ABSTRACT Purpose Horseshoe kidney (HSK) is the most common renal fusion anomaly, occurring in 0.25% of the population (1). It presents technical obstacles to pyeloplasty for ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) despite robotic assistance (2, 3). KangDuo-Surgical-Robot-01 (KD-SR-01), an emerging robotic platform in China, has yielded satisfactory outcomes in pyeloplasty (4, 5). We first describe our modified technique of robotic bilateral pyeloplasty for UPJO in HSK using KD-SR-01 system in the Lithotomy Trendelenburg position. Materials and Methods A 36-year-old man with HSK and bilateral UPJO suffered right flank pain due to renal calculi (Figure-1). Repeated double-J stent insertion and ureteroscopy lithotripsy did not relieve his symptoms. A robot-assisted modified bilateral dismembered V-shaped flap pyeloplasty was performed using KD-SR-01 system in the Lithotomy Trendelenburg position. Results Total operative time was 298 minutes with 50 ml estimated blood loss. There was no conversion to laparoscopic or open surgery. A follow-up of 14 months showed relieving symptoms and stable renal function. Cine magnetic resonance urography and computed tomography urography revealed improved hydronephrosis and good drainage. No intraoperative or postoperative complications occurred. Conclusions It is technically feasible to perform a KD-SR-01-assisted modified bilateral dismembered V-shaped flap pyeloplasty in the Lithotomy Trendelenburg position for HSK. This procedure achieves managing UPJO on both sides without redocking the system and provides a wider operative field. In addition, it may be associated with better ergonomics, better cosmetic outcomes, and less possibility of postoperative bowel adhesion. However, further investigation is still warranted to confirm its safety, efficacy, and advantages over traditional procedures. (HSK anomaly 025 0 25 0.25 1. 1 . (1) (UPJO 2, 2 (2 3. 3 3) KangDuoSurgicalRobot01 KangDuoSurgicalRobot KangDuo Surgical Robot 01 KangDuo-Surgical-Robot-0 KDSR01, KDSR01 KDSR KD SR , (KD-SR-01) China 4, 4 (4 5. 5 5) KD-SR-0 36yearold yearold 36 year old Figure1. Figure1 Figure (Figure-1) doubleJ double J robotassisted robot assisted Vshaped V shaped 29 loss surgery followup follow up function drainage occurred KDSR01assisted KDSRassisted field addition ergonomics adhesion However safety efficacy procedures 02 0.2 (1 ( KangDuoSurgicalRobot0 KangDuo-Surgical-Robot- KDSR0 (KD-SR-01 KD-SR- (Figure-1 0. KangDuo-Surgical-Robot (KD-SR-0 KD-SR (Figure- (KD-SR- (Figure (KD-SR

ABSTRACT Background: Congenital urological anomalies are present in 4.3/10 thousand newborns, and their association with other anomalies may increase the overall mortality and disability. The present study establishes the risk of having congenital urological anomalies presenting associated cardiopathies. Methods: We conducted a retrospective case-control study using the Latin American Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations (Estudio Colaborativo Latino Americano de Malformaciones Congénitas, ECLAMC, in Spanish). The analysis included all registered cases of congenital urological malformation from 1967 to 2019. Patients with or without associated heart defects were included for the statistical analysis. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated using a 95% confidence interval (95% CI). We compared the variables with the Chi-squared test and analysis of variance (ANOVA). The statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, United States) software, version 27.0. Values of p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 7,767,161 newborns were evaluated, and 17,834 genital and upper urinary tract malformations were identified. Of these, 64.2% were genital anomalies, and 35.8% were abnormalities of the upper urinary tract. Genitourinary malformations and concomitant congenital heart defects (GU + C) were observed in 3.5% of the cases. Subjects with GU + C had a higher number of malformations (4.59 ± 2.3) than patients without heart defects (1.53 ± 1.58) (p < 0.000). The OR was of 3.61 (range: 1.86-7.00) for cloacal exstrophy, of 4.01 (range: 3.14-5.12) for imperforate anus, of 5.52 (range: 3.92-7.78) for horseshoe kidney, and of 13.7 (range: 6.65-28.22) for trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) with malformations of the upper urinary tract. Conclusion: The association of congenital heart defects with urological anomalies is higher for complex congenital anomalies such as imperforate anus, cloacal exstrophy, and horseshoe kidney. Patients with urological abnormalities and Down syndrome have the highest likelihood.

RESUMEN Introducción: Las malformaciones congénitas urológicas están presentes en 4,3/10 mil, y su asociación con otros defectos puede aumentar la mortalidad global y la discapacidad. Este estudio analiza la presentación de las malformaciones congénitas urológicas asociadas a las cardiopatías congénitas. Métodos; Este es un estudio retrospectivo de casos y controles que usa el Estudio Colaborativo Latinoamericano de Malformaciones Congénitas (ECLAMC). Se incluyeron todos los casos registrados de malformaciones congénitas urológicas de 1967 a 2019, y todos los casos con y sin defectos cardiacos. Se calculó la razón de disparidad (RD) usando un intervalo de confianza del 95% (IC 95%). Se probó la hipótesis con el Chi-cuadrado y análisis de la varianza (analysis of variance, ANOVA, en inglés). Se realizó el análisis estadístico por medio del programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, Estados Unidos), versión 27.0. Se consideró la significancia estadística con valores de p < 0,05. Resultados: Se evaluaron 7.767.161 recién nacidos, y se identificaron 17.834 malformaciones genitales y del tracto urinario superior. De estas, 64,2% fueron genitales, y 35,8%, de vías urinarias superiores. El 3,5% de los casos tenían malformaciones genitourinarias y defectos cardiacos congénitos concomitantes (GU + C). Aquellos con GU + C tenían mayor número de malformaciones (4,59 ± 2,3) que los pacientes sin defectos cardiacos (1,53 ± 1,58) (p < 0,000). La RD fue de 3.61 (rango: 1,86-700) para la extrofia cloacal, de 4,01 (3,14-5,12) para el ano imperforado, de 5,52 (3,92-7,78) para el riñón en herradura, y de 13,7 (6,65-28,22) para la trisomía 21 (síndrome de Down) con malformaciones del tracto urinario superior. Conclusión: La asociación entre defectos cardiacos congénitos y anomalías urológicas es significativa en malformaciones congénitas complejas como el ano imperforado, la extrofia cloacal, y el riñón en herradura. Los pacientes con síndrome de Down y malformaciones urológicas tienen la mayor probabilidad.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To analyze the 3-dimensional intrarenal anatomy of horseshoe kidneys (HK) and kidney with complete ureteral duplication (CUD), in polyester resin endocasts of the collecting system and in patients submitted to 3D computerized tomography scan (CT-scan). Materials and Methods: We analyzed seven 3-dimensional polyester resin endocasts of the kidney collecting system obtained from 6 fresh adult cadavers (4 with unilateral CUD and 2 with horseshoe kidney) and CT-scan reconstruction images of kidneys from 24 patients: 6 patients with HK, 8 with CUD and 10 patients without renal anomalies that were used as controls. We analyzed the spatial distribution of the calices, the infundibula diameters, the angle between the lower infundibulum and the renal pelvis (LIP) and the angle between the lower infundibulum and the inferior minor calyces (LIICA). Measurements of the width and length of the inferior infundibulum and the infundibula of the minor calyces, as well as the angles (LIP and LIICA) were made with the aid of the LibreOffice 6.3 software. The data were analyzed with the IBM® SPSS® Statistics. Results: There was no statistical difference in the inferior pole measurements between the groups with anomalies and the control group, both in polyester resin endocasts and CT-scan reconstruction images for LIP. When we compared the LIP in the CT-scan between HK versus CUD (p= 0.003), and HK versus the control group (p= 0.035), we observed statistical difference. Conclusions: The knowledge of spatial anatomy of lower pole is of utmost importance during endourologic procedures in patients with kidney anomalies. In the present study we observed that horseshoe kidneys had more restrictive anatomic factors in lower pole than the complete ureteral duplication.

Resumen La pielonefritis enfisematosa es una enfermedad grave y de alta mortalidad, pero de baja frecuencia, que suele presentarse en población con factores de riesgo, dentro de los que destacan la diabetes mellitus tipo 2, la uropatía obstructiva, el etilismo y la inmunosupresión. La clasificación radiológica de la pielonefritis enfisematosa va desde clase 1, que comprende el gas que compromete el sistema colector, hasta clase 4, que es la afección de un solo riñón o bilateral. El tratamiento de la pielonefritis enfisematosa depende del grado de severidad: los casos más leves pueden tratarse con catéter o drenaje percutáneo más terapia antibiótica, mientras que los más graves pueden necesitar intervención quirúrgica para nefrectomía. Aquellos pacientes con choque séptico, trombocitopenia, insuficiencia renal aguda e hipoalbuminemia generalmente tienen pronóstico desfavorable. A continuación, se presentan dos casos de pacientes diabéticos mal controlados mayores de 50 años de edad, quienes fueron diagnosticados a través de estudios imagenológicos. Uno de los pacientes tenía uropatía obstructiva y el otro, riñón en herradura; ambos fueron tratados exitosamente con manejo médico y procedimiento mínimamente invasivo.

Abstract Emphysematous pyelonephritis is a serious disease with an infrequent presentation and high mortality. It tends to occur more frequently in the population with risk factors, among which the following stand out: type 2 diabetes mellitus, obstructive uropathy, alcoholism, immunosuppression. The radiological classification of emphysematous pyelonephritis ranges from type one, which comprises gas that involves the collecting system, to type 4, which is a single or bilateral kidney disease. Treatment will depend on the degree of severity, milder cases can be treated with catheter or percutaneous drainage plus antibiotic therapy, while more severe cases may require paranephrectomy surgery. Patients with septic shock, thrombocytopenia, acute renal failure, and hypoalbuminemia generally have a poor prognosis. We present two poorly controlled diabetic patients over 50 years of age diagnosed through computed tomography. One of the patients with obstructive uropathy and the other with horseshoe kidney, both patients successfully treated with medical management and minimally invasive procedure.

ABSTRACT Introduction: congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract include pathologies originating from alterations in the embryonic development of the collecting system, the renal parenchyma or migration. Methodology: observational, descriptive, retrospective, cross-sectional study. Seventy-one patients with a confirmed diagnosis of congenital abnormalities of the kidney and urinary tract by imaging studies were included. Those with incomplete medical records were excluded. Demographic data, type of congenital kidney and urinary tract anomalies, time of diagnosis, and presence of kidney scars were analyzed. The sampling was non-probabilistic of consecutive cases. The data were analyzed with the Excel 2007 Program, using descriptive statistics. Objective: to determine the epidemiology of congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract in children under 18 years of age who consulted the Service in the period between April and September. Results: more were observed in men (58 %), being more frequent the anomalies in the excretory path: vesicoureteral reflux (vesicoureteral reflux) (35 %) and pyeloureteral stenosis (12,7 %); the predominant renal malformations were dysplasia (14 %) and hypoplasia (7 %); the migration defects detected were: renal ectopy (5 %) and horseshoe kidney (1 %). They were detected in 35 % before 2 years of age and in 31 % in the prenatal period, with dilation of the excretory system being more frequently found, corresponding to vesicoureteral reflux (27 %), pyelic ectasia (27 %) and pyeloureteral stenosis (13,6 %) Conclusion: congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract are frequent. Prenatal diagnosis is made by ultrasound studies during pregnancy. The most common pathology is vesicourethral reflux. Early diagnosis allows for secondary nephroprevention.

RESUMEN Introducción: las anomalías congénitas del riñón y del tracto urinario, comprenden patologías provenientes de alteraciones del desarrollo embrionario del sistema colector, del parénquima renal o de la migración. Objetivo: determinar la epidemiología de las anomalías congénitas del riñón y del tracto urinario en menores de 18 años que consultaron al Servicio en el periodo comprendido entre abril y setiembre de 2018. Metodología: estudio observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo, transversal. Se incluyeron 71 pacientes con diagnóstico confirmado de anomalías congénitas del riñón y del tracto urinario por estudios de imágenes Se excluyeron a los que tenían historias clínicas incompletas. Se analizaron los datos demográficos, tipo de anomalías congénitas del riñón y del tracto urinario, momento del diagnóstico y presencia de cicatrices renales. El muestreo fue no probabilístico de casos consecutivos. Los datos fueron analizados con el Programa Excell 2007, utilizándose estadística descriptiva. Resultados: las anomalías congénitas del riñón y del tracto urinario se observaron más en varones (58 %), siendo más frecuentes las anomalías en la vía excretora: reflujo vésicoureteral (35 %) y estenosis pieloureteral (12,7 %); las malformaciones renales predominantes fueron la displasia (14 %) y la hipoplasia (7 %); los defectos de la migración detectados fueron: ectopia renal (5 %) y riñón en herradura (1 %). Fueron detectadas en 35 % antes de los 2 años y en 31 % en el periodo prenatal, encontrándose con más frecuencia dilatación del sistema excretor, correspondiendo a reflujo vesicoureteral (27 %), ectasia piélica (27 %) y estenosis pieloureteral (13,6 %) Conclusión: las anomalías congénitas del riñón y del tracto urinario son frecuentes. El diagnóstico prenatal se realiza mediante estudios ecográficos durante el embarazo. La patología más frecuente es el reflujo vesicouretral. El diagnóstico temprano permite realizar nefroprevención secundaria.

Abstract Clinical case description: A 48-year-old man had a history of giant platelet disorder and diagnosis of horseshoe kidney with kidney stones. Standard 24 Fr percutaneous nephrolithotomy was performed. Ten days after surgery, the patient presented with clot-forming gross hematuria, resulting in anemia. Arteriovenous fistula was suspected and evaluation at the interventional cardiology service was ordered. Arteriovenous fistula diagnosis was confirmed and superselective embolization was performed in the anterior and posterior segmental artery, with complete resolution of the hematuria. Relevance: To present the uncommon, post-percutaneous nephrolithotomy complication of hematuria secondary to arteriovenous fistula that was resolved through a minimally invasive technique in a patient with a kidney fusion anomaly. Clinical implications: To take measures in that patient group to reduce what can be a life-threatening complication, managing it through superselective embolization to prevent kidney function deterioration. Conclusions: Color Doppler ultrasound-guided percutaneous access aids in the prevention of injury to the renal vasculature during puncture and the use of miniaturized tracts can reduce the development of segmental artery lesion that could later condition fistula formation. Embolization is safe and effective in that group of patients.

Resumen Descripción del caso clínico: Masculino de 48 años con antecedente de enfermedad de las plaquetas gigantes y diagnóstico de riñón en herradura con litiasis renal, se realizó nefrolitotomía percutánea estándar 24Fr, se presentó 10 días posteriores al evento quirúrgico con hematuria macroscópica anemizante, formadora de coágulos, por lo que se sospecha de fístula arteriovenosa, se solicita valoración al servicio de cardiología intervencionista confirmando el diagnóstico y realizando embolización superselectiva en arteria segmentaria anterior y posterior, con resolución completa de la hematuria. Relevancia: Presentar una complicación poco frecuente de la nefrolitotomía percutánea como es la hematuria secundaria a fístula arteriovenosa en paciente con anomalía de la fusión renal resuelta mediante mínima invasión. Implicaciones clínicas: Tomar medidas en este grupo de pacientes para reducir esta complicación que puede poner en peligro la vida y el manejo mediante embolización superselectiva para evitar un deterioro de la función renal. Conclusiones: El acceso percutáneo guiado con ultrasonido y Doppler color puede permitir evitar la vasculatura renal durante la punción y el uso de tractos miniaturizados podría reducir el desarrollo de lesión a arterias segmentarias con posterior desarrollo de fistulas. La embolización es segura y efectiva en este grupo de pacientes.

Resumo O rim em ferradura é a anomalia congênita renal mais comum, ocorrendo em 0,15 a 0,25% de nascidos vivos. A associação de rim em ferradura com aneurisma de aorta abdominal é rara, estando presente em apenas 0,12% dos pacientes submetidos a tratamento dos aneurismas de aorta abdominal. Este desafio terapêutico consiste em um caso de um paciente portador de um aneurisma de aorta abdominal sintomático associado a rim em ferradura. A irrigação do rim em ferradura dava-se por meio de quatro artérias, sendo que duas delas emergiam diretamente do saco aneurismático. O caso foi solucionado por meio de cirurgia aberta, em caráter de urgência, com acesso transperitoneal, interposição de enxerto de Dacron bifurcado aorto bi-ilíaco e reimplante das duas artérias renais anômalas no corpo principal do Dacron. O paciente teve boa evolução pós-operatória, recebendo alta da unidade de tratamento intensivo no 3º dia e alta hospitalar no 8º dia, mantendo níveis normais de creatinina sérica.

Abstract Horseshoe kidney is the most common congenital renal anomaly, occurring in 0.15-0.25% of newborns. The association of a horseshoe kidney with an abdominal aortic aneurysm is rare. Only 0.12% of patients requiring abdominal aortic repair have a horseshoe kidney. This therapeutic challenge constitutes a patient presenting with a symptomatic abdominal aortic aneurysm and a horseshoe kidney. The horseshoe kidney was supplied by 4 renal arteries, 2 of which emerged from the aneurysmal sac. The patient underwent urgent open repair, with transperitoneal exposure, interposition of a bifurcated aorto-bi-iliac Dacron graft and re-implantation of the 2 anomalous renal arteries on the Dacron main body. Postoperatively, the patient was discharged from the intensive care unit on day 3, and discharged home on day 8, maintaining normal serum creatinine.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To report our initial experience using a patient-specific 3D-printed renal tumor model for the surgical planning of a complex heminephrectomy in a horseshoe kidney. Materials and Methods: We selected a clinical case for a complex laparoscopic surgery consisting in a 53 year-old male presenting a local recurrence of a renal tumor in a horseshoe kidney with aberrant vascularisation previously treated with a laparoscopic partial nephrectomy. He is now proposed for a laparoscopic left heminephrectomy. Along with conventional imaging, a real-size 3D-printed renal model was used to plan de surgical approach. The perioperative experience of the surgical team was recorded. Results: The surgical team found the patient-specific 3D printed model useful for a better understanding of the anatomy and an easier surgical planning. Conclusion: The use of patient-specific 3D-printed renal models seem to be helpful for the surgical planning in complex renal tumors.

SUMMARY: Horseshoe kidney (HSK) is the most common kidney malformation. This review analyses the literature surrounding the etiology, morphology and clinical anatomy of these kidney fusion anomalies. A systematic literature search was carried out using the Science Direct and Scopus applications. HSK is characterized by three anatomic abnormalities: ectopia, malrotation and vascular changes. The study put emphasis especially on blood supply and upper urinary tract changes in HSK’s patients. Arterial blood supply was analysed not only basing on Graves pattern, but also a new model of supply created on horseshoe kidneys computed tomography was taken into account. In addition, study presents clinical aspects of especially significant pathology of HSK, like hydronephrosis, stones and urinary tract infection. This study focuses also on congenital anomalies associated with horseshoe kidney.

RESUMEN: El riñón en herradura (RH) es la malformación renal más común reportada en la literatura. Esta revisión analiza la literatura que rodea la etiología, morfología y anatomía clínica de esta anomalía de fusión renal. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de la literatura utilizando las aplicaciones Science Direct y Scopus. El riñón en herradura se caracteriza por tres anomalías anatómicas: ectopía, malrotación y cambios vasculares. El estudio puso énfasis especialmente en el suministro de sangre y los cambios del tracto urinario superior en los pacientes con RH. El suministro de sangre arterial se analizó no solo basándose en el patrón de Graves, sino que también se tuvo en cuenta un nuevo modelo de suministro creado en los riñones en herradura. Además, el estudio presenta aspectos clínicos de patología especialmente significativa de RH, como hidronefrosis, cálculos e infección del tracto urinario. Este estudio se centró también en las anomalías congénitas asociadas con el riñón en herradura.

This case is the first report of an en bloc transplantation of a horseshoe kidney in South Africa. The graft anatomy included complete fusion of the lower poles of the two kidney units with a single artery and vein associated with each unit. The thick isthmus of the graft kidney was supplied by a single, large caliber anomalous artery. Bench work (total duration 160 minutes) included the preparation of a short segment of donor aorta and IVC (containing the renal vessels) which were anastomosed to the recipient common iliac artery and common iliac vein respectively. The artery of the isthmus was anastomosed to the recipient right internal iliac artery. The graft was placed intraperitoneally. Cold ischaemia time was 15 hours, warm ischaemia time 144 minutes, total procedure time 450 minutes and estimated blood loss 1100 ml. Renogram (99mTc MAG-3) on days 1, 3 and 14 postoperatively revealed ATN. Hospital stay was 17 days and nadir creatinine at 6 weeks was 77 μmol/l.

Introdução/Objetivos: O rim em ferradura, malformação renal que resulta na fusão dos dois rins na linha média, é uma entidade infrequente e que raramente coexiste com AAA. Pelas particularidades anatómicas (íntima relação entre o rim e a aorta, variabilidade na emergência das artérias e veias renais e dos sistemas coletores), a cirurgia convencional pode ser tecnicamente difícil. O tratamento endovascular tem emergido como uma alternativa terapêutica em alguns casos de malformações renais congénitas. Apresentase o caso de um doente com rim em ferradura e AAA tratado por EVAR na nossa instituição. Material/Métodos: Revisão de um caso de rim em ferradura e AAA tratado por EVAR na nossa instituição com descrição do tratamento, resultado e complicações. Resultados: Homem de 74 anos com antecedentes de doença cardíaca isquémica, insuficiência cardíaca congestiva e tabagismo, com diagnóstico incidental de AAA. Realizou angioTC que revelou AAA infra-renal, fusiforme, com 57mm de diâmetro e achado extra-vascular de rim em ferradura. Após estudo das características anatómicas, o doente foi proposto para EVAR. Sob anestesia geral procedeu-se a abordagem cirúrgica das artérias femorais bilateralmente e à libertação de endoprótese Endurant® II imediatamente distal a artéria renal acessória, dois extensores ilíacos esquerdos e um direito. Em angiografia de controlo constatou-se imagem compatível com Endoleak tipo1 pelo que se procedeu a nova dilatação do colo proximal com balão Reliant®. Na angiografia de controlo final verificou-se manutenção de algum refluxo para o saco aneurismático, em pequena quantidade, que se interpretou como provável Endoleak tipo 2. No pósoperatório o doente realizou angioTC que revelou Endoleak tipo 1 que levou a re-intervenção com implantação de um extensor aórtico Endurant® com bom resultado final. AngioTC de controlo no pós-operatório sem evidência de Endoleak e com permeabilidade das artérias renais. Conclusões: O tratamento endovascular apresenta clara vantagem nos casos de rim em ferradura, anatomicamente complexos para cirurgia convencional. A vascularização renal nestes doentes é muito variável, por vezes com artérias acessórias responsáveis pela vascularização de percentagens consideráveis de parênquima. Assim, o planeamento préoperatório, é fundamental para avaliar a necessidade de excluir artérias renais acessórias e ponderar, de forma individualizada, a relação risco/benefício.

Introduction/Aims: Horseshoe kidney (HSK) is a renal malformation that results from the kidney's fusion in midline. It is an unusual entity that rarely coexists with Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA). Because of the anatomical characteristics (intimate relationship between kidney and aorta, variability in the renal arteries, veins and collecting systems emergency) conventional surgery can be technically difficult. Endovascular treatment has emerged as a therapeutic alternative in some cases of congenital renal malformations. We report a case of endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) in a patient with coexistent AAA and HSK. Material / Methods: We review a case of a patient with coexistent AAA and HSK treated by EVAR in our institution with description of diagnosis, treatment, outcome and complications. Results: A 74-year-old man was referred to our center with an asymptomatic AAA. He had medical history of ischemic heart disease, congestive heart failure and smoking. CT angiography revealed an infrarenal AAA, with 57 mm diameter and HSK. After studying anatomical features, the patient was proposed for EVAR. Under general anesthesia both femoral arteries were exposed. An Endurant® II endoprosthesis was deployed immediately distal to an accessory renal artery and two iliac extenders were deployed in the left and one in the right side. Control angiography found an image compatible with endoleak type1 so a new dilatation of the proximal neck with Reliant® balloon was performed. In the final control angiography there was still some reflux into the aneurysmal sac which was interpreted as probable endoleak type 2. Postoperatively angioCT revealed endoleak type 1 which led to reintervention with implantation of an aortic extender Endurant®, with good result. In control angioCT there was no evidence of endoleak and all renal arteries were patent. Conclusions: EVAR has clear advantages in cases of coexistent AAA and HSK, anatomically complex for conventional surgery. Although renal vasculature in these patients is very variable, sometimes accessory arteries are responsible for vascularization of considerable percentages of parenchyma. Thus, preoperative planning is essential to assess the need to exclude accessory renal arteries and consider, individually, the risk / benefit ratio.

Resumen Se expone el caso de un hombre de 39 años que presenta muerte violenta en la ciudad de Medellín. Durante la necropsia se encuentra un riñón en herradura, que no tuvo diagnóstico clínico en su momento, según los hallazgos en su historial médico. Es un caso que puede tener implicaciones en el campo médico, dada la vasculature accesoria que presenta, presentación que no es comúnmente observada. La falta de sintomatología y su hallazgo espontáneo durante la necropsia hacen ver que, a pesar de la poca incidencia, no es extraño encontrar el caso en pacientes de nuestro entorno. Este tiene mayor impacto en el campo quirúrgico y, en ocasiones, en las afecciones urinarias. Metodología: descriptivo. Se obtuvo consentimiento informado, de la familia del occiso, para el estudio de su historial médico.

Abstract We present the clinical case of a 39 year old male that presented with a violent death in the city of Medellin. During the necropsy, a horseshoe Kidney was found, which was never diagnosed according to the patients' medical history. It is a case relevant in the medical field given the unusual vasculature that was found, because it's not a usual arrangement. The lack of symptoms and its spontaneous finding during the necropsy, shows us that it's not a rare find in our environment and that it has a big impact in the surgical fields, and in occasions, with urinary tract infections. Methodology: Descriptive. Informed consent was given by the deceased relatives for the use and analysis of the medical history.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Anomalous kidney location in the retroperitoneal space is called renal ectopia. Crossed renal ectopia is a rare congenital malformation with an incidence ranging in births from 1/1350 to 1/2000. Renal cell carcinoma is the most commonly reported tumor in renal fusion anomalies. Those anomalies increase the risk for neoplasia up to 4-fold. CLINICAL CASE: A 64-year-old man had a past medical history of ectopic kidney and an oncologic pulmonary finding. Routine studies revealed a mass in the fusion of the two kidneys. Robotic-assisted laparoscopic isthmusectomy, ureteral repair with a Scardino flap, and double-J catheter placement were performed. CONCLUSION: Crossed-fused renal ectopia is thought to be the abnormal development of the ureteral yolk and metanephric blastema during the fourth and eighth week of gestation. After horseshoe kidney, crossed-fused renal ectopia is the most common. Crossed ectopic kidney is a rare congenital alteration. The left-to-right cross is frequent, contrary to the case reported herein, and malignancy related to those anomalies is an exceptional event. The anatomy is unpredictable, and vascular abnormalities are observed in 70% of the cases, complicating surgical management. Different studies have attempted to establish the origin of the sarcomatoid phenotype and its relation to classic histologic patterns of renal carcinoma.

Resumen ANTECEDENTES: La localización anómala del riñón en el espacio retroperitoneal se denomina ectopia renal. La ectopia renal cruzada constituye una malformación congénita excepcional con incidencia de 1 caso por cada 1350 a 1 por cada 2000 nacimientos. El tumor más común reportado en alteraciones de la fusión renal es el carcinoma de células renales. Las anomalías de la fusión renal aumentan cuatro veces el riesgo de neoplasias. CASO CLÍNICO: Paciente masculino de 64 años de edad con antecedentes oncológicos de ectopia renal y pulmonar. En los estudios de rutina se detectó una masa en la fusión de ambos riñones. Se realizó istmectomía con plastia ureteral, con colgajo de Scardino y colocación de catéter doble J mediante laparoscopia asistida por robot. CONCLUSIÓN: La ectopia renal fusionada cruzada se origina por el desarrollo anormal de la yema ureteral y el blastema metanéfrico durante la cuarta y octava semanas del embarazo. Después del riñón en herradura, la ectopia renal cruzada fusionada es la anormalidad renal más frecuente. La ectopia renal cruzada es una alteración congénita poco frecuente; el cruce de izquierda a derecha es frecuente, contrario al caso aquí reportado. La relación de tumores malignos con estas anomalías representa un evento excepcional. La anatomía es impredecible, se observan anomalías vasculares en 70% de los casos lo que complica el manejo quirúrgico. Diversos estudios han intentado establecer el origen del fenotipo sarcomatoide y su relación con cualquiera de los patrones histológicos clásicos del carcinoma renal.

ABSTRACT Introduction Horseshoe kidney occurs in 1 per 400-800 live births and are more frequently observed in males (M:F 2:1). Ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) is commonly associated with horseshoe kidneys. The variable blood supply, presence of the isthmus and high insertion of the ureter contribute to this problem. Case report An asymptomatic 6 year-old boy presented with antenatal hydronephrosis. Ultrasonography and CT scan demonstrated left UPJO associated with a horseshoe kidney. DMSA showed 33% of function on the left side. DTPA showed a flat curve and lack of washout. A left dismembered laparoscopic pyeloplasty was performed after identification of crossing vessels and abnormal implantation of the ureter. After one year, the child is asymptomatic. DTPA demonstrated a good washout curve. Results Our cohort consisted of six patients, five males and one female, with a mean age of 6 years (range 6m-17 years) and a mean follow-up of 3 years. Ureteropelvic junction obstruction was more common on the left side. Symptoms appeared only in 34% of the cases. Mean operative time was 198 minutes (range 120-270 minutes). Crossing vessels were common (observed in 50% patients). High implantation of ureter was seen in 67% patients and intrinsic obstruction in 83%. Surgical difficulties were found in two cases. Hospital stay was 4.3 days (3 to 6 days), with only one patient having a mild complication (pyelonephritis). All cases had clinical and radiologic improvement. Conclusion Laparoscopic pyeloplasty is safe and feasible in children with UPJO in horseshoe kidneys, with good results and minimal morbidity.