Abstract. To address the issue of the urban Anthropocene, it is proposed to inquire into memories, socio-ecological practices, and collaborative relationships among living ecosystems. Based on ethnographic work and secondary sources from three urban situations in Santiago de Chile -garden, square, and third ruderal landscape- the objective is to understand the collaborative interaction between the human and the non-human. The working hypothesis suggests that it is in the expressive and collaborative gestures of subjectivities, desires, and imag inaries that transformative, ecologically sustainable capacities emerge, opening the way to public spaces in cohabitation with living ecosystems. It is concluded that although the three experiences have not been integrated by urban policies, they constitute political exercises and acts of vita activa in the face of urban ecological crisis, opening paths for a collaborative anthropology framed within an ecology of diverse practices and knowledge.

Resumen. Para tratar el problema del Antropoceno urbano se propone interrogar las memorias, las prácticas socioecológicas y las relaciones colaborativas entre ecosistemas vivos. A partir del trabajo etnográfico y fuentes secundarias de tres situaciones urbanas en Santiago de Chile -jardín, plaza y tercer paisaje ruderal-, el objetivo es comprender la interacción colaborativa entre lo humano y lo no-humano. La hipótesis de trabajo plantea que es en los gestos expresivos y colaborativos de subjetividades, deseos e imaginarios que surgen capacidades transformadoras, ecológicamente sustentables y que abren el camino hacia espacios públicos en cohabitación entre ecosistemas vivos. Se concluye que a pesar de que las tres experiencias no han sido integradas por las políticas urbanas, estas constituyen ejercicios políticos y de vita activa frente a la crisis ecológica urbana, lo que abre vías para una antropología colaborativa que se enmarca en una ecología de las prácticas y saberes diversos.

Abstract Environmental ethics focuses on human responsibility towards the environment, especially due to the current abuse of natural resources. This relationship has caused serious impacts on the environment and human life, pointing out the need for a genuine and practical change for humanity to assume its responsibility in the preservation of the environment. By considering the theological-philosophical points of view presented by Pope Francis and Hans Jonas’ ethical proposal for the technological era, this study seeks to merge both ideas to promote biodiversity. This implies recognizing the role of the human being as a responsible steward, promoting an ethic that orients towards the future, while maintaining respect for the position of the human being as guardian of the ecosystem and its biological diversity.

RESUMEN La ética ambiental se enfoca en la responsabilidad humana hacia el entorno, especialmente debido al abuso de los recursos naturales en la actualidad. Esta relación ha causado impactos graves en el medio ambiente y en la vida humana, señalando la necesidad de un cambio genuino y práctico para que la humanidad asuma su responsabilidad en la preservación del entorno. Al considerar los puntos de vista teológico-filosóficos presentados por el papa Francisco y la propuesta ética de Hans Jonas para la era tecnológica, se busca en este estudio fusionar ambas ideas para lograr que fomenten la biodiversidad. Esto implica reconocer el papel del ser humano como administrador responsable, promoviendo una ética que oriente hacia el futuro, manteniendo el respeto por la posición del ser humano como guardián del ecosistema y su diversidad biológica.

The number of people on Earth and human activities are currently taking on frightening proportions with far-reaching consequences for our planet, its biodiversity and ultimately the human race itself. Ten thousand years ago, humans represented 1% of the total biomass of all land vertebrates. The rest was made up by wild animals. Currently, humans, livestock and pets make up 99% of terrestrial vertebrate biomass, while wild animals represent only 1%. It took millennia for the human population to reach the 1 billion mark and that only by 1890. By 1960, however, the world population had grown to 3 billion. Today there are 8 billion people living on our planet. According to Population Matters, the world population will be approximately 10,4 billion by the end of this century, despite the gradual decline in the growth rate in some countries. There is only a 23% chance that the total population growth rate will tail off before 2100. The population of the 47 least developed countries is likely to triple between 2017 and 2100 to around 3 billion. There are currently 62 million people in South Africa. About 67,9% of our population (in 2021) live in urban areas. The South African population grew by 0,87% in 2023. The fertility rate is 2,30 (2023). It is estimated that by 2050 75,5 million people will be living in South Africa, with 8 out of every 10 people living in urban areas, which would significantly increase the pressure on infrastructure. The Global Footprint Network states that humans currently use the resources of 1,75 Earths. If the situation does not improve, by 2050 we would need the equivalent of three Earths to survive. More than 4 billion people will have little or no water by 2050, and South Africa even now has been classified as a "water-stressed" country. Medical science is continually contributing to more babies surviving their entry into the world and to our living increasingly longer. Life expectancy has risen from 46 years in 1950 to 73,2 years in 2023. By 2050 it will be 77 years. What can be done? Empowerment of women is important. Population growth can be curbed to a reasonable extent by giving more girls access to education. This certainly does not mean that girls or women alone should be held responsible for the current population growth, but much more will have to be done about sex education, women's rights will have to be actively promoted and there will have to be better provision and use of contraceptives. Obviously, these issues should be approached and handled with due caution. In this regard, countries such as Thailand and South Korea have, in the recent past, proved that good education may result in lower birth rates. In Africa, women with no education have an average of 5,4 children; women who completed high school an average of 2,7 children and women with tertiary education an average of 2.2. In Nigeria, every year of school attendance by girls cuts the birth rate by a tenth. In addition, intensified efforts to reform economies and societies should be considered. For the sake of the survival of the human species and the sustainability of the Earth, ecological and economic justice and the empowerment ofwomen have to be encouraged. The Millennium Project - a global participatory think tank that was founded in 1996 under the auspices of the American Council for the United Nations University, but which became independent in 2009 and has since grown into a global network of institutions and individuals - aims to improve humankind's prospects for a better future. It recommends, among other things, the following: • Support a policy aimed at improving the survival of children, responsible family planning and educational opportunities for (especially) girls. • Improve methods that will ensure skills and employment opportunities for young people, as well as care and services for the elderly. • Implement the UN's urban agenda. • Create enough smart cities where citizens with urban intelligence can help in eco-smart ways with the necessary improvements in the city. • Increase training in resilience, and improve disaster prediction and management. • Provide guidance for people about urban ecology. • Intensify research and development in saltwater agriculture (halophytes or salt plants) on coastlines to produce food for humans and animals, biofuel and pulp for the paper industry, and to absorb carbon dioxide (CO2). This will ease the pressure on freshwater agriculture. • Improve agricultural and irrigation management. • Invest in precision agriculture and aquaculture. • Reduce food losses from the "farm to the mouth" (one third or 1,3 billion tons of agricultural production is wasted in this way every year). • Establish seaweed to restore wild fish populations along coastlines. The World Bank estimates that 90% of marine life is completely depleted. • Expand the production of insects for animal feed and human diets (insects have a low environmental impact, and 2 billion people already supplement their diet with insects today). • Encourage vegetarianism. Although there are more ways to address these important global challenges, responsible family planning remains one of the most important. This is an extremely sensitive issue for many people (especially in Africa), but if it is not promoted in a humane, informed and responsible way, the sustainability of life on our planet will increasingly come under tremendous pressure in various respects.

Die aantal mense op aarde en hulle/ons aktiwiteite neem tans skrikwekkende afmetings aan met wydlopende gevolge vir ons planeet, biodiversiteit en uiteindelik onsself. Die moderne mens het sy teenwoordigheid op die aarde en die benutting van hulpbronne baie lank as sy onaantasbare reg gesien. Die huidige uitwerking van byvoorbeeld bevolkingsgroei en besoedeling versteur die aarde se natuurlike ritme in so 'n mate dat ons nou nie meer op 'n kitsoplossing kan hoop nie. Die mens se getalle neem teen so 'n tempo toe dat dit nie net nadelig vir die planeet is nie, maar ook vir die mensdom self. Wat kan gedoen word? Bemagtiging van vroue speel 'n belangrike rol. Dit beteken beslis nie dat meisies en vroue alleen vir die huidige bevolkingsgroei verantwoordelik gehou moet word nie. Die bevolkingsgroei kan egter in 'n redelike mate vertraag word deur veral meer meisies toegang tot onderwys en opleiding te gee - asook hul lewensomstandighede te verbeter. Ook sal daar heelwat meer aan seksopvoeding gedoen moet word, vroueregte sal daadwerklik bevorder moet word en daar sal beter voorsiening en gebruik van voorbehoedmiddels moet wees. Uiteraard moet hierdie kwessies met die nodige omsigtigheid benader en hanteer word. In hierdie verband kan onder andere Thailand en Suid-Korea genoem word wat in die onlangse verlede bewys het dat goeie onderwys geboortesyfers laat daal. In Afrika het vroue wat geen onderwys ontvang nie, gemiddeld 5,4 kinders; vroue wat hoërskool voltooi het gemiddeld 2,7 kinders en vroue wat tersiêre studie deurloop het, gemiddeld 2,2 kinders. In Nigerië sny elke jaar wat meisies skool bywoon, die geboortesyfer met 'n tiende. Hiermee saam sal daar ook verskerpte pogings moet wees om ekonomieë en samelewings te hervorm. Ter wille van die mens se voortbestaan en die volhoubaarheid van lewe op aarde moet ekologiese en ekonomiese geregtigheid, en die bemagtiging van vroue aangemoedig word.

In this article we report on an exploration of leadership and context for the improvement of quality education in South African socioeconomic-deprived school contexts viewed through Hellinger's contextual theory, open systems theory, Bronfenbrenner's ecology of human development, and Bourdieu's theory of field, habitus and power. A post positivistic approach allowed for a quantitative research design which employed an interpretivist lens to use the theory and the context to interpret the numbers. A self-designed questionnaire was used for the data collection. We analysed the data by means of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) analysis program and evaluated using a Likert scale. In the study reported on here, the mean scores - sorted from the highest, which means the most important factor, to the lowest - are presented. The findings reveal that low teacher professionalism and non-compliance to the regulations, contextual factors outside the schools (teenage pregnancy, vandalism), learners' circumstantial challenges, high accountability by the department without considering schools' contextual factors, and a lack of parental involvement in the teaching-learning process were among the biggest challenges for principals to influence quality education.

Classic depictions of human evolutionary ecology cast Homo as predator and other hominins, including Paranthropus robustus, as prey. Such hypotheses rest on a small number of fossils that exhibit evidence of carnivore predation, including the iconic SK 54 cranium from Swartkrans in South Africa. Here we demonstrate that the SK 54 cranium shares its closest affinities with H. erectus sensu lato rather than P. robustus. Demonstrating that Homo was prey for leopards at Swartkrans weakens the historically significant hypothesis that Homo was better able to avoid predation because of being behaviourally and technologically advanced compared to Paranthropus. Subsequent ideas about hominin palaeobiology derived from this hypothesis warrant reconsideration. SIGNIFICANCE: • The small sample of early Homo from southern Africa is increased by the allocation of the SK 54 cranium to that genus. • Evidence from Swartkrans suggests that Homo was prey for leopards. • Hypotheses concerning the biology, behaviour, and technological capabilities of Homo and P. robustus stemming from Brain's seminal work, The Hunters or the Hunted?, should be reassessed.

The need for sustainable and environmentally friendly energy sources is very important if future generations are to be spared of the misdoings of past generations. Climate change, environmental pollution, radiation pollution, and altering of the balanced ecology of the green planet earth is now a significant challenge, because if not mitigated, some island nations will disappear in the future, due to human activities energized by unsustainable fossil fuels. Based on these facts, Germany has taken concrete and important steps to stem the tide of this ill wind by embracing the Green Hydrogen system. This is more obvious in the transport system that produces more than 40% of Green House Gases in Europe. Because Germany is an industrialized European nation, the government has introduced Green Hydrogen for transportation in accordance with European Union energy policy. Therefore, this paper provides a clear, concise analysis and implementation of Green Hydrogen energy in the smart energy system. The paper presents Green Hydrogen analysis in transportation in four sections, namely, Geographical, Chemical, social, and economic aspects, respectively. The last section of this paper is the discussion of results from cost/feasibility analysis, which shows that although the expected or forecasted GH cost is US$7.11per kg from 2020 to 2050, the current growth in the green hydrogen infrastructure and technology, reduced the overall cost of GH in 2020 to $1.60/kg. An erudite conclusion and recommendations are made at the end of this research.

Abstract The fragmentation of natural ecosystems has become a serious global problem caused by the construction of conventional infrastructure. While this development has contributed to the economic growth of large cities, its installation and operation have socio-economic impacts on various rural populations, creating conditions and feelings of marginalization and poverty among them. Therefore, an evaluation has been conducted using landscape ecology and specialized software to assess whether the infrastructure built since 1975 in the highlands of the Tacna Department has had ecological effects on its ecosystems and high Andean societies. It has been determined that 267.3 km2 of conventional infrastructure (5.51% of the total surface) has caused a barrier effect on the Suri and an area effect on various wild plant species, reducing their abundance, diversity, and coverage. Additionally, there is evidence of the edge effect, as indicated by changes in relative humidity and soil and ambient temperatures. The interaction of rural people with their natural environment fulfills their human needs, and it has been observed that the partial or total replacement of ecosystems has limited essential development conditions, such as access to resources and exclusion from decision-making about them. This replacements have generated a climate of exclusion and injustice, leading to protests and opposition in past social conflicts that still linger. Therefore, implementing better mechanisms for environmental impact assessment, territorial management, restoration, and rural development based on the conservation of ecosystems and adequate compensation for ecosystem services will ensure the development and social peace in the high Andean societies of the Puna ecoregion.

Resumen La fragmentación de los ecosistemas naturales viene siendo un grave problema mundial, ocasionado por la construcción de infraestructura convencional, que, si bien ha contribuido al desarrollo económico de las grandes ciudades, su instalación y funcionamiento afecta socioeconómicamente a diferentes poblaciones rurales, creando en ellas condiciones y sensaciones de marginalidad y pobreza. Por ello, se ha evaluado mediante la ecología del paisaje y un software especializado, si aquella construida desde el año 1975 en la puna del Departamento de Tacna, ha provocado efectos ecológicos sobre sus ecosistemas y sociedades altoandinas, determinándose que 267,3 km2 de infraestructura convencional (5.51% de la superficie total) ha provocado el efecto barrera sobre el Suri y el efecto área en diversas especies de flora silvestre, reduciendo su abundancia, diversidad y cobertura, pero también del efecto borde, evidenciado por cambios en la humedad relativa y temperaturas del suelo y ambiente encontradas. La interacción del hombre rural con su entorno natural satisface sus necesidades humanas, comprobándose .- que el reemplazo parcial o total de los ecosistemas, ha limitado las condiciones básicas de desarrollo, como el acceso a recursos y la exclusión 110 en las decisiones sobre ellos, generando un clima de injusticia, provocando reclamos y oposiciones durante los conflictos sociales pasados que aún son latentes, por lo que la implementación de mejores mecanismos de evaluación del impacto ambiental, de gestión territorial, de restauración y desarrollo rural, basado en la conservación de sus ecosistemas y las compensaciones o retribuciones efectivas por servicios ecosistémicos, garantizaran el desarrollo y la paz social en las sociedades altoandinas de la ecorregión Puna.

ABSTRACT This study aims to present the different theories on the development of environmental consciousness that, throughout history, have influenced educational system didactics and human behavior, in order to achieve a sustainable pro-ecological attitude change. To do this, the PRISMA methodology was used and 10 articles were prioritized, respecting eligibility criteria and filters. The inquiry was conducted considering variables according to data from Web of Science and Scopus for the period 2020-2023. The results suggest that the various theories on the development of environmental consciousness embraced by the Peruvian educational system have significantly impacted didactics focused on the holistic formation of the individual in favor of the environment; an aspect that gives us hope for creating a world where there is a balance between humans and the environment, with emphasis on sustainability and respect for all elements and living beings, where ecological morality and ethics prevail over any profit-seeking endeavors.

RESUMEN Este estudio pretende dar a conocer las diferentes teorías sobre el desarrollo de la conciencia ambiental que, a lo largo de la historia, influencian en la didáctica del sistema educativo y en el actuar del ser humano, para lograr un cambio de actitud pro ecológica sustentable. Para ello, se utilizó la metodología PRISMA y se priorizaron 10 artículos, respetando los criterios de elegible y filtro. La indagación se realizó teniendo en cuenta las variables conforme a los datos arrojados por Web of Science y Scopus en el periodo 2020-2023. Los resultados permiten sostener que las diversas teorías sobre el desarrollo de la conciencia ambiental que fueron acogidas al sistema educativo peruano afectaron significativamente la didáctica enfocada en la formación integral del ser humano en favor del medioambiente; aspecto que nos permite tener esperanza para crear un mundo donde exista equilibrio hombre-medioambiente, con énfasis en la sustentabilidad y en el respeto de todos los elementos y seres vivos, donde la moral y la ética ecológica estén sobre toda pretensión lucrativa.

Fire regimes are often considered to be either driven by climate, fuel load or human activities. A significant proportion of fires across various ecosystems occur via large fire events. Recently, suggestions have been made that fires are becoming more severe and frequent as a consequence of current climate change. Although there are many factors influencing fire events, scientists have not found a suitable framework that can provide for understanding fires at the macroscale level. This review article proposes a new conceptual framework to better understand fire regimes. The proposed framework relies on a biogeographical perspective of fire regimes that include characteristics that have been underestimated in previous frameworks and to mitigate time as well as spatial scale issues at the macrolevel.

The importance of family well-being relates to the eco-theological discourse, ecology and family. Father absence, gender-based violence (GBV), and moral and values quandaries are social ills in society and are linked with eco-theology by shared values. Ecological issues are pressing concerns in the modern world. This article asserts that eco-theology, a form of constructive theology, focuses on the intricate connections among religion, nature, society, the church, and, notably, the 'family' as a vital social unit. From a theological perspective, human beings and the relationships in which they function, are grounded in the very Being of God. However, societal perspectives often depict families as afflicted, fractured entities marred by violence. Disruptions in family life reverberate throughout society, undermining its foundational moral fabric. Amid significant shifts in family structures, South Africa is observing a growing prevalence of fractured relationships, further exacerbating societal challenges. Scriptural teachings, part of the intervention, offer guidance for navigating life's complexities, including within the family, faith communities and broader society (2 Tim 3:16). Thus, this article aims to contribute insights to this critical discourse. INTRADISCIPLINARY AND/OR INTERDISCIPLINARY IMPLICATIONS: This article underscores the role of pastoral care within practical theology, particularly in addressing prevalent social challenges encountered by families. These challenges encompass issues such as father absence, divorce, erosion of values and immoral behaviour. The imperative for developing pastoral care strategies to tackle these issues is evident. These strategies may involve equipping families with necessary skills and support.

The ecological crisis in the world necessitates the reconfiguration of the hegemony of modern science, theology, politics, economics and technology - the root cause of a pending ecological catastrophe. The aim is to redress a growing culture of apathy in the context of devastating weather conditions, social and political discord, and unrelenting violent wars. Public theology serves as a conceptual framework with transversal rationality as an interlocutor between the different theological (systematic, ethics, pastoral care and eco-theology), religious and philosophical perspectives. The theological ontology of care is presented followed by the role of communities of critical prophetic discourse. The notion of earth as a community leads to the prospect of a new eco-theology. Finally, the pending ecological catastrophe is reconceptualised in and through Christian eschatology. This is an inter- and intra-disciplinary discussion on the disastrous consequences of modernity and anthropocentric behaviour in terms of the current environmental crisis. Various scholars offer valuable insights into what the problem is, who responsible is for the environmental crisis, and how Christian communities should forge an accountability of care for the earth and vulnerable human beings. The eschatological reality of God's preferred future remains a constant of hopeful and sustainable life in the Anthropocene age. It is recommended that we change the way we exist by transforming modernity as developed and sustained through theology, socio-political, economic and technological 'advances'. CONTRIBUTION: This article focussed on the ecological crisis because of anthropocentrism and distorted theological, political and socio-economic paradigms to serve human interests despite the consequences for the earth. We need to reconfigure interdisciplinary and intradisciplinary scientific approaches to embrace earth as a key scientific interlocutor. The ecological crisis should be conceptualised within the reality of Christian eschatology - Jesus Christ is ultimately, the eschaton

Resumen La evolución del instrumental metodológico de la antropología en general, y de la etnografía en particular, le ha permitido ajustarse e incorporar diversas técnicas o insumos útiles para sortear los desafíos que ha encontrado a lo largo de su historia en el contacto con las personas en cuyo conocimiento le interesa ahondar. Aunque no se trata realmente de una innovación, el uso de la bicicleta como una herramienta para la investigación cualitativa, sobre todo entre las ciencias sociales, ha proliferado por diversas razones, dentro de las que, en los últimos tiempos destaca la pandemia que azotó al mundo en el año 2020. Esto, además de revalorar su utilidad como medio de transporte, ha abierto la posibilidad de aquilatarla como una vía de contacto humano, útil para el trabajo científico y la producción de conocimiento. Lo que aquí se presenta, es una reflexión sobre algunas de las connotaciones que, para un trabajo de corte etnográfico, tiene el hecho de aproximarse a “los otros” y al medio en el que habitan, desde una bicicleta. Se expone, en ese sentido, su utilidad práctica dentro de una investigación doctoral desarrollada desde la perspectiva de la ecología política, que tuvo lugar en la región del Istmo-Costa chiapaneco, en el sur del Pacífico mexicano durante los años 2021 y 2022.

Resumo A evolução das ferramentas metodológicas da antropologia em geral, e da etnografia em particular, permitiu que ela se ajustasse e incorporasse várias técnicas ou insumos úteis para superar os desafios que encontrou ao longo de sua história em contato com os povos cujo conhecimento lhe interessa aprofundar. Embora não seja realmente uma inovação, o uso da bicicleta como ferramenta de pesquisa qualitativa, especialmente entre as ciências sociais, proliferou por vários motivos, entre os quais se destaca, nos últimos tempos, a pandemia que atingiu o mundo em 2020. Isso, além de revalorizar sua utilidade como meio de transporte, abriu a possibilidade de valorizá-la como meio de contato humano, útil para o trabalho científico e a produção de conhecimento. O que se apresenta aqui é uma reflexão sobre algumas das conotações que, para um trabalho etnográfico, tem o fato de abordar “os outros” e o ambiente em que vivem, a partir de uma bicicleta. Nesse sentido, expõe-se sua utilidade prática em uma pesquisa de doutorado desenvolvida sob a perspectiva da ecologia política, realizada na região do Istmo-Costa Chiapas, no sul do Pacífico mexicano, durante os anos de 2021 e 2022.

Abstract The evolution of the methodological tools of anthropology in general, and of ethnography in particular, has allowed it to adjust and incorporate various techniques or useful inputs to overcome the challenges it has encountered throughout its history in contact with the people whose knowledge it is interested in delving into. Although it is not really an innovation, the use of the bicycle as a tool for qualitative research, especially among the social sciences, has proliferated for various reasons, among which, in recent times, the pandemic that struck the world in 2020 stands out. This, in addition to revaluing its usefulness as a means of transportation, has offered the possibility of appraising it as a means of human contact, useful for scientific work and production of knowledge. What is presented here is a reflection on some of the connotations that, for an ethnographic work, has the fact of approaching “the others” and the environment in which they live, from a bicycle. In this sense, its practical utility within a doctoral research developed from the perspective of political ecology, which took place in the region of the Isthmus-Costa Chiapas, in the southern Mexican Pacific during the years 2021 and 2022, is exposed.

Abstract Although extractive activities have accompanied the Westernization of Latin American and, in that sense, have defined its geostrategic role, both the process of widening extractive borders and decarbonization consensus have radicalized this model in the territories, have deepened the intimate inequality gaps, and reprimarized the economy in the region. This expansion and deepening of extractive borders have been possible due to systematic violations of Human Rights and the Rights of Nature. The main objective of this work is to insert itself into the debate of the extractive model in Latin America, seeking to contribute some conceptual precisions to the notion of extractivism. The emphasis is on the Eduardo Gudynas proposal: extraheccionism. It is essentially a theoretical work, supported by Political Ecology and Decolonial Turn notions; is framed in the Latin American socio-historical context and its aim is not to propose definitive analytical categories, but rather to insert oneself in the reflection of energy socioecological transition, emphasizing both these extractive models, as well as the energy colonialism behind them.

Resumen Si bien las actividades extractivas han acompañado la occidentalización de Latinoamérica y, en ese sentido, han definido su rol estratégico geobiopolítico, tanto el proceso de ampliación de las fronteras extractivas como el “Consenso de la Descarbonización” han radicalizado el modelo extractivo imperante en los territorios, han ahondado las profundas brechas de desigualdad y han reprimarizado la economía en la región. Esta ampliación y profundización de las fronteras extractivas ha sido posible gracias a las sistemáticas violaciones a los derechos humanos y los “Derechos de la Naturaleza”. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es insertarse en el debate sobre los modelos extractivos en América Latina, buscando aportar algunas precisiones conceptuales a la noción de extractivismo. Se hace énfasis en la propuesta de Eduardo Gudynas: el extraheccionismo. Es un trabajo esencialmente teórico, apoyado en algunas nociones lanzadas por la vertiente de la Ecología Política y el Giro Decolonial; se enmarca esencialmente en el contexto sociohistórico latinoamericano y su afán no es proponer categorías analíticas definitivas, sino más bien insertarse en el debate contemporáneo alrededor de la transición energética socioecológica, colocando bajo la lupa tanto estos modelos extractivos, así como el colonialismo energético tras ellos.

In this article I focus on Gabeba Baderoon's engagement with nature and the ecological nuances in her poetry. Baderoon is an accomplished South African poet with four poetry collections to date: The Dream in the Next Body (2005), The Museum of Ordinary Life (2005), A hundred silences (2006), and The History of Intimacy (2018). These poetry collections sustain Baderoon's ecofeminist sensibility as she engages with South Africa's eco-environmental challenges. In expanding the scope of how ecology impacts on poetry, I strive to illustrate how Baderoon's poetry is intimately bound up with the tropes of environmental humanities, ecofeminism, ecocriticism, and aquapoetics. I interrogate Baderoon's engagement with ecological concerns in South Africa. Previous critical works about her poetry often discount how her poetry creatively harnesses ecopoetic tropes to illustrate the problematics of ecological concerns, climate change, and environmental crises. Rather, they often fixate on the portrayal of racial politics of apartheid as it culminated in the poverty of black people in her poetry. Interestingly, Baderoon does not enforce a strict and total division between these thematic concerns in her poetry collections. I argue in this article that, within the framework of commitment to ecological values, Baderoon explores the relationship between human and non-human agencies in her poetry. Arguably, the conception of human relations with the environment enables Baderoon to advocate for the protection of plants, animals, and water resources for a sustainable ecosystem.

Resumo O urso-negro-asiático está há muito tempo em conflito com os seres humanos. A invasão de plantações é uma das principais causas desse conflito frequentemente observado no sul da Ásia: cultivos invadidos por ursos-negros afetados por atributos temporais, espaciais e antropogênicos. A compreensão desse conflito, assim como sua mitigação, é vital para a conservação dessa espécie ameaçada. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a invasão de culturas por ursos-negros na região montanhosa de Azad Jammu e Caxemira. Pesquisas de campo foram realizadas para observar características espaciais e temporais de invasão de culturas, entre 2015 e 2020, e dados coletados usando questionários desenhados e adaptados aleatoriamente em aldeias próximas às florestas. Os resultados revelaram que o milho foi a única cultura atacada por ursos-negros. Uma área total de 28 acres foi invadida pelo urso-preto na temporada de outono (agosto-novembro), resultando em um dano de 51 toneladas – todo o ataque foi realizado à noite. Cada respondente recebeu danos na colheita em 0,09 acre, com uma perda de 0,17 tonelada de rendimento. A quantidade e a área da colheita foram significativamente correlacionadas entre si. O distrito de Neelum compartilhou 49% da perda total da colheita, enquanto 47% do milho foram invadidos na faixa altitudinal de 2100-2500 m. A invasão de culturas foi altamente significativa (χ2 = 1174,64;df = 308; p < 0,01), dependente da distância até a floresta. A regressão linear revelou que a quantidade de milho foi determinada por área, tempo e área total do campo. Os agricultores enfrentaram uma perda de 3,8 milhões de PKRs devido a danos nas colheitas causados por ursos-negros. Apesar do grande prejuízo, a maioria (23%) dos respondentes não respondeu ao questionamento sobre as medidas de mitigação, indicando má adaptação das medidas preventivas. A estratégia preferida para evitar danos às plantações foi fazer barulho (27,8%) quando os ursos atacaram suas plantações. Recomenda-se o início de um esquema de compensação para os agricultores, que transformará sua atitude negativa em positiva em relação à vida selvagem e ao urso-negro em particular. O estudo fornece uma nova visão do conflito entre humanos e ursos, particularmente no contexto espacial e temporal de invasões de colheitas em AJ&K.

Abstract Asiatic black bear has long been in conflict with human beings crop raiding is a major cause of this conflict frequently noted in South Asia. Crops raided by black bears affected by temporal, spatial and anthropogenic attributes. Insight in this conflict and its mitigation is vital for the conservation of this threatened species. Present study aimed to evaluate crop raiding by black bears in the mountainous region of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Field surveys were carried out to observe spatial and temporal crop raiding features between 2015-2020 and data gathered using designed questionnaires randomly tailored in villages nearby the forests. Results revealed that maize was the sole crop raided by black bears. A total of 28-acre area was raided by black bear in the fall season (Aug-November) resulting in a damage of 51 metric tons, whole raiding was carried out at night. Each respondent received crop damage on 0.09 acre with a loss of 0.17 metric ton yield. Crop quantity and area were significantly correlated to each other. District Neelum shared 49% of the total crop loss, while 47% of the maize was raided at the altitudinal range of 2100-2500 m. crop raiding was highly significantly ( χ 2 = 1174.64 ; d f = 308 ; p < 0.01) dependent upon distance to the forest. Linear regression revealed that maize quantity was determined by area, time and the total field area. Farmers faced 3.8 million PKRs loss due to crop damage by black bears. Despite the huge loss, the majority (23%) of the respondents did not respond to the query on mitigation measures indicating a poor adaptation of preventive measures. Preferred strategy to avoid crop damage was making noise (27.8%) when bears attacked their crops. A start of compensation scheme to the farmers is recommended that will have turned their negative attitude into a positive one toward the wildlife and black bear particularly. Study provides a new insight in human-bear conflict, particularly in spatial and temporal context of crop raiding in AJ&K.