Abstract This research analyzes three fundamental aspects of the siege of Cuautla: the reasons that motivated thousands of Cuautla residents to enlist in the insurgent ranks of priest Morelos, the causes that later led them to abandon Cuautla during the siege, as well as the measures that the royalist army set out after the siege. Two hypotheses are proposed here. The first propounds that the expansionism of the sugar estates was the main reason for rural workers to uprise. The second maintains that the motives for fleeing the military siege were hunger, bombing, epidemic, and death that the besieged endured for months. To support such stances, the processes of infidence of the deserters, located in the Infidence fund of the Archivo General de la Nación (Mexico), were analyzed through the methods of prosopography and statistics. Finally, the main findings of the article suggest that hunger was the worst enemy of the rebels in the siege of Cuautla, and that indigenous people were the main deserters while the combatants of African origin kept complete adherence to the priest Morelos.

Resumen Esta investigación analiza tres aspectos fundamentales del sitio de Cuautla: las razones que motivaron a miles de cuautlenses a enlistarse en las filas insurgentes del cura Morelos, las causas que más tarde los orillaron a abandonar Cuautla durante el asedio, así como las medidas que el ejército realista emprendió tras el sitio. Son dos las hipótesis aquí presentadas. La primera argumenta que el expansionismo de las haciendas azucareras fue la razón principal de los trabajadores rurales para rebelarse. La segunda sostiene que los móviles para huir del cerco militar fueron el hambre, el bombardeo, la epidemia y la muerte que los sitiados enfrentaron durante meses. Para sostener tales posicionamientos, los procesos de infidencia de los desertores ubicados en el fondo Infidencia del Archivo General de la Nación (México), fueron analizados desde el método de la prosopografía y la estadística. Finalmente, los principales hallazgos del artículo sugieren que el hambre fue el peor enemigo de los rebeldes en el sitio de Cuautla y que los indígenas fueron los principales desertores, mientras que los combatientes de origen africano mantuvieron una adhesión completa al cura Morelos.

Livestock farms in Kenya face pressure to increase productivity amid rising global population. Cattle farming dominates, but small to medium-sized farms struggle with cattle insemination. Currently, visual observation is used for heat detection, with farmers maintaining farm journals. Modern methods utilizing sensors to improve estrus prediction are time-consuming, costly and need constant internet connection. This research proposes a novel approach-the use of an on-controller machine learning algorithm- for estrus prediction in cattle. Motion and temperature data was collected from two zero-grazed multiparous Holstein Friesian cows in Kiambu County, Kenya for 11 months. The data was cleaned and stored. Movement intensity profiles were derived by root-mean-squaring directional accelerometer values and averaging this over time. Validation was performed by observing cow behavior for indicators such as restlessness, mounting, and vulva swelling, with farmer predictions documented in their records. The collected data was then used to train a machine learning algorithm, with several models tested, and a neural network emerged as the best fit. The TensorFlow library facilitated the implementation of the algorithm on a microcontroller, allowing for the development of an animal tag featuring the ML algorithm. Results demonstrated 83.9% sensitivity, 89.0% specificity and 89.5% accuracy in detecting estrus, compared to farmer's visual observation, which had only 37% sensitivity. These findings underscore the potential to integrate machine learning into Precision Livestock Farming for estrus prediction, with prediction occurring directly on the animal tag offline. This integration holds promise for farmers, notably heightened insemination success rates, without necessitating significant financial investment.

Abstract The Europeans of the Middle Ages have always valued bread within their food system, especially as meat, another highly valued food, became scarcer. But by tradition, more than a thousand years old, in Europe and the Mediterranean, bread was the food par excellence, the only one that the faithful asked God for in their prayers because it was the one whose lack meant hunger. Grain was grown everywhere, but this didn't stop times of scarcity and famine, both in the countryside and in the cities. While the latter had other means of responding to these crises and these phenomena have been better studied there, we barely know how rural people reacted to such adversities. The response of the rural world to the cereal crisis of 1438-1440 is analyzed through a book containing the accounts of the monastery of Alcobaça for the years 1437-1440. This is clearer for the monastery, since the peasants' reactions are more difficult to discern, as they are filtered through the eyes of the landlord. In 1439, the reduction of two-thirds in the abbey's cereal revenues was countered by the cultivation of target maize, a spring cereal that could replace wheat and barley. But the crisis had other effects, such as spiraling grain prices, rising flour extraction rates and a decline in the quality of daily bread, or the resort to substitute foods. From monks to peasants, everyone felt the consequences of this crisis, albeit on very different scales and in very dissimilar ways.

Resumo Os europeus da Idade Média sempre valorizaram o pão dentro do seu sistema alimentar, sobretudo à medida que a carne, outro alimento altamente valorizado, se ia tornando mais escassa. Mas, por tradição mais que milenar, na Europa e no Mediterrâneo, o pão era o alimento por excelência, o único que os fiéis pediam a Deus nas suas orações por ser aquele cuja falta era sinónimo da fome. O cereal cultivava-se por toda a parte, sem que isso impedisse as épocas de escassez e de carestia, tanto no campo, como nas cidades. Se estas últimas tinham outros meios para responder a essas crises e estes fenómenos foram aí mais estudados, mal se conhece o modo como os homens dos campos reagiam a tais adversidades. A partir de um livro com a contabilidade do mosteiro de Alcobaça dos anos de 1437-1440, analisa-se a resposta do mundo rural à crise cerealífera de 1438-1440. Mais clara no que respeita ao mosteiro, já que as reacções dos camponeses são mais difíceis de sondar, por estarem filtradas pelo olhar do senhorio. Em 1439, a redução em dois terços das receitas de cereal da abadia foi compensada pelo cultivo do milho-alvo, um cereal de primavera que podia substituir o trigo e a cevada. Mas a crise teve outros efeitos, como a espiral dos preços do cereal, o aumento das taxas de extração de farinha e a diminuição da qualidade do pão de cada dia, ou o recurso a alimentos de substituição. Dos monges aos camponeses, todos sentiram as consequências desta crise, embora em escalas e em modos muito diferentes.

The South African food system is facing severe challenges as increasing hunger, rising food costs, lack of dietary diversity, child stunting, foodborne illnesses, food waste and an obesity epidemic coupled with malnutrition are observed. In this study, we aimed to establish the application of science and technology advances in the food and beverage industry in South Africa in response to food consumption pattern changes since 1994 and how they could be used to address food security challenges. We found that food consumption shifts have been towards sugar-sweetened beverages, processed and packaged food, animal-source foods and added caloric sweeteners, and away from vegetables. These dietary shifts are concerning as they relate to public health. Most commitments to improve the nutritional status of South Africans have been limited to corporate social investment strategies and should be extended into core business strategies. Furthermore, although the South African food and beverage industry has kept pace with developments in food manufacturing practices, there has been little experimentation with non-commercial novel technologies. The expert survey revealed that indigenous African crops and food waste recovery are the two most promising emerging food sources that could be available to South Africans in the shortest time frame. South Africa has many enabling drivers to become a global leader in food technology advances. However, many barriers need to be overcome for industry, academia and government to collaborate to advance novel food science and technologies to reach commercialisation. SIGNIFICANCE: • Drivers and consequences of food consumption changes in South Africa were modelled and broad food consumption trends between 1994 and 2009/2012 were identified. • For the first time, the Access to Nutrition Index methodology was applied to South African owned food companies to identify strategies to enhance nutrition practices. Companies need to do more to deliver affordable and accessible products. • Drivers and barriers in adopting advanced food science and technology were modelled. A collective ecosystem approach with industry, academia and government mobilisation around critical areas like hunger, malnutrition and poverty could be a way to tackle the failing food system.

ABSTRACT The objective of this research aims to accomplish a critical evaluation of the normative frameworks and public policies established for the right to adequate food in Latin America. As a result of the assessment, it is observed that in the countries analyzed, the development of legal and policy frameworks is still required, which must be strengthened and detailed following the most up-to-date international standards, to guarantee the right to adequate food for all people. Without robust legal frameworks, strong institutional capacities, and sufficient transversal mechanisms for the attention to food as a full right, the design and implementation of public policies will not be appropriate and comprehensive and will not have the desired impacts. Deficiencies in the structural supports for regulations and policies generate unequal impacts among the countries of the region that highlight the vulnerability of Latin America.

RESUMEN El objetivo de la investigación fue realizar una evaluación crítica de los marcos normativos y las políticas públicas establecidas para el derecho a la alimentación adecuada en América Latina. Como resultado de la valoración se observa que en los países analizados todavía se requiere del desarrollo de marcos legales y de políticas que es necesario afianzar y detallar de acuerdo con los estándares internacionales más actualizados, con objeto de garantizar el derecho a la alimentación adecuada para todas las personas. Sin marcos legales robustos, capacidades institucionales fuertes y mecanismos transversales suficientes para la atención de la alimentación como derecho pleno, el diseño y la implementación de políticas públicas no serán apropiados e integrales y no tendrán los impactos deseados. Las deficiencias en los sustentos estructurales para la normativa y las políticas generan impactos desiguales entre los países de la región que resaltan la vulnerabilidad de América Latina.

RESUMO As hortas comunitárias inspiradas em modelos agroecológicos já são tendências nas cidades que buscam estimular ambientes positivos. Entre as possíveis estratégias, permitem integrar políticas que visam à erradicação da fome, a garantia de qualidade alimentar e o aumento da economia familiar. O presente estudo objetiva analisar os significados simbólicos e afetivos dos usuários diante de suas atividades nas hortas comunitárias urbanas. Foram 40 entrevistados com idade média entre 45 e 80 anos, por meio do Instrumento Gerador de Mapas Afetivos. A pesquisa foi realizada in loco e os participantes foram convidados a desenhar a horta e responder à entrevista. As imagens produzidas foram analisadas a partir de suas estruturas, sentimentos e sentidos. Constatou-se que as vivências nesses ambientes foram mediadas por sentimentos de agradabilidade, pertencimento e restauração. Entre os sentidos atribuídos, destacaram-se a conexão com a natureza e a interação social. Conclui-se que tais dimensões presentes nas hortas estudadas podem contribuir para a promoção da saúde, da sustentabilidade e a preservação ambiental.

ABSTRACT Community gardens inspired by agroecological models are trends in cities that seek to stimulate positive environments. Among the possible strategies, they allow us to integrate policies that aim to eradicate eradicate hunger, guarantee food quality and increase the family economy. This study aims to analyze the symbolic and emotional meanings of users during their activities in urban community gardens. There were 40 interviewees with average age between 45 and 80 years old, through the Affective Map Generator Instrument. The research was carried out on site and the participants were invited to develop the information and respond to the interview. The images produced are analyzed from their structures, feelings and senses. It is confirmed that experiences in these environments are mediated by feelings of pleasantness, belonging and restoration. Among the senses attributed, the connection with nature and social interaction stand out. It is concluded that these dimensions present in the studied gardens can contribute to the promotion of health, sustainability and environmental preservation.

ABSTRACT Community gardens inspired by agroecological models are trends in cities that seek to stimulate positive environments. Among the possible strategies, they allow us to integrate policies that aim to eradicate eradicate hunger, guarantee food quality and increase the family economy. This study aims to analyze the symbolic and emotional meanings of users during their activities in urban community gardens. There were 40 interviewees with average age between 45 and 80 years old, through the Affective Map Generator Instrument. The research was carried out on site and the participants were invited to develop the information and respond to the interview. The images produced are analyzed from their structures, feelings and senses. It is confirmed that experiences in these environments are mediated by feelings of pleasantness, belonging and restoration. Among the senses attributed, the connection with nature and social interaction stand out. It is concluded that these dimensions present in the studied gardens can contribute to the promotion of health, sustainability and environmental preservation. strategies hunger economy 4 8 old Instrument interview structures pleasantness restoration attributed health preservation

RESUMO As hortas comunitárias inspiradas em modelos agroecológicos já são tendências nas cidades que buscam estimular ambientes positivos. Entre as possíveis estratégias, permitem integrar políticas que visam à erradicação da fome, a garantia de qualidade alimentar e o aumento da economia familiar. O presente estudo objetiva analisar os significados simbólicos e afetivos dos usuários diante de suas atividades nas hortas comunitárias urbanas. Foram 40 entrevistados com idade média entre 45 e 80 anos, por meio do Instrumento Gerador de Mapas Afetivos. A pesquisa foi realizada in loco e os participantes foram convidados a desenhar a horta e responder à entrevista. As imagens produzidas foram analisadas a partir de suas estruturas, sentimentos e sentidos. Constatou-se que as vivências nesses ambientes foram mediadas por sentimentos de agradabilidade, pertencimento e restauração. Entre os sentidos atribuídos, destacaram-se a conexão com a natureza e a interação social. Conclui-se que tais dimensões presentes nas hortas estudadas podem contribuir para a promoção da saúde, da sustentabilidade e a preservação ambiental. positivos estratégias fome familiar urbanas 4 8 anos Afetivos entrevista estruturas Constatouse Constatou se agradabilidade restauração atribuídos destacaramse destacaram social Concluise Conclui saúde ambiental

Abstract This essay explores the convergences and singularities of popular education and Food and Nutrition Education based on biographical fragments of the undergraduate training program in Nutrition of three university professors who established their academic and professional trajectories at these crossroads of knowledge and actions mediated by popular education. Inspired by the autobiographical method, the narratives revealed that the initial indignations with social inequalities were mobilizing the routes in the formative path toward understanding hunger, suffering, and human care. To this end, seeking spaces and opportunities to learn about and experience social work in contexts of vulnerabilities was a decisive factor in their personal and professional constructions, revealing the contradictions of traditional training models and the starting point for the genesis of critical thinking. Thus, clues are offered to understand the interfaces of Popular Education (PE) and Food and Nutrition Education (FNE) in the converging actions around the fight against hunger and the right to food without, however, reducing one to the other when food and Nutrition are projected on the horizon of practices. method suffering care end constructions thinking Thus PE (PE FNE (FNE without however practices

Resumo Este ensaio explora as convergências e singularidades do diálogo entre a educação popular (EP) e a educação alimentar e nutricional (EAN) a partir de fragmentos biográficos do percurso formativo da graduação em Nutrição de três docentes universitários que constituíram as suas trajetórias acadêmico-profissional mediados pela Educação Popular. Inspirando-se na autobiografia, as narrativas revelaram que as indignações iniciais com as desigualdades sociais foram mobilizadoras do percurso formativo, possibilitando a compreensão dos fenômenos da fome, do sofrimento e do cuidado humano. Assim, o exercício de buscarem espaços e oportunidades na qual pudessem conhecer e experienciar o trabalho social em contextos de vulnerabilidades mostrou-se decisivo nas construções pessoais e profissionais, revelando as contradições dos modelos tradicionais de formação e foram o ponto de partida para a gênese do pensamento crítico. Assim, pretende-se oferecer pistas para compreender as interfaces entre EP e EAN, na convergência de ações em torno da luta contra a fome e pelo Direito à Alimentação, sem, entretanto, reduzir-se uma à outra, quando a alimentação e nutrição se projetam no horizonte das práticas. (EP EAN (EAN acadêmicoprofissional acadêmico profissional Popular Inspirandose Inspirando autobiografia humano Assim mostrouse mostrou profissionais crítico pretendese pretende Alimentação sem entretanto reduzirse reduzir outra práticas

ABSTRACT The hidden hunger for Se in the world population is well known. As a strategy to address this issue, this study aimed to biofortify onion (Allium cepa L.), since it is a condiment vegetable consumed by different economic classes and is widely used in the food industry. To this end, Se doses (0, 10, 25, 50, 100 and 200 g ha-1) and application forms (soil and foliar) were evaluated on the biofortification of the bulb and crop yield. The Se source was sodium selenate. Via soil, Se was applied together with NPK fertilizer in the pre-transplantation of the seedlings. Via foliar application, Se was sprayed 77 d after seedlings were transplanted. The Se increased yield up to 99 g ha-1, which was 14.7% higher than the yield obtained in the crop not fertilized with Se. Foliar application of Se was more efficient than soil application in the biofortification of onion, although both were effective. With the dose that promoted the highest yield, the Se concentrations reached 0.487 and 0.317 mg Se kg-1 in onion dry mass, when the supply was made via foliar and soil applications, respectively. The increase in Se supply did not influence bulb quality, as demonstrated by the macro- and micronutrients content and pungency.

ABSTRACT The return and worsening of hunger during the COVID-19 pandemic were important setbacks experienced by the Brazilian population in recent years, as a result of a necropolitics form of government, which refused to look at and offer public policies aimed at vulnerable populations. The act of eating, in itself, is a promoter of (physical and mental) health, which has been denied to a large part of the population during the pandemic. This research, based on cartography method, aimed to investigate arrangements of mental health produced in the communities, in Heliópolis, a favela in São Paulo. Among the main findings, we highlight arrangements to expand the food supply, rescue the political importance of individuals residing in the territory, marches denouncing the situation of hunger in the favelas, as well as affective sharing of stories mediated by the sharing of food. These actions show the importance of the act of eating as a promoter of (physical and mental) health and highlight the importance of the relationships produced and mediated by food. The fight for food and its sharing, in a scenario of political dismantling and return of hunger in the country, presented itself as a form of resistance and collective confrontation to necropolitics. COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 years government populations physical research method communities Heliópolis Paulo findings supply territory favelas country COVID1 1 COVID-

RESUMO O retorno e o agravamento da fome na pandemia de covid-19 foram importantes retrocessos vividos pela população brasileira nos últimos anos, fruto de uma gestão governamental pautada na necropolítica, que se recusou a olhar e produzir políticas públicas destinadas às populações em situação de vulnerabilidades. O ato de comer, em si, é um produtor de saúde (física-mental), que foi negado a grande parte da população durante a pandemia. A presente pesquisa, produzida a partir da metodologia cartográfica, teve por objetivo investigar os arranjos de cuidado em saúde mental produzidos nos territórios, em comunidade, no bairro de Heliópolis, periferia da capital paulista. Entre os principais achados, destacam-se arranjos para ampliar a oferta de alimentos, resgate da importância política dos indivíduos residentes do território, marchas denunciando a situação da fome na periferia, bem como partilhas afetivas de histórias mediadas pela partilha da comida. Tais ações demonstram a importância do ato de comer como promotor de saúde (física-mental) e ressaltam a relevância das relações produzidas e mediadas pela comida. A luta pela alimentação e seu compartilhamento, em um cenário de desmonte político e retorno da fome no País, apresentou-se como uma forma de resistência e de enfrentamento coletivo à necropolítica. covid19 covid 19 covid-1 anos necropolítica vulnerabilidades si físicamental, físicamental física , pesquisa cartográfica territórios comunidade Heliópolis paulista achados destacamse destacam alimentos território comida (física-mental compartilhamento País apresentouse apresentou covid1 1 covid-

Resumo Este ensaio explora as convergências e singularidades do diálogo entre a educação popular (EP) e a educação alimentar e nutricional (EAN) a partir de fragmentos biográficos do percurso formativo da graduação em Nutrição de três docentes universitários que constituíram as suas trajetórias acadêmico-profissional mediados pela Educação Popular. Inspirando-se na autobiografia, as narrativas revelaram que as indignações iniciais com as desigualdades sociais foram mobilizadoras do percurso formativo, possibilitando a compreensão dos fenômenos da fome, do sofrimento e do cuidado humano. Assim, o exercício de buscarem espaços e oportunidades na qual pudessem conhecer e experienciar o trabalho social em contextos de vulnerabilidades mostrou-se decisivo nas construções pessoais e profissionais, revelando as contradições dos modelos tradicionais de formação e foram o ponto de partida para a gênese do pensamento crítico. Assim, pretende-se oferecer pistas para compreender as interfaces entre EP e EAN, na convergência de ações em torno da luta contra a fome e pelo Direito à Alimentação, sem, entretanto, reduzir-se uma à outra, quando a alimentação e nutrição se projetam no horizonte das práticas.

Abstract This essay explores the convergences and singularities of popular education and Food and Nutrition Education based on biographical fragments of the undergraduate training program in Nutrition of three university professors who established their academic and professional trajectories at these crossroads of knowledge and actions mediated by popular education. Inspired by the autobiographical method, the narratives revealed that the initial indignations with social inequalities were mobilizing the routes in the formative path toward understanding hunger, suffering, and human care. To this end, seeking spaces and opportunities to learn about and experience social work in contexts of vulnerabilities was a decisive factor in their personal and professional constructions, revealing the contradictions of traditional training models and the starting point for the genesis of critical thinking. Thus, clues are offered to understand the interfaces of Popular Education (PE) and Food and Nutrition Education (FNE) in the converging actions around the fight against hunger and the right to food without, however, reducing one to the other when food and Nutrition are projected on the horizon of practices.

Resumen Este estudio indaga la relación y contribución de las investigaciones del Programa de Posgrado en Desarrollo Sostenible de la Universidad de Costa Rica al desarrollo sostenible. Se examinaron 46 tesis desarrolladas en el período entre 2007 y 2023. Mediante un análisis documental minucioso, se investigaron aspectos como la autoría, género, nacionalidad, énfasis, así como las ubicaciones y objetos de estudio de cada investigación. Este análisis permitió la identificación de tres categorías de enfoque: 1) comunidades locales, 2) organizaciones y 3) áreas protegidas. Por último, se analizó el enfoque de las investigaciones en temas como la pobreza, hambre, salud, educación, trabajo digno, producción y consumo responsables, alianzas y preservación de ecosistemas terrestres. Este análisis posibilitó el establecimiento de conexiones directas con los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible.

Abstract This study investigates the relationship and contribution of research conducted within the Graduate Program in Sustainable Development at the University of Costa Rica to sustainable development. It analyzes 46 theses developed between 2007 and 2023. Through a comprehensive documentary analysis, the study delved into aspects including authorship, gender, nationality, emphases, and the locations and objects of study for each research. This analysis facilitated the identification of three main categories: 1) local communities, 2) organizations, and 3) protected areas. Lastly, the research focus underwent analysis in areas encompassing poverty, hunger, health, education, decent work, responsible production and consumption, alliances, and preservation of terrestrial ecosystems. This analysis facilitated the establishment of direct connections with the Sustainable Development Goals.

ABSTRACT The return and worsening of hunger during the COVID-19 pandemic were important setbacks experienced by the Brazilian population in recent years, as a result of a necropolitics form of government, which refused to look at and offer public policies aimed at vulnerable populations. The act of eating, in itself, is a promoter of (physical and mental) health, which has been denied to a large part of the population during the pandemic. This research, based on cartography method, aimed to investigate arrangements of mental health produced in the communities, in Heliópolis, a favela in São Paulo. Among the main findings, we highlight arrangements to expand the food supply, rescue the political importance of individuals residing in the territory, marches denouncing the situation of hunger in the favelas, as well as affective sharing of stories mediated by the sharing of food. These actions show the importance of the act of eating as a promoter of (physical and mental) health and highlight the importance of the relationships produced and mediated by food. The fight for food and its sharing, in a scenario of political dismantling and return of hunger in the country, presented itself as a form of resistance and collective confrontation to necropolitics.

RESUMO O retorno e o agravamento da fome na pandemia de covid-19 foram importantes retrocessos vividos pela população brasileira nos últimos anos, fruto de uma gestão governamental pautada na necropolítica, que se recusou a olhar e produzir políticas públicas destinadas às populações em situação de vulnerabilidades. O ato de comer, em si, é um produtor de saúde (física-mental), que foi negado a grande parte da população durante a pandemia. A presente pesquisa, produzida a partir da metodologia cartográfica, teve por objetivo investigar os arranjos de cuidado em saúde mental produzidos nos territórios, em comunidade, no bairro de Heliópolis, periferia da capital paulista. Entre os principais achados, destacam-se arranjos para ampliar a oferta de alimentos, resgate da importância política dos indivíduos residentes do território, marchas denunciando a situação da fome na periferia, bem como partilhas afetivas de histórias mediadas pela partilha da comida. Tais ações demonstram a importância do ato de comer como promotor de saúde (física-mental) e ressaltam a relevância das relações produzidas e mediadas pela comida. A luta pela alimentação e seu compartilhamento, em um cenário de desmonte político e retorno da fome no País, apresentou-se como uma forma de resistência e de enfrentamento coletivo à necropolítica.

In response to the growing number of people requiring access to higher education, the student numbers at distance education institutions grew significantly over the last decade (Unisa 2013; 2020). Unfortunately, many students who enrol at open distance learning institutions are not ready for the demands of distance e-learning. More than half of students enrolled at the open distance learning institution where this study was done drop out and the reasons have been well researched (Joubert and Snyman 2018; Mashile, Fynn, and Matoane 2020). It seems that universities' responses to Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG 4.3 - equal access to technical, vocational and higher education) (Unesco 2021) may unintentionally have created new vulnerabilities for the very group of people they have targeted for progress to end poverty, hunger and discrimination. As nearly a third of all students in South Africa are enrolled at Africa's largest open distance learning institution (Unisa 2018), it becomes crucial not only to increase access, but simultaneously to prioritise student retention and academic performance. This raises the question: How can and should lecturers teaching at distance-education institutions optimise the online teaching and learning environment in order to bridge the gap between access targets and academic performance targets? Following an autoethnographic research design, I share my own experiences of teaching two year-modules of the Bachelor of Education (B.Ed) Foundation Phase programme offered via a continuous assessment (CA) approach. Two theoretical frameworks, namely the socio-critical model of Subotzky and Prinsloo (2011, 184), and Luna's (2018) theory of layers of vulnerability guided my understanding of the challenges associated with distance learning as well as my research design. My study reveals that the promise of CA does not always convert to optimal performance, and that contextual factors in distance education have a powerful impact on academic achievement despite the effort made by lecturers.

Abstract Objective Malnutrition is characterized by situations of undernutrition and obesity resulting from the lack of micronutrients with the greatest impact on children. The objective of this review was to highlight inadequate food consumption, food security, and nutritional inadequacy leading to hidden hunger and the prevention and treatment of the main micronutrient deficiencies in Brazil. Data source Literature review carried out through a bibliographic survey in PubMed (National Library of Medicine, United States), Lilacs (Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences), and SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online) databases. The search used the terms Occult hunger, (hidden hunger), and Child, in articles published between 2013 and 2023 in Portuguese, English and Spanish. The search was performed on 06/25/2023. Data synthesis The lack of micronutrients can occur insidiously and without clinical manifestations, being called hidden hunger. The prevention of nutritional deficiencies is part of the recommended actions in childcare, with healthy eating. Studies were cited related to macro and micronutrient intake deficiencies, both national and international, and strategies to improve micronutrient intake, including routine supplementation of iron, and vitamins D and A. The diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of the main deficiencies in Brazil (iron, vitamin A, vitamin D, zinc), currently adopted, concluded the topic. Conclusion Zero hunger and zero obesity must be part of the same policy, together with a nutritional education program. children consumption security National Medicine States, States , States) Latin Sciences, Sciences Sciences) Scientific Online databases hunger) Child 201 202 Portuguese Spanish 06252023 06 25 06/25/2023 manifestations childcare eating international iron A diagnosis (iron zinc, zinc zinc) adopted topic policy program 20 0625202 0 2 06/25/202 062520 06/25/20 06252 06/25/2 0625 06/25/ 062 06/25 06/2 06/