión sistemática buscó analizar el impacto de la pandemia por COVID-19 sobre la educación superior, y el rol de la educación híbrida superior como una alternativa de solución para las actividades académicas en tiempos de nueva normalidad. Para ello, esta búsqueda se centró en recopilar información reciente sobre trabajos que estudiaran los cambios generados en el ámbito educativo propiciados por el COVID-19, con miras a una época de pospandemia. Los resultados dejaron en evidencia el reto que supuso lidiar con la pandemia dentro del ámbito educativo, así como la evolución que este campo ha sufrido en los últimos años. Aunque la educación híbrida representa una alternativa novedosa para ejercer las actividades educativas dentro de la nueva normalidad, todavía debe pasar por su respectivo proceso de mejora, del mismo modo en que ocurrió con la educación a distancia en su momento.

ABSTRACT Currently, novel approaches such as hybrid education represent important tools to ensure the continuity of academic activities within higher education. This systematic review sought to analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on higher education, and the role of hybrid higher education as an innovative solution for academic activities in times of new normality. To that end, this search focused on gathering recent information regarding papers studying the changes in education brought about by COVID-19, looking forward to a post-pandemic era. The results highlighted the challenge of dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic within the educational field, as well as the evolution that this field has undergone in recent years to the present day. Although hybrid education represents a novel alternative for educational activities within the new normal, it must still undergo its respective improvement process, just as distance education did at the given time.

Since no recent study has been done about Afrikaans Fisher language the aim of this article is to give an updated linguistic description of this variety.1 Heiberg (1957) conducted a previous study. Varieties change all the time (D'Arcy, 2015:484) and Afrikaans Fisher language is no exception. Due to Covid-19 the researchers were unable to focus exclusively on subsistence fisher communities. Covid anxiousness led to the fact that many fishers did not want to take part in this qualitative study, in which, inter alia, questionnaires and interviews were used (Blume, 2023:35). All fishers indicating their willingness to participate were chosen as respondents if they were between 18 and 75 years of age. The sample of forty fishers is therefore small but is supplemented by various other sources. The areas covered were the coastal areas of the Eastern, Southwestern and Western Cape (Blume, 2023:35). Afrikaans Fisher language has been influenced by different languages, especially Dutch, Portuguese, Malay and English and is recognised as a variety due to several unique words and expressions. Stell, Luffin and Rakiep (2008:293) indicate that the initial Malay and Creole Portuguese of the 20th century led to the development of Muslim Afrikaans. Heiberg (1957:96) explains that the names of certain types offish have an Eastern origin and that they most probably show Malay or Portuguese influence, for example: daeraad: Portuguese, dorado, English dageraad (Blume, 2023:80). Dutch words like dòòdstròòm, kabbelau, omweer/onweer, platvisch (to mention a few) show remarkable similarities with Afrikaans (see Overdiep, 1940; Blume, 2023:108). The list below indicates examples of English influence: bait: something to lure the fish with bait caster: somebody who uses live bait to catch fish beaut: (noun) - a big or pretty fish beautiful: to describe a fish that is big or pretty bottom feeders: Amongst others steenbras, kapenaars, Rooi Roman, Miss Lucy, etcetera cast: fishing method using a hook, line, sinker and bait catch and release: catch fish and throw them back into the water chum, chumming: use bait to get a lot of fish in one place coffee grinder: a type of pulley drag, smooth drag: the breaks on the pulley - "die drag is smooth". dropshot: hook made of steel with a built-in sinker and bait which is used to catch fish edge - "daai edge gee": have a better chance of a catch happy days: exclamation of joy hook-up, double hook-up: when fish bite or when more than one fish is caught on one hook live bait: bait that is alive pink prawn: type of sand or mud prawn popper: artificial bait in the form of small fish pull: when you can see that a fish bites because of the movement of the line rocket: used to describe a fast fish - "Hy swem soos 'n rocket." run: when thefish bit but try to swim away with the hook and bait. The Afrikaans equivalents loop and hardloop are also used. single: when only one hook is used size: when a fish is legally big enough spinner: type of bait made of metal which turns around in the water tentacle: a type of bait, specifically octopus tentacle tooth wire: strong line used to catch fish trawl: method of pulling bait behind a boat trigger: "hongerkliertjie trigger": stimulation of the glands on certain types offish, usually when the chum method is used try wind: used instead of probeer inkatrol unbelievable: emotional exclamation wangle: manipulate tools to function as they should Hybrid (English and Afrikaans) forms are frequently used: The following English fish names are used: banded galjoen: also known as bastard galjoen, demba. belman: other names are baardman, belvis, tasselfish. bronze bream: alternative names are hottentot, das, Jan Bruin, John Brown, fat fish, copper bream, Nyizala, butterfish, etcetera. bronzy: variant of bronze bream. cob: kabeljou flatty: frequently used in the Eastern Cape instead of Kaapse stompneus. garrick: also called leervis, leerfish grunter: instead of knorhaan gruntertjie: instead of knorhaan Miss Lucy: instead of rooistompneus pig/pig nose: instead of witneussteenbras pyltail (stingray): instead of pylstert, skerpneuspylstert, blou pylstert, vlinderrog raggie: from ragged toothed shark instead of yellow shark, brown shark shad: (Afrikaans: elf) swart musselcracker: (Afrikaans: poenskop). This fish is also known as black biskop, witbek, black steenbras, saqomolo, swartbiskop. Most fishers use either musselcracker or poenskop. tiger: instead of tiger shark wit musselcracker: Also known as brusher, mussel crusher, silver steenbras, white biskop. Most fishers use musselcracker instead of biskop. yellowtail: Seriola lalandi (Blume, 2023:155-157). Fisher language differs in terms of degrees of standardisation as certain words also occur in the general vocabulary, as indicated in the latest Handwoordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal (HAT). Some words are not standardised as they are English words, for example shad (instead of elf) or they consist of hybrid forms, containing English and Afrikaans elements, like raggie for a specific type of shark. Other words and expressions are not included in the HAT, probably as they are not so well-known or frequently used in the general lexicon, for example bonnie/ bonnietjie instead of bonito. Stylistic variation is evident in the usage of the frequently used informal word flattie instead of stompneus. The degree of education can also lead to variation, as in skuide for skuite and kiewe for kieue. Certain meaning distinctions relating to Fisher language do not occur in the HAT, for example mas used as a verb and the meaning distinction "small boat" at the lemma bakkie.

Afrikaanse visserstaal is deur verskillende tale beïnvloed, waaronder veral Nederlands, Portugees, Maleis en Engels en word as variëteit onderskei op grond van heelwat unieke woorde en uitdrukkings. Daar is min geografiese differensiasie tussen Oos-Kaapse en Wes-Kaapse visserstaal as gevolg van die dialekkontinuum (Blume, 2023). Woorde in Afrikaanse visserstaal verskil ten opsigte van gestandaardiseerdheid deurdat sommige woorde ook in die algemene woordeskat voorkom, soos in die nuutste HAT aangedui. Sommige woorde is nie gestandaardiseer nie aangesien hulle Engelse woorde is, byvoorbeeld shad, of 'n hibridiese vorm van Engels en Afrikaans is, byvoorbeeld raggie. Ander woorde en uitdrukkings is nie in die HAT opgeneem nie, waarskynlik omdat hulle nie so bekend/gebruiklik is in die algemene leksikon nie, byvoorbeeld bonnie/bonnietjie in plaas van die standaardwoord bonito. Stylvlakverskille kom voor by die Standaardafrikaanse woord stompneus teenoorflatty (informeel). Laasgenoemde word eerder onder die vissers gebruik. Dit geld ook vir die gebruik van visserman teenoor visterman. Enkele woorde in HAT6 bevat nie die visserstaal-betekenisonderskeiding nie, byvoorbeeld bakkie en mas as werkwoord.

Abstract One of the regions most affected by transnational organized crime has been Central America’s “Northern Triangle”, in great part due to its institutional weakness. A comparative analysis of the characteristics and inner workings of Central America’s International Commissions and Support Missions can prove that they were created with specific mandates to board corruption and therefore are a lot more successful in their duties of investigating and prosecuting those responsible than international, regional or hybrid criminal law tribunals. They further provide multidimensional strategies to board the issue. Furthermore, these Commissions and Support Missions interact tightly with affected people and often engage in discourse with civil society, treating public opinion as an ally in its fight against corruption. However, they are also strongly dependent on political support from the international community and are operatively subjected to the whim of the governments in Host states, two things which constitute substantial disadvantages for the use of these figures as tools in the fight against corruption.

Resumen Una de las regiones que se ha visto más afectada por el crimen transnacional organizado ha sido el “Triángulo Norte” de Centroamérica, debido en parte a su debilidad institucional. Un análisis comparado de las características y funcionamiento de las comisiones y misiones de apoyo internacionales muestra que tienen un mandato específico para abordar la corrupción, son más prolíficas en sus investigaciones y condenas que los tribunales penales internacionales, regionales o híbridos, y promueven estrategias multidimensionales para abordar el problema. Además, estas comisiones y misiones de apoyo interactúan más estrechamente con las poblaciones afectadas y recurren a la sociedad civil y la opinión pública como aliados en su lucha contra la corrupción. Sin embargo, presentan una fuerte dependencia del apoyo político de la comunidad internacional, y están operativa y presupuestalmente sujetas a los vaivenes de los gobiernos de los Estados anfitriones, lo que constituyen dos desventajas nada despreciables.

RESUMEN: A medida que se desarrollaba la pandemia, muchas comunas de la provincia de Santa Elena cambiaron su forma de comunicación, modificando su interacción con los pobladores. Este es el caso de la comuna de Olón y Cadeate, en las que su comunicación incluye las nuevas tecnologías como un medio de difusión de información a la ciudadanía. En la actualidad, interactúan entre “La voz de los techos”, Whatsapp y Facebook, donde se envían y se comparten temas de interés comunitario. Estas herramientas de comunicación interactúan, yes ahí donde la ecología de medios explica cómo se adaptan al nuevo ecosistema para sobrevivir. Poco a poco, las comunas han ido incorporando nuevas herramientas digitales. Los beneficios que ofrecen las nuevas tecnologías para la comunicación comunitaria son necesarios para una transformación que ayude no solo en lo económico, sino en lo cultural, educación y social.

ABSTRACT: As the pandemic continues, many communities in Santa Elena Province have changed their form of communication and have modified their interaction with the population. This is the case of the comunas de Olón and Cadeate where their communication includes new technologies as a means of disseminating information to citizens. Currently they interact between “La voz de los techos”, Whatsapp and Facebook, where they send and share topics of community interest. These communication tools interact and that is where media ecology explains how they adapt to the new ecosystem to survive. Gradually, the communities have been incorporating new digital tools. The benefits offered by new technologies for community communication are necessary for a transformation that helps not only economically, but culturally, educationally and socially.