Abstract: e socioeconomic pressures of the globalized world impact negatively on the identity elements of heritage cities, for example the insertion of tall buildings and other morphological transformations that modify their visual integrity, scale, rhythm, and visual and functional diversity. Hence the need to develop an urban management instrument, based on a landscape concept and on systemic and strategic approaches, for the protection of important views in historic urban landscapes, which contributes to their socioeconomic use and the preservation of their visual integrity. One of the fundamental contributions of the research constitute the theoretical conceptions that were made. It conceives this type of management in a process that organizes, assesses-plans, plans and monitors-controls it. The proposal was validated through Experts Criteria and its application in the historic center of Camagüey. The results are reflected in the binding nature of the developed instrument with other planning scales, in its ability to enrich and improve current urban-heritage management, and in the possibilities of extension to other historic centers.

Resumen: Las presiones socioeconómicas del mundo globalizado actúan negativamente sobre los elementos identitarios característicos de las ciudades patrimoniales; resaltan la inserción de edificios altos y otras transformaciones morfológicas que modifican su integridad visual, escala, ritmo, diversidad visual y funcional. De aquí la necesidad de desarrollar un instrumento de gestión urbana, basado en una concepción de paisaje y en los enfoques sistémico y estratégico, para la protección de las vistas relevantes en paisajes urbanos históricos, que contribuya a su aprovechamiento socioeconómico y a la preservación de su integridad visual. Como sustento de este instrumento se realizaron concepciones teóricas que constituyen uno de los aportes fundamentales de la investigación, el mismo concibe este tipo de gestión en un proceso que la organiza, valora-planea, planifica y monitorea-controla. La propuesta fue validada mediante el criterio de expertos y su aplicación en el centro histórico de Camagüey. Los resultados se reflejan en el carácter vinculante del instrumento desarrollado con otras escalas de planeamiento, en su capacidad de enriquecer y perfeccionar la gestión urbano-patrimonial actual y en las posibilidades de extensión a otros centros históricos.

Abstract: For the last three or four decades, metropolitan areas of the contemporary global North and global South such as Buenos Aires, have experienced profound changes in their social and economic structure. The central areas of large cities were one of the most affected sectors in terms of their material and symbolic reorganization. Primarily, this composition proposes to analyze the mutations that have arisen in the central area of the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires (CABA), paying particular attention to sociodemographic changes. The analysis of the available quantitative information suggests that while the CABA as a whole slightly increased its population in the last three decades (1990-2020), on the other hand, the urban fabric of the center lost residents. A second objective is to identify theoretical guidelines capable of explaining and analyzing this contradictory process. The proposal is to articulate theorizations and categories produced in contemporary social sciences and simultaneously identify structural and functional aspects in culture and lifestyle and the role played by systemic rationality (public, but mainly private) in the modernization of socio-urban areas, activities and practices. The unfinished conclusions seek to both problematize (and rethink) the object-category “urban center” and propose possible (future) lines of research around the delimited object-problem.

Resumen: Desde hace tres o cuatro décadas que, las metrópolis del Norte y Sur global contemporáneo, como Buenos Aires, experimentan profundos cambios en su estructura social y económica. Una de las áreas frecuente y mayormente afectada por la reorganización material y simbólica de las grandes ciudades es el llamado “centro”. La presente exposición propone, en primer lugar, analizar las mutaciones suscitadas en el área central de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (CABA), prestando especial atención a los cambios sociodemográficos. Se sugiere en este punto, a través del análisis de la información cuantitativa disponible que, al tiempo que la CABA en su conjunto aumentó ligeramente su población en las últimas tres décadas (1990-2020), el tejido urbano del centro perdió, en contrapartida, residentes. Un segundo objetivo radica en la identificación de lineamientos teóricos capaces de explicar y analizar el proceso contradictorio en cuestión. Se propone para tal fin articular teorizaciones y categorías producidas en las ciencias sociales contemporáneas para identificar, simultáneamente, en los factores estructurales y funcionales; en la cultura y los modos de vida; y en el papel desempeñado por la racionalidad sistémica (pública, pero principalmente privada), la modernización de las áreas, actividades y prácticas sociourbanas. Las conclusiones inconclusas, procuran tanto problematizar (y repensar) la categoría-objeto “centro urbano”, como proponer posibles (futuras) líneas de investigación en torno al objeto-problema delimitado.

RESUMEN El presente artículo se orienta a dilucidar el problema de la materialización del espacio político en un inmueble construido durante el periodo colonial y que hasta el presente se mantiene como sede de Gobierno. Este es el caso de uno de los edificios más representativos del centro histórico de Santiago de Chile: el Palacio de La Moneda. Construido entre 1784 y 1805 con tecnología representativa de la época (albañilería de ladrillo sin refuerzos), el inmueble albergó en sus inicios a la Real Casa de Moneda, concentrando en su interior el poder económico. Tras la independencia y entrado el siglo XIX, se convierte en sede de Gobierno, sumando esta vez el poder político de la época. Bajo esta perspectiva, se presenta una lectura del espacio político en torno a este importante edificio teniendo en cuenta su historia, construcción y arquitectura.

ABSTRACT This article aims to elucidate the problem of the materialization of the political space in a building constructed during the colonial period and which to this day remains as the seat of government. This is the case of one of the most representative buildings in the historic center of Santiago de Chile: the Palacio de La Moneda. Built between 1784 and 1805 with technology representative of the time (brick masonry without reinforcements), the building initially housed the Royal Mint, concentrating economic power within its walls. Following independence, in the 19th century it became the seat of government, adding the political power of the time. From this perspective, a reading of the political space around this important building is presented, taking into account its history, construction, and architecture.

Resumen: El edificio en Virrey Avilés y los Pequeños Condominios Familiares se diseñan desde las constricciones de sus respectivos sitios. El primero ocupa un lote típico de Buenos Aires, con un ancho de 8,66 metros, donde las circulaciones y espacios colectivos se organizan hacia el interior de la manzana. Una escalera en medio del patio difumina los límites entre los espacios comunes y los exteriores de uso de cada unidad. Los Pequeños Condominios Familiares se construyen en lotes de la Operación Sitio de 9 metros de ancho por 18 metros de largo. En ellos, se levanta un edificio de dos a tres pisos que busca sacar del hacinamiento a familias de allegados. Tipologías adaptables y tecnologías de prefabricación minimizan los tiempos de construcción, evitando alejar a las familias del sitio por más de 6 meses. Los potenciales ámbitos de colectividad en torno a la vivienda tampoco se limitan a sus condiciones espaciales. En ambos casos, la gestión y el diseño de la vivienda colectivas van acompañados de la formación de nuevos regímenes de copropiedad y cofinanciamiento.

Abstract: The Apartment Building in Virrey Avilés and the Small Family Cohousing are shaped by the constraints of their respective sites. The former occupies a typical lot in Buenos Aires, with a width of 8.66 meters, where circulations and collective spaces are organized towards the center of the urban block. A staircase in the middle of the courtyard blurs the boundaries between common spaces and the external areas designated for each unit’s use. The Small Family Cohousing projects are designed for plots stemming from the historic Site Operation in Santiago, measuring 9 meters wide by 18 meters long. Within them, a building of two to three stories is erected to alleviate overcrowding for multiple families currently living under one roof. The use of adaptable typologies and prefabrication technologies minimizes construction timelines, ensuring that the families remain away from their site for no longer than 6 months. Moreover, in both cases, architectural design is intertwined with the establishment of new paradigms of co-ownership and co-financing, serving as a testament that the pursuit of collectivity in housing transcends mere spatial considerations.

Resumen: El Edificio en Virrey Avilés y los Pequeños Condominios Familiares se diseñan desde las constricciones de sus respectivos sitios. El primero ocupa un lote típico de Buenos Aires, con un ancho de 8,66 metros, donde las circulaciones y espacios colectivos se organizan hacia el interior de la manzana. Una escalera en medio del patio difumina los límites entre los espacios comunes y los exteriores de uso de cada unidad. Los Pequeños Condominios Familiares se construyen en lotes de la Operación Sitio de 9 metros de ancho por 18 metros de largo. En ellos, se levanta un edificio de dos a tres pisos que busca sacar del hacinamiento a familias de allegados. Tipologías adaptables y tecnologías de prefabricación minimizan los tiempos de construcción, evitando alejar a las familias del sitio por más de 6 meses. Los potenciales ámbitos de colectividad en torno a la vivienda tampoco se limitan a sus condiciones espaciales. En ambos casos, la gestión y el diseño de la vivienda colectivas van acompañados de la formación de nuevos regímenes de copropiedad y cofinanciamiento.

Abstract: The Apartment Building in Virrey Avilés and the Small Family Cohousing are shaped by the constraints of their respective sites. The former occupies a typical lot in Buenos Aires, with a width of 8.66 meters, where circulations and collective spaces are organized towards the center of the urban block. A staircase in the middle of the courtyard blurs the boundaries between common spaces and the external areas designated for each unit’s use. The Small Family Cohousing projects are designed for plots stemming from the historic Site Operation in Santiago, measuring 9 meters wide by 18 meters long. Within them, a building of two to three stories is erected to alleviate overcrowding for multiple families currently living under one roof. The use of adaptable typologies and prefabrication technologies minimizes construction timelines, ensuring that the families remain away from their site for no longer than 6 months. Moreover, in both cases, architectural design is intertwined with the establishment of new paradigms of co-ownership and co-financing, serving as a testament that the pursuit of collectivity in housing transcends mere spatial considerations.

ABSTRACT This text seeks to contribute to the study of children’s social representations of the city, understood as a material, cultural matrix and artifact, and therefore as a legitimate object about which different social groups share and produce meanings. Historic city centers have their own objectifications because their spaces bear the marks of historical events, evoke the past in their specific form of organization, and tell the memory of the place. Specifically, the debate presented aims to analyze the perezhivaniya of children in the Historic Center of Cuiabá, considering the physical space as a memory site, affections and cultural identity, sustained by a representational project associated with different and contradictory historically constituted values. This is a single case study, anchored in a dialogical epistemology, whose subjects are children between the ages of 7 and 11 who participate in a cultural project. The data were collected through a perezhivanie in the historic center of Cuiabá, using a narrative script. The data were grouped into episodes and analyzed according to the concept of comprehensive analysis. The children of this study revealed the phenomenon of the emptying and silencing of the Historic Center and the rupture of the intergenerational dialogue that has prevented the replacement of social memory, with the Historic Center as a witness. childrens s material artifact meanings events organization place Specifically Cuiabá site identity values epistemology 1 script analysis witness

RESUMO O presente texto busca contribuir para o estudo a respeito das representações sociais de crianças sobre a cidade, sendo esta compreendida como material, matriz e artefato cultural e, portanto, legítimo objeto acerca do qual diferentes grupos sociais compartilham e produzem significações. Os Centros Históricos das cidades são possuidores de objetivações pois detêm, em seus espaços, as marcas de acontecimentos históricos, evocam o passado em sua forma de organização específica e contam a memória do lugar. Especificamente, o debate apresentado pretendeu analisar as vivências de crianças no Centro Histórico de Cuiabá, considerando o espaço físico um lugar de memórias, afetos e identidade cultural, sustentado por um projeto representacional associado a diferentes e contraditórios valores historicamente constituídos. Trata-se de um estudo de caso único, ancorado na epistemologia dialógica, que tem, como sujeitos, crianças entre 7 e 11 anos, participantes de um projeto cultural. Para a produção de dados, utilizou-se uma vivência no Centro Histórico de Cuiabá, por meio de um roteiro narrativo. Os dados foram agrupados em episódios e analisados segundo a noção da análise compreensiva. As crianças deste estudo revelaram a constatação do fenômeno do esvaziamento e silenciamento do Centro Histórico e a ruptura do diálogo intergeracional, que tem impedido a reposição da memória social, sendo o Centro Histórico uma testemunha. cidade material portanto significações detêm espaços históricos Especificamente Cuiabá memórias constituídos Tratase Trata se único dialógica sujeitos 1 anos utilizouse utilizou narrativo compreensiva intergeracional social testemunha

Abstract The idea of nation -and nationalism- has been long discussed. Some authors coincide in emphasizing that the notion of nation is historically changing and conflictive. In this framework, the construction and updating of the idea of nation requires devices that determine which elements (material and symbolic), as well as subjects are included in it. In this sense, we can understand celebrations and commemorations as such devices that allow us to investigate the construction of nation and how it is reproduced and who is included. In Argentina during the year 2010 the bicentennial of the May revolution was celebrated. A series of public policies and funds were allocated for this purpose on a national scale while others emerged from the provincial and municipal states. In this context, we are interested in analyzing what types of actions and events were organized at these other scales and what elements and narratives were configured to articulate the local with the national and how it is reproduced and in what terms the notion of a “white and European” nation despite the new readings that from different spaces and actors seek to stress. To do this, we propose as a case study the Exaltación de la Cruz district (Buenos Aires province), based on examining the events that took place in its main city that in the 1990s its historic center was recognized as national Heritage. nationalism discussed conflictive framework material symbolic, symbolic , symbolic) sense 201 celebrated states context white European stress Buenos province, province province) s Heritage 20 2

Resumen La idea de nación - y nacionalismo - ha sido largamente discutida. Algunas propuestas coinciden en destacar que esta noción es históricamente cambiante y conflictiva. En este marco, su construcción y reactualización precisa de dispositivos que determinen qué elementos (materiales y simbólicos) y sujetos se incluyen en esta noción. En este sentido podemos entender a las celebraciones y conmemoraciones como tales dispositivos que nos posibilitan indagar en las nociones que se visibilizan y reproducen sobre un país. En Argentina durante el año 2010 se celebró el Bicentenario de la Revolución de Mayo. Una serie de políticas públicas y fondos fueron destinadas para dicho fin a escala nacional, mientras otras emergieron desde los estados provinciales y municipales. En este contexto, nos interesa analizar qué tipos de acciones, eventos, se organizaron en esas otras escalas, qué elementos, narrativas, se configuraron para articular lo local con lo nacional y cómo se reproduce la noción de una Argentina “blanca y europea” a pesar de las nuevas lecturas que buscan tensionar desde diferentes espacios y actores. Para ello, proponemos como estudio de caso el partido de Exaltación de la Cruz (provincia de Buenos Aires), a partir de examinar los eventos efectuados en su ciudad cabecera que en la década de 1990 su centro histórico fue reconocido como patrimonio nacional. discutida conflictiva marco materiales simbólicos país 201 Mayo municipales contexto acciones escalas narrativas blanca europea actores ello provincia Aires, Aires , Aires) 199 20 19 2 1

Resumo Objetivo da Investigação: Preservar a memória de um lugar através dos monumentos, edifícios e sítios históricos é primordial para garantir que as próximas gerações possam ter acesso a esses espaços, à sua história e cultura. O desafio das cidades turísticas que possuem centros históricos tombados pelo patrimônio histórico é assegurar que todas as pessoas, independentemente de ter algum grau de restrição motora, visual ou auditiva, tenham acesso pleno, com autonomia para visitar esses espaços. Vários fatores podem influenciar na escolha de um trajeto para fins utilitários ou de lazer (turístico), e a qualidade e as condições da estrutura urbana voltadas para os deslocamentos a pé podem ser determinantes. Nesse sentido, este artigo objetiva avaliar a qualidade da caminhabilidade de um percurso turístico localizado no centro histórico da cidade de Itu, localizada no estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Metodologia: A metodologia utiliza um índice e indicadores de desempenho para avaliar a qualidade de percursos turísticos voltados a pedestres, através das categorias calçadas, fachadas e travessias. Resultados: Os principais problemas estão relacionados à falta de seguridade, conforto e acessibilidade. O índice e os indicadores propostos permitem realizar uma análise do local através da identificação dos aspectos positivos e negativos que interferem na caminhabilidade do pedestre e tornam o trajeto difícil para o acesso de pessoas com problemas de mobilidade, visão, audição e cognição. Os resultados permitem que os gestores municipais possam propor e implementar soluções de curto e médio prazo para melhorar a qualidade espacial deste local. Originalidade/Valor: O estudo permitiu constatar que embora o Brasil tenha legislações e normativas (patrimoniais e de acessibilidade) específicas, muitos problemas relacionados a acessibilidade ainda são recorrentes em alguns centros históricos de cidades turísticas, o que compromete a visitação de turistas e residentes.

Abstract Research Purpose: Preserving the memory of a place through monuments, buildings and historical places is essential to ensure that future generations can have access to these spaces, their history and culture. The challenge of tourist cities that have historic centers listed by historical heritage is to ensure that all people, regardless of having some degree of motor, visual or hearing restriction, can have full access, with autonomy to visit these spaces. Several factors can influence the choice of a route for utilitarian or leisure (tourist) purposes, and the quality and conditions of urban infrastructure aimed at walking can be decisive. In this sense, this article aims to evaluate the walkability quality of a tourist route located in the historic center of the city of Itu, located in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Methodology: The methodology uses an index and performance indicators to evaluate the quality of tourist routes aimed at pedestrians, through the category’s sidewalks, facades and crossings. Findings: The main problems are related to the lack of security, comfort and accessibility. The proposed index and indicators allow for an analysis of the location by identifying the positive and negative aspects that interfere with pedestrian walkability and make the route difficult for people with mobility, vision, hearing and cognition problems. The results allow municipal managers to propose and implement short and medium-term solutions to improve the spatial quality of these locations. Originality/Value: The study revealed that although Brazil has specific legislation and regulations (heritage and accessibility), many problems related to accessibility are still recurrent in some historic centers of tourist cities, which compromises the visitation of tourists and residents.

Abstract Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of the housing rental market in several Brazilian historic centers. In the Historic Center of Recife (HCR) – composed, roughly, of the neighborhoods of Bairro do Recife, Santo Antônio, São José and Boa Vista, which make up six different submarkets –, rental constitutes an important form of access to housing, especially for the low-income population. Considering that the Boa Vista submarket constitutes the last housing stronghold of the HCR, this use being a fundamental factor to the preservation of its built heritage, this article aims to analyze the functioning of the low-income housing rental market in Boa Vista, seeking to reveal the reasons for the resistance of this use in a historical centrality. centers HCR (HCR composed roughly Antônio lowincome low income population heritage centrality

Resumo Estudos recentes demonstram a importância do mercado de aluguel de moradia em vários centros históricos brasileiros. No Centro Histórico do Recife (CHR) – composto, grosso modo, pelos bairros do Recife, Santo Antônio, São José e Boa Vista, que conformam seis diferentes submercados –, verifica-se que a locação constitui uma importante forma de acesso à moradia, sobretudo para a população de baixa renda. Considerando que o submercado Boa Vista configura o último reduto habitacional do CHR, sendo este uso um fator de fundamental importância para a preservação de seu patrimônio edificado, este artigo tem o objetivo de analisar o funcionamento do mercado de aluguel habitacional de baixa renda da Boa Vista, buscando revelar as razões da resistência desse uso em uma centralidade histórica. brasileiros CHR (CHR composto modo Antônio verificase verifica se edificado histórica

Resumen Un imaginario urbano del centro histórico de Quito ligado a la configuración de la identidad nacional ecuatoriana y al discurso patrimonial oficial guía su planificación y gestión, mientras ignora las relaciones espaciales cotidianas y las memorias locales que configuran una ciudad diferente. En este artículo se analiza cómo residentes, comerciantes, artesanos y artesanas del centro de la urbe quiteña experimentan, piensan y valoran su espacio. Se utiliza una etnografía móvil en la que se combinan distintas herramientas cualitativas, como el mapeo y la fotografía, para examinar experiencias corpóreas y afectivas. Se identifica una variedad de lugares dentro y alrededor del centro histórico, cuya memoria se basa en el movimiento y la relación con emociones positivas y un sentido de lugar de parte de la gente que lo ocupa. Con el artículo se propone que quienes habitan el centro histórico utilizan la noción de movimiento para describir un abundante flujo de personas, dinero y bienes en distintos sitios y calles; en contraste se problematiza la pérdida de este en distintos espacios públicos que, en la segunda década del siglo XXI, son percibidos por sus habitantes como vacíos y muertos. Se concluye discutiendo cómo la relación entre movimiento, transporte y comercio popular genera atmósferas afectivas, evoca otro tipo de imaginario popular y plantea una identidad urbana alternativa.

Abstract The urban imaginary of the historical centre of Quito is strongly linked to the configuration of the Ecuadorian national identity and to the official patrimonial discourse which guide the planning and management of the city centre while ignoring the daily spatial relationships and local memories that make up a different city. Therefore, this research seeks to understand how the residents, merchants and artisans of the city centre experience, think and value their space. This research uses a mobile ethnography and combines different qualitative tools such as mapping and photography to analyse corporeal and affective experiences in the city. The inhabitants use the notion of movement to describe an abundant flow of people, money and goods in different places and streets. The research identifies a variety of places in and around the historic centre remembered by the inhabitants for their movement and related to positive emotions and a sense of place. The article identifies and discusses how the relationship between movement, transportation and popular commerce generates affective atmospheres and problematizes the loss of movement of different public spaces that are currently perceived by the inhabitants as empty and dead. The article proposes that the places of movement evoke another type of popular imaginary and generate an alternative urban identity.

Resumen El presente artículo muestra los trabajos realizados en el rescate arqueológico de la calle Independencia, derivado de obras públicas, llevadas a cabo en dicha calle del centro histórico del municipio de Guadalupe, Zacatecas, donde, en la antigüedad, se encontraban edificaciones del siglo xviii, pertenecientes al Colegio Apostólico de Propaganda Fide de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe. Los hallazgos excavados fueron una acequia que regaba las huertas del Colegio y cimentaciones pertenecientes a un hospicio de pobres, establecimiento administrado por los religiosos del Colegio; ambos son parte de dos elementos esenciales en la creación y en la conformación del territorio e identidad del pueblo de Guadalupe: las huertas y el Colegio Apostólico. El rescate arqueológico se apoyó en las nuevas tecnologías, en específico el registro 3D por medio de fotogrametría digital y las reconstrucciones virtuales, las cuales abonan en la conservación de la memoria gráfica de los vestigios encontrados, además de facilitar y hacer eficientes los trabajos arqueológicos.

Abstract This article shows the work carried out in the archaeological rescue of Independencia street, derived from civil works implemented on that street, in the Historic Center of the municipality of Guadalupe, Zacatecas, where buildings from the 18th century were formerly located, belonging to the Colegio Apostolico de Propaganda Fide de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe. The archaeological finds were a ditch that irrigated the orchards of the Colegio and foundations of the hospice building for the poor, an establishment administered by the religious of the Colegio; both are part of two elements that were essential in the creation and conformation of the territory and identity of the people of Guadalupe: the orchards and the Colegio Apostólico. The archaeological rescue was supported by new technologies, specifically 3D documentation with digital photogrammetry and virtual reconstructions, which contribute to the conservation of the graphic memory of the remains found, and making the archaeological work more efficient.

Resumo A cidade de Petrópolis possui uma trajetória diferenciada em relação as outras cidades brasileiras, pois a conjuntura econômica, política e social sincrônica dão a cidade um caráter singular em sua criação. A compra da fazenda do Córrego Seco realizada em 1830 por Dom Pedro I é a primeira medida para concretização da construção do palácio imperial e a criação de uma povoação denominada Petrópolis. Para o estudo da geografia do passado da cidade imperial de Petrópolis, realizou-se busca por documentos históricos normativos e cartográficos junto as instituições de memória. Nesse sentido, destacam-se três documentos históricos, sendo eles dois normativos: Decreto Imperial nº 155 de 1843, marco de criação da cidade e o último documento, o relatório provincial de 1846, que especifica a distribuição dos prazos imperiais de acordo com o uso da terra e status ocupacional dos foreiros. Quanto ao documento histórico cartográfico, salienta-se a Planta Koeler de 1846, documento norteador desta pesquisa de autoria de Julio Koeler. Além desta, foram analisadas outras quatro plantas históricas, que foram georreferenciadas a partir da base cartográfica na escala 1:10.000 adquirida na Prefeitura Municipal de Petrópolis. O georreferenciamento possibilitou a sobreposição dos limites das cinco plantas históricas e junto aos documentos históricos normativos analisar mudanças ocorridas nos limites dessa nova urbe, através da vetorização dos quarteirões e prazos imperiais, além de outras feições constantes nas plantas históricas. Desse modo, com intervalo de quinze anos desde o primeira planta histórica até a última analisada, juntamente aos documentos históricos normativos constatouse grande expansão dos limites inicialmente traçados na Planta Koeler. Desta maneira, as imposições dispostas nos documentos normativos traduzem em Petrópolis uma estratificação social e segregação espacial de padrão espacial característico do século XIX, com a elite instalada junto ao centro, pois era no centro da cidade que se encontravam as mais importantes instituições urbanas.

Abstract The city of Petrópolis has a differentiated trajectory in relation to other Brazilian cities, because the synchronic economic, political and social conjuncture gives the city a unique character in its creation. The purchase of the Córrego Seco farm in 1830 by Dom Pedro I is the first measure to carry out the construction of the imperial palace and the creation of a village called Petrópolis. For the study of the geography of the past of the imperial city of Petrópolis, a search was carried out for normative and cartographic historical documents along with memory institutions. In this sense, three historical documents stand out, two of them normative: Imperial Decree nº 155 of 1843, landmark of creation of the city and the last document, the provincial report of 1846, which specifies the distribution of imperial deadlines according to the use of the land and occupational status of tenants. As for the historic cartographic document, the Koeler Plan of 1846 stands out, the guiding document of this research authored by Julio Koeler. In addition to this, four other historical plans were analyzed, which were georeferenced from the cartographic base on a scale of 1: 10,000 acquired from the City Hall of Petrópolis. The georeferencing made it possible to overlap the limits of the five historical plans and together with the normative historical documents to analyze changes that occurred in the limits of this new city, through the vectorization of blocks and imperial terms, in addition to other constant features in the historical plans. Thus, with an interval of fifteen years from the first historical plan to the last one analyzed, together with the normative historical documents, a great expansion of the limits initially drawn in the Koeler Plan was verified. In this way, the impositions laid out in the normative documents translate in Petrópolis a social stratification and spatial segregation of a spatial pattern characteristic of the 19th century, with the elite installed close to the center, as it was in the center of the city that the most important urban institutions were located.

ABSTRACT Domestic architecture built in wood, stamped steel sheets and deployed metal constituted the homogenous and innovative urban landscape of the late 19th and early 20th centuries in the capital of El Salvador. Even when it was built after the independence from Spain it continued reproducing the colonial courtyard house spatial organization with Andalusian roots. Unfortunately, very few of these houses are preserved nowadays. This work is presented as a contribution to the enhancement of this architecture that today constitutes the modest housing heritage of the current Historical Center of San Salvador. Through the interpretation of its spatial organization, a compositive synthesis or geometric model is proposed, in order to summarize these three architectural elements.

RESUMEN La arquitectura doméstica de madera, lámina y metal deployé constituía el homogéneo y novedoso paisaje urbano de finales del siglo XIX e inicios del siglo XX en la capital de El Salvador. Aún cuando pertenece al periodo posterior a la independencia, mantiene la organización de la casa patio colonial de raíces andaluzas. Lastimosamente, muy pocas de estas edificaciones se conservan en la actualidad. Este trabajo se presenta como un aporte para la puesta en valor de esta arquitectura, que hoy constituye el patrimonio modesto habitacional del Centro Histórico. A través de un análisis interpretativo de estas antiguas casas, en el cual se destacan sus espacios fundamentales, se propone una síntesis compositiva o modelo geométrico que resume los patrones que organizan aquellos tres elementos.

Resumen El objetivo de la presente investigación es determinar los tipos de fuentes de agua y su uso en los espacios públicos en el centro histórico del Cusco mediante una investigación cualitativa del tipo historiográfica. Los resultados muestran que en la sociedad inca fueron usadas ceremonialmente en la configuración del Apu Llaqta (asentamiento sagrado), cambiando de paradigma en el periodo virreinal al ser el suministro principal de agua en los espacios públicos y privados bajo una concepción renacentista y barroca, llegando a su apogeo en el periodo republicano hasta su desuso por el impacto negativo del paradigma modernizador, continuando así durante el siglo XX. Producto del estudio de campo, se constató que las fuentes de agua son consideradas como elementos arquitectónicos ornamentales del equipamiento urbano; en sus configuraciones, tanto la materia como la manifestación del recurso hídrico son una unidad, pero las de estilo virreinal y moderno no tienen agua, solo las de estilo inca y contemporáneo preservan el agua que, después de tener un uso ornamental, termina en el sistema de alcantarillado o desagüe porque la gestión local vigente no reconoce el patrimonio hídrico.

Abstract The objective of this research is to determine the types of water sources and their use in public spaces in the historic center of Cusco through a qualitative historiographical investigation. The results show that in the Inca society they were used ceremonially in the configuration of the Apu Llaqta (sacred settlement), changing the paradigm in the colonial period as it was the main water supply in public and private spaces under a Renaissance and Baroque conception, reaching at its height in the republican period until its disuse due to the negative impact of the modernizing paradigm, continuing like this during the 20th century. As a result of the field study, it was found that water sources are considered as ornamental architectural elements of urban equipment; in its configurations, both the matter and the manifestation of the water resource are a unit, but those of the viceroyalty and modern style do not have water, only those of the Inca and contemporary style preserve the water that, after having an ornamental use, ends up in the drainage system. sewage or drainage because the current local management does not recognize the water heritage.

Resumen Uno de los monumentos edificados que más sobresale en el centro histórico de Lima es la Casa de Jarava, conocida también como Casa de Pilatos (hoy sede del Tribunal Constitucional). Pese a los siglos transcurridos desde que fue construidA, todavía se aprecia buena parte de su originalidad arquitectónica y elementos artísticos. Entre ellos, los dos escudos nobiliarios hechos de piedra y provenientes del siglo XVII, ubicados en la parte superior de la fachada. Por otro lado, a través del empleo de fuentes primarias se rescata el devenir de la finca desde mediados de la decimoséptima centuria hasta finales del siglo XX, incluyendo los diferentes propietarios que tuvo y un análisis de la versión dada por Ricardo Palma en torno al apelativo “Pilatos” que le dio a la casa. De esta manera, se buscar enfatizar en el valor histórico que posee y la importancia de su conservación.

Abstract One of the most outstanding built monuments in the historic center of Lima is the Jarava house, also known as Pilate's house (today the seat of the Constitutional Court). Despite the centuries that have passed since it was built, a good part of its architectural originality and artistic elements can still be seen. Among them, the two noble coats of arms made of stone and from the 17th century located in the upper part of the façade. On the other hand, through the use of a primary source, the evolution of the farm from the mid-seventeenth century to the end of the 20th century is rescued, including the different owners it had and an analysis of the version given by Ricardo Palma around the name “Pilates” that he gave to the house. In this way, we seek to emphasize the historical value it possesses and the importance of its conservation.