Abstract: This article examines how the narrative of the plurinational state provided the common symbolic framework for the conflict over the Isiboro Sécure Indigenous Territory and National Park (Tipnis) in Bolivia in 2011. The central dispute, one of the most important in Bolivia’s recent history, was whether or not to construct a highway through this area, a debate that has led to a major rift between peasant and indigenous social organizations that shared common reivindicative imaginaries but ultimately experienced profound divisions. This discussion serves as a key observation point to understand how decolonization imaginaries actually function, which I consider a anchoring point (point du capiton) in the narrative of the plurinational state. Through discourse analysis, review of chronicles, press statements, and accounts of the VIII Indigenous March, I aim to identify the discursive threads that framed the debates on decolonization, showing that it can be used as a rhetorical tool to mask extractivism or defend “national sovereignty,” or as an argument to uphold the self-determination of indigenous peoples. I also examine how the repertoire of the indigenous march was constructed discursively and symbolically, and the impact it left on Bolivia’s recent history. I intend for this analysis to contribute to understanding how Bolivian social perceptions are shaped in relation to the narrative of the plurinational state and its potential for social transformation as a new regime of truth.

Resumo: Neste artigo, são exploradas as maneiras pelas quais a narrativa do Estado plurinacional foi a base simbólica comum em que se desenvolveu o conflito no Território Indígena e no Parque Nacional Isiboro Sécure (Tipnis), em 2011, na Bolívia, cujo desacordo central era a construção ou não de uma estrada que o atravessaria. Esse é um dos problemas mais importantes da história recente da Bolívia, pois representou uma grande discordância entre organizações sociais camponesas e indígenas que compartilhavam demandas imaginárias comuns e que terminou em grandes rupturas. Essa discussão é apresentada como um espaço de observação fundamental para entender como os imaginários da descolonização operam na realidade, que considero ser um ponto de basta (point du capiton) na narrativa do Estado plurinacional. Por meio da análise do discurso, de uma revisão de crônicas, declarações à imprensa e relatos da VIII Marcha Indígena, procuro estabelecer os fios discursivos que suscitaram debates sobre a descolonização. Assim, é possível observar como a descolonização pode ser um artifício retórico para encobrir o extrativismo ou defender a “soberania nacional”, ou um argumento para preservar a autodeterminação dos povos indígenas. Além disso, discuto como o repertório da marcha indígena foi construído discursiva e simbolicamente e que traços deixou na história recente da Bolívia. Com esse exercício, espero contribuir com elementos para as formas pelas quais as percepções sociais bolivianas são construídas com relação à narrativa do Estado plurinacional e suas possibilidades de transformação social como um novo regime de verdade.

Resumen: Este artículo indaga las formas en que la narrativa del Estado plurinacional fue el marco simbólico común en el cual se desarrolló el conflicto del Territorio Indígena y Parque Nacional Isiboro Sécure (Tipnis) en 2011 en Bolivia, cuyo desacuerdo central era la construcción o no de una carretera que lo cruzaría. Este es uno de los problemas más importantes en la historia corta de Bolivia, pues representó un gran desencuentro entre organizaciones sociales campesinas e indígenas que compartían imaginarios reivindicativos comunes y que terminaron en grandes rupturas. Tal discusión se presenta como un espacio de observación clave para entender cómo operan en la realidad los imaginarios de la descolonización, a la que considero un punto nodal (point du capiton) en la narrativa del Estado plurinacional. Desde el análisis del discurso, la revisión de crónicas, las declaraciones de prensa y los relatos sobre la VIII Marcha Indígena busco establecer los hilos discursivos que plantearon debates sobre la descolonización. Así, podrá observarse cómo la descolonización puede ser un recurso retórico para encubrir el extractivismo o defender la “soberanía nacional” o en un argumento para preservar la autodeterminación de los pueblos indígenas. Por otro lado, hablaré sobre la manera como el repertorio de la marcha indígena se construyó discursiva y simbólicamente y qué huellas dejó en la historia corta de Bolivia. Con este ejercicio espero aportar elementos a los modos en que se construyen las percepciones sociales bolivianas en relación con la narrativa del Estado plurinacional y sus posibilidades de transformación social en tanto nuevo régimen de verdad.

Abstract: Starting from the commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the Folia Histórica del Nordeste journal, we propose to make a balance and reflect on its relationship with the communication and discussion of archaeological advances in the Chaco region and NEA in general. When reviewing the journal's production, scientific events and related institutions, a late connection with archeology is clear, coinciding with the beginning of the first stage of systematics approaches in the South American Gran Chaco. Throughout this journey, there is also a history of shared wills that contributed to merging the discipline at the regional level. Over time, the scope of communications was expanded, and agreements were formalized to ensure its sustainability. Finally, we highlight the relevance of the journal as a space for discussion within the discipline and as a favorable environment to stimulate the interdisciplinary dialogue that the region requires.

Resumen: A partir de la conmemoración del 50 aniversario de la Revista Folia Histórica del Nordeste, nos proponemos hacer un balance y reflexionar sobre su relación con la comunicación y discusión de los avances arqueológicos en la región chaqueña y NEA en general. Al repasar la producción de la revista, los eventos científicos y las instituciones relacionadas se evidencia una conexión tardía con la arqueología, coincidiendo con el inicio de la primera etapa de investigaciones sistemáticas en el Gran Chaco sudamericano. A lo largo de este recorrido, también se observa una historia de voluntades compartidas que contribuyeron a consolidar la disciplina a nivel regional. Con el tiempo, se ampliaron los alcances de las comunicaciones y se formalizaron acuerdos para garantizar su sostenibilidad. Finalmente, destacamos la relevancia de la revista como espacio de discusión dentro de la disciplina y, sobre todo, como un ámbito propicio para estimular el diálogo interdisciplinario que la región requiere.

Abstract The United States was aware of the evolution of the trajectory that the Pacific war was taking. As a regional power and within the framework of the Monroe doctrine, it did not allow the diplomatic intervention of Europe to carry out mediation before the belligerent countries. North American diplomacy offered its good offices from the beginning of the conflict, but it was done with greater emphasis with the assumption of the republican president James Garfield and after the fall of Lima (January 1881). The present investigation, based on information from unpublished files, monitors the actions of North American diplomacy from the perspective of Peruvian foreign policy and its legation in Washington, since the Monroe doctrine was interpreted and readjusted by the North American Secretary of State to the extent in which the Peruvian defeat was imposed with the treaty of Ancón (1883); moving from supporting Peru to unequivocal support for Chile.

Resumen Estados Unidos estuvo pendiente de la evolución de la trayectoria que tomaba la guerra del Pacífico. Como potencia regional y en el marco de la Doctrina Monroe no permitió la intervención diplomática de Europa para que llevase a cabo una mediación ante los países beligerantes. La diplomacia norteamericana ofreció sus buenos oficios desde el inicio del conflicto, pero se hizo con mayor énfasis con la asunción del presidente republicano James Garfield y tras la caída de Lima (enero de 1881). La presente investigación basada en información de archivos inéditos realiza un seguimiento a las acciones de la diplomacia norteamericana desde la perspectiva de la política exterior peruana y su legación en Washington, pues la Doctrina Monroe fue interpretada y reajustada por la Secretaría de Estado norteamericano en la medida en que se imponía la derrota peruana con el tratado de Ancón (1883); transitando desde un apoyo al Perú hacia uno inequívoco con Chile.

Abstract This article deals with the classified news that arrived about the Englishman Robert Hodgson from Bluefields Bay, a territory disputed by England, Spain, and the Miskito Indians at the end of the 18th century. In the letters and relationships with which Hodgson was spied on, it is possible to reveal the life and representations of cultural mediators, their conflicts, alliances, and survival strategies. The spies, rumors and fear of these men also allow us to understand the capacity that the English and Spanish governments had to seek to take advantage of alliances that at times were ambivalent. For this, then, it is necessary to follow the "very secretive" news of those who were considered allies and confront them with those who oversaw monitoring and spying on the monarch's new vassals. It was above all a global situation that produced an infinite amount of information that, despite being loaded with contrary meanings about the fidelity and interests of these cultural mediators, allowed us to have accurate news about smuggling, the colonization of new territories and the mechanisms politicians to gain allies, integrate them or expel them.

Resumen Este artículo trata sobre las noticias reservadas que llegaron sobre el inglés Robert Hodgson desde la bahía de Bluefields, territorio disputado por Inglaterra, España y los indios Miskitos a finales del siglo XVIII. En las cartas y relaciones con las que se espiaba a Hodgson es posible desvelar la vida y las representaciones sobre los mediadores culturales, sus conflictos, alianzas y estrategias de supervivencia. Los espías, los rumores y el temor a estos hombres permiten entender la capacidad que tenían los Gobiernos inglés y español para buscar aprovechar alianzas que por momentos eran ambivalentes. Para esto, entonces, es necesario seguir las noticias "reservadísimas" de quien se consideraba aliado y confrontarlas con quienes estaban encargados de vigilar y espiar a los nuevos vasallos del monarca. Se trató ante todo de una situación global que produjo infinidad de información que, a pesar de estar cargada de sentidos contrarios sobre la fidelidad y los intereses de estos mediadores culturales, permitía tener noticias certeras sobre el contrabando, la colonización de nuevos territorios y los mecanismos políticos para ganar aliados, integrarlos o expulsarlos.

Abstract This article studies the origin of Havana Club, eclipsed by what happened to the brand after 1959, made by a Cuban company and the subject of litigation with Ba-cardí, which in 1993 bought its formula from its owners prior to the nationalization of the company. The rum manufactured since then is not the original and it has been said that it was a minor product, but the evidence shows that it was one of the great insular ones, although it was aged by a firm that was not only a liquor store, late in the ideal moment, after the end of the Dry Law in the United States (1934) and taking advantage of the growth of mass consumption, tourism and cocktails. That is why it was destined for North American consumption and used an elaborate marketing that associated it with the patrimonial values of his country and other goods, also for mass consumption, and it stopped being marketed in 1957 due to the problems of access of the island's liquors to the neighboring country.

Resumen Este artículo estudia el origen de Havana Club, eclipsado por lo ocurrido con la marca después de 1959, elaborada por una empresa cubana y objeto de litigios con Bacardí, que en 1993 compró su fórmula a los propietarios anteriores a la nacionalización de la empresa. El ron fabricado desde entonces no es el original y de este se ha dicho que fue un producto menor, pero la evidencia muestra que se trató de uno de los grandes insulares, aunque lo añejó una firma que no solo era licorera, tardíamente, en el momento idóneo, tras el fin de la ley seca en Estados Unidos (1934) y que aprovechó el crecimiento del consumo de masas, el turismo y la coctelería. Por eso se destinó al consumo norteamericano y empleó un elaborado marketing que lo asoció a los valores patrimoniales de su país y a otros bienes, también de consumo masivo, y dejó de comercializarse en 1957 debido a los problemas de acceso de los licores de la isla al vecino país.

Abstract Throughout the 100 years of life of the Institute of Archeology and Museum of the National University of Tucumán, there has not been a compilation or study of the different exhibitions that have been carried out there. From this, the need arises to know their historical and museographic future, considering time, their institutional and assembly spaces, the objectives that gave rise to them, the exhibition themes, the museographic scripts, considering the appoggiaturas used, among others. assembly resources. At the same time, it has been difficult to find the museographic scripts of the IAM exhibitions, due to issues such as the incompatibility of the digital records given technological innovations (for example, the floppy disk media could not be recovered for reading, which is why the database data requires to be permanently renewed with concrete and specific data on the life history of the pieces that the institution protects and safeguards.

Resumen A lo largo de los 100 años de vida que tiene el Instituto de Arqueología y Museo de la Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, no se ha realizado una recopilación o estudio de las distintas exposiciones que se han llevado a cabo desde la misma. A partir de esto, surge la necesidad de conocer el devenir histórico y museográfico de las mismas considerando el tiempo, sus espacios institucionales y de montaje, los objetivos que le dieron origen, las temáticas expositivas, los guiones museográficos, considerando las apoyaturas empleadas entre otros recursos de montaje. A su vez, ha sido difícil hallar los guiones museográficos de las muestras del IAM, por temas como incompatibilidad de los registros digitales dadas las innovaciones tecnológicas (por ej. los soportes en disquetes no pudieron recuperarse para su lectura, motivo por el cual la base de datos requiere ser permanentemente renovada con datos concretos y específicos de la historia de vida de las piezas que la institución protege y resguarda.

Resumen: La norma internacional y nacional establece la necesidad de contar con información histórica previa a la intervención en inmuebles patrimoniales y la Ley Orgánica de Cultura del Ecuador señala la obligatoriedad de notificar sobre todo hallazgo de interés arqueológico; no obstante, existe carencia de conciencia respecto a la importancia de dichos recursos, los cuales, al ser cotejados, posibilitan una interpretación más exacta de los datos requeridos para impulsar una propuesta de conservación óptima, y así perpetuar los valores intrínsecos de un bien inmueble. En este sentido, la investigación histórica y arqueológica llevada a cabo en la casa Rodríguez desveló que el bien contiene ciertos valores a conservar relevantes para la sostenibilidad de su entorno y que la omisión de estos privaría al proyecto de restauración de criterios de valoración y a la comunidad de importantes recursos para el desarrollo de una ciudad resiliente.

Abstract: The international and national norms establish the need to count on historical information prior to an intervention in heritage properties and the Organic Law of Culture of Ecuador establishes the obligation to notify any discovery of archaeological interest. However, there is a lack of awareness regarding to the importance of these resources that in the moment they complement each other enable a more exact interpretation of the data required to promote an optimal conservation proposal and thus perpetuate the intrinsic values of a heritage building. The historical and archaeological investigation carried out in the Rodríguez house revealed that the property contains certain values of relevance for the sustainability of its environment and that the omission of these would deprive the restoration project of evaluation criteria and the community of important resources for the development of a resilient city.

Abstract Throughout the team’s investigations, efforts were made to build knowledge about the Cementerio Municipal de La Plata, which we understand to be in danger. It is characterized by forming a funerary landscape subject to a hermeneutic interpretation that accounts for its production, its material and symbolic organization, the circulation and differential reception of meanings by the various social moments and sectors that make up and have made up the city and its surroundings. However, this knowledge constructed from the research did not manage to engage the public outside the academic sphere. Recognizing that knowledge should be a shared construction with the community to which the Universidad Nacional de La Plata is dedicated and serves, we have proposed to promote a dynamic, inclusive, and organized exchange with the residents of the locality where the cemetery is located. To this end, we aim to rescue the historical and current funerary heritage value of the cemetery, based on the commitment to build an active and engaged citizenship that appropriates, narrates, and experiences its own local history. Ultimately, the goal is to find a formula that allows us to integrate some of the theoretical aspects of our our analytical framework and resources as researchers with the interests of the community.

Resumen A lo largo de las investigaciones del equipo se procuró construir un saber sobre el Cementerio Municipal de La Plata el cual entendemos en peligro. El mismo se caracteriza por conformar un paisaje funerario sujeto a una hermenéutica que da cuenta de la producción de este, su ordenación material y simbólica, la circulación y recepción diferencial de sentidos por los distintos momentos y sectores sociales que conforman y han conformado la ciudad y sus alrededores. Sin embargo, estos saberes construidos desde las investigaciones no llegaban a interpelar al público por fuera del ámbito académico. Reconociendo que el conocimiento debe ser una construcción compartida con la comunidad a la que la Universidad Nacional de La Plata se dedica y sirve, nos hemos propuesto fomentar un intercambio dinámico, inclusivo y organizado con los residentes de la localidad donde se encuentra el cementerio. Para ello apuntamos a rescatar el valor patrimonial funerario histórico y actual del mismo, a partir del compromiso por construir una ciudadanía activa y comprometida con apropiarse, narrar y vivenciar su propia historia local. Se apunta, en definitiva, a buscar una fórmula que nos permitiera integrar algunas de las aristas teóricas de nuestro recorte analítico y recursos como investigadores con los intereses de la comunidad

Abstract This paper proposes a dialog between Brazilian archaeology and ethnology in order to understand intensive relationships among rock art elements. These interactions in rock art panels are analyzed in two regions of Minas Gerais (central Brazil), the Peruaçu River Valley and Diamantina, which have been studied by teams from the Archeology Sector of the Natural History Museum and Botanical Garden at the Federal University of Minas Gerais. We focus in this paper on the former region, but both are considered and feature many cases of interactions, in which new paintings or etchings are made on panels that already contain such rock art. The dialogue with ethnology focuses on some of the central notions presented in ethnographic studies and ethnological syntheses about Amerindian societies, mostly the strong relational character in their cosmologies and their understandings of non-human agency. The main finding from studying the broad-spanning indigenous graphic heritage from these two regions is to consider these relationships as a major element in the practice of rock art, a relationship in which both people and paintings are actors. elements Brazil, Brazil , Brazil) Diamantina region societies nonhuman non human agency broadspanning broad spanning actors

Resumo Este artigo se propõe a explorar o fenômeno das intensas interações entre grafismos rupestres, valendo-se da interlocução teórica entre Arqueologia e Etnologia indígena brasileiras. As interações em painéis rupestres são aqui analisadas em duas regiões de Minas Gerais: o Vale do Rio Peruaçu e Diamantina, áreas de pesquisa da equipe do Setor de Arqueologia do Museu de História Natural e Jardim Botânico da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), enfatizando-se a primeira. Em ambas, há numerosíssimos casos de interações, quando novas pinturas (ou gravuras) são compostas em painéis que já estavam pintados (e/ou gravados). A interlocução com a Etnologia que aqui se faz tem como foco algumas das noções centrais apresentadas nos trabalhos etnográficos e nas sínteses etnológicas sobre sociedades ameríndias, sobretudo o caráter intensamente relacional de suas cosmologias e suas concepções sobre agência de não humanos. A proposta central, a partir do estudo dos acervos gráficos dessas duas regiões de Minas Gerais, é pensar a relação como elemento crucial da prática de pintar paredes rochosas já pintadas, relação essa em que pessoas e pinturas são, ambas, sujeitos. valendose valendo brasileiras Diamantina UFMG, UFMG , (UFMG) enfatizandose enfatizando primeira ambas ou gravuras e/ou eou gravados. gravados . gravados) ameríndias humanos central pintadas sujeitos (UFMG

ABSTRACT This article seeks to reconstitute the ways in which the monjolo, an oriental hydraulic hammer brought to Brazil during the colonial period, was elected as symbol of the paulista identity by artists and men of letter between late 19th and early 20th century. As well as its incorporation by historical studies and museums. The articles also focus on how such artifacts was exposed in the São Paulo museums since its understand that musealization constituted a pivotal moment in this development. The cases here studied are the collections of the Museu Paulista, the Casa do Bandeirante museum and the commemorative exhibitions of the 4th centenary of the São Paulo city. monjolo period th century development Paulista city

RESUMO O artigo busca reconstituir a construção do monjolo, maquinismo de origem oriental trazido ao Brasil durante o período colonial como signo da identidade cultural de São Paulo por artistas e literatos entre o fim do séc. XIX e o início do séc. XX e a sua posterior incorporação pelo discurso historiográfico e museológico. O artigo focaliza, em especial, nos modos como tais artefatos foram agenciados nos museus da cidade de São Paulo por entender que a musealização constituiu momentos decisivos desse percurso. São abordados os casos dos acervos e exposições do Museu Paulista, da Casa do Bandeirante e das exposições comemorativas do IV centenário da cidade de São Paulo. monjolo séc museológico focaliza especial percurso Paulista

RESUMEN La Tumba 3 del Templo XVIII-A de Palenque es el lugar en donde se localizó el entierro primario más antiguo conocido hasta el momento en este sitio arqueológico y, por lo tanto, la fuente más importante para acercarnos a una parte de la historia temprana de esta ciudad. En la cámara fue enterrado un hombre con escoliosis idiopática severa acompañado de una mujer. El hombre tenía restos de cinabrio en su pelvis con fines conservativos y simbólicos. Su ajuar funerario consistía en platos y cuencos rojos y negros del complejo cerámico Motiepa, jades, conchas, una máscara y unas hachuelas de un cinturón ceremonial. Las paredes y las jambas estaban decoradas con un fondo blanco de estuco con figuras en rojo realizadas con cinabrio. Desde el descubrimiento de esta tumba se ha especulado sobre su posible dueño: K’uk B’ahlam (431-435), Ch’a (435-487), B’utz’aj Sak Chiik (487-501) y Ahku’l Mo’ Naahb’ I (501-524), ya que ha sido considerada como el modelo de K’ihnich Janaab’ Pakal para realizar su propio mausoleo en el Templo de las Inscripciones. Pero el enigma continúa ya que recientes pruebas de radiocarbono la ubican antes que todos ellos (250-420 d. C.).

ABSTRACT Tomb 3 of Temple XVIII-A of Palenque is where the oldest complete burial known to date in this archaeological site was located and, therefore, the most important source to get closer to part of the early history of this city. A man with severe idiopathic scoliosis accompanied by a woman was buried in the chamber. The man had traces of cinnabar in his pelvis for conservative and symbolic purposes. His grave goods consisted of red and black plates and bowls (from the Motiepa complex), jades, shells, a mask, and hatchets from a ceremonial belt. The walls and jambs were decorated with a white stucco background with red figures made with cinnabar. Since the discovery of this tomb, there has been speculation about its possible owner: K’uk B’ahlam (431-435), “Ch’a” (435-487), B’utz’aj Sak Chiik (487- 501) and Ahku’l Mo’ Naahb’ I (501-524) since it has been considered as the model for K’ihnich Janaab’ Pakal to build his own mausoleum in the Temple of the Inscriptions. But the enigma continues since recent radiocarbon tests placed it before all of them (250-420 AD).

Resumo No presente artigo, propõe-se um diálogo entre registros históricos e arqueológicos da Amazônia, partindo da história indígena de longa duração do médio Solimões, em especial de seu último período associado às ocupações da Tradição Polícroma da Amazônia (TPA). Para isso, tratamos da história das relações entre fontes escritas e dados arqueológicos na Amazônia, notando como a arqueologia do colonialismo e a arqueologia documental podem fortalecer a compreensão contextual do registro arqueológico e elucidar o período mais tardio das ocupações associadas à TPA na região. Em seguida, apresentamos brevemente os contextos e as fontes analisadas, os métodos utilizados, assim como os resultados obtidos. A pesquisa se estende até o início do século XX, mas maior enfoque é dado ao estudo dos séculos XVI a XVIII. Na discussão, o objetivo é o de reavaliar a própria história da TPA e suas periodizações. A conclusão leva a um debate sobre rumos para expandir as possibilidades do diálogo entre história, arqueologia e etnologia da Amazônia e sobre a arqueologia do colonialismo amazônico. artigo propõese propõe Solimões TPA. . (TPA) isso região seguida analisadas utilizados obtidos XX XVIII discussão periodizações amazônico (TPA

Abstract In this paper, we propose a dialogue between Amazonian historical and archaeological records from the perspective of the long-term Indigenous History of the Middle Solimões area, especially its last period associated with the occupations of the Amazonian Polychrome Tradition (TPA). To this end, we will deal with the history of the relationships between written sources and archaeological data in the Amazon, noting how the Archaeology of Colonialism and Documentary Archaeology can strengthen the contextual understanding of the archaeological record and elucidate the later period of occupations associated with TPA in the region. Then, the contexts and sources analyzed and the methods used, as well as the results obtained, are briefly presented. The results obtained extend until the beginning of the 20th century, but focus will be given to the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries. The objective of the final discussion is to reevaluate the history of TPA and its periodization. The conclusion leads to a debate on ways to expand the possibilities of dialogue between History, Archaeology and Ethnology of the Amazon and on the archaeology of Amazonian Colonialism. paper longterm long term area TPA. . (TPA) end region Then used presented th century centuries periodization (TPA