Resumen. La mojarra (Eucinostomus currani) es un recurso importante de subsistencia en mercados locales de Ecuador. Sin embargo, poco es sabido sobre la historia de vida temprana y la biología reproductiva de esta especie. En 2016 y 2017, se recolectaron larvas de E. currani en 3 playas arenosas en el Golfo de Guayaquil, Ecuador, y se identificaron usando códigos de barras de ADN. La longitud estándar de las larvas osciló entre 4.00 y 15.78 mm. También recolectamos otolitos para comprender mejor la historia de vida temprana de E. currani. Los otolitos se usaron para estimar la edad, la tasa de crecimiento de la población (±EE), las fechas de eclosión y la época reproductiva. En promedio, la edad de los peces fue de 16.5 ± 4.5 días, mientras que la tasa de crecimiento promedio fue de 0.70 ± 0.05 y 0.22 ± 0.16 mm por día en marzo y mayo, respectivamente. En el Golfo de Guayaquil, la mayoría de las fechas de eclosión y la actividad reproductiva presunta de E. currani ocurrió durante la época húmeda (diciembre-abril) cuando aguas más calidas prevalecieron. Hasta donde tenemos conocimiento, este es el primer estudio que estima las fechas de eclosión y la tasa de crecimiento larval para una especie de la familia Gerreidae en el Océano Pacífico.

Abstract. The flagfin mojarra (Eucinostomus currani) is an important subsistence fishery resource in local Ecuadorian markets; however, very little is known about the early life history and reproductive biology of this species. In 2016 and 2017, E. currani larvae were collected at 3 sandy beaches in the Gulf of Guayaquil, Ecuador, and identified using DNA barcoding. Standard lengths ranged from 4.00-15.78 mm. We also collected otoliths to better understand the early life history of E. currani. Otoliths were used to estimate the age, population growth rate (±SE), hatch dates, and reproductive period. On average, the fish were 16.5 ± 4.5 days old, while the average growth rate was 0.70 ± 0.05 and 0.22 ± 0.16 mm per day in March and May, respectively. In the Gulf of Guayaquil, most hatch dates and the presumed reproductive activity of E. currani occurred during the wet season (December-April) when warmer water prevailed. To our knowledge, this is the first study to estimate the hatch dates and larval growth rate for a species of the family Gerreidae in the Pacific Ocean.

Resumo: Apresenta-se uma análise bibliométrica baseada em artigos de pesquisa publicados entre 2010 e 2022 para responder à pergunta: Como são organizados os conteúdos de ensino nas ciências naturais e quais são seus fundamentos teóricos e metodológicos? A busca foi realizada nas bases de dados SciELO, Dialnet, Scopus, ProQuest e no motor de busca Google Scholar, utilizando as seguintes palavras-chave: sequências de ensino e aprendizagem, sequência de ensino, sequência de aprendizagem, proposta didática, proposta de ensino, estratégia didática, unidade didática, sequência didática, experiência de sala de aula, projeto de aula, sistema didático e ciências naturais (biologia, física, química, astronomia e geologia). Foram encontrados 85 artigos, para cuja análise foram estabelecidas três categorias: 1) características gerais dos artigos, 2) natureza das experiências propostas e 3) elementos mediadores na construção. Foi estabelecido que os sistemas de organização de conteúdo mais comumente implementados são "sequência de ensino e aprendizagem", "sequência didática" e "unidade didática", e foi observado que os docentes estão começando a considerar os contextos e as realidades dos alunos, tanto em termos de conteúdo quanto de estratégias. Também foram estabelecidos elementos importantes para os docentes na elaboração da organização do conteúdo: a história da ciência, as habilidades cognitivo-linguísticas, as novas tecnologias informáticas e a avaliação

Abstract: This paper presents a bibliometric analysis based on research studies published between 2010 and 2022 to address the question: How are the contents of natural sciences teaching organized, and what are their theoretical and methodological foundations? The search was conducted in the SciELO, Dialnet, Scopus, ProQuest, and Google Scholar databases using the following keywords: teaching and learning sequences, teaching sequence, learning sequence, didactic proposal, teaching proposal, didactic strategy, didactic unit, didactic sequence, classroom experience, classroom project, didactic system, and natural sciences (biology, physics, chemistry, astronomy, and geology). A total of 85 articles were found and analyzed according to three categories: 1) general characteristics of the articles, 2) the nature of the proposed experiences, and 3) mediating elements in the construction. The study established that the most commonly implemented content organization systems are "teaching and learning sequence," "didactic sequence," and "didactic unit." It was also observed that teachers are increasingly considering the contexts and realities of students in both content and strategies. Additionally, important elements were identified for teachers when designing content organization, including the history of sciences, cognitive-linguistic skills, new information technologies, and evaluation

Resumen: Se presenta un análisis bibliométrico realizado con base en trabajos de investigación publicados entre el año 2010 y 2022 para responder a la pregunta: ¿Cómo se organizan los contenidos objeto de enseñanza en las ciencias naturales y en qué se fundamentan teórica y metodológicamente? La búsqueda se hizo en las bases de datos SciELO, Dialnet, Scopus, ProQuest y el buscador Google Académico usando las siguientes palabras clave: secuencias de enseñanza y aprendizaje, secuencia de enseñanza, secuencia de aprendizaje, propuesta didáctica, propuesta de enseñanza, estrategia didáctica, unidad didáctica, secuencia didáctica, experiencia de aula, proyecto de aula, sistema didáctico y ciencias naturales (biología, física, química, astronomía y geología). Se encontraron 85 artículos para cuyo análisis se establecieron tres categorías: 1) características generales de los artículos, 2) naturaleza de las experiencias planteadas y 3) elementos mediadores en la construcción. Se estableció que los sistemas de organización de contenidos mayormente implementados son “secuencia de enseñanza y aprendizaje”, “secuencia didáctica” y “unidad didáctica” y se observó que los docentes comienzan a considerar los contextos y realidades del estudiantado, tanto en contenidos como en estrategias. También se establecieron elementos importantes para los docentes a la hora de diseñar una organización de contenidos: la historia de las ciencias, las habilidades cognitivo-lingüísticas, las nuevas tecnologías informáticas y la evaluación

SIGNIFICANCE: In this Perspective, we reflect on the rich history of organismai biology in South Africa, particularly focusing on the manuscripts submitted to the South African Journal of Science (SAJS). Some of our discussions highlight the evolution of organismai research in South Africa and its significance within the South African scientific community A key contribution of this piece is its exploration of submission trends in SAJS and the identification of pressing research needs for the Journal. We also emphasise areas that warrant further investigation that could enhance the field of organismai biology

Abstract In fundamental works such as On the Origin of Species (1859), The Descent of Man (1871) and The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872), as well as in minor writings, Charles Darwin established a clear anti-anthropocentric position based on the evolutionary continuity between animals and humans, and between all organisms, including the human species. Nevertheless, several theorists of the modern evolutionary synthesis reinstated anthropocentrism within the theory of evolution, even at the expense of foundational Darwinian ideas. I will analyze the case to try to understand how what has been called the “second narcissistic wound” inflicted by Darwin on humanity operates in this attempt to make biology and anthropocentrism coincide in the twentieth century, against the thought of the father of biology. To understand contemporary anthropocentrism, we will follow some clues to know how, in our culture, there is an antinomy between two ideas produced at different moments of intellectual history: either that man is the center of nature or the exact opposite idea, escaping in certain aspects to his biology through exceptionality. Precisely, the thesis of biological continuity presented by Darwin is one of the most important marks of the epistemological revolution that bears his name, and yet the heirs of his revolution betray this thesis.

Resumen En obras fundamentales como On the Origin of Species (1859), The Descent of Man (1871) y The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872), Charles Darwin establece un claro posicionamiento anti-antropocéntrico basado en la continuidad evolutiva entre animales-humanos, y entre todos los organismos incluyendo a la especie humana. No obstante, diversos teóricos de la síntesis evolutiva moderna, los neodarwinistas, entre ellos George Gaylord Simpson y Bernhard Rensch, vuelven a instaurar el antropocentrismo en el corazón de la teoría de la evolución, aun a expensas de ideas darwinianas fundacionales, restauradas por Stephen Jay Gould. Analizaré el caso para intentar comprender cómo lo que se ha llamado la “segunda herida narcisista” infringida por Darwin a la humanidad opera en este intento que busca hacer coincidir biología y antropocentrismo en el siglo XX, a costa del propio pensamiento del padre de la biología. Para dar sentido a esta reformulación del antropocentrismo contemporáneo, seguiremos algunas pistas para comprender cómo en la cultura occidental se produce una antinomia entre dos ideas producidas en diferentes momentos de su historia intelectual: que el hombre es el centro de la naturaleza y que no lo es, escapando en ciertos aspectos a su biología mediante la excepcionalidad. La tesis de la continuidad biológica presentada por Darwin es una de las marcas más importantes de la revolución epistemológica que lleva su nombre, y aun así los herederos de su revolución la traicionan.

ABSTRACT Objective. Determine chromosomal aberrations such as aneuploidies/polyploidies (ap/pp) of cows with a history of abortion from a municipality in Zacatecas, Mexico. Materials and methods. 107 blood samples were collected from cows with a history of abortion and ages between 3 and 10 years in the municipality of Enrique Estrada Zacatecas Mexico, a chromosomal analysis was performed with the conventional cytogenetic technique, to determine chromosomal aberrations such as aneuploidies/polyploidies. Results. The ap/pp cows range from those that did not present any aberrations (0%), a median of (2%) and a maximum of (16%) chromosomal aberrations, the recorded age of the cows was a minimum of 3.5 years, a median of 5.8 and a maximum of 7.4. With these results it can be predicted that there is the possibility that with each year a cow will abort and it increases by 31.7%. However, the p of this coefficient is 0.384-not significant. On the other hand, the possibility of a cow aborting increases by 16.5% with each unit percentage increase in the degree of polyploidy, and the p for this coefficient is 0.029, which is significant. Conclusions. Aneuploidies/polyploidies in correlation with the age of the cows are a possible probability of abortion.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Determinar aberraciones cromosómicas como las aneuploidías/poliploidías (ap/pp) de vacas con historial de aborto de un municipio de Zacatecas, México. Materiales y métodos. Se obtuvieron 107 muestras sanguíneas de vacas con historial de aborto y edades entre 3 y 10 años en el municipio de Enrique Estrada Zacatecas México, se realizó un análisis cromosómico con la técnica de citogenética convencional, para determinar las aberraciones cromosómicas como las aneuploidías/poliploidías Resultados. Las ap/pp en los linfocitos de las vacas van desde (0%), una mediana del (2%) y máxima de (16%) de aberraciones cromosómicas, la edad registrada de las vacas fue una mínima de 3.5 años, una mediana de 5.8 y una máxima de 7.4. Con estos resultados se puede predecir que existe la posibilidad de que con cada año las vacas aborten y se incrementa en un 31.7%. Sin embargo, la p de este coeficiente es 0.384 -no significativo-. Por otra parte, la posibilidad de que una vaca aborte se incrementa en un 16.5% con cada incremento porcentual unitario del grado de poliploidía, y la p para este coeficiente es 0.029 que sí es significativo. Conclusiones. Las aneuploidías/poliploidías en correlación con la edad de las vacas son una posible probabilidad de aborto.

Abstract The National Institute of Biodiversity of Costa Rica (INBio), the first institution of its kind worldwide, was created in 1989 as a civil society organization, with the mission of promoting greater awareness of the value of biodiversity, to achieve its conservation and promote human development. It operated within the framework of a national biodiversity conservation strategy consisting of three types of actions: “save, know and use”, forming a publicprivate alliance with the National System of Conservation Areas, whose work represented the first step of “saving”. INBio focused on the generation of scientific knowledge of Costa Rican biodiversity (knowing) and the search and promotion of its intelligent use (using). This article describes the genesis of the institution and its main contributions to the knowledge and use of Costa Rican biodiversity between 1989-2015. These include the results of the protected areas biodiversity inventory process and the development of the largest systematic collection of biological specimens in the country’s history, fully systematized; the development of an information management system that integrated all the information from the inventory and the specimens in its collection in digital format, allowing global access to this information or its correlation with that of other sources. The results of promoting and facilitating the use of information through five programs: Natural Sciences and Conservation Biology, for scientific purposes; Bioliteracy and Education, conceptually designed for the teaching and development of awareness about the value of biodiversity; Bioprospecting, the systematic search for economic uses of biodiversity for medicinal, agricultural and industrial purposes; Conservation for Development, the use of the information for wild areas conservation purposes, surrounding communities or nature tourism, among others; Technical Assistance and Training, program in charge of assisting public and private entities, inside and outside the country, in the development of initiatives in which Biodiversity was the central element. The main results of its work and the national and international awards that INBio received for its innovative approaches and contributions are described, as well as the financial and political reasons why INBio discontinued its activities in the period 2015-2016 are summarized. Viewing the work of INBio as a first stage, the importance and need to continue with a state program on the knowledge and use of Costa Rican biodiversity is raised, in addition to its protection, with the goal of creating awareness of its value before the serious threats to life on Earth.

Resumen El Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad de Costa Rica (INBio), la primera institución en su género en el mundo, fue creado en 1989 como una organización de la sociedad civil, con la misión expresa de promover una mayor conciencia del valor de la biodiversidad, para lograr su conservación y fomentar el desarrollo humano. En el marco de una estrategia nacional de conservación de la biodiversidad consistente en tres tipos de acciones: “salvar, conocer y utilizar”, se conformó una alianza público-privada con el Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, cuya labor representó el primer paso de “salvar”. El INBio se centró en la generación de conocimiento científico de la biodiversidad costarricense (el “conocer”) y en la búsqueda y promoción de su uso inteligente (el “usar”). Este artículo describe la génesis de la institución y sus principales aportes al conocimiento y la utilización de la biodiversidad costarricense en el período 1989-2015. Estos incluyen los resultados del proceso de inventario de la biodiversidad de las áreas protegidas y el desarrollo de la colección sistemática de especímenes biológicos más grande en la historia del país, totalmente sistematizada; el desarrollo de un sistema de manejo de información que integró en formato digital toda la información del inventario y de los especímenes de su colección, permitiendo el acceso global a estos datos o su correlación con la de otras fuentes. Los resultados de la promoción y la facilitación del uso de la información se lograron mediante cinco programas: Ciencias Naturales y Biología de la Conservación, con fines científicos; Bioalfabetización y Educación, conceptualmente diseñados para la enseñanza y el desarrollo de la conciencia del valor de la biodiversidad; Bioprospección, la búsqueda sistemática de usos económicos de la biodiversidad para fines medicinales, agrícolas e industriales; Conservación para el Desarrollo, el empleo de la información para la conservación de áreas silvestres, comunidades circunvecinas o turismo naturalista, entre otros; y Asistencia Técnica y Capacitación, programa encargado de asistir a entidades públicas y privadas, dentro y fuera del país, en el desarrollo de iniciativas en que la biodiversidad fuera el elemento central. Se describen los principales resultados de su labor y los reconocimientos nacionales e internacionales que el INBio recibió por sus novedosos enfoques y aportes, al igual que se resumen las razones de carácter financiero y político por las cuales el INBio descontinuó sus actividades en el período 2015-2016. Vista la labor del INBio como una primera etapa, se plantea la importancia y necesidad de continuar con un programa estatal sobre el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad costarricense, en adición a su protección, con el fin último de que exista conciencia de su valor ante las serias amenazas para la vida en el planeta.

Resumen La arquitectura biomórfica, como manifestación de la creatividad inherente al ser humano, responde a una multiplicidad de influencias culturales, tecnológicas y medioambientales. En los últimos tiempos, este campo ha experimentado un crecimiento significativo en la investigación de enfoques epistemológicos y teorías fundamentales que respaldan la práctica arquitectónica. En este contexto, en 2005, el arquitecto español Alberto Estévez presentó su concepción de la ‘historia de la arquitectura genética’ en su artículo titulado "Arquitectura Biomórfica" [1]. Su propuesta se basa en un modelo lineal temporal que divide la evolución de la arquitectura biomórfica en tres fases principales: el pasado clásico, el presente moderno y el futuro genético. En cada fase, Estévez examina cuatro factores distintivos: sistema formal, estructural, material y procesual, actuando como hilos conductores que conectan la evolución de la arquitectura a lo largo de la historia. A partir de estos supuestos, y con la hipótesis de que la integración de la biología y la tecnología, se erigen como factores que enriquecen la comprensión de la arquitectura biomórfica, este trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar las teorías propuestas por Alberto Estévez en relación con la arquitectura biomórfica, con el fin de profundizar en su comprensión y definición de sus características fundamentales. Para llevar a cabo este análisis, se utilizará la taxonomía elaborada por Stephen Pepper (1942), en su obra titulada “World Hypotheses: A Study in Evidence” [2], en donde elabora una serie de modelos fundamentales o ‘hipótesis del mundo’, aplicables en la observación de los fenómenos en el contexto occidental. Estas cuatro hipótesis, a saber, formalismo, mecanicismo, organicismo y contextualismo, establecen diferentes visiones del mundo arraigadas en metáforas subyacentes, cada una con su enfoque cognitivo distintivo. Finalmente, este estudio no busca proporcionar una clasificación definitiva, sino servir como punto de partida para futuras investigaciones en el campo de la arquitectura biomórfica y su influencia en el entorno construido

Abstract Biomorphic architecture, as a manifestation of inherent human creativity, responds to a multiplicity of cultural, technological and environmental influences. In recent times, this field has experienced significant growth in the investigation of epistemological approaches and fundamental theories that support architectural practice. In this context, in 2005, Spanish architect Alberto Estevez presented his conception of the ‘history of genetic architecture’ in his article entitled "Biomorphic Architecture". His proposal is based on a linear temporal model that divides the evolution of biomorphic architecture into three main phases: the classical past, the modern present and the genetic future. In each phase, Estévez examines four distinctive factors: formal, structural, material and processual system, acting as threads that connect the evolution of architecture throughout history. Based on these assumptions, and with the hypothesis that the integration of biology and technology, stand as factors that enrich the understanding of biomorphic architecture, this paper aims to analyze the theories proposed by Alberto Estévez in relation to biomorphic architecture, in order to deepen its understanding and definition of its fundamental characteristics. To carry out this analysis, the taxonomy elaborated by Stephen Pepper (1942), in his work entitled "World Hypotheses: A Study in Evidence" will be used, where he elaborates a series of fundamental models or ‘hypotheses of the world’, applicable in the observation of phenomena in the western context. These four hypotheses, namely formalism, mechanicism, organicism and contextualism, establish different worldviews rooted in underlying metaphors, each with its distinctive cognitive approach. Finally, this study does not seek to provide a definitive classification, but rather to serve as a starting point for future research in the field of biomorphic architecture and its influence on the built environment.

Resumo Anfisbênas são répteis fossoriais caracterizadas por apresentarem corpo cilíndrico e alongado coberto por escamas dispostas exclusivamente em anéis e todas são ápodas, com exceção das três espécies do gênero Bipes. Sua dieta consiste em uma variedade de invertebrados e pequenos vertebrados. Por viverem no subsolo, muitos aspectos de sua história natural são difíceis de observar. A maioria dos estudos sobre alimentação em anfisbenas concentra-se na dieta e na ecologia alimentar, enquanto as informações sobre o comportamento alimentar se baseiam em observações preliminares. O objetivo deste artigo foi descrever o comportamento de captura de alimentos exibido por Leposternon microcephalum Wagler, 1824, fora da galeria, em cativeiro. Para o experimento foi utilizada uma isca não viva, ração úmida de gato, que foi oferecida e posicionada próxima a uma das aberturas da galeria, na superfície do solo. Um total de três animais foi analisadopor meio de observações visuais e registros de câmeras de telefones celulares posicionadas em um ponto fixo, captando imagens de suas vistas dorsal e lateral. Foram detectados dois tipos principais de comportamento: captura de recursos alimentares e mecanismo de defesa. As estratégias utilizadas para capturar o recurso alimentar foram semelhantes às observadas em outras espécies fossoriais. Embora o movimento de “marcha-à-ré” tenha sido observado e descrito, o registramos sendo usado como uma estratégia de fuga. Esses resultados contribuem para enriquecer o conhecimento sobre diferentes aspectos da história natural dos Amphisbaenia.

Abstract Amphisbaenians are fossorial reptiles that have a cylindrical and elongated body covered with scales arranged in rings, and are all apodal, except for the three species of the genus Bipes. The amphisbaenian diet consists of a variety of invertebrates and small vertebrates. As these animals live underground, many aspects of their natural history are difficult to study. Most feeding studies of amphisbaenians have focused on the composition of the diet and feeding ecology, and the data available on feeding behavior are based on precursory observations. The present study describes the food capture behavior of Leposternon microcephalum Wagler, 1824 in captivity. In this experiment we used non-live bait (moist cat food), which was placed near a burrow opening, on the surface of the substrate. Three animals were monitored visually and filmed using cellphone cameras deployed at fixed points, to capture images from the dorsal and lateral perspectives of the study subjects. Two principal types of behavior were observed: the capture of food and defense mechanisms. The strategies used to capture the food were similar to those observed in other fossorial species. Although the backward movement has already been observed and described, we were able to record this movement being used as an escape strategy. These findings enrich our knowledge on different aspects of the natural history of the amphisbaenians.

Resumo Compreender como espécies funcionalmente semelhantes segregam recursos para minimizar a competição é vital para prever fatores evolutivos e padrões de coexistência. Conduzimos um estudo na Mata de Itamacaoca, na bacia do médio rio Munim, Maranhão, nordeste do Brasil, para caracterizar a morfologia funcional e nichos tróficos de cinco espécies de Characiformes coexistentes nesta área - incluindo uma espécie recentemente descrita, e investigar se a morfologia funcional dessas espécies é determinante para seus nichos tróficos. Nossa análise da morfologia funcional e da dieta, empregando medidas lineares para prever especializações alimentares, mostrou que essas espécies são predominantemente insetívoras generalistas com sobreposição morfológica significativa. Este estudo ressalta a influência da história natural das espécies em suas características ecológicas, contribuindo para estratégias de conservação mais eficazes.

Abstract Understanding how functionally similar species segregate resources to minimize competition is vital for predicting evolutionary factors and patterns of coexistence. We conducted a study in Mata de Itamacaoca, in the middle Munim River basin, Maranhão, northeastern Brazil, to characterize the functional morphology and trophic niches of five coexisting Characiform species in this area - including a recently described species, and to investigate whether their functional morphology is a key determinant of their trophic niches. Our analysis of functional morphology and diet, employing linear measurements to predict dietary specializations, showed that these species are predominantly generalist insectivores with a significant morphological overlap. This study underscores the influence of species' natural history on their ecological characteristics, contributing to more effective conservation strategies.

Abstract Delimiting species is challenging in recently diverged species, and adaptive radiation is fundamental to understanding the evolutionary processes because it requires multiple ecological opportunities associated with adaptation to biotic and abiotic environments. The young Petunia genus (Solanaceae) is an excellent opportunity to study speciation because of its association with pollinators and unique microenvironments. This study evaluated the phylogenetic relationships among a Petunia clade species with different floral syndromes that inhabit several environments. We based our work on multiple individuals per lineage and employed nuclear and plastid phylogenetic markers and nuclear microsatellites. The phylogenetic tree revealed two main groups regarding the elevation of the distribution range, whereas microsatellites showed high polymorphism-sharing splitting lineages into three clusters. Isolation by distance, migration followed by new environment colonization, and shifts in floral syndrome were the motors for lineage differentiation, including infraspecific structuring, which suggests the need for taxonomic revision in the genus. environments Solanaceae (Solanaceae microenvironments range polymorphismsharing polymorphism sharing clusters distance colonization differentiation structuring

Abstract Latin American and the Caribbean regions (LAC) harbor one of the most biodiverse areas of the world, the Neotropics. True bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) are a diverse lineage of insects, with more than 45,000 species, particularly speciose in the Neotropical region. True bugs are fundamental in the dynamics of natural and modified ecosystems, with several species critical to agriculture and public health. We compiled Heteroptera research in LAC from 1998–2022 using bibliographic databases. Productivity, collaborative networks, and the main topics studied were analyzed. A total of 1,651 Heteroptera studies from LAC were found, with continuous growth being 2021 the most prolific. Four categories (Taxonomy of extant species, Faunistic inventories and new records, Pest species biology, and Community ecology) represent most of the published research. About 60 percent of the records evaluated correspond to five families (Pentatomidae, Reduviidae, Coreidae, Miridae, and Rhyparochromidae). We emphasize the need to keep working on Heteroptera taxonomy because it will allow further advances in other areas such as phylogenetic analyses, biogeography, ecology, and natural history, among others. The results of our analyses characterize the current state of heteropterology in the region, establishing a baseline for future studies and efforts to broaden the knowledge of the group. (LAC world Neotropics Hemiptera (Hemiptera insects 45000 45 000 45,00 region ecosystems health 19982022 1998 2022 1998–202 databases Productivity networks analyzed 1651 1 651 1,65 found 202 prolific Taxonomy biology ecology 6 Pentatomidae, Pentatomidae (Pentatomidae Reduviidae Coreidae Miridae Rhyparochromidae. Rhyparochromidae . Rhyparochromidae) biogeography history others group 4500 4 00 45,0 1998202 199 1998–20 165 65 1,6 20 450 0 45, 199820 19 1998–2 16 1, 2 19982 1998–

Abstract One of the most important figures in the history of neurohistology, Giuseppe Levi (1872–1965) contributed in numerous ways to neuroscience, particularly in the fields of neuronal plasticity and the understanding of sensory ganglia. His daughter Natalia Ginzburg, née Levi (1916–1991), on the other hand, achieved fame as one of the most celebrated Italian writers of the twentieth century. Lessico Famigliare (Family Lexicon), from 1963, is a semibiographical account of her life in which she describes the life and character of her father in detail, providing depth and complexity to a seminal figures in the development of neuroscience. A thorough reading of the book enables modern neurologists to fully appreciate Levi's life and contributions, by means of humanizing him and giving context to his life and works. The present article provides a summary of Levi's and Natalia's lives and times as well as an analysis of the book and of the intimate, vivid descriptions of the neurohistologist's life. neurohistology 1872–1965 18721965 1872 1965 (1872–1965 neuroscience ganglia Ginzburg 1916–1991, 19161991 1916–1991 , 1916 1991 (1916–1991) hand century Family Lexicon, Lexicon Lexicon) 1963 detail Levis s contributions works Natalias intimate neurohistologists neurohistologist 1872–196 1872196 187 196 (1872–196 1916199 1916–199 191 199 (1916–1991 1872–19 187219 18 19 (1872–19 191619 1916–19 (1916–199 1872–1 18721 1 (1872–1 19161 1916–1 (1916–19 1872– (1872– 1916– (1916–1 (1872 (1916– (187 (1916 (18 (191 (1 (19 (

Resumo Uma das figuras mais importantes da história da neuro-histologia, Giuseppe Levi (1872–1965) contribuiu de diversas maneiras para a neurociência, particularmente no campo da plasticidade neuronal e na compreensão dos gânglios sensitivos. Sua filha Natalia Ginzburg, nascida Levi (1916–1991), pelo contrário, adquiriu fama como uma das escritoras italianas mais célebres do século XX. Lessico Famigliare (Léxico familiar), de 1963, é um relato semibiográfico de sua vida, na qual ela descreve a vida e o comportamento de seu pai em detalhes, e confere profundidade e complexidade a uma figura seminal no desenvolvimento da neurociência. Uma leitura aprofundada do livro permite que neurologistas modernos apreciem a vida e as contribuições de Levi de forma mais completa, o humanizando e dando contexto a sua vida e suas obras. O autor resume as vidas e épocas de Levi e Natalia, bem como avalia o livro e as descrições íntimas, vívidas, da vida do neurohistologista. neurohistologia, neurohistologia neuro histologia, histologia neuro-histologia 1872–1965 18721965 1872 1965 (1872–1965 neurociência sensitivos Ginzburg 1916–1991, 19161991 1916–1991 , 1916 1991 (1916–1991) contrário XX Léxico familiar, familiar familiar) 1963 detalhes completa obras íntimas vívidas neurohistologista 1872–196 1872196 187 196 (1872–196 1916199 1916–199 191 199 (1916–1991 1872–19 187219 18 19 (1872–19 191619 1916–19 (1916–199 1872–1 18721 1 (1872–1 19161 1916–1 (1916–19 1872– (1872– 1916– (1916–1 (1872 (1916– (187 (1916 (18 (191 (1 (19 (

Abstract The Neotropics are one of the most biodiverse regions of the world, where environmental dynamics, climate and geology resulted in a complex diversity of fauna and flora. In such complex and heterogeneous environments, widely distributed species require deep investigation about their biogeographic history. The gray-breasted sabrewing hummingbird Campylopterus largipennis is a species complex that occurs in forest and open ecosystems of South America, including also high-altitude grasslands. It has been recently split into four distinct species distributed in Amazonia (rainforest) and Cerrado (savanna) biomes with boundaries marked by ecological barriers. Here, we investigated the evolutionary dynamics of population lineages within this neotropical taxon to elucidate its biogeographical history and current lineage diversity. We used a reduced-representation sequencing approach to perform fine-scale population genomic analyses of samples distributed throughout Amazonia and Cerrado localities, representing all four recently recognized species. We found a deep genetic structure separating species from both biomes, and a more recent divergence between species within each biome and from distinct habitats. The population dynamics through time was shown to be concordant with known vicariant events, isolation by distance, and altitudinal breaks, where the Amazon River and the Espinhaço Mountain Range worked as important barriers associated to speciation. world flora environments graybreasted gray breasted America highaltitude high altitude grasslands rainforest (rainforest savanna (savanna Here reducedrepresentation reduced representation finescale fine scale localities habitats events distance breaks speciation

Abstract: This study aimed to understand how the fields of study of natural history and biology were taught in Pernambuco between the 1930s and 1960s. A documentary research was carried out in order to examine the morphological and stylistic features found in the textbooks written by Valdemar de Oliveira, a physician and teacher from Pernambuco, taking as starting points the following categories of analysis: a) textual marks; b) techniques for organizing and condensing the text; c) implementation of content and; d) exercises. The textbooks displayed textual marks such as a significant number of scientific names and expressions in foreign languages, indicating an academic perspective of the teaching process. Instruction through repetition, using analogies or mnemonic devices, suggests that a teaching procedure was employed in order to select and establish the school content. Images were frequently used as mediating mechanisms to favor the presentation and clarification of the content. Exercises were applied as a facilitating element in the teaching process, notably the questionnaires. The suggested experimental activities were based on an inductivist perspective and constituted a didactic strategy to prove the scientific phenomenon. Abstract s 1960s Oliveira analysis b text c d exercises languages process repetition devices questionnaires phenomenon

Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi compreender como se ensinava a disciplina escolar História Natural/Biologia em Pernambuco entre as décadas de 1930 e 1960. Foi conduzida uma pesquisa documental para examinar traços morfológicos e estilísticos em livros didáticos escritos por Valdemar de Oliveira, médico e professor pernambucano, com base nas seguintes categorias de análise: a) marcas textuais; b) técnicas de organização e condensação do texto; c) concretização dos conteúdos; e d) exercícios. Os livros didáticos apresentaram marcas textuais, como número elevado de nomes científicos e expressões em língua estrangeira, indicando uma perspectiva acadêmica no processo de ensino. A instrução por repetição, utilizando analogias ou técnicas mnemônicas, sugere que havia um procedimento de ensino que selecionava e estabelecia os conteúdos escolares. As imagens foram usadas frequentemente como mecanismos mediadores para favorecer a apresentação e a clarificação dos conteúdos. Os exercícios eram empregados como um elemento facilitador no processo de ensino, principalmente os questionários. As atividades experimentais sugeridas partiam de uma perspectiva indutivista e constituíam uma estratégia didática para comprovar o fenômeno científico. Resumo NaturalBiologia Natural Biologia 193 1960 Oliveira pernambucano análise textuais b texto c d estrangeira repetição mnemônicas escolares questionários científico 19 196 1

Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio fue comprender cómo se impartía la asignatura escolar Historia Natural/Biología en Pernambuco entre las décadas de 1930 y 1960. Se realizó investigación documental para examinar los rasgos morfológicos y estilísticos en libros de texto escritos por Valdemar de Oliveira, médico y profesor, a partir de las siguientes categorías de análisis: a) citas textuales; b) técnicas de organización y condensación del texto; c) materialización de contenidos; y d) ejercicios. Los libros de texto presentaron citas textuales, como un elevado número de nombres y expresiones científicas en lengua extranjera, indicando una perspectiva académica en el proceso de enseñanza. La instrucción por repetición, utilizando analogías o técnicas mnemónicas, sugiere que existía un procedimiento de enseñanza que seleccionaba y establecía los contenidos escolares. Las imágenes fueron frecuentemente utilizadas como mecanismos mediadores para favorecer la presentación y aclaración de contenidos. Se utilizaron ejercicios como elemento facilitador en el proceso de enseñanza, especialmente cuestionarios. Las actividades experimentales sugeridas resultaran desde una perspectiva inductiva y constituyeron una estrategia didáctica para comprobar el fenómeno científico. Resumen NaturalBiología Natural Biología 193 1960 Oliveira profesor análisis textuales b c d extranjera repetición mnemónicas escolares cuestionarios científico 19 196 1

Abstract Distinguishing between environmental adaptations and neutral processes poses a challenge in population genetics and evolutionary studies, particularly when phenomena can be explained by both processes. Clines are genotypic or phenotypic characters correlated with environmental variables, because of that correlation, they are used as examples of spatially varying selection. At the same time, many genotypic clines can be explained by demographic history, like isolation by distance or secondary contact zones. Clines have been extensively studied in Drosophila melanogaster, especially in North America and Australia, where they are attributed to both differential selection and various demographic processes. This review explores existing literature supporting this conclusion and suggests new approaches to better understand the influence of these processes on clines. These innovative approaches aim to shed light on the longstanding debate regarding the importance of natural selection versus neutral processes in maintaining variation in natural populations. studies variables correlation time history zones melanogaster Australia populations