A direct, high-throughput and accurate method, multi-molecular infrared spectroscopic (MMIR) data fusion, was established for the detection of trace of estrone, diethylstilbestrol, betamethasone and prednisone acetate in peptide powders based on near-infrared and mid-infrared fusion datasets. Tri step MMIR with progressively improved resolution captured key fingerprint features of hormones in the regions of 3430-3250, 2950-2850, 1750-1550 and 1335-1050 cm-1 which were exclusively selected as the datasets. The back propagation neural network (BPNN) model with the best performance used a mid-level fusion strategy and achieved excellent root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP, 1.101 mg kg-1) and residual prediction deviation (RPD, 9.890). Compared to those of single dataset models, the RMSEP was reduced by more than 82.03%. This method had remarkable practical significance for the direct and accurate quality evaluation of peptide powder products with favorable limit of detection (LOD) but without pretreatment and chemical agents, verifying the feasibility of multiple analytical instruments for rapid and comprehensive detection of powdered foods. highthroughput high throughput multimolecular multi molecular (MMIR estrone diethylstilbestrol nearinfrared near midinfrared mid datasets 34303250, 34303250 3430 3250, 3250 3430-3250 29502850, 29502850 2950 2850, 2850 2950-2850 17501550 1750 1550 1750-155 13351050 1335 1050 1335-105 cm1 cm 1 cm- BPNN (BPNN midlevel level RMSEP, (RMSEP 1101 101 1.10 kg1 kg kg-1 RPD, RPD (RPD 9.890. 9890 9.890 . 9 890 9.890) models 8203 82 03 82.03% LOD (LOD agents foods 3430325 343 325 3430-325 2950285 295 285 2950-285 1750155 175 155 1750-15 1335105 133 105 1335-10 110 10 1.1 kg- 989 9.89 89 820 8 0 82.03 343032 34 32 3430-32 295028 29 28 2950-28 175015 17 15 1750-1 133510 13 1335-1 11 1. 98 9.8 82.0 34303 3 3430-3 29502 2 2950-2 17501 1750- 13351 1335- 9. 82. 3430- 2950-

Resumen La crisis tirotóxica es una patología poco frecuente, que se presenta en pacientes con hipertiroidismo; se presenta un caso clínico de una paciente de 38 años, con hipertiroidismo quien acude por alteración de estado de conciencia, fiebre y taquicardia, la causa de esta emergencia médica estuvo filiada a un cuadro de crisis tirotóxica, gracias al conocimiento de la clínica médica, esta patología puede afectar a varios órganos por los efectos tóxicos del exceso de hormonas tiroideas. Su diagnóstico y tratamiento se basa en la sospecha clínica, utilizando escalas como la de Burch y Wartofsky, además de niveles de hormonas tiroideas, marcadores de función hepática, cardiaca, renal, electrocardiograma, ecografía tiroidea, como complemento del mismo. La tormenta tiroidea tiene una alta tasa de mortalidad y los pacientes deben recibir un tratamiento inmediato, para manejar las complicaciones y restaurar la función tiroidea normal.

Abstract Thyrotoxic crisis is a rare pathology, which occurs in patients with hyperthyroidism; we present a clinical case of a 38-year-old patient with hyperthyroidism who comes for altered consciousness, fever and tachycardia, the cause of this medical emergency was related to a picture of thyrotoxic crisis, thanks to the knowledge of the medical clinic, this pathology can affect various organs by the toxic effects of excess thyroid hormones. Its diagnosis and treatment is based on clinical suspicion, using scales such as Burch and Wartofsky, in addition to thyroid hormone levels, liver function markers, cardiac, renal, electrocardiogram, thyroid ultrasound, as a complement to it. Thyroid storm has a high mortality rate and patients should receive immediate treatment to manage complications and restore normal thyroid function.

RESUMEN: El envejecimiento es un proceso biológico inevitable que afecta la función de todos los órganos, incluida la glándula suprarrenal, fundamental para la producción de hormonas esteroides que regulan el metabolismo, la respuesta al estrés y la activación inmunológica. Comprender cómo el envejecimiento afecta la morfología de esta glándula es crucial para desarrollar intervenciones que mitiguen sus efectos adversos. Así, el objetivo de este estudio fue describir las alteraciones morfocuantitativas de la glándula suprarrenal en ratas Sprague Dawley senescentes comparadas con ratas adultas. Se utilizaron 12 ratas macho, divididas en dos grupos: 6 ratas adultas de 6 meses de edad (grupo A) y 6 ratas senescentes de 36 meses de edad (grupo S). Se realizaron estudios histopatológicos, cuantificación de fibras de colágeno tipos I y III y análisis estereológicos para determinar la densidad de volumen (Vv), de superficie (Sv) y de número (Nv) de los núcleos de las células de la zona fasciculada. El tejido de la glándula suprarrenal del grupo S presentó displasia, metaplasia, acumulación de grasa intracelular, fibrosis, dilatación de vasos sanguíneos y mayor presencia de células apoptósicas. También se observó un engrosamiento de la cápsula y un incremento del colágeno tipo I. Hubo una disminución significativa en Vv, Sv y Nv de los núcleos de la zona fasciculada en el grupo S en comparación con el grupo A. Los resultados indican que el envejecimiento induce cambios morfocuantitativos significativos en la glándula suprarrenal, lo que podría contribuir a la disminución en la producción de glucocorticoides y alteraciones en la secreción de aldosterona y cortisol observadas en la senescencia. Comprender estas alteraciones es crucial para desarrollar intervenciones que mitiguen los efectos adversos del envejecimiento en el sistema endocrino.

SUMMARY: Aging is an inevitable biological process that affects the function of all organs, including the adrenal gland, which is essential for producing steroid hormones that regulate metabolism, stress response, and immune activation. Understanding how aging affects the morphology of this gland is crucial to developing interventions to mitigate its adverse effects. Thus, this study aimed to describe the morphoquantitative alterations of the adrenal gland in senescent Sprague Dawley rats compared to adult rats. Twelve male rats were divided into 6 adult rats aged 6 months (group A) and 6 senescent rats aged 36 months (group S). Histopathological studies, quantification of collagen fibers types I and III, and stereological analysis were performed to determine the volume density (Vv), surface area (Sv), and number (Nv) of the nuclei of the zona fasciculata cells. Adrenal gland tissue from group S presented dysplasia, metaplasia, intracellular fat accumulation, fibrosis, blood vessel dilation, and increased presence of apoptotic cells. Capsule thickening and increased collagen type I were also observed. There was a significant decrease in Vv, Sv, and Nv of zona fasciculata nuclei in group S compared to group A. The results indicate that aging induces significant morphoquantitative changes in the adrenal gland, which could contribute to the decrease in glucocorticoid production and alterations in aldosterone and cortisol secretion observed in senescence. Understanding these alterations is crucial to developing interventions that mitigate the adverse effects of aging on the endocrine system.

Abstract Objective: Analyze sex hormone's influence during Chagas disease. Methods: Male and female BALB/c mice were divided into six groups, four experimental (sham, orchiectomized, orchiectomized and supplemented with estradiol, orchiectomized supplemented with testosterone, oophorectomized, oophorectomized and supplemented with estradiol, and oophorectomized and supplemented with testosterone), and two control (healthy and intraperitoneally with T. cruzi strain NINOA infected). Clinical data were recorded daily, parasitemia was evaluated using a Neubauer chamber during the infection, and heart histopathological analysis was performed using the paraffin embedding technique. To analyze parasitemia curves and the area under the parametric curves, two-way ANOVA test was performed to correlate groups' data. P-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: Higher mortality rates, cardiomegaly, hepatomegaly, ascites, edema, higher parasitemia levels, more amastigote nests, and more severe inflammatory infiltrate were found in higher testosterone concentration mice, whereas in higher estradiol concentration groups, paresia, prostration, edema, and necrosis were found. Conclusions: Our results showed that testosterone increased infection severity, whereas estradiol had the opposite effect. This research improves the understanding of sex hormones´ infuence upon this infection to contribute with the handling of Chagas´ disease.

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar la influencia de las hormonas durante la enfermedad de Chagas. Métodos: Se separaron grupos de ratones macho y hembras BALB/c, todos infectados con T. cruzi (cepa NINOA), 4 grupos experimentales de machos (Sham, orquidectamizados, orquidectimezados y suplementados con estradiol, orquidectamizaos y suplementados con testosterona). 4 grupos experimentales de hembras (oforectomizadas, oforectomizadas y suplementadas con estradiol, oforectomizadas y suplementadas con testosterona y sham), and y dos grupos control para cada sexo (sin infección e infectados intraperitonealmente con T. cruzi (cepa NINOA). Los datos clínicos fueron registrados diariamente, la parasitemia fue evaluada durante toda la infección utilizando una cámara de Neubauer y el análisis histopatológico del corazón fue realizada con la técnica de inclusión en parafina. Para el análisis de las curvas de parasitemia y el área bajo la curva, se realizó una prueba de ANOVA de dos vías, p < 0.05 fueron considerados estadísticamente diferentes. Resultados: Las mayores tasas de mortalidad, cardiomegalia, hepatomegalia y mayor infiltrado inflamatorio, se encontró en los ratones con una mayor concentración de testosterona. En contraste los ratones con mayor concentración de estradiol presentaron paresia, postración edema y necrosis. Conclusiones: Nuestros resultados ponen en manifiesto que la testosterona incrementa la severidad del curso de la enfermedad de Chagas, mientras que el estradiol tuvo el efecto opuesto. Este trabajo mejora el entendimiento del rol que juegan las hormonas sexuales en esta infección para contribuir en un mejor manejo de la enfermedad de Chagas.

ABSTRACT Early-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus has increased in prevalence in recent years. The main risk factors for suffering from it in adolescents are: obesity, genetic predisposition and family history. The case of a 15-year-old female patient who attended health services with a previous diagnosis of prediabetes and overweight is presented. The physical examination revealed overweight and central fat distribution. Laboratory tests indicated hyperglycemia and thyroid hormones within normal ranges. Type 2 diabetes mellitus was diagnosed and treatment with diet, physical exercise and metformin was proposed. She was reassessed after 3 months and it was found that the patient was not fully complying with the treatment. This case report aims to describe the clinical and laboratory characteristics of an adolescent patient diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus because early diagnosis and intensive treatment is essential in the management of this pathology in this age group.

RESUMEN La diabetes mellitus tipo 2 de inicio temprano ha aumentado su prevalencia en los últimos años. Los principales factores de riesgo de padecerla en la adolescencia son: la obesidad, la predisposición genética y los antecedentes familiares. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de sexo femenino, de 15 años, que acudió a los servicios de salud con diagnóstico previo de prediabetes y sobrepeso. Al examen físico se observó sobrepeso y distribución de grasa central. Los exámenes de laboratorio indicaron hiperglucemia y hormonas tiroideas dentro de rangos de normalidad. Se diagnosticó diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y se propuso tratamiento con dieta, ejercicios físicos y metformina. Se reevaluó a los 3 meses y se constató que la paciente no cumplía el tratamiento a cabalidad. Este reporte de caso tiene como objetivo describir las características clínicas y de laboratorio de una paciente adolescente con diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 porque el diagnóstico precoz y el tratamiento intensivo es fundamental en el manejo de esta patología en este grupo etáreo.

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar asociación y utilidad de medir la relación estradiol-testosterona en disfunción eréctil y libido. Método: Casos y controles, involucrando 32 pacientes con patologías crónicas que consultaron por disfunción sexual, definiendo casos como adultos con libido hipoactiva. Resultados: En los sujetos con diabetes mellitus se evidenció likelihood ratio (LR) significativo (6,58). Hubo diferencias significativas en testosterona entre casos y controles, sin diferencias en estradiol o la relación estradiol-testosterona. Se establecieron subgrupos según testosterona y hormona luteinizante (LH). Testosterona baja y LH inapropiadamente normal, mostraron una odds ratio (OR) de 13 y LR significativo. Análisis de LH normal e inapropiadamente normal, reveló diferencias significativas en la relación estradiol-testosterona y testosterona corregida. Curvas ROC evaluaron la eficacia de relación estradiol-tes-tosterona para diagnosticar hipogonadismo hipogonadotrópico y disfunción eréctil (DE). Un punto de corte de 5,98 para la relación estradiol-testosterona arrojó una sensibilidad del 0,85 y una especificidad del 0,79. Conclusiones: Se observaron diferencias al analizar en subgrupos basados en la respuesta de LH, sugiriendo que medir la relación estradiol-testosterona puede ser útil para estudiar la respuesta inapropiada de LH. Se requiere un tamaño de muestra más grande para extrapolar nuestros resultados.

Abstract Objective: Determine the association and utility of measuring estradiol-to-testosterone ratio on erectile dysfunction (ED) and libido. Materials and methods: This is a case-control study involving 32 adult male patients with chronic pathologies who consulted for sexual dysfunction. Cases defined as subjects with hypoactive sexual desire. Results: Diabetes mellitus showed a significant LR of 6.58. Testosterone levels differed between cases and controls, yet no differences emerged for estradiol or estradiol-to-testosterone ratio. Subgroups defined by testosterone and LH levels were established. Low testosterone and inappropriately normal LH showed an OR of 13 and significant LR. Analysis of normal and inappropriately normal LH categories revealed significant differences in E/T ratio and adjusted testosterone. ROC curves assessed E/T ratio effectiveness for diagnosing hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and SD. A cutoff point of 5.98 for E/T ratio yielded 0.85 sensitivity and 0.79 specificity. Conclusions: No significant differences were observed between cases and controls. Differences were observed when analyzed in subgroups based on LH response, indicating estradiol-to-testosterone ratio may be useful in studying inappropriate LH response. A larger sample size is warranted to be able to extrapolate our results.

ABSTRACT Lithium carbonate has a narrow therapeutic range capable of producing various adverse effects; despite this fact, it is used as first-line therapy in patients with bipolar disorder (BD) thanks to its high effectiveness. Among its adverse events are several conditions at the endocrine level, such as hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, hypercalcemia, hyperparathyroidism, and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. The adherence to current guidelines for monitoring those events is low. The objective of this review is to provide insight into the pathophysiological mechanisms of the endocrine effects of lithium and give recommendations based on the current literature for the monitoring and treatment of these conditions.

RESUMEN El carbonato de litio es un fármaco con estrecho margen terapéutico capaz de producir diversos efectos adversos, a pesar de lo cual se utiliza como tratamiento de primera línea en pacientes con trastorno afectivo bipolar (TAB) gracias a su alta efectividad. Entre sus efectos adversos se encuentran varias afecciones a nivel endocrino, como hipotiroidismo, hipertiroidismo, hipercalcemia, hiperparatiroidismo y diabetes insípida nefrogénica. La adherencia a las recomendaciones de monitoreo de estas reacciones es baja. El objetivo de esta revisión es proporcionar información sobre los mecanismos fisiopatológicos de los efectos endocrinos del litio y dar recomendaciones basadas en la literatura para el seguimiento y tratamiento de estas condiciones.

Abstract Phytohormones, also known as plant hormones, are naturally occurring chemical compounds that regulate various physiological processes in plants. In this work, a capillary electrophoretic coupled to a diode array detector (CE-DAD) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of abscisic acid (ABA), 3-indolacetic acid (IAA), and gibberellic acid (GA3) in commercial plant biostimulants. Sample preparation was carried out by liquid-liquid extraction using ethyl acetate. CE separation was performed in a fused-silica capillary and background electrolyte (BGE) consisting of borate buffer (50 mM, pH 9.3) applying a high voltage of 20 kV, a pressure of 50 mbar, and injection time of 35 s. The ABA, IAA, and GA3 were detected at 254, 220 and 195 nm respectively. The CE-DAD method validation results showed acceptable specificity, linearity, accuracy, and precision in the concentration range of 10-100 µg/mL for all compounds according to the (International Conference Harmonisation) ICH guidelines. The proposed method was satisfactory applied to the analysis of cited plant hormones in biostimulants and suggest that sample preparation is a reliable step for extraction of phytohormones containing carboxyl groups. Therefore, the developed and validated method could be implemented as a low-cost and fast analytical tool for quality control purposes.

Abstract Raspberry is a crop of great demand in recent years in the international market. This distinction is focused on its high content in vitamins A and C, fiber, nutrients such as Ca and Fe, flavonoids and antioxidants. These compounds besides to be as part of aromatic and taste characteristics of the fruit, contribute to the immunology human system strengthening, in particular against diseases such as cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular. Endogenous hormones direct the role of these molecules during growth and development in several horticultural species. In raspberry it is unknown. For this reason, it was investigated their presence in fruits of raspberry cv UANC-2022, using the gas chromatography mass spectrometry technology under a complete randomized design. The following hormones were identified: gibberellins A4, A7, A44 and A53; auxin indole acetic acid and the cytokinin zeatin.

Resumen La frambuesa es una frutilla de gran demanda en el mercado internacional. Su principal atractivo radica en el alto contenido en vitaminas A y C, fibra, nutrientes como Ca y Fe, flavonoides y antioxidantes. Estos compuestos, además de ser integrantes en su aroma y sabor, contribuyen a fortalecer el sistema inmunológico del ser humano contra enfermedades como el cáncer, diabetes y cardiovasculares. Las hormonas endógenas influyen en el rol de esas moléculas durante el crecimiento en varias especies hortícolas. En frambuesa es desconocido la presencia de hormonas naturales en el fruto. Por ello, se investigó su presencia en frutos de frambuesa cv UANC-2022, utilizando la técnica de cromatografía de gases y espectrometría de masas con un diseño completamente al azar. Se identificaron las giberelinas A4, A7, A44 y A53; auxina ácido indol acético y la citocinina zeatina.

ABSTRACT Purpose: Statins are one of the most prescribed classes of drugs worldwide to treat hypercholesterolemia and dyslipidemia. By lowering the level of cholesterol, the use of statin could cause a reduction in testosterone levels. The objective was to evaluate whether the continued use of statins in patients with hypercholesterolemia causes a deficiency in testosterone and other sex hormones. Materials and Methods: Systematic Review with Meta-analysis, performed in Embase, Medline and Cochrane databases, until May 2023; PROSPERO CRD42021270424protocol. Selection performed by two independent authors with subsequent conference in stages. Methodology based on PRISMA statement. There were selected comparative studies, prospective cohorts (CP), randomized clinical trials (RCT) and cross-sectional studies (CSS) with comparison of testosterone levels before and after statin administration and between groups. Bias analysis were evaluated with Cochrane Tool, The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS), and using the Assess the Quality of Cross-sectional studies (AXIS) tool. Results: There were found on MedLine, Embase and Cochrane, after selected comparative studies, 10CP and 6RCT and 6CSS for the meta-analysis. In the Forrest plot with 6CSS, a correlation between patients with continuous use of statins and a reduction in total testosterone was evidenced with a statistically significant reduction of 55.02ng/dL (95%CI=[39.40,70.64],I²=91%,p<0.00001). In the analysis with 5RCT, a reduction in the mean total testosterone in patients who started continuous statin use was evidenced, with a statistical significance of 13.12ng/dL (95%CI=[1.16,25.08],I²=0%,p=0.03). Furthermore, the analysis of all prospective studies with 15 articles showed a statistically significant reduction in the mean total testosterone of 9.11 ng/dL (95%CI=[0.16,18.06],I²=37%,p=0.04). A reduction in total testosterone has been shown in most studies and in its accumulated analysis after statin use. However, this decrease was not enough to reach levels below normal. Conclusion: Statins use causes a decrease in total testosterone, not enough to cause a drop below the normal range and also determines increase in FSH levels. No differences were found in LH, Estradiol, SHBG and Free Testosterone analysis. Purpose dyslipidemia cholesterol hormones Methods Metaanalysis, Metaanalysis Meta analysis, Meta-analysis databases 2023 CRD42021270424protocol CRDprotocol CRD protocol stages statement CP, CP , (CP) RCT (RCT crosssectional cross sectional CSS (CSS groups Tool NewcastleOttawa Newcastle Ottawa NOS, NOS (NOS) Crosssectional Cross AXIS (AXIS tool Results MedLine metaanalysis. metaanalysis meta meta-analysis 5502ngdL ngdL 55 02ng dL ng 95%CI=39.40,70.64,I²=91%,p<0.00001. 95CI39407064I²91p000001 CIIp 95%CI= 39.40,70.64 ,I²=91%,p<0.00001 . 95 CI 39 40 70 64 I² 91 p 0 00001 I (95%CI=[39.40,70.64],I²=91%,p<0.00001) 5RCT 1312ngdL 13 12ng 95%CI=1.16,25.08,I²=0%,p=0.03. 95CI1162508I²0p003 1.16,25.08 ,I²=0%,p=0.03 1 16 25 08 03 (95%CI=[1.16,25.08],I²=0%,p=0.03) Furthermore 911 9 11 9.1 95%CI=0.16,18.06,I²=37%,p=0.04. 95CI0161806I²37p004 0.16,18.06 ,I²=37%,p=0.04 18 06 37 04 (95%CI=[0.16,18.06],I²=37%,p=0.04) However Conclusion LH Estradiol 202 (CP (NOS 5 95%CI=39.40,70.64,I²=91%,p<0.00001 95CI39407064I²91p00000 95CI 95%CI 39407064 39.40,70.6 I²91p000001 Ip ,I²=91%,p<0.0000 3 4 7 6 0000 (95%CI=[39.40,70.64],I²=91%,p<0.00001 95%CI=1.16,25.08,I²=0%,p=0.03 95CI1162508I²0p00 1162508 1.16,25.0 I²0p003 ,I²=0%,p=0.0 2 (95%CI=[1.16,25.08],I²=0%,p=0.03 9. 95%CI=0.16,18.06,I²=37%,p=0.04 95CI0161806I²37p00 0161806 0.16,18.0 I²37p004 ,I²=37%,p=0.0 (95%CI=[0.16,18.06],I²=37%,p=0.04 20 95%CI=39.40,70.64,I²=91%,p<0.0000 95CI39407064I²91p0000 3940706 39.40,70. I²91p00000 ,I²=91%,p<0.000 000 (95%CI=[39.40,70.64],I²=91%,p<0.0000 95%CI=1.16,25.08,I²=0%,p=0.0 95CI1162508I²0p0 116250 1.16,25. I²0p00 ,I²=0%,p=0. (95%CI=[1.16,25.08],I²=0%,p=0.0 95%CI=0.16,18.06,I²=37%,p=0.0 95CI0161806I²37p0 016180 0.16,18. I²37p00 ,I²=37%,p=0. (95%CI=[0.16,18.06],I²=37%,p=0.0 95%CI=39.40,70.64,I²=91%,p<0.000 95CI39407064I²91p000 394070 39.40,70 I²91p0000 ,I²=91%,p<0.00 00 (95%CI=[39.40,70.64],I²=91%,p<0.000 95%CI=1.16,25.08,I²=0%,p=0. 95CI1162508I²0p 11625 1.16,25 I²0p0 ,I²=0%,p=0 (95%CI=[1.16,25.08],I²=0%,p=0. 95%CI=0.16,18.06,I²=37%,p=0. 95CI0161806I²37p 01618 0.16,18 I²37p0 ,I²=37%,p=0 (95%CI=[0.16,18.06],I²=37%,p=0. 95%CI=39.40,70.64,I²=91%,p<0.00 95CI39407064I²91p00 39407 39.40,7 I²91p000 ,I²=91%,p<0.0 (95%CI=[39.40,70.64],I²=91%,p<0.00 95%CI=1.16,25.08,I²=0%,p=0 1162 1.16,2 I²0p ,I²=0%,p= (95%CI=[1.16,25.08],I²=0%,p=0 95%CI=0.16,18.06,I²=37%,p=0 0161 0.16,1 I²37p ,I²=37%,p= (95%CI=[0.16,18.06],I²=37%,p=0 95%CI=39.40,70.64,I²=91%,p<0.0 95CI39407064I²91p0 3940 39.40, I²91p00 ,I²=91%,p<0. (95%CI=[39.40,70.64],I²=91%,p<0.0 95%CI=1.16,25.08,I²=0%,p= 116 1.16, ,I²=0%,p (95%CI=[1.16,25.08],I²=0%,p= 95%CI=0.16,18.06,I²=37%,p= 016 0.16, ,I²=37%,p (95%CI=[0.16,18.06],I²=37%,p= 95%CI=39.40,70.64,I²=91%,p<0. 95CI39407064I²91p 394 39.40 I²91p0 ,I²=91%,p<0 (95%CI=[39.40,70.64],I²=91%,p<0. 95%CI=1.16,25.08,I²=0%,p 1.16 (95%CI=[1.16,25.08],I²=0%,p 95%CI=0.16,18.06,I²=37%,p 01 0.16 (95%CI=[0.16,18.06],I²=37%,p 95%CI=39.40,70.64,I²=91%,p<0 39.4 I²91p ,I²=91%,p< (95%CI=[39.40,70.64],I²=91%,p<0 1.1 0.1 95%CI=39.40,70.64,I²=91%,p< 39. ,I²=91%,p (95%CI=[39.40,70.64],I²=91%,p< 1. 0. 95%CI=39.40,70.64,I²=91%,p (95%CI=[39.40,70.64],I²=91%,p

ABSTRACT High concentration of salts in the soil impacts the availability of water and nutrients essential for plant growth and physiology. Therefore, management strategies that can mitigate the negative effects of salt stress are necessary, such as the use of plant hormones. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of salt stress and the application of melatonin on the growth and production aspects of radish plants. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design, in a 3 × 3 factorial scheme, with four replications, considering one plant per experimental plot. The treatments consisted of three electrical conductivities of irrigation water - ECw (0.5, 2.75, and 5.0 dS m-1) and three concentrations of melatonin (0, 0.5, and 1.0 mM). Growth variables were evaluated, namely plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf area, dry mass of leaves, petioles and roots, specific leaf area, leaf area ratio, and leaf weight ratio. In addition, production aspects were analyzed, namely bulb length, bulb diameter, and bulb fresh weight. Exogenous application of melatonin reduces the deleterious effects of salt stress on the growth and production aspects of radish plants. Application of melatonin at a dose of 0.5 mM is the most recommended to mitigate the effects of salt stress up to the level of 2.75 dS m-1. The use of melatonin opens new perspectives for the development of management strategies aimed at optimizing growth and protecting the radish crop under saline conditions. physiology Therefore necessary hormones Thus plants design scheme replications plot 05 0 5 (0.5 275 2 75 50 5. m1 m 1 m-1 0, (0 10 1. mM. . mM) evaluated height diameter leaves roots ratio addition analyzed length 0. 2.7 m1. conditions (0. 27 7 m- ( 2.

RESUMO A alta concentração de sais no solo provoca impacto na disponibilidade de água e nutrientes essenciais para o crescimento e fisiologia das plantas. Assim, são necessárias estratégias de manejo que possam mitigar os efeitos negativos do estresse salino, como por exemplo o uso de hormônios vegetais. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do estresse salino e aplicação de melatonina sobre crescimento e aspectos produtivos de plantas de rabanete. O experimento foi realizado em delineamento em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 3 × 3, com quatro repetições, sendo considerada uma planta por parcela experimental. Os tratamentos foram compostos por três condutividades elétricas da água de irrigação - CEa (0,5; 2,75 e 5,0 dS m-1) e três concentrações de melatonina (0; 0,5 e 1,0 mM). Foram avaliadas a altura de plantas, diâmetro do caule, número de folhas, área foliar, massa seca de folhas, pecíolos e raízes, área foliar específica, razão de área foliar e razão de peso foliar. Além disso, foram analisados aspectos produtivios, como comprimento, diâmetro e peso fresco do bulbo. A aplicação exógena de melatonina reduz os efeitos deletérios do estresse salino no crescimento e aspectos produtivos em plantas de rabanete. A aplicação de melatonina na dose de 0,5 mM é a mais indicada para mitigar os efeitos do estresse salino até o nível de 2,5 dS m-1. O uso da melatonina abre novas perspectivas para o desenvolvimento de estratégias de manejo destinadas a otimizar o crescimento e proteger a cultura do rabanete em condições de salinidade. Assim vegetais casualizados repetições experimental 05 0 5 (0,5 275 2 75 2,7 50 5, m1 m 1 m-1 (0 0, 10 1, mM. . mM) caule folhas raízes específica disso produtivios comprimento bulbo 25 2, m1. 1. salinidade (0, 27 7 m- (

Abstract Glyphosate and acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors, amino acid synthesis inhibiting herbicides, share several common physiological effects in their mode of action. Nevertheless, hormonal signalling induced by these herbicide groups has not been studied. Aiming at comparing the hormonal signalling induced by glyphosate and by the ALS inhibitors, and knowing the influence of the target-site resistance to both groups of herbicides on the hormonal response to these herbicides, the content of different hormones has been analysed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography in four Amaranthus palmeri populations (glyphosate-sensitive, glyphosate-resistant, ALS-inhibitor sensitive, and ALS-inhibitor resistant) treated with different doses of glyphosate or the ALS inhibitor nicosulfuron. Results showed different hormonal responses to both herbicides. In the case of glyphosate, abscisic acid synthesis was induced in both sensitive and resistant plants. This hormone is linked to the response to abiotic stress, and is related with growth arrest. This result evidences that, even though herbicide doses were not lethal in resistant plants, they suffered a mild stress. On the other hand, nicosulfuron induced gibberellins and auxins, growth-promoting hormones, in sensitive plants. In summary, despite the similarity in the mode of action of both herbicides, there is a clear disparity in the hormonal signalling they induce.

Resumen El glifosato y los inhibidores de la acetolactato sintasa (ALS), herbicidas inhibidores de la síntesis de aminoácidos, presentan varios efectos fisiológicos comunes en su modo de acción. Sin embargo, la señalización hormonal inducida por estos grupos de herbicidas no se ha estudiado. El objetivo principal fue comparar la señalización hormonal inducida por el glifosato y la inducida por los inhibidores de la ALS, y conocer la influencia de la resistencia target-site a estos herbicidas en la respuesta hormonal a los mismos. Se trabajó con cuatro poblaciones de la mala hierba Amaranthus palmeri (sensible a glifosato, resistente a glifosato, sensible a inhibidores de la ALS, resistente a inhibidores de la ALS), que se trataron con diferentes dosis de glifosato o del inhibidor de la ALS nicosulfurón, y en las que se analizó por cromatografía líquida de ultra-alto rendimiento el contenido de las diferentes hormonas. Los resultados mostraron respuestas hormonales diferentes a ambos herbicidas. En el caso del glifosato, se indujo la síntesis de ácido abscísico, tanto en plantas sensibles como resistentes. Es una hormona muy ligada a la respuesta al estrés abiótico, relacionada con una reducción del crecimiento. Este resultado evidencia que a pesar de no resultar letales las dosis de glifosato en las plantas resistentes, estas llegaron a sufrir cierto estrés. En cambio, el nicosulfurón indujo, en las plantas sensibles, la síntesis de las giberelinas y las auxinas, hormonas promotoras del crecimiento. Se concluye que, a pesar de la similitud en el modo de acción de ambos herbicidas, existe una clara disparidad en la señalización hormonal que inducen.

Abstract Introduction Anxiety, mood- and stress-related behaviors are regulated by sex hormones in pregnant and non-pregnant women. Very scarce information exists about the role of sex steroids in pregnant women displaying high levels of anxiety. Objective To determine sex hormones serum levels in pregnant women exhibiting high levels of anxiety symptoms. Method The Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS/ HAM-A) was used to assess the intensity of anxiety symptoms in third-trimester pregnant women. Two groups were included in the study, pregnant women exhibiting severe anxiety (ANX; HARS scores ≥ 25; n = 101) and healthy control subjects (CTRL; n = 40) displaying lower scores for anxiety (HARS scores ≤ 7). Estradiol (E2), progesterone (P4), and testosterone (T) serum levels were measured using a standard chemiluminescent immunoassay. Bivariate and partial correlations were performed to detect significant associations between groups, clinical measures, biochemical data, and HARS scores. Results The anxiety group (ANX) showed an increase in E2 and T serum levels (p < .001) compared to CTRL. Conversely, significantly lower P4 levels were found in the symptomatic group (p < .001) as compared to the CTRL hormone values. The P4:E2 index was significantly reduced in pregnant women with high levels of anxiety (p < .001). Negative correlations between anxiety (HARS) scores, P4 serum levels (p = .02), and P4:E2 ratio (p = .04) were found in the symptomatic group. Conversely, T serum levels displayed a positive association (p = .001) with high levels of anxiety symptoms in the same group, after adjusting our data by clinical confounders. Discussion and conclusion Serum levels of sex-steroid hormones are altered in pregnant women exhibiting severe anxiety.

Resumen Introducción La ansiedad, el estado de ánimo y el estrés están regulados por diversos esteroides sexuales. Existe poca información sobre el papel que juegan estos esteroides en mujeres embarazadas con niveles elevados de ansiedad. Objetivo Determinar los niveles séricos de hormonas sexuales en mujeres embarazadas con altos índices de síntomas de ansiedad con respecto a mujeres gestantes sanas. Método Determinación de la intensidad de síntomas ansiosos empleando la escala de Hamilton de Ansiedad (HAM-A) en 141 mujeres embarazadas en el tercer trimestre de gestación. Cuantificación de los niveles séricos de estradiol (E2), progesterona (P4) y testosterona (T) por inmunoensayo estándar. Aplicación de las correlaciones de Pearson para detectar asociaciones entre parámetros clínicos y valores hormonales entre los grupos de estudio. Resultados Las mujeres con ansiedad severa (ANX; n = 101; HAM-A ≥ 25) mostraron niveles séricos más altos de E2 y T (p < .001), así como niveles más bajos de P4 (p < .001) en relación con el grupo control (CTRL, n = 40, HAM-A < 7). Se detectó una disminución significativa en el índice P4:E2 en el grupo de ANX (p < .001) y se observaron correlaciones negativas y positivas entre los puntajes elevados de ansiedad con los niveles circulantes de P4 (p = .02), en la taza P4:E2 (p = .04) y en los niveles séricos de T (p = .001) respectivamente, al ajustar nuestros datos con variables confusoras. Discusión y conclusión Los niveles circulantes de los esteroides sexuales se encontraron alterados en mujeres con ansiedad severa.

Resumo Gardenia jasminoides Ellis é um fitoterápico chinês com valor medicinal e econômico, mas seu mecanismo de resposta ao estresse hídrico permanece obscuro. Neste estudo, o “método de potes duplos” foi usado para simular o estresse hídrico de G. jasminoides Ellis e explorar seu mecanismo de resposta fisiológica e transcriptômica. Não encontramos danos significativos aos lipídios da membrana de G. jasminoides Ellis durante o estresse. POD desempenhou um papel antioxidante vital, o enriquecimento KEGG mostrou que metabólitos secundários, como flavonoides, também podem desempenhar um papel antioxidante e PRO desempenhou um ajuste osmótico significativo. Os hormônios endógenos regulam o crescimento e o desenvolvimento de G. jasminoides Ellis e desempenham um papel na transdução de sinal. Entre eles, o estresse hídrico leve é retardado. Ao mesmo tempo, havia 19631, 23693 e 15045 genes diferencialmente expressos de G. jasminoides Ellis nos dias 5, 10 e 15 sob estresse hídrico. Esses genes foram intimamente associados ao proteassoma, endopeptidase, ribossomo, transdução de sinal MAPK e transdução de sinal de hormônio endógeno, interação planta-patógeno e biossíntese de fenilpropanoides e outras vias fisiológicas e metabólicas, que regulam o turnover e transporte de proteínas, o reforço e adesão das paredes celulares, a indução do fechamento estomático, reações alérgicas, reações de defesa, movimentos foliares, entre outros. Também podem absorver os raios ultravioleta para reduzir a geração de radicais livres de oxigênio, alterar a forma de utilização da energia e ajustar a pressão osmótica das células vegetais.

Abstract Gardenia jasminoides Ellis is a Chinese herbal medicine with medicinal and economic value, but its mechanism of response to waterlogging stress remains unclear. In this study, the “double pots method” was used to simulate the waterlogging stress of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis to explore its physiological and transcriptomic response mechanism. We found no significant damage to Gardenia jasminoides Ellis membrane lipid during stress. POD played a vital antioxidant role, KEGG enrichment showed that secondary metabolites such as flavonoids might also play an antioxidant role, and PRO played a significant osmotic adjustment. Endogenous hormones regulate the Gardenia jasminoides Ellis's growth and development and play a role in signal transduction. Among them, light waterlogging stress is delayed. At the same time, there were 19631, 23693, and 15045 differentially expressed genes on the 5th, 10d, and 15d of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis under waterlogging stress. These genes were closely associated with the proteasome, endopeptidase, ribosome, MAPK signal transduction, and endogenous hormone signal transduction, plant-pathogen interaction and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and other physiological and metabolic pathways, which regulate the turnover and transportation of protein, the reinforcement and adhesion of cell walls, the induction of stomatal closure, allergic reactions, defense reactions, leaf movements and others. It also can absorb ultraviolet rays to reduce the generation of oxygen free radicals, change the way of energy utilization and adjust the osmotic pressure of plant cells.

Resumo A pecuária é uma parte fundamental da indústria agrícola no Paquistão e contribui com 11,53% do PIB nacional. Entre as espécies de gado, os búfalos são considerados o ouro negro do Paquistão. Sendo os maiores produtores de leite em todo o mundo, os búfalos Nili-Ravi são os mais famosos. Os búfalos são afetados por muitas doenças endêmicas, entre as quais a “septicemia hemorrágica” (SH). Este estudo busca verificar os efeitos da exposição experimental de P. multocida B:2 (oral) e seus imunógenos, ou seja, LPS (oral e intravenoso) e OMP (oral e subcutâneo), nos perfis hormonais reprodutivos em búfalos Nili-Ravi. Amostras de soro repetidas foram coletadas da veia jugular de animais experimentais por 21 dias (0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 36, 48, 72, 120, 168, 216, 264, 360, 456 e 504 horas). Os ensaios hormonais para determinar as concentrações séricas do hormônio liberador de gonadotrofina (GnRH), hormônio foliculoestimulante (FSH), hormônio luteinizante (LH), estrogênio (E2) e progesterona (P4) foram realizados usando kits comerciais Elisa (MyBioSource). O perfil hormonal de todos os grupos de tratamento das novilhas bubalinas apresentou variações significativas (P < 0,05) em relação ao grupo controle (G-1). Esses resultados indicam supressão no perfil hormonal reprodutivo de búfalos Nili-Ravi na exposição a P. multocida B:2 e seus imunógenos. Essa influência garante que a exposição à SH possa ser uma possível razão para o atraso da puberdade e o baixo desempenho reprodutivo em búfalos Nili-Ravi.

Abstract Livestock is a fundamental part of the agriculture industry in Pakistan and contributes more than 11.53% to GDP. Among livestock species, the buffaloes are regarded as the black gold of Pakistan. Being the highest milk producers globally, Nili-Ravi buffaloes are the most famous ones. Buffaloes are affected by many endemic diseases, and "Hemorrhagic septicemia" (HS) is one of them. This study was designed to ascertain the effects of experimental exposure ofP. multocida B:2 (oral) and its immunogens, i.e., LPS (oral and intravenous) and OMP (oral and subcutaneous) on reproductive hormonal profiles in Nili-Ravi buffaloes. Repeated serum samples were collected from the jugular vein of experimental animals for 21 days (0, 02, 04, 08, 12, 16, 20, 24, 36, 48, 72, 120, 168, 216, 264, 360, 456 and 504 hours). Hormonal assays to determine the serum concentrations of Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), Estrogen (E2) and progesterone (P4) were performed using (MyBioSource) commercial Elisa kits. The hormonal profile of all treatment groups of the buffalo heifers exhibited significant (P<0.05) variations as compared to the control group (G-1). These results indicate suppression in Nili-Ravi buffaloes' reproductive hormonal profile on exposure to P. multocida B:2 and its immunogens. This influence warrants that exposure to H.S may be a possible reason for delayed puberty and poor reproduction performance in Nili-Ravi buffaloes.