ABSTRACT: Bovine mastitis is the most impacting disease of dairy industry, and it is characterized by a complexity of causal agents, which have revealed a geographical variation among regions and countries. The mastitis-related pathogens have been traditionally classified as contagious or environmental, based on habits of the microorganisms and transmission routes. Besides, the severity of mammary infections has been associated with the virulence of the pathogens, and immune and nutritional status of the hosts. Considering this scenario, we investigated the etiological pattern, clinical severity scores, and days in milk (DIM) data in 4,273 clinical cases of bovine mastitis among ten large-dairy farms located in Brazil. Streptococcus dysgalactiae (283/4,273 = 6.6%), Escherichia coli (190/4,273 = 4.4%), Prototheca spp. (112/4,273 = 2.6%), and Streptococcus uberis (95/4,273 = 2.2%) were the predominant pathogens isolated. Among 4,273 clinical cases, clinical severity score was available in 43.8% (1,871/4,273) animals. From these, 69.8% (1,306/1,871), 27.3% (510/1,871), and 2.9% (55/1,871) were scored as mild, moderate, and severe, respectively. Pathogens were observed mainly in samples obtained during the first 100 days in milk, and clinical severity scored mainly as mild. Our results contributed to the etiological identification, clinical severity scoring, and milking aspects of mastitic cows in dairy farms with a history of clinical mammary infections. ABSTRACT industry agents countries mastitisrelated related environmental routes Besides hosts scenario pattern scores DIM (DIM 4273 4 273 4,27 largedairy large Brazil 283/4,273 2834273 283 (283/4,27 6.6%, 66 6.6% , 6 6.6%) 190/4,273 1904273 190 (190/4,27 4.4%, 44 4.4% 4.4%) spp 112/4,273 1124273 112 (112/4,27 2.6%, 26 2.6% 2 2.6%) 95/4,273 954273 95 (95/4,27 2.2% 22 isolated 438 43 8 43.8 1,871/4,273 18714273 1 871 (1,871/4,273 animals these 698 69 69.8 1,306/1,871, 13061871 1,306/1,871 306 (1,306/1,871) 27 3 27.3 510/1,871, 5101871 510/1,871 510 (510/1,871) 29 9 2.9 55/1,871 551871 55 (55/1,871 mild moderate severe respectively 10 identification scoring 427 4,2 283/4,27 283427 28 (283/4,2 6.6 190/4,27 190427 19 (190/4,2 4.4 112/4,27 112427 11 (112/4,2 2.6 95/4,27 95427 (95/4,2 2.2 43. 1,871/4,27 1871427 87 (1,871/4,27 69. 1306187 1,306/1,87 30 (1,306/1,871 27. 510187 510/1,87 51 (510/1,871 2. 55/1,87 55187 5 (55/1,87 42 4, 283/4,2 28342 (283/4, 6. 190/4,2 19042 (190/4, 4. 112/4,2 11242 (112/4, 95/4,2 9542 (95/4, 1,871/4,2 187142 (1,871/4,2 130618 1,306/1,8 (1,306/1,87 51018 510/1,8 (510/1,87 55/1,8 5518 (55/1,8 283/4, 2834 (283/4 190/4, 1904 (190/4 112/4, 1124 (112/4 95/4, 954 (95/4 1,871/4, 18714 (1,871/4, 13061 1,306/1, (1,306/1,8 5101 510/1, (510/1,8 55/1, 551 (55/1, 283/4 (283/ 190/4 (190/ 112/4 (112/ 95/4 (95/ 1,871/4 1871 (1,871/4 1306 1,306/1 (1,306/1, 510/1 (510/1, 55/1 (55/1 283/ (283 190/ (190 112/ (112 95/ (95 1,871/ 187 (1,871/ 130 1,306/ (1,306/1 510/ (510/1 55/ (55/ (28 (19 (11 (9 1,871 18 (1,871 13 1,306 (1,306/ (510/ (55 (2 (1 ( 1,87 (1,87 1,30 (1,306 (510 (5 1,8 (1,8 1,3 (1,30 (51 1, (1, (1,3

RESUMO: A mastite bovina é a doença mais impactante na indústria de laticínios e é caracterizada por uma complexidade de agentes causais, os quais têm revelado uma variação geográfica entre regiões e países. Os patógenos relacionados à mastite têm sido tradicionalmente classificados como contagiosos ou ambientais, com base na fonte de infecção ou origem e nas vias de transmissão. Além disso, a gravidade das infecções mamárias tem sido associada à virulência dos patógenos, e ao estado imunológico e nutricional dos animais. Considerando esse cenário, investigamos os agentes etiológicos, os escores de gravidade clínica e os dados de dias em lactação (DEL) em 4.273 casos clínicos de mastite bovina em dez fazendas de grande porte, quatro localizadas no sudoeste do estado de São Paulo e seis no sul do Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Streptococcus dysgalactiae (283/4.273 = 6,6%), Escherichia coli (190/4.273 = 4,4%), Prototheca spp. (112/4.273 = 2,6%) e Streptococcus uberis (95/4.273 = 2,2%) foram os patógenos predominantes isolados. Entre os 4.273 casos clínicos, a pontuação de gravidade clínica estava disponível em 43,8% (1.871/4.273) dos animais. Desses, 69,8% (1.306/1.871), 27,3% (510/1.871) e 2,9% (55/1.871) foram classificados como leves, moderados e graves, respectivamente. Os patógenos foram observados principalmente em amostras obtidas durante os primeiros 100 dias em lactação, e a gravidade clínica foi principalmente classificada como leve. Nossos resultados contribuem para a identificação etiológica, a pontuação de gravidade clínica e os aspectos de ordenha de vacas com mastite em fazendas leiteiras com histórico de infecções mamárias clínicas. RESUMO causais países ambientais transmissão disso animais cenário etiológicos DEL (DEL 4273 4 273 4.27 porte Gerais Brasil 283/4.273 2834273 283 (283/4.27 6,6%, 66 6,6% , 6 6,6%) 190/4.273 1904273 190 (190/4.27 4,4%, 44 4,4% 4,4%) spp 112/4.273 1124273 112 (112/4.27 2,6% 26 2 95/4.273 954273 95 (95/4.27 2,2% 22 isolados 438 43 8 43,8 1.871/4.273 18714273 1 871 (1.871/4.273 Desses 698 69 69,8 1.306/1.871, 13061871 1.306/1.871 306 (1.306/1.871) 27 3 27,3 510/1.871 5101871 510 (510/1.871 29 9 2,9 55/1.871 551871 55 (55/1.871 leves graves respectivamente 10 leve etiológica clínicas 427 4.2 283/4.27 283427 28 (283/4.2 6,6 190/4.27 190427 19 (190/4.2 4,4 112/4.27 112427 11 (112/4.2 2,6 95/4.27 95427 (95/4.2 2,2 43, 1.871/4.27 1871427 87 (1.871/4.27 69, 1306187 1.306/1.87 30 (1.306/1.871 27, 510/1.87 510187 51 (510/1.87 2, 55/1.87 55187 5 (55/1.87 42 4. 283/4.2 28342 (283/4. 6, 190/4.2 19042 (190/4. 4, 112/4.2 11242 (112/4. 95/4.2 9542 (95/4. 1.871/4.2 187142 (1.871/4.2 130618 1.306/1.8 (1.306/1.87 510/1.8 51018 (510/1.8 55/1.8 5518 (55/1.8 283/4. 2834 (283/4 190/4. 1904 (190/4 112/4. 1124 (112/4 95/4. 954 (95/4 1.871/4. 18714 (1.871/4. 13061 1.306/1. (1.306/1.8 510/1. 5101 (510/1. 55/1. 551 (55/1. 283/4 (283/ 190/4 (190/ 112/4 (112/ 95/4 (95/ 1.871/4 1871 (1.871/4 1306 1.306/1 (1.306/1. 510/1 (510/1 55/1 (55/1 283/ (283 190/ (190 112/ (112 95/ (95 1.871/ 187 (1.871/ 130 1.306/ (1.306/1 510/ (510/ 55/ (55/ (28 (19 (11 (9 1.871 18 (1.871 13 1.306 (1.306/ (510 (55 (2 (1 ( 1.87 (1.87 1.30 (1.306 (51 (5 1.8 (1.8 1.3 (1.30 1. (1. (1.3

Abstract Background: Invasive parasitic species have barely been studied despite their impact on the communities they invade. Questions: What is the host range used by the invasive parasite Cassytha filiformis in the coastal scrubland of northern Yucatan? Does C. filiformis show host preference? Does the physiological performance of C. fliformis (water deficit and chlorophyll content) vary among hosts on which it establishes and reproduces? Study species: Cassytha filiformis, an invasive hemiparasitic vine of coastal communities. Study sites and dates: Telchac, Yucatán, México. The study lasted from October 2022 to June 2023. Methods: The incidence of C. filiformis parasitism was recorded. Histological analysis confirmed parasitism, and the water potential and chlorophyll concentration of C. filiformis in its main hosts were determined. Results: C. filiformis parasitized 10 species, showing a preference for shrubs. Its main hosts were Scaevola plumieri, Phitecellobium keyense and Croton punctatus. Differences between hosts were observed in water potential variation and total chlorophyll concentration. Differences between stem types (young and mature) in chlorophyll concentration were also observed. Conclusions: C. filiformis prefers shrub species to establish. The physiological performance of C. filiformis varied depending on host identity. Differences in chlorophyll concentration between stem types of C. filiformis suggest functional physiological differences between them.

Resumen Antecedentes: Las especies parásitas invasoras han sido pobremente estudiadas a pesar del impacto que pueden tener en las comunidades que invaden. Preguntas: ¿Cuál es el rango de hospederos que utiliza la parásita invasora Cassytha filiformis? ¿C. filiformis presenta preferencia por hospederos? ¿el desempeño fisiológico (déficit hídrico y contenido de clorofilas) de C. filiformis varía entre los hospederos donde se establece y reproduce? Especie de estudio: Cassytha filiformis, liana hemiparásita invasora de comunidades costeras. Sitio y años de estudio: Telchac, Yucatán México. El estudio abarcó de octubre del 2022 a junio 2023. Métodos: Se registró la incidencia de parasitismo de C. filiformis. Se confirmó el parasitismo mediante análisis histológico y se determinó el potencial hídrico y la concentración de clorofila de C. filiformis en sus principales hospederos. Resultados: C. filiformis parasitó 10 especies mostrando preferencia por especies arbustivas. Sus principales hospederos fueron Scaevola plumieri, Phitecellobium keyense y Croton punctatus. Se observaron diferencias entre hospederos en el cambio del potencial hídrico y la concentración total de clorofila. Adicionalmente, se observaron diferencias entre tipos de tallos (jóvenes y maduros) en la concentración de clorofila. Conclusiones: C. filiformis se establece en especies arbustivas. Su desempeño fisiológico varía dependiendo de la identidad del hospedero. Se observaron diferencias en la concentración de clorofila entre tipos de tallo de C. filiformis sugiriendo diferencias fisiológicas funcionales entre ellos.

Abstract Introduction: Acoustic communication is essential in anuran communities, particularly for reproduction. However, the acoustic space is limited, and bioacoustic interferences, such as competition for mating and resources, impact the effectiveness of communication. The tropical dry forest in Colombia hosts resilient anuran species that have endured significant reduction, fragmentation, and transformation over the past decades. The scarce research on this topic underscores the importance of acoustically characterizing anuran assemblages to understand species coexistence, monitor changes in the community, and evaluate the impact of both invasive species and human activity on the ecosystem. Objective: To acoustically characterize an anuran assemblage in the Cauca River Valley. Methods: From September to November 2022 (rainy season), acoustic recordings were obtained using passive and active acoustic sensors from an anuran community in the geographical Cauca River Valley, on the western flank of the Central Cordillera in Colombia. Anuran advertisement calls were analyzed in three dimensions: spectral parameters, temporal patterns, and acoustic activity. Results: Five anuran species were recorded, exhibiting high overlap in activity but significant structural differences in their calls. The species were predominantly nocturnal, except for one from the dendrobatid family. Conclusions: Each species presents a distinct acoustic niche, avoiding overlap in acoustic signals. These findings establish a baseline for assessing future changes in the assemblage.

Resumen Introducción: La comunicación acústica es esencial en las comunidades de anuros, especialmente para la reproducción. No obstante, el espacio acústico es limitado y las interferencias bioacústicas, como la competencia por apareamiento y recursos, afectan la eficacia de la comunicación. El bosque seco tropical en Colombia alberga especies de anuros que han sido resilientes a la gran reducción, fragmentación y transformación de este en las últimas décadas. La investigación escasa en este tema subraya la importancia de la caracterización acústica de los ensamblajes de anuros, para comprender la coexistencia de especies, monitorear cambios en la comunidad y evaluar el impacto tanto de especies invasoras como de la actividad humana en el ecosistema. Objetivo: Caracterizar acústicamente un ensamblaje de anuros del valle del río Cauca. Métodos: De septiembre a noviembre de 2022 (temporada lluviosa), se tomaron registros acústicos con sensores acústicos pasivos y activos de una comunidad de anuros del valle geográfico del río Cauca, en el flanco occidental de la cordillera central de Colombia. Se analizaron los cantos de anuncio en tres dimensiones: parámetros espectrales, temporales y patrones de actividad acústica. Resultados: Se registraron cinco especies de anuros, sus cantos presentaron un alto solapamiento en actividad, pero grandes diferencias estructurales, las especies tuvieron actividad nocturna a excepción de una de la familia Dendrobatidae. Conclusiones: Cada especie presenta un nicho acústico particular que evita el traslape en las señales acústicas, y estos resultados proporcionan una línea base para evaluar futuros cambios en el ensamblaje.

Abstract Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease that is characterized by an increase in blood glucose levels, causing a systemic inflammatory state that can affect the healing of periapical lesions present in apical periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disease caused by an endodontic infection whose development is regulated by the host’s immune response. Diabetes could interact with apical periodontitis by triggering immune modulation, being able to affect the clinical outcome of periapical lesions and interfering with healing after endodontic treatment. The objective of this literature review is to analyze the evidence regarding the relationship between diabetes mellitus and the presence and severity of apical periodontitis of endodontic origin. Articles were collected from the PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases between the years 2016 and 2021. 31 relevant articles were included for this study. In 41.6% of the studies a greater presence of apical periodontitis was found in patients with diabetes associated with a more complex and compromised apical lesion. 25% of the studies reported that poorly controlled diabetic patients had a greater presence of apical periodontitis. 25% of the studies reported high levels of HbA1c in association with apical periodontitis. A relationship was found between diabetes and apical periodontitis, which means diabetes should be considered as an important preoperative factor in the development and severity of apical periodontitis; however, more standardized experimental studies should be carried out to determine this relationship more accurately, in addition to being able to investigate a bidirectionality between the two.

Resumen La diabetes mellitus es una enfermedad metabólica que se caracteriza por tener un aumento en los niveles de glucemia, causando un estado inflamatorio sistémico que puede afectar la cicatrización de las lesiones periapicales presentes en la periodontitis apical, una enfermedad inflamatoria crónica causada por una infección endodóntica cuyo desarrollo está regulado por la respuesta inmunitaria del huésped. La diabetes podría interactuar con la periodontitis apical al desencadenar la modulación inmunitaria, pudiendo afectar la respuesta clínica de las lesiones periapicales e interferir con la cicatrización después del tratamiento endodóntico. El objetivo de esta revisión de la literatura es analizar la evidencia respecto a la relación entre la diabetes mellitus y la presencia y severidad de la periodontitis apical de origen endodóntico. Se recopilaron artículos de las bases de datos PubMed, Scopus y Web of Science entre los años 2016 y 2021. Se eligieron 31 artículos pertinentes para el estudio. En el 41,6% de los estudios se encontró una mayor presencia de periodontitis apical en pacientes con diabetes asociada a una lesión apical más compleja y comprometida. Un 25% de los estudios encontró que los pacientes diabéticos mal controlados presentan mayor presencia de periodontitis apical. Un 25% de los estudios encontró que niveles altos de HbA1c se asocian a la presencia de periodontitis apical. Se encontró una relación entre la diabetes y la periodontitis apical, por lo que la diabetes debe ser considerada como un factor preoperatorio importante en el desarrollo y severidad de la periodontitis apical, sin embargo, se deben realizar estudios experimentales más estandarizados para poder determinar con mayor exactitud esta relación, además de poder indagar la bidireccionalidad entre ambos.

Abstract Introduction. Abdominal and neural angiostrongyliasis caused by Angiostrongylus costaricensis and A. cantonensis, respectively, are zoonotic diseases involving snails as intermediate hosts. Colombia has already reported human cases, and the increasing distribution of Lissachatina fulica and Cornu aspersum raises public health concerns due to the potential risk of disease transmission in areas where parasites and hosts coexist. Objective. To identify the presence of Angiostrongylus spp. in snail species L. fulica and C. aspersum in Antioquia, Colombia. Materials and methods. This prospective cross-sectional study had a population of 5,855 L. fulica and C. aspersum snails captured in the ten towns of the Valle de Aburrá (Antioquia, Colombia), 169 samples were collected in 28 sampling points. Lung tissues of the collected snails were dissected and analyzed to detect Angiostrongylus spp. through molecular techniques. Results. Angiostrongylus spp. were identified in both L. fulica and C. aspersum. Angiostrongylus costaricensis was detected in 18 pooled prevalence of 30% (95% CI = 19.2-43.3), and Medellín was the municipality with the highest number of positive samples (33.3%). Seventy-two-point-two percent of the positive places reported the presence of rodents. None of the tests were positive for A. cantonensis. Conclusion. Our findings provide important insights into the epidemiology and distribution of Angiostrongylus spp. in Antioquia, Colombia. The identification of these parasitic nematodes in L. fulica and C. aspersum highlights the potential role of these snails as intermediate hosts in the transmission of Angiostrongylus spp. infections in the Valle de Aburrá, with implications for human and veterinary health.

Resumen Introducción. La angiostrongiliasis abdominal y neura -causadas por Angiostrongylus costaricensis y A. cantonensis, respectivamente- son zoonosis que involucran caracoles como huéspedes intermediarios. Colombia ya ha reportado casos en humanos y la ampliación de la distribución de Lissachatina fulica y Cornu aspersum aumenta la preocupación en salud pública debido al riesgo potencial de transmisión en áreas donde los parásitos y sus huéspedes coexisten. Objetivo. Identificar la presencia de Angiostrongylus spp. en caracoles de las especies L. fulica y C. aspersum en Antioquia (Colombia). Materiales y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal prospectivo con una población de 5.855 caracoles de L. fulica o C. aspersum, capturados en diez ciudades del valle de Aburrá; 169 muestras fueron recolectadas en 28 puntos de muestreo. Se disecaron los tejidos pulmonares de los caracoles y se emplearon técnicas moleculares para detectar la presencia de Angiostrongylus spp. Resultados. Angiostrongylus costaricensis fue detectado en 18 muestras agrupadas (30 %; IC95%: 19,2-43,3), tanto en L. fulica como en C. aspersum. Medellín fue el municipio con el mayor número de muestras positivas (33,3 %). El 72,2 % de los lugares positivos reportaron la presencia de roedores. Ninguna de las pruebas fue positiva para A. cantonensis. Conclusión. Estos hallazgos brindan información importante sobre la distribución de Angiostrongylus spp. en Antioquia (Colombia). La identificación de estos nemátodos en L. fulica y C. aspersum resalta el papel potencial de estos caracoles como huéspedes intermediarios en la transmisión de infecciones por Angiostrongylus en el valle de Aburrá, con implicaciones para la salud humana y veterinaria.

Reprocessing of historic gold tailings is a common activity in South Africa, while base metal tailings offer similar reprocessing potential. The historic base metal tailings of the Namib Pb-Zn mine (Erongo Region, Namibia) still contain valuable resources of Pb and Zn in carbonate-rich matter. Micro-analysis of primary ore minerals identifies some galena as argentiferous and sphalerite as the principal host of Cd. This study demonstrates that knowledge of primary ore mineralogy helps to reveal the hosts of valuable commodities (Ag, Cd) and that field-portable X-ray fluorescence tools allow precise and accurate determinations of major and minor elements like Zn and Cd in such carbonate-rich material. Although there are limitations to directly determine the contents of certain element (i.e., As, Sb, In), linear correlations allow prediction of the likely abundance of these elements. Providing that the inter-mineral and inter-element relations are understood and there is consistency in sampling and analytical methodology, portable X-ray fluorescence analysis is an effective method to evaluate the chemical characteristics of base metal tailings for a range of major and trace elements.

Resumen Las vesículas extracelulares (EV) son estructuras esféricas delimitadas por membranas y producidas por varios tipos de células. En particular, las vesículas de membrana externa (OMV) son partículas nanométricas producidas constitutivamente por bacterias Gram negativas (GNB) en diferentes condiciones ambientales. Las OMV son biológicamente activas; están cargadas de lípidos, polisacáridos, proteínas e incluso diferentes tipos de ácidos nucleicos. Las OMV de bacterias orales patógenas desempeñan papeles clave en las interacciones patógeno-hospedero, constituyendo un posible vínculo entre la salud oral y las enfermedades sistémicas. Las OMV participan en la adhesión, la invasión y el daño celular, así como en la modulación de la respuesta inmunitaria del hospedero, la formación de biopelículas y la promoción de la virulencia. El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática era recopilar, analizar y sintetizar los conocimientos disponibles sobre las OMV de las GNB anaerobias orales patógenas más estudiadas. Esta información se clasificó en las siguientes categorías: inducción de la vesiculación y biogénesis, su liberación de la célula parental, contenido, internalización por otra célula hospedadora e interacción con la célula hospedadora. Se observó que las OMV más estudiadas son las de Porphyromonas gingivalis y Bacteroides spp. y, en menor medida, Aggregatibacter spp. y Treponema spp. Esta revisión sistemática ofrece una síntesis de los conocimientos actuales sobre las OMV, haciendo hincapié en la información disponible para los periodontopatógenos.

Abstract Extracellular vesicles (EV) are spherical structures limited by membranes and shed by several cell types. Specifically, outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are nanometric particles constitutively produced by Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) under different environmental conditions. OMVs are biologically active; they are loaded with selected lipids, polysaccharides, proteins, and even different types of nucleic acids. OMVs from pathogenic oral bacteria play key roles in pathogen-host interactions, constituting a possible link between oral health and systemic disease. OMVs participate in adhesion, invasion, and damage to cells, as well as in modulating the host's immune response, biofilm formation, and promotion of virulence. The objective of this systematic review was to collect, analyze and synthesize the knowledge available on literature reviews on OMVs of the most studied pathogenic oral anaerobic GNB. This information was classified into the following categories: induction of vesiculation and biogenesis, its liberation from the parental cell, content, internalization by another host cell, and the interaction with the host cell. It was found that the most studied OMVs are those of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Bacteroides spp. and, to a lesser extent, Aggregatibacter spp., and Treponema spp. This systematic review provides a synthesis of the current knowledge regarding OMVs, with emphasis on the information available for periodontopathogens.

Abstract Introduction: The vaginal flora consists in different microorganisms that promote a balanced interaction between the vaginal microbiome, hormonal status, products of microbial metabolism, and the host’s immune response. The instability of the vaginal ecosystem can lead to vulvovaginitis, which is a reason for frequent consultation in primary health care, as bacterial vaginosis, vaginal candidiasis, and trichomoniasis, are responsible for most diagnoses. There are other pathologies with similar presentations but less frequent. However, these are not considered to result in wrong diagnoses and treatments, such as cytolytic vaginosis. Case description: A 20-year-old woman complained of abundant vaginal discharge, use of daily sanitary pads, itching, and odor change within one month of evolution. The physical examination highlights the redness of the external lips and vaginal introitus, as abundant, non-adherent, non-airy, and odorless mucous discharge. Cervicovaginal cytology was performed on a slide that showed inflammation and was negative for intraepithelial lesions or malignancies. A culture of vaginal exudate was requested, which showed abundant epithelial cells and numerous Doderlein bacilli. Considering the presented case, the most likely diagnosis of cytolytic vaginosis was assumed. Recommendations were given, sitz baths with sodium bicarbonate were prescribed, and the patient remained asymptomatic. Comment: In the case of a patient with symptoms of vaginal discharge and itching, the first diagnostic hypothesis should consider the prevalence of the most frequent vulvovaginal infections. However, the culture of the exudate allowed us to exclude the presence of bacteria, fungi, and parasites. The patient’s symptoms and physical examination findings are characteristic of cytolytic vaginosis. The culture of the exudate confirmed the suspicion, and the appropriate diagnosis and treatment were performed. This case is intended to alert clinicians to the existence of this pathology that can often go unnoticed, compromising women’s health.

Resumo Introdução: A flora vaginal é constituída por diferentes microorganismos que promovem uma interação equilibrada entre o microbioma vaginal, estado hormonal, produtos do metabolismo microbiano e resposta imune do hospedeiro. A instabilidade do ecossistema vaginal pode levar a vulvovaginites, que são um motivo de consulta frequente nos cuidados de saúde primários, sendo a vaginose bacteriana, candidíase vaginal e tricomoníase responsáveis pela maioria dos diagnósticos. Existem outras patologias com apresentações semelhantes que, por serem menos frequentes, não são ponderadas e resultam em diagnósticos e tratamentos errados como a vaginose citolítica. Descrição do caso: Mulher de 20 anos de idade, com queixas de corrimento vaginal abundante, necessidade de uso de penso diário, prurido e alteração de odor com um mês de evolução. Ao exame objetivo destaca-se a ruborização dos lábios externos e introito vaginal, corrimento mucoso abundante, não aderente, não arejado e sem cheiro. É efetuada citologia cervico-vaginal em lâmina, que apresentava inflamação e foi negativa para lesão intraepitelial ou malignidade. Foi pedida cultura de exsudado vaginal, que apresentava abundantes células epiteliais e numerosos bacilos de Doderlein. Tendo em conta o quadro apresentado foi assumido como diagnóstico mais provável vaginose citolítica. Foram dadas recomendações e prescritos banhos de assento com bicarbonato de sódio, tendo a utente ficado assintomática. Comentário: Perante uma doente com sintomas de corrimento vaginal e prurido, a primeira hipótese diagnóstica deverá considerar a prevalência das infeções vulvovaginais mais frequentes. Contudo, a cultura do exsudado permitiu excluir a presença de bactérias, fungos e parasitas. A sintomatologia apresentada pela doente e os achados do exame físico são característicos da vaginose citolítica. A cultura do exsudado corroborou a suspeita, sendo feito o diagnóstico e o tratamento adequados. Com este caso pretende-se alertar os clínicos para a existência desta patologia, que pode muitas vezes passar despercebida, comprometendo a saúde da mulher.

Abstract One of the most commonly used fungi in pest control, which has a wide range of hosts, is Beauveria bassiana. This entomopathogen has adapted to different environments and can be found in several places, so in the present work, 60 soil samples were collected in 2020 in Acatlán de Pérez Figueroa, Oaxaca, by means of Galleria mellonella, used as bait for its isolation. Five isolates were obtained from this procedure, which were evaluated in larvae of Galleria mellonella at 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, and 168 h in order to know their efficacy in mortality and mycosis. In the methodology, the DNA of the fungi was extracted and the ITS region of the 5.8S rRNA gene was amplified by PCR, the product was sequenced and the sequences were compared with others existing at the National Center for Biotechnological Information. The result was one isolate of Beauveria pseudobassiana and four of Beauveria bassiana, of which isolate 11 showed 100% mortality and mycosis at 96 h, unlike the commercial isolate and the control, which needed an additional 72 h to kill all larvae, in addition to showing 20% and 60% of mycosis, respectively. The time of 96 h was significantly different (p≤ 0.05) because during this time, most of the larvae died and mycosis occurred. Identifying entomopathogenic fungi and conducting studies of their effectiveness in larvae facilitates the start of new research experiments.

Resumen Uno de los hongos más usado en el control de plagas, el cual tienen un amplio rango de hospedantes es Beauveria bassiana. Este entomopatógenos se ha adaptado a distintos ambientes y se puede encontrar en varios lugares, por lo que en el presente trabajo se colectaron 60 muestras de suelo en Acatlán de Pérez Figueroa, Oaxaca, por medio de Galleria mellonella utilizado como cebo para su aislamiento, en el año 2020. De este procedimiento se obtuvieron cinco aislados los cuales se evaluaron en larvas de Galleria mellonella a 24, 48, 72, 96, 120,144 y 168 h con el fin de conocer su eficacia en mortalidad y micosis. En la metodología se extrajo el ADN de los hongos y la región ITS del gen 5.8S rRNA fue amplificada por PCR, el producto fue secuenciado y las secuencias fueron comparadas con otras existentes en el centro nacional para la información biotecnológica. El resultado fue un aislado de Beauveria pseudobassiana y cuatro de Beauveria bassiana de los cuales el 11 presentó 100% de mortalidad y micosis a las 96 h a diferencia del aislado comercial y el testigo los cuales necesitaron 72 h adicionales para matar la totalidad de larvas, además de presentar 20% y 60% de micosis respectivamente. El tiempo de 96 h fue significativamente diferente (p≤ 0.05) debido a que en éste murió la mayoría de las larvas y hubo micosis. Identificar hongos entomopatógenos y realizar estudios de su efectividad en larvas facilita el inicio de nuevos experimentos en la investigacion.

Summary Background and aims: The false-root knot nematode (Nacobbus spp.) comprises polyphagous species, with pepper (Capsicum annuum) being one of the most affected crops. Due to the lack of resistant pepper genotypes, we compared the responses of different commercial cultivars to identify possible plant defence mechanisms against N. celatus. M&M: Nematodes from Río Cuarto (Córdoba Province) and Lisandro Olmos (Buenos Aires Province) were inoculated on pepper cultivars: California Wonder (control), Fyuco INTA, Yatasto, and Fenomeno RZ. Plants were grown under a greenhouse and galls were analysed by histopathological techniques. Results: The roots of the commercial cultivars showed the typical morpho-anatomical alterations induced by N. celatus: gall formation, hyperplasia reactions, development of syncytia in the central cylinder and disorganisation of vascular tissues. Syncytial cells in contact with females of nematodes from Lisandro Olmos showed a defence reaction by Fyuco INTA, whereas feeding sites in Fenomeno RZ did not denote high metabolic activity in nematodes of both origins. Conclusions: The different responses observed between populations and/or hosts demonstrate the importance of considering nematodes from different geographical origins when testing plant material for tolerance and/or resistance to N. celatus. Studies of this nature are necessary since they facilitate a more in-depth understanding of the parasite-plant interaction.

Resumen Introducción y objetivos: El falso nematodo de la agalla (Nacobbus spp.) comprende especies polífagas, siendo el pimiento (Capsicum annuum) uno de los cultivos más afectados. Debido a la falta de genotipos resistentes del pimiento, comparamos las respuestas de diferentes cultivares comerciales para identificar posibles mecanismos de defensa contra N. celatus. M&M: Nematodos provenientes de Río Cuarto (provincia de Córdoba) y Lisandro Olmos (provincia de Buenos Aires) se inocularon en cultivares de pimiento: California Wonder, Fyuco INTA, Yatasto y Fenomeno RZ. Las plantas se desarrollaron en invernadero y las agallas se analizaron mediante técnicas histopatológicas. Resultados: Las raíces de los cultivares analizados mostraron las alteraciones morfo-anatómicas típicas inducidas por N. celatus: formación de agallas, reacciones de hiperplasia, desarrollo de sincitios en el cilindro central y desorganización de los tejidos vasculares. Las células sincitiales en contacto con hembras de Lisandro Olmos mostraron una reacción de defensa por parte de Fyuco INTA, mientras que los sincitios en Fenomeno RZ denotaron baja actividad metabólica en nematodos de ambas procedencias. Conclusiones: Las diferencias observadas entre las poblaciones y/o hospedadores demuestran la importancia de considerar nematodos de diferentes orígenes geográficos al analizar material vegetal para determinar su tolerancia y/o resistencia a N. celatus. Estudios de esta naturaleza son necesarios ya que facilitan una comprensión más profunda de la interacción parásito-planta.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Chronic periodontal disease is characterized by an inmuno inflammatory process, of multifactorial origin, that affects the protective and insertion tissues of the teeth. It has been related to general alterations that can modify the host's defensive response. Among them patients undergoing hemodialysis therapy as a result of chronic kidney disease. The bibliographic review was carried out from September 2022 to February 2023. The PubMed, SciELO and Elsevier databases and the Google Scholar search engine were used. Objective: To deep in our knowledge about periodontitis as a risk factor for chronic kidney disease and oral manifestations in hemodialyzed patients. Development: Chronic immunoinflammatory periodontal disease aggravates the general health status of patients with different diseases, including chronic kidney disease, through several mechanisms. Periodontal Medicine is responsible for studying these relationships. Hemodialyzed patients have a systemic condition that predisposes them to the appearance of infectious diseases or the installation of local risk factors for dissimilar oral diseases, including periodontitis, which establishes a bidirectional relationship between the two. Conclusions: Periodontitis constitutes a modifiable risk factor for chronic kidney disease and, at the same time, one of the most frequent oral manifestations in patients undergoing hemodialysis.

RESUMEN Introducción: La enfermedad periodontal crónica se caracteriza por un proceso inmunoinflamatorio, de origen multifactorial, que afecta los tejidos de protección e inserción de los dientes. Ha sido relacionada con alteraciones generales que pueden modificar la respuesta defensiva del hospedero. Entre ellas, los pacientes sometidos a terapia de hemodiálisis como consecuencia de enfermedad renal crónica. La revisión bibliográfica se realizó desde septiembre del 2022 hasta febrero del 2023. Se utilizaron las bases de datos PubMed, SciELO y Elsevier y el motor de búsqueda Google Académico. Objetivo: Profundizar en los conocimientos sobre la periodontitis como factor de riesgo de la enfermedad renal crónica y las manifestaciones bucales en los pacientes hemodializados. Desarrollo: La enfermedad periodontal inmunoinflamatoria crónica, agrava el estado de salud general de pacientes con diferentes enfermedades, entre ellas la enfermedad renal crónica, a través de varios mecanismos. Es la medicina periodontal la encargada del estudio de estas relaciones. Los pacientes hemodializados poseen una condición sistémica que los predispone a la aparición de enfermedades infecciosas o a la instalación de factores de riesgo locales de disímiles enfermedades bucales, entre ellas, la periodontitis, lo que establece una relación bidireccional entre ambas. Conclusiones: La periodontitis constituye un factor de riesgo modificable para la enfermedad renal crónica y, al mismo tiempo, una de las manifestaciones bucales más frecuentes en los pacientes sometidos a hemodiálisis.

Resumen Introducción: Los niños infectados por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) tienen mayor riesgo de presentar infecciones, incluyendo hepatitis por virus A (VHA). La vacuna inactivada contra el VHA es inmunógena en el huésped inmunocompetente. No hay estudios suficientes sobre el tiempo de seroprotección en niños infectados por el VIH. Método: Estudio de cohorte, analítico. Se incluyeron niños con infección por VIH-1 que recibieron la vacuna inactivada contra el VHA (dos dosis). Se les tomaron muestras sanguíneas para medición de anticuerpos, una 28 días después de la segunda dosis y otra 7 años después del esquema de vacunación. Se obtuvo información de carga viral, categoría inmunológica, peso y talla, y respuesta al tratamiento antirretroviral desde el diagnóstico hasta la última valoración. Resultados: Se incluyeron 19 pacientes con una edad media de 12.6 años (± 2.29). El 58% fueron del sexo masculino. El 80% de los pacientes presentaron anticuerpos immunoglobulin G (IgG) contra el VHA protectores a los 7 años de la vacunación. La concentración de anticuerpos se encontró entre 13 y 80 mUI/ml (mediana: 80 mUI/ml). El 52% mostraron algún grado de inmunosupresión. No existe relación estadísticamente significativa entre la presencia de seroprotección y la carga viral, la falla al tratamiento, la categoría inmunológica ni la desnutrición. Doce pacientes presentaron falla al tratamiento antirretroviral; en el 33% de ellos los anticuerpos no ofrecían seroprotección satisfactoria. Conclusiones: A 7 años posvacunación, el 80% de los niños con VIH mantienen títulos de seroprotección frente al VHA.

Abstract Background: HIV-infected children have a higher risk of presenting infections, including the hepatitis A virus (HAV). The inactivated HAV vaccine is immunogenic in immunocompetent hosts; however, there are insufficient studies on the duration of seroprotection in HIV-infected children. Methods: An analytical cohort study was conducted. HIV-1-infected children who received the inactivated HAV vaccine (2 doses) were included. Blood samples were taken for antibody measurement, the first one 28 days after the second dose and another 7 years after the vaccination schedule. Information on viral load, immunological category, weight, height, and response to antiretroviral treatment from diagnosis to the last assessment was obtained. Results: 19 patients were included, with a mean age of 12.6 years (SD ± 2.29). 58% were male. 80% of the patients presented protective immunoglobulin G antibodies against HAV 7-year post-vaccination. The antibody concentration was found to be between 13 and 80 mIU/mL (median of 80 mIU/mL). 52% showed some degree of immunosuppression. There was no statistically significant relationship between the presence of seroprotection and viral load, treatment failure, immunological category, and malnutrition. Twelve patients presented with antiretroviral treatment failure, and in 33% of them, the antibodies did not offer satisfactory seroprotection. Conclusion: 7-year post-vaccination, 80% of HIV-infected children maintain seroprotection titers against HAV.

Resumen: En el contexto latinoamericano los enfoques con los que se ha pensado e intervenido el espacio público están fuertemente inspirados en la realidad del norte global. Estos enfoques, al confluir en un ideal normativo de espacio público, son poco adecuados para analizar la realidad situada y conflictiva de diferentes espacios públicos latinoamericanos. Además, están caracterizados por una mirada dualista en la que el espacio público es entendido como el escenario físico que alberga la vida urbana. Frente a estas concepciones, en este artículo generamos una doble propuesta para entender la producción del espacio público. En primer lugar, desde un plano axiológico proponemos una mirada centrada en el conflicto; luego, desde un plano onto-epistémico proponemos una analítica de ensamblaje. Para comprobar el tipo de alcances que permiten las coordenadas de análisis propuestas, estudiamos la remodelación de un parque urbano de Valparaíso a través de la producción de datos de diferentes tipologías, (entrevistas geo-espacializadas, fotografías, revisión documental y entrevistas caminantes). A la luz de los resultados reflexionamos sobre cómo el conflicto socio-espacial articula la producción del espacio a través de la hibridación ensamblada de aspectos de diferentes naturalezas, y sobre cómo el lugar es más que un mero escenario de conflicto.

Abstract: In the Latin-American context, public spaces have been conceptualized and intervened upon using approaches strongly inspired by the reality of the global North. These approaches, insofar as they align with a normative ideal of public space, are not well-suited to analyze the situated and conflictive reality of different Latin American public spaces. Furthermore, they are characterized by a dualistic perspective where public space is understood as the physical stage that hosts urban life. Given these conceptions, in this article we generate a dual proposal to understand the production of public space. Firstly, from an axiological dimension, we propose a perspective focused on conflict; then, from the ontoepistemic dimension we propose an assamblage analysis. To test the extent of the reach allowed by the proposed analytical coordinates, we studied the remodeling of an urban park in Valparaíso through the production of different kind of data (geo-spatialized interviews, photographs, documentary review and walking interviews). In the light of the results, we reflect on how socio-spatial conflict articulates the production of space through the assembled hybridization of aspects of different natures, and how the place is more than a mere scenario of conflict.

Abstract Markets are important to public decision-makers in Côte d'Ivoire, who are constructing communal markets. The commune of Daloa serves as an example: apart from its central market, each district hosts a secondary market. However, despite this infrastructure, the Tazibouho-Université district features individual markets dispersed throughout densely populated areas. This scattered distribution, with limited spheres of influence, contradicts the evolutionary principle of markets. Market fragmentation diminishes the exchange of goods and services, despite its prevalence in Tazibouho-Université. This article analyzes the underlying reasons for this situation, which opposes the natural dynamics of markets. To achieve this, a literature review on markets was conducted, followed by a field survey involving merchants, customers, and suppliers. Additionally, a geographic information system was utilized to establish causal relationships and connections among stakeholders and services. This allowed us to demonstrate that this market arose from the intersection of the district's social structure and spatial organization, leading merchants to cater to local residents as customers and receive supplies from other markets and distant farmers. Furthermore, its expansion is attributed to the socio-professional status of local civil servants, whose purchasing behavior is influenced by the proximity strategies employed by merchants.

Resumen Los mercados son importantes para los responsables públicos de Costa de Marfil, que están construyendo mercados comunales. La comuna de Daloa es un ejemplo de esto, ya que además de su mercado central, cada uno de sus barrios cuenta con un mercado secundario. Sin embargo, a pesar de su presencia, el distrito de Tazibouho-Université cuenta con mercados individuales que se distribuyen en zonas densamente pobladas. Esta dispersión, con zonas de influencia reducidas, es contraria al principio de evolución del mercado. La fragmentación del mercado reduce los bienes y servicios intercambiados, aunque esté de moda en Tazibouho-Université. Este artículo se propone analizar las razones de esta situación, contraria a la dinámica natural de los mercados. Posteriormente, se realizó una revisión bibliográfica sobre los mercados, seguida de una encuesta sobre el terreno a comerciantes, clientes y proveedores. Además, se utilizó un sistema de información geográfica para establecer relaciones causales y vínculos entre agentes y servicios. Esto permitió demostrar que este mercado surgió de la convergencia de la estructura social y el sistema espacial del barrio, lo que llevó a sus comerciantes a tener como clientes a los residentes locales y como proveedores a otros mercados y agricultores de la periferia. Además, la expansión de este mercado se debe al estatus socioprofesional de los funcionarios locales, cuyo comportamiento adquisitivo está determinado por las estrategias de proximidad de los comerciantes.

Resumo Os mercados são importantes para os decisores públicos da Costa do Marfim, que estão a construir mercados comunais. A comuna de Daloa insere-se neste contexto e, para além do seu mercado central, cada um dos seus bairros dispõe de um mercado secundário. No entanto, apesar da sua presença, o bairro de Tazibouho-Université possui mercados individuais que se distribuem em zonas densamente povoadas. Esta dispersão, com áreas de influência reduzidas, é contrária ao princípio da evolução dos mercados. A fragmentação dos mercados reduz os bens e serviços comercializados, embora esteja em voga no bairro de Tazibouho-Université. Este artigo propõe-se analisar as razões desta situação, que é contrária à dinâmica natural dos mercados. Para o efeito, foi efetuada uma revisão da literatura sobre os mercados. Seguiu-se um inquérito no terreno a comerciantes, clientes e fornecedores. Além disso, foi utilizado um sistema de informação geográfica para estabelecer causalidades e ligações entre atores e serviços. Isto permitiu mostrar que este mercado nasceu da convergência da estrutura social e do sistema espacial do bairro, levando os seus comerciantes a ter como clientes os residentes locais e como fornecedores outros mercados e agricultores da periferia. Além disso, a sua expansão deve-se ao estatuto socioprofissional dos funcionários públicos locais, cujo comportamento aquisitivo é moldado pelas estratégias de proximidade dos comerciantes.

ABSTRACT This article analyzes the action of centripetal and centrifugal forces in utterances from the religious sphere, which reveal worldviews of the evangelical Christian segment regarding disability. For that, we selected a video available on YouTube, containing utterances by the hosts Tito Rocha and Leandro Quadros regarding disabilities, as well as the response of an internet user about the positioning of these individuals. The theoretical and methodological reflection is based on the dialogical orientation of language, considering dialogic relations, voices, and centripetal and centrifugal forces. Additionally, we drew upon studies on worldviews, the inclusion of people with disabilities, religious discourse, and Christian theology. The results reveal that the discourses of the hosts reflect and refract a Christian worldview that unifies the understanding of disability due to divine punishment caused by sin. While the internet user’s comment presents movements of centralization and dispersion of this Christian perspective. sphere YouTube disabilities individuals language relations voices Additionally discourse theology sin users s perspective

RESUMO Este artigo analisa a atuação das forças centrípetas e centrífugas em enunciados da esfera religiosa que evidenciam cosmovisões do segmento cristão evangélico acerca da deficiência. Para tanto, selecionamos um vídeo disponível na plataforma YouTube contendo enunciados dos apresentadores Tito Rocha e Leandro Quadros relativos à temática da deficiência, bem como a resposta de uma internauta acerca do posicionamento desses sujeitos. A reflexão teórico-metodológica fundamenta-se na orientação dialógica da linguagem, sobretudo nas considerações acerca das relações dialógicas, vozes e forças centrípetas e centrífugas. Também recorremos a estudos sobre cosmovisão, inclusão da pessoa com deficiência, discurso religioso e teologia cristã. Os resultados indicam que os discursos dos apresentadores refletem e refratam uma cosmovisão cristã que unifica o entendimento da deficiência como resultado da condenação divina ocasionada pelo pecado. O comentário da internauta, por sua vez, apresenta movimentos de centralização e dispersão dessa perspectiva cristã. tanto sujeitos teóricometodológica teórico metodológica fundamentase fundamenta se linguagem dialógicas pecado vez