RESUMEN Dado que China se ha convertido en un actor de gran importancia en América Latina y el Caribe (ALC), investigadores en esta región han mostrado un creciente interés en estudiar los retos resultantes de esta situación. Los trabajos más recientes se han centrado en la economía (comercio entre China y ALC, y financiamiento proveniente de China), o en las consecuencias de esta relación para temas ambientales, sociales y de gobernanza, aunque algunos académicos también se han enfocado en los impactos del conflicto entre los Estados Unidos de América y China en la región. En todos los casos, la cuestión tiende a consistir en si los países de ALC se están beneficiando de una mayor presencia de China, o si los problemas exceden los potenciales beneficios. Señalamos los principales centros de investigación y académicos que analizan estos temas, y discutimos los debates centrales que los ocupan. Concluimos con un conjunto de recomendaciones para mejorar la calidad de las investigaciones, incluida la necesidad de contar con mejores datos y mayor colaboración con colegas chinos, así como la importancia de la transparencia respecto a fuentes de financiamiento y potenciales sesgos que aparecen al trabajar en esta área de cada vez mayor interés.

ABSTRACT As China has become a more important actor in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), scholars in this region have shown an increasing interest in studying the resulting challenges this poses. Most recent work has centered on economics (trade between China and LAC and finance from China), or on the consequences for environmental, social, and governance issues, although some scholars have focused on the impacts of US - China conflict in the region. In all cases, the question tends to be whether LAC countries are benefiting from the greater Chinese presence or whether problems outweigh the potential gains. We point out the leading research centers and scholars studying these questions and discuss the main debates around them. We conclude with a set of recommendations to improve the quality of research, including the need for better data and more collaboration with Chinese colleagues as well as the importance of transparency about the sources of finance and potential biases in work on this growing area of interest.

RÉSUMÉ Recourant au concept bourdieusien de champ scientifique, cet article s’attache à comprendre comment ont été définies les frontières qui délimitent ce qu’est l’Économie. À cette fin, les relations établies entre orthodoxes et hétérodoxes et entre orthodoxes, hétérodoxes et d’autres agents de terrain sont identifiées et analysées. À l’instar d’autres études, les programmes d’études supérieures de la PUC-Rio et de la FGV-Rio, d’une part, et de l’UFRJ et de l’Unicamp, d’autre part, ont été pris, respectivement, comme les représentants paradigmatiques de l’orthodoxie et de l’hétérodoxie. La cartographie des réseaux d’interaction montre que, malgré l’importance de l’opposition entre le libéralisme néoclassique et ses détracteurs, le processus continu de disputes autour des limites de définition de l’économie est complexe et multiforme. Au lieu d’aboutir exclusivement à l’affrontement entre dominants et non dominants, le champ abrite des orthodoxes et des hétérodoxes de diverses nuances, dans des situations différentes. scientifique sattache s attache quest qu lÉconomie. lÉconomie l Économie. Économie l’Économie fin dautres d autres analysées linstar instar études détudes PUCRio PUC Rio FGVRio, FGVRio FGV Rio, FGV-Rio dune une part lUFRJ UFRJ lUnicamp, lUnicamp Unicamp, Unicamp l’Unicamp dautre autre pris respectivement lorthodoxie orthodoxie lhétérodoxie. lhétérodoxie hétérodoxie. hétérodoxie l’hétérodoxie dinteraction interaction que limportance importance lopposition opposition détracteurs léconomie économie multiforme daboutir aboutir laffrontement affrontement nuances différentes

RESUMEN Recurriendo al concepto bourdiano de campo científico, este artículo se dedica a comprender cómo las fronteras que delimitan lo que es la Economía han sido definidas. Para tal fin, son identificadas y analizadas las relaciones establecidas entre ortodoxos y heterodoxos y entre ortodoxos, heterodoxos y los demás agentes del campo. Así como lo han hecho otros estudios, los programas de posgrado de la PUC-Rio y de la FGV-Rio, por un lado, y de la UFRJ y de la Unicamp, por el otro, fueron tomados, respectivamente, como los representantes paradigmáticos de la ortodoxia y de la heterodoxia. El mapeo de las redes de interacciones muestra que, a pesar de la importancia de la oposición entre el liberalismo neoclásico y sus críticos, el proceso continuo de disputas en torno de los limites definidores de la Economía es complejo y multifacético. En vez de encerrarse exclusivamente en el enfrentamiento entre dominantes y no dominantes, el campo abriga ortodoxos y heterodoxos de variados matices y en diferentes situaciones. científico definidas fin estudios PUCRio PUC Rio FGVRio, FGVRio FGV Rio, FGV-Rio lado Unicamp otro tomados respectivamente heterodoxia críticos multifacético situaciones

ABSTRACT This article aims at understanding how the boundaries of economics have been set. Using the Bourdieusian concept of the scientific field, it identifies and analyzes the relationships established between orthodox and heterodox, as well as among orthodox, heterodox and other agents in the field. As in previous studies, the graduate programs of PUC-Rio and FGV-Rio, on the one hand, and UFRJ and Unicamp, on the other, were taken respectively as paradigmatic examples of orthodoxy and heterodoxy. The mapping of interaction networks shows that, despite the importance of the opposition between neoclassical liberalism and its critics, the continuous disputes around setting boundaries in economics is complex and multifaceted. Rather than being restricted to a confrontation between dominant and non-dominant agents, the field is home to orthodox and heterodox scholars of varying shades in various contexts. set studies PUCRio PUC Rio FGVRio, FGVRio FGV Rio, FGV-Rio hand Unicamp heterodoxy that critics multifaceted nondominant non contexts

RESUMO Recorrendo ao conceito bourdieusiano de campo científico, este artigo se dedica a compreender como as fronteiras que delimitam o que é a Economia têm sido definidas. Para tanto, são identificadas e analisadas as relações estabelecidas entre ortodoxos e heterodoxos e entre ortodoxos, heterodoxos e os demais agentes do campo. A exemplo de outros estudos, os programas de pós-graduação da PUC-Rio e da FGV-Rio, de um lado, e da UFRJ e da Unicamp, de outro, foram tomados, respectivamente, como os representantes paradigmáticos da ortodoxia e da heterodoxia. O mapeamento das redes de interações mostra que, em que pese a importância da oposição entre o liberalismo neoclássico e seus críticos, o processo contínuo de disputas em torno dos limites definidores da Economia é complexo e multifacetado. Em vez de se encerrar exclusivamente no enfrentamento entre dominantes e não dominantes, o campo abriga ortodoxos e heterodoxos de variadas matizes, em diferentes situações. científico definidas tanto estudos pósgraduação pós graduação PUCRio PUC Rio FGVRio, FGVRio FGV Rio, FGV-Rio lado Unicamp outro tomados respectivamente heterodoxia críticos multifacetado matizes situações

In the above title "vernacular" suggests opposite geographic origins and setting than those ascribed "town". It is now generally accepted that the term "vernacular" is an applicable and appropriate way to cluster and organise a certain cultural phenomenon (architecture) and is used for both farm and urban architecture: "vernacular farm architecture" and "vernacular urban architecture". This paper will focus on the changes in the vernacular farm architecture in the Vredefort Dome area (near the present towns of Parys, Vredefort and Potchefstroom), that reflect cultural development processes associated with the history of settlement in the southern African rural areas from 1850 to 1950. For many years, the Vredefort Dome was known as a prestigious area of settlement. Extensive numbers of game attracted hunter-gatherer groups, pre-colonial Bantu-speaking groups and more recently, European pioneers entering the area from around 1836. From 1845, European pioneer farm occupation livestock and agricultural development expanded exponentially until recent times. After 1850, the farmers and settlers (European pioneers) on the southern and northern sides of the Vaal River erected more permanent buildings and structures (including rondavels and rectangular dwellings), constructed with stone and, more commonly, clay. The landowner became both the architect and builder, selecting the most affordable ways to construct structures. Consequently, stone walls, sod walls, rammed-earth walls, walls of raw or sundried bricks, and walls ofburnt andfired bricks are characteristic of the different vernacular building traditions. By 1889, with the influx of miners and capital to the Vredefort and Potchefstroom diggings, a period of temporary economic prosperity ensued. Economics in the area evolved during this period through a combination of agriculture-based activities and mining-based activities. Gold and diamond mining stimulated the regional economy and played a significant role in the establishment and development of towns. This growth was reflected in the presence of typical late nineteenth century vernacular farm architecture, in particular the introduction of galvanised (corrugated) iron roofs. On the farms, two broad, generic architectural traditions existed: "designed" architecture formal structures), and rural, vernacular "architecture" (structures erected without the assistance of professional architects), typically constructed with building materials obtained from the immediate environment. The availability of corrugated iron can be considered the most notable technological development in the vernacular architecture of the nineteenth century. Thatched roofs on rectangular dwellings were replaced with Victorian-style corrugated iron roofs. The "corrugated-iron style" became the "new-vernacular" architecture, and with the addition of verandas, veranda-room houses became a distinguishing characteristic of the period. During thefirst three decades of the twentieth century, poverty and an economic depression had a negative impact on the building environment and therefore on the building of homes. In the Dome area, there were few, if any, wealthy residents who could employ the services of an architect for the design of their private homes. Consequently, the houses were simple and "old-fashioned", resulting in the birth of sub-branches of vernacular building traditions that already existed. The process of change affecting homes after the Second World War (1939-1945) can be seen in the area. The improvement of technology related to running water and sanitation, and the presence of electricity, made life more comfortable and had a notable effect on patterns of internal space utilisation. Some household activities moved from the outside of the home to the inside. Consequently, time and energy were saved, since water was no longer fetched from a water source, and the distance between the service points shortened considerably. The fitting ofpipes to provide water to the service spaces in the house (kitchen and bathroom) caused a change in the interior layout of the farmhouse and a change to lifestyles. Floor plans of urban dwellings were replicated, and the "patchwork" architectural tradition (additions and extensions added to the original pioneer core) became common. Household water consumption, the presence and location of the kitchen and the bathroom and the fitting ofpipes for running water related to the prosperity of each household and differed from farm to farm. It is notable that these changes did not occur among the homes of the labourers, probably as their accommodation was considered temporary. The Vredefort Dome was listed as a United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage Site in 2005. It is the oldest and largest known meteorite impact structure on earth, about 120 km southwest from Johannesburg, and represents a unique geological phenomenon formed about 2 023 million years ago. The Vredefort dome area also contains other well-preserved and outstanding cultural phenomena such as San rock art, Late Stone Age and Late Iron Age sites - including objects, the floor and wall remains of Sotho-Tswana hut structures, animal kraals and smelting-furnaces. The historic sites contain the remains of abandoned homesteads, outbuildings and other structures such as cattle kraals, water furrows, irrigated gardens, the orchards and graveyards of immigrant farmers.

Volksboukuns in die Vredefortkoepel (naby die huidige Parys, en Potchefstroom) kan beskou word as 'n kultuurhistoriese ontwikkelingsproses wat met die vestigingsgeskiedenis tussen 1850 en 1950 geassosieer word. Die Vaalrivieromgewing in die Vredefortkoepel was 'n gesogte vestigingsterrein vir opeenvolgende golwe van nedersetters en het aanvanklik groot wildstapels, jagter-versamelaars, pre-koloniale Bantoesprekendes, en ná 1836 boere en nedersetters (pioniers) getrek. Vanaf 1838 het pioniersvestiging, plaasbesetting, 'n landboustadium en ook 'n era van landbou-mynbou gevolg. Goud- en diamantmynbedrywighede gedurende die laat-negentiende eeu het die ekonomie van die omgewing gestimuleer, 'n beduidende rol in dorpstigting gespeel, en ook die volksboukuns met die gebruik van die sinkplaatdak beïnvloed. Die gegewe landskap beskik ook oor goedbewaarde en besonderse kultuurprodukte soos Sotho-Tswana klipmuurstrukture en verlate woonstrukture, veekrale, en smeltoonde en pioniersvestigings met huise, buitegeboue en ander strukture soos veekrale, ou watervore en besproeiingstuine, boorde en begraafplase. Die Vredefortkoepel, waar die grootste en oudste meteoriet impak op aarde gevind word, is sedert 2005 'n gelyste UNESCO wêrelderfenisterrein.

Abstract Background and objectives: In this systematic review, we carried out an assessment of perioperative costs of local or regional anesthesia versus general anesthesia in the ambulatory setting. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted to find relevant data on costs and cost-effectiveness analyses of anesthesia regimens in outpatients, regardless of the medical procedure they underwent. The hypothesis was that local or regional anesthesia has a lower economic impact on hospital costs in the outpatient setting. The primary outcome was the average total cost of anesthesia calculated on perioperative costs (drugs, staff, resources used). Results: One-thousand-six-hundred-ninety-eight records were retrieved, and 28 articles including 27,581 patients were selected after reviewing the articles. Data on the average total costs of anesthesia and other secondary outcomes (anesthesia time, recovery time, time to home readiness, hospital stay time, complications) were retrieved. Taken together, these findings indicated that local or regional anesthesia is associated with lower average total hospital costs than general anesthesia when performed in the ambulatory setting. Reductions in operating room time and postanesthesia recovery time and a lower hospital stay time may account for this result. Conclusions: Despite the limitations of this systematic review, mainly the heterogeneity of the studies and the lack of cost-effectiveness analysis, the economic impact of the anesthesia regimes on healthcare costs appears to be relevant and should be further evaluated. objectives review setting Methods costeffectiveness effectiveness outpatients underwent drugs, drugs (drugs staff used. used . used) Results Onethousandsixhundredninetyeight One thousand six hundred ninety eight retrieved 2 27581 27 581 27,58 readiness complications together result Conclusions analysis evaluated 2758 58 27,5 275 5 27,

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar las prácticas de equipos médicos y de Enfermería para personas en Cuidados Paliativos internadas. Método: investigación cualitativa vinculada a la perspectiva post-crítica, realizada entre noviembre de 2020 y abril de 2021 en un hospital escuela del sur de Brasil. Los participantes fueron tres médicos, cuatro enfermeros, tres técnicos de Enfermería y cuatro adultos internados bajo seguimiento del equipo de asesoramiento en Cuidados Paliativos. Se utilizaron viñetas y extracción de datos de historias clínicas como técnicas de producción de datos. Se utilizó el programa Atlas.ti, versión cloud para estudiantes, para administrar los datos, que fueron sometidos a análisis temático de contenido e interpretados con nociones teóricas de tecnologías de vida, economía terapéutica y biopolítica. Resultados: las prácticas estuvieron dirigidas al sufrimiento físico. Las tecnologías, representadas por dispositivos y medicamentos, fueron las principales formas de abordaje para ellos. Aunque controversiales, algunas prácticas tienden a ser utilizadas con vistas a prolongar los días de vida, si ese fuese el deseo de la familia. La familia tiende a ser utilizada como enlace entre el hospital y el domicilio, aunque debe ser atendida. Conclusión: las prácticas de equipos médicos y de Enfermería convergen parcialmente con recomendaciones y principios de los Cuidados Paliativos. Incluso bajo la supervisión de un equipo especializado, las conductas prescritas por equipos asistenciales se apoyan especialmente en valores morales y decisiones empíricas. Tal postura repercute en la resistencia a aceptar la muerte como un evento existencial e inherente a la vida, manteniéndola medicalizada incluso desde perspectivas diferenciadas, como los Cuidados Paliativos. Objetivo internadas Método postcrítica, postcrítica post crítica, crítica post-crítica 202 Brasil enfermeros Atlasti Atlas ti Atlas.ti estudiantes vida biopolítica Resultados físico medicamentos ellos controversiales domicilio atendida Conclusión especializado empíricas diferenciadas 20 2

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the practices of Medical and Nursing teams for hospitalized people in Palliative Care. Method: a qualitative research study linked to the post-critical perspective, carried out between November 2020 and April 2021 in a teaching hospital from southern Brazil. The participants were three physicians, four nurses, three nursing technicians and four hospitalized adults monitored by a Palliative Care consulting team. Vignette and data extraction from medical records were used as data production techniques. The Atlas.ti program, cloud version for students, was used for data management. The data were submitted to content thematic content analysis and interpreted with theoretical notions of life technologies, therapeutic economics and biopolitics. Results: the practices were directed towards physical distress. The technologies, represented by devices and medications, were the main ways of approaching this. Even if controversial, some practices tend to be used with a view to prolonging the days of life, if that should be the family's wish. The family tends to be used as a link between the hospital and the home; however, it needs to be cared for. Conclusion: the practices of Medical and Nursing teams partially converge with Palliative Care recommendations and principles. Even under the monitoring of a specialized team, the behaviors prescribed by care teams are supported, above all, on moral values and empirical judgment. Such stance has repercussions on the resistance to accepting death as an existential event and inherent to life, keeping it still medicalized, even from different perspectives, such as Palliative Care. Objective Method postcritical post critical perspective 202 Brazil physicians nurses team techniques Atlasti Atlas ti program students management technologies biopolitics Results distress medications this controversial familys s wish home however Conclusion principles supported all judgment medicalized perspectives 20 2

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar as práticas de equipes médicas e de enfermagem às pessoas em cuidados paliativos hospitalizadas. Método: pesquisa qualitativa, vinculada à perspectiva pós-crítica, realizada entre novembro de 2020 e abril de 2021 em um hospital de ensino do sul do Brasil. Os participantes foram três médicos, quatro enfermeiros, três técnicos de enfermagem e quatro adultos hospitalizados acompanhados por equipe de consultoria em cuidados paliativos. Como técnica de produção dos dados foram utilizadas vinheta e extração de dados de prontuários. O programa Atlas.ti, versão Cloud para estudantes, foi utilizado para o gerenciamento dos dados, submetidos à análise de conteúdo, do tipo temática, e interpretados com noções teóricas de tecnologias de vida, economia terapêutica e biopolítica. Resultados: as práticas estiveram direcionadas ao sofrimento físico. As tecnologias, representadas por equipamentos e medicamentos foram as principais formas de abordagem para tal. Algumas práticas, mesmo que controversas, tendem a ser utilizadas com vistas a prolongar os dias de vida, se esse for um desejo da família. A família tende a ser utilizada como um elo entre o hospital e o domicílio, porém, carece de ser cuidada. Conclusão: as práticas de equipes médicas e de enfermagem convergem, em parte, com recomendações e princípios dos cuidados paliativos. Mesmo sob o acompanhamento de equipe especializada, as condutas prescritas por equipes assistenciais são respaldadas, sobretudo, em valores morais e julgamento empírico. Tal postura repercute na resistência da aceitação da morte como um evento existencial, inerente à vida, mantendo-o ainda medicalizado, mesmo sob perspectivas diferenciadas, como os cuidados paliativos. Objetivo hospitalizadas Método qualitativa póscrítica, póscrítica pós crítica, crítica pós-crítica 202 Brasil médicos enfermeiros prontuários Atlasti Atlas ti Atlas.ti estudantes conteúdo temática vida biopolítica Resultados físico tal controversas domicílio porém cuidada Conclusão convergem parte especializada respaldadas sobretudo empírico existencial mantendoo mantendo medicalizado diferenciadas 20 2

RESUMEN: El marketing es el proceso social y de gestión por el cual los individuos obtienen lo que necesitan y desean mediante la creación y el intercambio de productos. La literatura sobre el comportamiento de los consumidores de alimentos ha recibido un interés notable durante la pandemia de COVID-19, donde destacan diversas investigaciones aplicadas a los negocios. Este artículo busca examinar la pandemia de COVID-19 y sus implicaciones en el comportamiento de los consumidores de alimentos en Brasil. Mediante la aplicación del Methodi Ordinatio fue posible identificar los estudios más relevantes en el área, realizando la búsqueda, análisis, selección y lectura sistemática de 25 artículos identificados en las bases de datos Web of Science y Scopus. En este estudio se utilizaron los programas vosviewer y EndNote para la gestión de referencias y la agrupación de temas e investigadores. Nuestros hallazgos muestran la importancia de temas como el avance en la vacunación, el crecimiento de la modalidad de trabajo en casa, las prácticas de seguridad alimentaria en el hogar y el incremento en las compras de alimentos en supermercados. Llegamos a la conclusión de que los principales problemas financieros que se enfrentan durante este período son el desempleo y el endeudamiento, mientras que el uso extendido de aplicaciones para la compra de alimentos surge como una oportunidad. Así mismo, estudios recientes mencionan la conciencia ambiental, el consumo sostenible y la responsabilidad social como temas claves. Como sugerencia para futuras investigaciones, los autores recomiendan la realización de estudios que involucren el papel regulatorio del consumo prosocial y la agricultura familiar en tiempos de COVID-19.

RÉSUMÉ: Le marketing est le processus social et managérial par lequel les individus obtiennent ce dont ils ont besoin et ce qu'ils veulent en créant et en échangeant des produits. Pendant la pandémie de COVID-19, la lit-térature sur le comportement des consommateurs d'aliments a suscité un intérêt important et les études mettent en évidence diverses recherches sur le commerce. Cet article cherche à examiner la pandémie de COVID-19 et ses implications sur le comportement du consommateur de produits ali-mentaires au Brésil. À cette fin, on a appliqué la Methodi Ordinatio pour identifier les études les plus pertinentes dans le domaine, ce qui a permis de rechercher, d'analyser, de sélectionner et de lire systématiquement 25 articles identifiés dans les bases de données Web of Science et Scopus. Dans cette étude, on a utilisé les logiciels VOSviewer et EndNote pour le processus de gestion des références et le regroupement des thèmes et des chercheurs. Nos résultats montrent l'importance des progrès en matière de vaccination, de l'augmentation du travail à domicile, des pratiques de sé-curité alimentaire à domicile et de l'augmentation des achats alimentaires dans les supermarchés. Nous concluons que les principaux problèmes financiers rencontrés durant cette période sont le chômage et l'endette-ment, tandis que l'utilisation accrue des applications de livraison de nour-riture apparait comme une opportunité. Des études recentes mentionnent la sensibilisation à l'environnement, la consommation durable et la respon-sabilité sociale comme des sujets clés. Comme suggestion de recherche future, les auteurs recommandent une recherche marketing impliquant le rôle régulateur de la consommation prosociale et de l'agriculture familiale en période de COVID-19.

ABSTRACT: Marketing is the social and managerial process through which individuals obtain what they need and want in creating and exchanging products. The literature on food consumer behavior has been receiving significant interest during the COVID-19 pandemic, and studies highlight diverse research on business. This article seeks to examine the COVID-19 pandemic and its implications for the food consumer behavior in Brazil. To that end, the Methodi Ordinatio was applied to identify the most relevant studies in the area, which supported the research, analysis, selection and systematic reading of 25 articles identified in Web of Science and Scopus databases. vosviewer and EndNote software were used in this study for the reference management process and clustering themes and researchers. Our findings show the importance of advances in vaccination, an increase in home office work, home food safety practices, and an increase in food purchases in supermarkets. We conclude that the main financial problems faced during this period are unemployment and debt, while the increased use of food delivery apps emerges as an opportunity. Recent studies mention environmental awareness, sustainable consumption, and social responsibility as key topics. As a suggestion for future research, the authors recommend marketing research involving the regulatory role of pro-social consumption and family farming in times of COVID-19.

RESUMO: Marketing é o processo social e gerencial por meio do qual os indivíduos obtêm o que precisam e querem na criação e troca de produtos. A literatura sobre o comportamento do consumidor de alimentos vem recebendo um interesse significativo durante a pandemia da COVID-19 e estudos destacam diversas pesquisas sobre negócios. Este artigo busca examinar a pandemia da COVID-19 e suas implicações para o comportamento do consumidor de alimentos no Brasil. Para tanto, foi aplicado o Methodi Ordinatio para identificar os estudos mais relevantes na área, que serviram de apoio para a pesquisa, análise, seleção e leitura sistemática de 25 artigos identificados nas bases de dados Web of Science e Scopus. Os softwares VOSviewer e EndNote foram utilizados neste estudo para o processo de gerenciamento de referência e temas de agrupamento e pesquisadores. Nossas descobertas indicam a importância dos avanços na vacinação, o aumento do trabalho em modalidade home office, as práticas de segurança alimentar domiciliar e o aumento da compra de alimentos nos supermercados. Conclui-se que os principais problemas financeiros enfrentados durante esse período são o desemprego e o endividamento, enquanto o aumento do uso de aplicativos de entrega de alimentos surge como uma oportunidade. Estudos recentes mencionam a consciência ambiental, o consumo sustentável e a responsabilidade social como temas-chave. Como sugestão para futuras pesquisas, os autores recomendam pesquisas de marketing que envolvam o papel regulatório do consumo pró-social e da agricultura familiar em tempos de COVID-19.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the relationship between asthma control, family income and family costs of asthma in a population of children-adolescents; to detail the family costs of asthma in this age range; and to compare asthma costs for the families of children-adolescents and adults. Methods The authors invited asthmatic subjects who attended a scheduled spirometry test at the Jundiaí School of Medicine (FMJ). The FMJ performs all spirometry tests requested by staff physicians who serve at the public healthcare system in the municipality. Volunteers responded to the ACQ, the Asthma Family Costs Questionnaire and underwent a spirometry test. Results The authors included 342 children-adolescents. Families of children-adolescents taking maintenance therapy and families of those reporting uncontrolled asthma symptoms were more likely to report any expenditure with asthma during the preceding month. In this age range, the smallest expenditures were on diagnostic tests and medical consultations, while home expenditures to avoid asthma triggers were the highest ones. As compared to adults’ families, the children and adolescents families reported a greater proportion of income committed with asthma. Expenditures with transportation to healthcare facilities for asthma care were greater in the families of children-adolescents as compared to the values reported by the adults’ families; in contrast, loss of income due to asthma was smaller in the families of children-adolescents. Conclusions Children-adolescents’ asthma affects the household economy. The authors believe researchers should assess this outcome when designing studies about asthma. Finally, the study's data support the necessity of public policies in low-resource communities to minimize the economic impact of children and adolescents’ asthma.

Abstract This article analyzes the elements of modernity that were transmitted through women to middle-class families in Mexico City during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The concepts of modernity and home economics are reviewed in two books on formal education and in three newspapers of the time, to analyze the role of women as active and functional promoters of the principles of modernity that the State systematically managed and encouraged through formal and informal education.

Resumen En este artículo se analizan los elementos de modernidad que se transmitieron por medio de las mujeres a las familias de clase media de la Ciudad de México durante finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX. Se revisan los conceptos de modernidad y de economía doméstica en dos libros de educación formal y en tres periódicos de la época, para analizar el papel de las mujeres como promotoras activas y funcionales de los principios de modernidad que el Estado gestionaba y alentaba sistemáticamente mediante la educación formal e informal.

Resumo Objetivo: Realizar revisão sistemática das evidências de economia da saúde no cuidado de crianças e adolescentes com condições clínicas complexas, comparando no fim de vida o grupo inserido em cuidados paliativos com o grupo não inserido (grupo controle). Fontes de dados: As sete bases de dados pesquisadas foram PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Biblioteca Virtual da Saúde-Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (BVS-LILACS), EBSCOhost e Paediatric Economic Database Evaluation, seguindo as recomendações do Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Statement, de janeiro/1979 a novembro/2020. A revisão incluiu estudos com pacientes com condições clínicas complexas, idade inferior a 18 anos, comparativos de um grupo inserido em cuidados paliativos com um grupo controle não inserido em cuidados paliativos. Os desfechos econômicos analisados foram tempo e local de permanência no fim de vida (casa, hospice, enfermaria, unidade de terapia intensiva, pronto-socorro), procedimentos diagnósticos e terapêuticos realizados e custos relacionados aos cuidados de saúde. Os critérios de exclusão foram: estudos sem grupo controle pareados, resumos de conferências/congressos, cartas ao editor, editoriais, comentários, estudos qualitativos, revisões narrativas, estudos com dez ou menos participantes, artigos publicados em outras línguas além de inglês, português e espanhol. Síntese dos dados: Do total de 518 artigos identificados, quatro preencheram os critérios de inclusão. Houve evidências de benefícios econômicos diretos de redução de custos monetários relacionados à saúde e também indiretos, de economia e proteção ao paciente de procedimentos invasivos, cirurgias e terapias onerosas, que geram maior sofrimento no fim de vida. Portanto, estar inserido em um programa de cuidados paliativos promoveu economia de recursos financeiros e tecnológicos, além de ter possibilitado maior frequência de óbitos no domicílio e maior qualidade de vida. Conclusões: Políticas públicas e privadas para promover cuidados paliativos representam melhor eficiência na alocação dos recursos disponíveis para cuidados em saúde.

Abstract Objective: To perform a systematic review of the health economic evidence on the care of children and adolescents with complex clinical conditions, comparing groups included and not included (control group) in palliative care at the end of life. Data source: The seven databases searched were PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Virtual Health Library–Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (VHL-LILACS), EBSCOhost, and Paediatric Economic Database Evaluation, following recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Statement, from January 1979 to November 2020. The review included studies of patients under 18 years of age with complex clinical conditions that compared a palliative care group with a control group. The economic outcomes analyzed were length and place of stay at the end of life (home, hospice, ward, intensive care unit, emergency room), diagnostic and therapeutic procedures performed, and health-related costs. The exclusion criteria were: studies without a matched control group, conference/congress abstracts, letters to the editor, editorials, comments, qualitative studies, narrative reviews, studies with ten or fewer participants in each group, articles published in languages other than English, Portuguese, or Spanish. Data synthesis: Out of the 518 articles identified, 4 met the inclusion criteria. We found evidence of direct economic benefits, such as reduced health costs, indirect savings, and protection of patients from undergoing invasive procedures, surgeries, and costly therapies, which cause greater suffering at the end of life. Therefore, participating in a palliative care program saved financial and technological resources, besides increasing the frequency of deaths at home and improving the quality of life. Conclusions: Public and private policies to promote palliative care represent better efficiency when allocating available health care resources.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The elderly constitute the largest relative and absolute consumers of health services and medicines in any country, hence the importance of their study from Health Economics. Objective: To estimate the cost of institutionalized patients according to dependency in the Cumanayagua nursing home in 2018. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive observational study was carried out. Partial economic evaluation was performed with description of cost from the institutional perspective. Results: Men between 70 and 79 years of age predominated, with 2 to 3 years in the institution, with a predominance of elderly with some type of dependency in the elderly. The item that had the greatest impact on costs was salary and increased according to dependency levels. Conclusions: The total costs incurred by the institution and by degree of dependency of the elderly constitute a basic element for evaluating its economic efficiency and promoting the more rational use of resources, helps to increase the efficient processes in the institution, to the detriment of those that are not, which increases the net health benefit for the elderly. The increase in cost is closely linked to the level of dependency of the elderly, reflecting the importance of maintaining the elderly in a good state of health, so that in addition to having a better quality of life, this does not increase costs for the sector.

RESUMEN Introducción: Los ancianos constituyen los mayores consumidores relativos y absolutos de servicios de salud y medicamentos en cualquier país, de ahí la importancia de su estudio desde la Economía de la Salud. Objetivo: Estimar el costo de pacientes institucionalizados según dependencia en el hogar de ancianos de Cumanayagua en el 2018. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal. Se ejecutó evaluación económica parcial con descripción de costo desde la perspectiva institucional. Resultados: Predominaron los hombres de 70 a 79 años, con 2 a 3 años en la institución, con predominio de ancianos con algún tipo de dependencia en los ancianos. La partida que más incidió en los costos fue el salario y aumentó según niveles de dependencia. Conclusiones: Los costos totales en que incurre la institución y por grado de dependencia del adulto mayor constituyen un elemento básico para evaluar su eficiencia económica y promover el uso más racional de los recursos, ayuda a incrementar los procesos eficientes en la institución, en desmedro de los que no lo son, lo que hace que el beneficio neto en salud para personas mayores aumente. El aumento del costo está estrechamente ligado a los niveles de dependencias del anciano, reflejo de la importancia de mantener al anciano con un buen estado de salud, para que además de tener una mejor calidad de vida no incremente los gastos para el sector.

Resumo Objetivo avaliar o impacto econômico domiciliar do adoecimento pela tuberculose no Brasil. Método pesquisa transversal multicêntrica de 2016 a 2018, em cinco capitais do Brasil, em pacientes diagnosticados com tuberculose. Os custos totais foram a soma dos custos diretos e indiretos incorridos antes e durante o diagnóstico e tratamento. A regressão logística foi utilizada para estudar determinantes de custos catastróficos. A pobreza foi medida como renda familiar per capita diária < U$ 5,5. Resultados trezentos e sessenta e um pacientes foram inscritos no estudo. O custo extrapolação foi de R$3.664,47 (DP: R$ 2.667,67) e o custo total de extrapolação foi de R$22.291,82 (DP: R$ 16.259,50). No geral, 29% dos participantes do estudo foram caracterizados como pobres antes da tuberculose, e 39% depois. Em média, a renda diminuiu em 11% dos participantes e 41% tiveram custos catastróficos. Os determinantes estatisticamente significativos de experimentar custos catastróficos foram: participante ser o chefe da família, vivendo na pobreza antes da tuberculose, desemprego e interrupção do trabalho durante o tratamento (p < 0,05). Conclusão e implicações para a prática embora o tratamento seja financiado pelo governo, a tuberculose continua resultando em custos catastróficos e diminuição da renda para muitas famílias no Brasil.

Abstract Objective to assess the home economics impact of illness from Tuberculosis in Brazil. Method multicenter cross-sectional research from 2016 to 2018, in five capitals of Brazil, in patients diagnosed with tuberculosis. The total costs were the sum of the direct and indirect costs incurred before and during diagnosis and treatment. Logistic regression was used to study determinants of catastrophic costs. Poverty was measured as daily household income per capita < U$ 5.5. Results 361 patients were enrolled in the study. The extrapolation cost was R$ 3,664.47 (SD: R$ 2,667.67) and the total extrapolation cost was R$ 22,291.82 (SD: R$ 16,259.50). Overall, 29% of study participants were characterized as poor before tuberculosis, and 39% afterwards. On average, income declined by 11% among participants and 41% had catastrophic costs. The statistically significant determinants of experiencing catastrophic costs were: participant being the head of the family; living in poverty before tuberculosis; unemployment and interruption of work during treatment (p <0.05). Conclusion and implications for practice although treatment is financed by the government, tuberculosis continues to cause catastrophic costs and decreased of income for many families in Brazil.

Resumen Objetivo evaluar el impacto económico domiciliario de enfermarse por tuberculosis en Brasil. Método Investigación multicéntrica transversal de 2016 a 2018, en cinco capitales de Brasil, en pacientes diagnosticados con tuberculosis. Los costos totales fueron la suma de los costos directos e indirectos incurridos antes y durante el diagnóstico y el tratamiento. Se utilizó la regresión logística para estudiar los determinantes de los costos catastróficos. La pobreza se midió como un ingreso familiar diario per cápita < U$ 5,5. Resultados se inscribieron 361 pacientes en el estudio. El costo de extrapolación fue de R$ 3.664,47 (DE: R$ 2.667,67) y el costo total de extrapolación fue R$ 22.291,82 (DE: R$ 16.259,50). En general, el 29% de los participantes se caracterizaron como pobres antes de la tuberculosis y el 39%, después. En promedio, los ingresos disminuyeron en 11% de los participantes y el 41% tuvo costos catastróficos. Determinantes estadísticos de costos catastróficos: participante ser cabeza de familia; vivir en pobreza antes de la tuberculosis; desempleo; interrupción del trabajo durante el tratamiento (p<0.05). Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica aunque el tratamiento es financiado por el gobierno, la tuberculosis sigue teniendo costos catastróficos y una disminución de los ingresos para muchas familias en Brasil.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Verificar se o programa Melhor em Casa consegue reduzir gastos com as internações hospitalares. MÉTODOS Utilizamos como estratégia empírica um desenho de regressão descontínua, o que reduz problemas de endogeneidade de nosso modelo. Realizamos também testes de respostas heterogêneas e de robustez. Os dados da variável dependente, despesas ou gastos com internações hospitalares, foram coletados no Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde (Datasus), usando o conjunto de microdados do Sistema de Internações Hospitalares do Sistema Único de Saúde referente ao período de 2010 a 2013, totalizando 3.609.384 observações nos três anos de análise. As covariáveis ou variáveis de controle utilizadas foram a idade e os gastos com pacientes na unidade de terapia intensiva, também coletadas no Datasus e referentes ao mesmo período. RESULTADOS Os resultados apontam que o efeito do programa Melhor em Casa efetivamente reduziu os gastos com internações hospitalares em aproximadamente 4,7% em 2011, 5,8% em 2012 e 10,2% em 2013. CONCLUSÕES A partir das análises, observamos que manter o programa é uma forma altamente eficaz de melhorar a gestão de recursos públicos, pois conseguiu reduzir as despesas com as internações nos três anos em análise. O programa obteve redução nas despesas com internação dos grupos de risco e também em situações que elevam as despesas hospitalares, como falta de equipamentos e internações eletivas. Assim, pode-se afirmar que o programa consegue reduzir as despesas com as internações, principalmente nos grupos com maior vulnerabilidade, mostrando-se eficiente como política pública.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To verify if the Melhor em Casa program can actually reduce hospitalization costs. METHODS We use as an empirical strategy a Regression Discontinuity Design, which reduces endogeneity problems of our model. We also performed tests of heterogeneous responses and robustness. Data on the dependent variable, namely hospitalization costs, were collected in the Department of Informatics of the Unified Health System (DATASUS), using the microdata set from the Hospital Admissions System of the Unified Health System (SUS) from 2010 to 2013, totaling 3,609,384 observations. The covariates or control variables used were age and costs with patients in the intensive care unit, also from DATASUS. RESULTS The results point out that the Melhor em Casa program effectively reduced hospitalization costs by approximately 4.7% in 2011, 5.8% in 2012 and 10.2% in 2013. CONCLUSIONS Based on the analyses, we observed that maintaining the program can effectively improve the management of public resources, since it reduced the hospitalization costs in the three years studied. The program reduced hospitalization costs of risk groups and also in situations that usually increase hospital costs such as lack of equipment and elective hospitalizations. Thus, it can be affirmed that the program can reduce hospitalization costs, especially in risk and more vulnerable groups, showing efficiency as a public policy.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Verificar se o programa Melhor em Casa consegue reduzir gastos com as internações hospitalares. MÉTODOS Utilizamos como estratégia empírica um desenho de regressão descontínua, o que reduz problemas de endogeneidade de nosso modelo. Realizamos também testes de respostas heterogêneas e de robustez. Os dados da variável dependente, despesas ou gastos com internações hospitalares, foram coletados no Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde (Datasus), usando o conjunto de microdados do Sistema de Internações Hospitalares do Sistema Único de Saúde referente ao período de 2010 a 2013, totalizando 3.609.384 observações nos três anos de análise. As covariáveis ou variáveis de controle utilizadas foram a idade e os gastos com pacientes na unidade de terapia intensiva, também coletadas no Datasus e referentes ao mesmo período. RESULTADOS Os resultados apontam que o efeito do programa Melhor em Casa efetivamente reduziu os gastos com internações hospitalares em aproximadamente 4,7% em 2011, 5,8% em 2012 e 10,2% em 2013. CONCLUSÕES A partir das análises, observamos que manter o programa é uma forma altamente eficaz de melhorar a gestão de recursos públicos, pois conseguiu reduzir as despesas com as internações nos três anos em análise. O programa obteve redução nas despesas com internação dos grupos de risco e também em situações que elevam as despesas hospitalares, como falta de equipamentos e internações eletivas. Assim, pode-se afirmar que o programa consegue reduzir as despesas com as internações, principalmente nos grupos com maior vulnerabilidade, mostrando-se eficiente como política pública.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To verify if the Melhor em Casa program can actually reduce hospitalization costs. METHODS We use as an empirical strategy a Regression Discontinuity Design, which reduces endogeneity problems of our model. We also performed tests of heterogeneous responses and robustness. Data on the dependent variable, namely hospitalization costs, were collected in the Department of Informatics of the Unified Health System (DATASUS), using the microdata set from the Hospital Admissions System of the Unified Health System (SUS) from 2010 to 2013, totaling 3,609,384 observations. The covariates or control variables used were age and costs with patients in the intensive care unit, also from DATASUS. RESULTS The results point out that the Melhor em Casa program effectively reduced hospitalization costs by approximately 4.7% in 2011, 5.8% in 2012 and 10.2% in 2013. CONCLUSIONS Based on the analyses, we observed that maintaining the program can effectively improve the management of public resources, since it reduced the hospitalization costs in the three years studied. The program reduced hospitalization costs of risk groups and also in situations that usually increase hospital costs such as lack of equipment and elective hospitalizations. Thus, it can be affirmed that the program can reduce hospitalization costs, especially in risk and more vulnerable groups, showing efficiency as a public policy.

Abstract The word "value" encompasses different concepts but it is probably the importance we give to something and its usefulness that best brings us conceptually closer to its meaning. In this text we analyze the reasons why it is necessary to value the usefulness of nutritional therapy. The development of a new discipline, Nutrition Economics, should help us to create value in Clinical Nutrition by incorporating economic evaluation into their research. It also reviews the importance of economic analysis in decision-making and in more detail the very useful tools also used in the field of nutrition economics, such as cost-of-disease studies, cost-effectiveness studies and budget impact. We analyze different works that have allowed us to advance in these fields in recent years. Finally, the difficulties related to the financing of nutrition in the centers as well as the regulation of enteral nutrition in the home are analyzed. The creation of value in clinical nutrition is a task for everyone (healthcare professionals, patients, managers and the pharmaceutical industry).

Resumen La palabra "valor" engloba distintos conceptos, pero probablemente sea la importancia que damos a algo y su utilidad lo que mejor nos acerca conceptualmente a su significado. En este texto se analizan las razones por las que se hace necesario poner en valor la utilidad de la terapia nutricional. El desarrollo de una nueva disciplina, la nutrieconomía, debe ayudarnos a crear valor en nutrición clínica mediante la incorporación de la evaluación económica en su investigación. También se revisan la importancia del análisis económico en la toma de decisiones y, con más detalle, las herramientas de gran utilidad también empleadas en el campo de la economía de la nutrición, como son los estudios de coste de la enfermedad, los de coste-efectividad y los de impacto presupuestario. Se analizan distintos trabajos que nos han permitido avanzar en estos campos en los últimos años. Por último, se analizan las dificultades relacionadas con la financiación de la nutrición en los centros así como la regulación de la nutrición enteral en el ámbito domiciliario. La creación de valor en nutrición clínica es una tarea de todos (profesionales sanitarios, pacientes, gestores e industria farmacéutica).

Resumo Analisa a relação entre a representação da mulher idealizada nos manuais de economia doméstica e das figuras femininas dos anúncios publicados nas revistas O Cruzeiro e Manchete entre as décadas de 1940 e 1960. Com propostas editoriais diferentes, os manuais e as revistas se voltavam – predominantemente – para mulheres que exerciam as funções de esposa, dona de casa, mãe e empregada doméstica. Apesar dessa nítida delimitação de papéis, havia uma tensão em torno da figura feminina que já não se mostrava tão resignada ao lar e já ocupava postos de trabalho na esfera pública. O consumo se transformaria no denominador comum entre essas diferentes mulheres. Os novos produtos garantiriam saúde, conforto e praticidade a todas.

Abstract The relationship between the representation of the idealized woman in the household economics manuals and the female figures of the advertisements published in O Cruzeiro and Manchete magazines between the 1940s and 1960s is analyzed. With different editorial proposals, manuals and magazines were predominantly directed at women who performed the duties of wife, housewife, mother and maid. Despite this clear definition of roles, there existed some tension around the female figure who was no longer tied to the home and already occupied jobs in the public sphere. Consumption became the common denominator among these different women. The new products guaranteed health, comfort and practicality to all concerned.