Abstract The Global South has witnessed increasing sampling of its immense biological diversity during the past century. However, the diversity of many regions remains unknown, even at pristine and highly threatened places, such as in the Atlantic Forest; and for bioindicator, umbrella, and flagship groups. The present study reports the first butterfly list of the Parque Estadual Intervales, São Paulo, Brazil and surroundings, a key protected area in the last massive continuous of the Atlantic Forest. We compiled data from museums and four years of field work, under three sampling methods. We also aimed at providing resources to support conservation efforts by analyzing 27 years of climatic data (detailed in the Supplementary Material, in English and in Portuguese), discussing our results also for non-academics, and producing scientific outreach and educational material. A companion article dealt with the experiences of science outreach and capacity development, and illustrated the butterfly catalogue of the species sampled in the park. We found 312 species that sum to 2,139 records. The museum had 229 species (432 records), and we sampled 142 species (1,682 individuals), in a total effort of 36,679 sampling hours (36,432 trap and 247 net and observation hours). The richest families were Nymphalidae (148 species) and Hesperiidae (100 species). Most species were sampled exclusively by active methods (79.8%), but other sources (passive sampling, citizen science, etc.) also found unique records. We found the highest diversity metrics from January to May, and we demonstrated that winter months had less richness and abundance. We illustrated the 20 species common to all regions, and listed those that were found more than seven months in the year, as well as the most abundant species in trap sampling, with forest dwellers as well as species common to open and fragmented areas. The dominant species in our trap datasets was the iridescent white morpho, Morpho epistrophus (Fabricius, 1796), and we suggest it to become the park butterfly mascot. century However unknown places Forest bioindicator umbrella groups Intervales Paulo surroundings work 2 detailed Material Portuguese, Portuguese , Portuguese) nonacademics, nonacademics non academics, academics non-academics material development 31 2139 139 2,13 records 22 432 (43 records, records) 14 1,682 1682 1 682 (1,68 individuals, individuals individuals) 36679 36 679 36,67 36,432 36432 (36,43 24 hours. . hours) 148 (14 100 (10 species. 79.8%, 798 79.8% 79 8 (79.8%) passive etc. etc May abundance year areas morpho Fabricius, Fabricius (Fabricius 1796, 1796 1796) mascot 3 213 13 2,1 43 (4 1,68 168 68 (1,6 3667 67 36,6 36,43 3643 (36,4 (1 10 79.8 7 (79.8% 179 21 2, 4 ( 1,6 16 6 (1, 366 36, 36,4 364 (36, 79. (79.8 17 1, (36 (79. (3 (79 (7

Resumo O Sul Global testemunhou crescente amostragem de sua imensa diversidade biológica durante o século passado. Entretanto, a diversidade de muitas regiões permanece desconhecida, mesmo em locais pristinos e altamente ameaçados, como na Mata Atlântica; e para grupos bioindicadores, guarda-chuva e emblemáticos. O presente estudo reporta a primeira lista de borboletas do Parque Estadual Intervales, São Paulo, Brasil e arredores, uma unidade de conservação chave no último maciço contínuo de Mata Atlântica. Compilamos dados de museus e quatro anos de campo, sob três métodos de amostragem. Também visamos oferecer recursos para apoiar os esforços de conservação, analisando 27 anos de dados climáticos (detalhados no Material Suplementar, em inglês e em português), discutindo nossos resultados numa linguagem também para não acadêmicos, e produzindo material de divulgação científica e educativos. Um artigo irmão tratou das experiências de divulgação científica e capacitação, e ilustrou o catálogo de borboletas das espécies amostradas no parque. Encontramos 312 espécies em 2.139 registros. O museu tinha 229 espécies (432 registros), e amostramos 142 espécies (1.682 indivíduos), em um esforço total de 36.679 horas de amostragem (36.432 armadilhas e 247 horas de rede e observação). As famílias mais ricas foram Nymphalidae (148 espécies) e Hesperiidae (100 espécies). A maioria das espécies foi amostrada exclusivamente por métodos ativos (79,8%), mas outras fontes (passiva, ciência cidadã, etc.) também encontraram registros únicos. Encontramos as maiores métricas de diversidade de janeiro a maio, e demonstramos que os meses de inverno tiveram menos riqueza e abundância. Ilustramos as 20 espécies comuns a todas as regiões, e listamos aquelas que foram encontradas em mais de sete meses no ano, bem como as espécies mais abundantes em armadilhas, com espécies florestais e também comuns em áreas abertas e fragmentadas. A espécie dominante em nossas armadilhas foi a morfo branca iridescente, Morpho epistrophus (Fabricius, 1796), e sugerimos que se torne a borboleta mascote do parque. passado Entretanto desconhecida ameaçados Atlântica bioindicadores guardachuva guarda chuva emblemáticos Intervales Paulo arredores campo 2 detalhados Suplementar português, português , português) acadêmicos educativos capacitação parque 31 2139 139 2.13 22 432 (43 registros, registros) 14 1.682 1682 1 682 (1.68 indivíduos, indivíduos indivíduos) 36679 36 679 36.67 36.432 36432 (36.43 24 observação. observação . observação) 148 (14 100 (10 espécies. 79,8%, 798 79,8% 79 8 (79,8%) passiva, passiva (passiva cidadã etc. etc únicos maio abundância ano fragmentadas iridescente Fabricius, Fabricius (Fabricius 1796, 1796 1796) 3 213 13 2.1 43 (4 1.68 168 68 (1.6 3667 67 36.6 36.43 3643 (36.4 (1 10 79,8 7 (79,8% 179 21 2. 4 ( 1.6 16 6 (1. 366 36. 36.4 364 (36. 79, (79,8 17 1. (36 (79, (3 (79 (7

Abstract Green areas in urban landscapes are under strong anthropogenic pressure, and, at the same time are fundamental to maintaining biodiversity, as they provide resources for many animal and plant species. Knowing these species is fundamental for its maintenance and conservation, and inventories are extremely important for monitoring fauna and conserving it. Therefore, the goal of this research is to inventory the butterflies species in the park of the Instituto Butantan (Ibu), located in an urban area in the city of São Paulo, southeast Brazil. The surveys of butterflies were conducted through visual censuses from August 2017 to July 2019 and recorded a total of 324 butterfly species. The most speciose family was Hesperiidae, followed by Nymphalidae, Lycaenidae, Pieridae, Riodinidae, and Papilionidae. Among the sampled species, there is Euselasia zara which is a new record for the state of São Paulo. Neither the species accumulation nor the richness estimator curves tended to reach an asymptote, suggesting that additional butterflies’ species will be recorded with more sampling effort on the site. Even with a flora composed mainly of exotic and ornamental plants, the park of Instituto Butantan exhibits a very rich butterfly community. This community exhibits a pattern of seasonally variation, with the peak of species richness related to the rainy season. When compared with Cidade Universitária Armando de Salles Oliveira (USP), another nearby urban green area, which is larger, more heterogeneous and sampled over a longer period, it is possible to notice that the Ibu butterfly community is a subsample of this larger one. These results highlight the potential that urban parks have for the maintenance and conservation of butterfly species. pressure biodiversity Therefore Ibu, , (Ibu) Paulo Brazil 201 32 Hesperiidae Nymphalidae Lycaenidae Pieridae Riodinidae Papilionidae asymptote site plants variation season USP, USP (USP) period one (Ibu 20 3 (USP 2

Abstract Staphylus evemerus Godman & Salvin, 1896 is a species with a unique set of morphological characters within Carcharodini. Also, mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) sequences analysis demonstrated a large genetic distance with other related genera of the tribe. Therefore, this paper aims to describe a new genus for this species, which is named as Uniphylus gen. nov. Besides the morphological redescription of the male of Uniphylus evemerus (Godman & Salvin, 1896) new comb., the description of the female is provided for the first time, as well as an updated distributional map with all records known so far for this species. Salvin 189 Carcharodini Also COI (COI tribe Therefore gen nov comb comb. time 18

Abstract Iguaçu National Park is the second largest (1852.62 km²) protected area in the Atlantic Forest domain and harbors the largest area of semideciduous seasonal forest in Brazil. In this study, we present 795 subspecies and 787 species of butterflies that occur in this protected area and its surrounding areas, collected over 15 years and ten months using different non-standardized sampling methods. We also searched for additional records in the literature, entomological collections, and citizen science platforms on the internet. Among the sampled taxa, six are recorded for the first time in Brazil: Emesis orichalceus Stichel, 1916, Theope p. pakitza Hall & Harvey, 1998 (Riodinidae), Elbella v. viriditas (Skinner, 1920), Apaustus gracilis ssp. n. (Hesperiidae), Deltaya sp. n. (Nymphalidae), and Symbiopsis sp. n. (Lycaenidae). Another six are listed as endangered in lists of butterflies of conservation concern. The records for some species significantly increase previously documented distributions. 1852.62 185262 1852 62 (1852.6 km² km Brazil study 79 78 areas 1 nonstandardized non standardized methods literature collections internet taxa Stichel 1916 p Harvey 199 Riodinidae, Riodinidae , (Riodinidae) v Skinner, Skinner (Skinner 1920, 1920 1920) ssp n Hesperiidae, Hesperiidae (Hesperiidae) sp Nymphalidae, Nymphalidae (Nymphalidae) Lycaenidae. Lycaenidae . (Lycaenidae) concern distributions 1852.6 18526 185 6 (1852. 7 191 19 (Riodinidae 192 (Hesperiidae (Nymphalidae (Lycaenidae 1852. 18 (1852 (185 (18 (1 (

Resumo O Parque Nacional do Iguaçu é a segunda maior Unidade de Conservação (1.852,62 km²) no domínio Mata Atlântica, abrigando a maior área de Floresta Estacional Semidecídua no Brasil. Neste estudo apresentamos uma lista com 795 subespécies e 787 espécies de borboletas que ocorrem nesta Unidade de Conservação e seus arredores, coligida ao longo de 15 anos e dez meses através do uso de diferentes métodos de amostragem não padronizados. Nós também procuramos por registros adicionais na literatura, coleções entomológicas e plataformas de ciência cidadã na internet. Dentre os táxons amostrados, seis são registrados pela primeira vez para o Brasil: Emesis orichalceus Stichel, 1916, Theope p. pakitza Hall & Harvey, 1998 (Riodinidae), Elbella v. viriditas (Skinner, 1920), Apaustus gracilis ssp. n. (Hesperiidae), Deltaya sp. n. (Nymphalidae) e Symbiopsis sp. n. (Lycaenidae). Outras seis espécies são consideradas ameaçadas de extinção em listas de borboletas de interesse para a conservação. Os registros de algumas espécies aumentam significativamente as suas distribuições previamente documentadas. 1.852,62 185262 1 852 62 (1.852,6 km² km Atlântica Brasil 79 78 arredores padronizados literatura internet amostrados Stichel 1916 p Harvey 199 Riodinidae, Riodinidae , (Riodinidae) v Skinner, Skinner (Skinner 1920, 1920 1920) ssp n Hesperiidae, Hesperiidae (Hesperiidae) sp Nymphalidae (Nymphalidae Lycaenidae. Lycaenidae . (Lycaenidae) conservação documentadas 1.852,6 18526 85 6 (1.852, 7 191 19 (Riodinidae 192 (Hesperiidae (Lycaenidae 1.852, 1852 8 (1.852 1.852 185 (1.85 1.85 18 (1.8 1.8 (1. 1. (1 (

Abstract In a secondary mixed forest in Guatemala City, field surveys (collecting, photographing, and observations) of butterflies were conducted from November 2014 to October 2019, which yielded 109 species in 77 genera from 17 subfamilies of 6 families of the order Lepidoptera. Species richness and composition varied highly among months, showing no marked seasonal patterns between the dry and rainy seasons. The results suggest that a small and isolated woodland can harbor a rich lepidopteran fauna, and that this type of habitat is of great importance for the maintenance of insect diversity in urban areas subject to constant environmental degradation. This is the first study on Lepidoptera conducted across multiple years in Guatemala City, and serves as a baseline for biodiversity conservation studies in the metropolitan area.

Resumen En un bosque secundario mixto de la Ciudad de Guatemala se realizó trabajo de campo (recolectas, fotografías y observaciones) de mariposas diurnas, entre noviembre de 2014 a octubre de 2019. Se registraron 109 especies de 77 géneros, 17 subfamilias y 6 familias del orden Lepidoptera. La riqueza y composición de especies difieren considerablemente entre los meses, sin presentar patrones estacionales evidentes entre la estación seca y la lluviosa. Los resultados sugieren que este bosque pequeño y aislado tiene una riqueza alta de lepidópteros y que este tipo de hábitat es de gran importancia para mantener la diversidad de insectos en las zonas urbanas que están sujetas al constante deterioro ambiental. Este es el primer estudio que comprende varios años de muestreo de lepidópteros en la Ciudad de Guatemala y sirve de línea base para estudios de conservación de la biodiversidad en la zona metropolitana.

Abstract: The present communication deals with eight species of Hesperiidae recorded for the first time from different localities in the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir during 2018 to 2020. These include Burara oedipodea belesis, Matapa aria, Erionota torus, Udaspes folus, Coladenia indrani indrani, Tagiades cohaerens cynthia, Celaenorrhinus dhanada and Pseudocoladenia fatih. The information on the current extant and their known distribution till now has been given along with the photographs. These records will be helpful in updating the range distribution of butterflies in north western Himalayas.

Resumen: La presente comunicación trata de ocho especies de Hesperiidae registradas por primera vez en diferentes localidades del territorio de la Unión de Jammu y Cachemira durante los años 2018 a 2020. Entre ellas se encuentran Burara oedipodea belesis, Matapa aria, Erionota torus, Udaspes folus, Coladenia indrani indrani, Tagiades cohaerens cynthia, Celaenorrhinus dhanada y Pseudocoladenia fatih. Junto con las fotografías se entrega información sobre su estado actual y distribución conocida hasta el momento. Estos registros serán útiles para actualizar el rango de distribución de las mariposas en el noroeste del Himalaya.

Resumen Objetivo. Dado que el Bioma Bosque seco tropical (Bs-T) en Colombia está en peligro y por ende puede desaparecer, se da conocer por primera vez una lista de las especies de mariposas (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea-Papilionoidae) para Colombia, se indican los vacíos de información existentes en algunas regiones y se proponen algunas especies típicas del Bs-T. Metodología. A partir de una revisión de literatura, salidas de campo, consulta de colecciones biológicas y ayuda de algunos especialistas se genera una lista taxonómica de mariposas para este ecosistema. Resultados. Un total de 2222 registros y 1825 individuos fueron revisados que corresponden a 662 especies, donde la familia Nymphalidae presento 274 especies, seguida por Hesperiidae con 183, Riodinidae 69, Pieridae 52, Lycaenidae 73 y Papilionidae con 21 especies. Además se proponen y figuran 15 especies de mariposas características de este tipo de ecosistema. Alcance. Se aporta conocimiento sobre la diversidad mariposas para un ecosistema en estado crítico como lo es el Bs-T, al igual que se genera una aproximación sobre su riqueza que permite proponer estrategias de conservación para el ecosistema.

Abstract Objective. To present for the first time the list of butterfly species (Lepidoptera: HesperioideaPapilionoidae) for the Tropical Dry Forest (Bs-T) of Colombia, the information gaps in some regions are indicated and some are proposed typical species of Bs-T. Methodology. Based on a review of literature, field trips, consultation of biological collections and the help of some specialists, a taxonomic list of butterflies for this ecosystem is proposed. Results. A total of 2222 records and 1825 individuals were reviewed corresponding to 662 species, where the Nymphalidae family presented 274 species, followed by Hesperiidae with 183, Riodinidae 69, Pieridae 52, Lycaenidae 73 and Papilionidae with 21 species. In addition, 15 species of butterflies characteristic of this type of ecosystem are proposed and listed. Scope. Knowledge is provided about the diversity of butterflies for an ecosystem in critical condition such as Bs-T, as well as an approximation of its wealth that allows to propose conservation strategies for the ecosystem.

Resumen El Patía, (Cauca, Colombia) es una zona caracterizada por ser vulnerable a intervenciones antrópicas y fenómenos naturales, lo cual motiva a realizar estudios que reflejen las dinámicas ecológicas empleando organismos indicadores biológicos como las mariposas. Esta investigación evaluó el efecto de la matriz ganadera sobre la comunidad de mariposas diurnas (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) en Las Martas y La Pachuca, dos fragmentos de bosque seco del Patía. Se emplearon dos métodos de captura: jama entomológica y trampas van Someren Rydon cebadas con pescado y banano descompuestos, establecidos en dos transectos de 300 m cada uno, para cada fragmento. Los muestreos se realizaron entre septiembre 2014 y febrero 2015. Entre los dos fragmentos se registraron 679 individuos, distribuidos en seis familias Nymphalidae (61,12 %), Pieridae (19,00 %), Hesperiidae (13,99 %), Papilionidae (2,65 %), Lycaenidae (2,21 %) y Riodinidae (1,03 %), 14 subfamilias y 81 especies. El coeficiente de Jaccard obtuvo 0,43 de similitud entre la comunidad de lepidópteros diurnos, compartiendo 35 especies del total registrado. La eficiencia del muestreo estuvo entre 48,38 y 67,9 %, sugiriendo continuar con los muestreos en los fragmentos. Se concluye que existe un fuerte efecto de la ganadería extensiva en la comunidad de lepidópteros diurnos, sin embargo, las especies que se registraron como euritopas y estenotopas pueden ser clave para elaborar planes de conservación basados en corredores biológicos.

Abstract The Patía region (Cauca, Colombia) is an area that is vulnerable to anthropic interventions and natural phenomena; this condition motivated the realization of this study, which reflects the ecological dynamics of using butterflies as biological indicator organisms. This research evaluated the effects of the cattle ranching matrix on the community of diurnal butterflies (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera), in two fragments of Patía dry forest, Cauca: Las Martas and La Pachuca. Two capture methods were used: entomological net and van Someren Rydon traps primed with fish and decomposed banana, and established in two transects of 300 m each, for each fragment. Sampling was carried out from September 2014 to February 2015. Between the two fragments were 679 individuals distributed in six families: Nymphalidae (61.12 %), Pieridae (19.00 %), Hesperiidae (13.99 %), Lycaenidae (2.21 %), Papilionidae 2.65 %) and Riodinidae (1.03 %), 14 subfamilies and 81 species. The Jaccard coefficient of 0.43 showed similarity among the diurnal lepidopteran community, which shared 35 species of the total recorded. The sampling efficiency was between 48.38 and 67.9 %, which suggesting continuity in the sampling of the fragments. It is concluded that a strong effect of extensive cattle ranching exists in the community of diurnal Lepidoptera, however, the species that were registered as euritopes and stenotopes may be key to developing conservation plans based on biological corridors.

Resumen Con aproximadamente 486 especies, Hesperiidae es una de las familias más diversas de mariposas de Costa Rica. A pesar de eso, en pocas listas de especies locales son incluidas. En este trabajo, presentamos información sobre la estacionalidad, abundancia e historia natural de los hespéridos de la Reserva Ecológica Leonelo Oviedo. Ésta reserva se encuentra dentro de una matriz urbanizada y por un período de dos años se realizaron muestreos mensuales a lo largo de un sendero de 270 m que la atraviesa. Las recolectas se llevaron a cabo desde las 08:00 hasta las 12:00, atrapando todos los individuos encontrados a cada lado del sendero a una distancia de hasta 5 m. Para representar mejor la riqueza de especies, se siguió recolectando individuos de manera aleatoria por más de diez años posteriores al muestreo inicial. Consecuentemente, estos individuos no fueron incluidos en el análisis estadístico realizado. Se tomaron fotografías de todas las especies obtenidas en total, para proporcionar una guía de identificación de especies. Ademas, para las especies crípticas se realizaron disecciones e ilustraciones de los genitales masculinos. Para el análisis de diversidad se utilizó el índice de Shannon con logaritmo en base dos y analizando los datos por separado de las estación lluviosa y seca. Para la comparación de riqueza y abundancia se realizó una prueba G y se obtuvo que hay mayor diversidad y abundancia durante la estación seca. Se utilizó el paquete vegan R para un análisis de conglomerados de Jaccard con un indice Ward de mínima varianza. Con el Paquete R pvclust la incertidumbre de los conglomerados se realizó con un bootstrap de 10 000 interacciones. 423 individuos de 49 especies fueron incluidas en el análisis estadístico, de un total de 435 individuos de 58 especies tratadas en este trabajo. Con el análisis de conglomerados fue posible determinar que la diversidad de Hesperiidae en las dos estaciones lluviosas analizadas se agrupan significativamente (P = 0.05). Lo mismo que sucede con las estaciones secas (P = 0.05). La Reserva presenta conectividad con otras áreas boscosas a través de una quebrada. Durante la estación lluviosa, el crecimiento vegetativo aumenta el paso de individuos lo que puede propiciar la llegada de nuevas especies que no necesariamente son residentes permanentes de la Reserva y establecerse en pequeñas poblaciones que incrementan la diversidad y abundancia temporalmente, Lo anterior, mas las variaciones estacionales en la disponibilidad de recursos explican la similitud de la composición de especies entre cada una de las estaciones.

Abstract Hesperiidae is one of the most diverse families of butterflies in Costa Rica, with approximately 486 species. Even so, there are few butterfly lists where this group has been included. In this paper, we present information on seasonality, abundance and natural history features of this family for the Leonelo Oviedo Ecological Reserve (RELO), a 2 ha forest embedded in an urban matrix. Over the course of two years, a monthly sampling was carried out on a 270 m trail across the Reserve from 08:00 to 12:00, collecting all the individuals located within 5 m on each side of the trail. To better represent the richness, individuals were also randomly collected for more than ten years, but the butterflies collected in this way were not included in the statistical analysis. Photographs were taken of all the species in order to provide an identification guide. For the cryptic species, drawings and dissections of the genitalia were made. For the community indexes we used Microsoft Excel and the Shannon index with base two logarithm. For the summary of the monthly data analysis were done according to dry and wet season. For a comparison of richness and abundance we did a g-test to evaluate if there are differences between seasons; however, with the use of the R package vegan a hierarchical cluster analysis was done using the Jaccard index with Wards minimum variance agglomerative method. With R package pvclust the uncertainty of the clusters based on a bootstrap with 10 000 iterations. 423 individuals of 49 species were included in the statistical analysis, from a total of 435 individuals of 58 species. A tendency to greater richness and abundance of skippers was found during the dry season. Through the cluster analysis, it was possible to determine that in relation to the diversity of skippers, both wet seasons are grouped significantly (P = 0.05). The dry seasons are also grouped significantly (P = 0.05). The reserve has connectivity with other green areas via a stream. During the wet season, plant growth increases connectivity, which could lead to the entry of new individuals of different species that are not permanent residents of RELO and establish small populations, increasing the richness and abundance of species. This added to the variation in the occurrence of some species of butterflies in response to seasonal variations and differences in the availability of resources in different seasons explains the grouping of species between seasons.

Resumo Apesar de ser um dos grupos mais bem estudados no Brasil, as borboletas da região Nordeste, especialmente ao norte da foz do Rio São Francisco, são ainda pouco conhecidas. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar um inventário da fauna de borboletas em um fragmento de Floresta Atlântica no estado de Pernambuco, como uma contribuição para compreensão sobre a distribuição desses insetos. O estudo foi realizado em um fragmento de Floresta Atlântica de 384.7 hectares do Parque Estadual Dois Irmãos, localizado na região metropolitana de Recife. As borboletas foram amostradas mensalmente, de agosto de 2011 a julho de 2012 e de janeiro a agosto de 2016, com auxílio de redes entomológicas. Registros adicionais foram obtidos de duas Coleções Entomológicas e de duas coletas prévias em julho de 2003 e agosto de 2006. Um total de 273 espécies foi registrado em 464 horas e 15 espécies adicionais registradas a partir de Coleções Entomológicas, totalizando 288 espécies de borboletas registradas. A família mais rica foi Hesperiidae (108 espécies), seguida por Nymphalidae (80), Lycaenidae (43), Riodinidae (37), Pieridae (16) e Papilionidae (4). A fauna de borboletas foi dominada por espécies generalistas com uma ampla distribuição geográfica, muitas delas encontradas comumente em áreas abertas, bordas de mata e em vegetação secundária. Roeberella lencates (Hewitson, 1875) e Pheles atricolor atricolor (Butler, 1871) (Riodinidae) representam um novo registro para o Nordeste do Brasil.

Abstract Despite being one of the groups most well studied in Brazil, the butterfly fauna of northeastern Brazil, especially north of the mouth of São Francisco River, is poorly known. The aim of this study was to inventory the butterfly fauna in a remnant of Atlantic Forest in the state of Pernambuco as a contribution to understanding the distribution of these insects. The study was carried out in a 384.7 hectares fragment of Parque Estadual Dois Irmãos, in the metropolitan region of Recife. The butterflies were sampled monthly with insect nets from August 2011 to July 2012 and from January to August 2016. Additional records were obtained from two entomological collections and from two previous visits to the area in July 2003 and August 2006. A total of 273 species was sampled in 464 hours, with an additional 15 species recorded from the Entomological Collections, totaling 288 butterfly species recorded. The richest family was Hesperiidae (108 species), followed by Nymphalidae (80), Lycaenidae (43) Riodinidae (37), Pieridae (16) and Papilionidae (4). The fauna was dominated by generalist species with a broad geographical distribution, many of them commonly found on open areas, forest edges and secondary vegetation. Roeberella lencates (Hewitson, 1875) and Pheles atricolor atricolor (Butler, 1871) (Riodinidae) represent new records for northeastern Brazil.

Abstract: A thorough study on the taxonomic composition and altitudinal distribution of butterflies (superfamily Papilionoidea) in the Sierra Mazateca, Oaxaca is presented. Systematic field collecting was conducted in 12 localities between 90 and 2200 meters above sea level, representing all the climate and vegetation types and subtypes. Field work inlcuded two approaches: searches with entomological nets in different microhabitats, and placement of 5-7 Van Someren-Rydon traps baited with fermented banana. This work yielded 3,108 specimens, with their taxonomic identification, and the review of 89 specimens and 302 database records of the MARIPOSA database, at the Museo de Zoología de la Facultad de Ciencias de la UNAM, and data from other Mexican collections, generated an integrated list of 460 taxones included in 6 families, 19 subfamilies and 246 genera. Of these, 353 taxones are new records for the Sierra Mazateca, and 4 are new to the state of Oaxaca. The most diverse family was Nymphalidae (168 taxones), followed by Hesperiidae (141 taxones), Lycaenidae (57 taxones), Pieridae (42 taxones), Riodinidae (33 taxones) and Papilionidae (19 taxones). The better represented genera were: Urbanus Hübner, Calephelis Grote & Robinson, Adelpha Hübner, Anthanassa Scudder, 1875, Hamadryas Hübner, Eurema Hübner, Autochton Hübner, Chlosyne A. Butler, Parides Hübner, Heliconius Kluk, Memphis Hübner, Emesis Fabricius, Catasticta A. Butler, and Astraptes Hübner y Phoebis Hübner. Based on the species accumulation curve, using the Clench model, 71.3% (380 taxones) of the total estimated for the area was collected, and 87.2% of the total estimate considering additional collections. Regarding altitudinal distribution, 77% (360 taxones) occurred between 90-500 masl, making this interval the most diverse in the Sierra.

Resumen: Se realizó un estudio sobre la composición y distribución altitudinal de las mariposas diurnas (superfamilia Papilionoidea) en la Sierra Mazateca, Oaxaca. Se efectuaron recolectas sistemáticas en 12 localidades ubicadas entre los 90 y 2200 msnm, que representan los tipos y subtipos climáticos y de vegetación del área. En las recolectas se emplearon dos técnicas: búsqueda dirigida con red entomológica aérea en los diferentes microhábitats y colocación de cinco a siete trampas Van Someren-Rydon cebadas con plátano fermentado. Este trabajo permitió obtener 3,108 ejemplares, cuya determinación taxonómica y la revisión de 89 ejemplares y 302 registros de la base de datos Mariposa, del Museo de Zoología de la Facultad de Ciencias de la UNAM y los datos provenientes de otras colecciones mexicanas, generaron una lista integrada de 460 taxones, incluidos en seis familias, 19 subfamilias y 246 géneros. De éstos, 353 taxones son nuevos registros para la Sierra Mazateca y 4 son nuevos para el estado de Oaxaca. La familia más diversa fue Nymphalidae (168 taxones), seguida Hesperiidae (141 taxones), Lycaenidae (57 taxones), Pieridae (42 taxones), Riodinidae (33 taxones) y Papilionidae (19 taxones). Los géneros mejor representados en cuanto a riqueza fueron: Urbanus Hübner, Calephelis Grote & Robinson, Adelpha Hübner, Anthanassa Scudder, 1875, Hamadryas Hübner, Eurema Hübner, Autochton Hübner, Chlosyne A. Butler, Parides Hübner, Heliconius Kluk, Memphis Hübner, Emesis Fabricius, Catasticta A. Butler, Astraptes Hübner y Phoebis Hübner. Con base en la curva de acumulación de especies, empleando el modelo de Clench, se recolectaron el 71.3% (380 taxones) de lo estimado para el área y un total de 87.2% de lo estimado considerando las colecciones adicionales. Respecto a la distribución altitudinal el 77% (360 taxones) son frecuentes en los 90-500 msnm.

Se proporciona información taxonómica con datos de distribución y comentarios adicionales para 43 especies de mariposas saltarinas del género Dalla (Hesperiidae: Heteropterinae) en Colombia. Se presentan fotografías de todas las especies y se ilustran algunos órganos genitales con el fin de proporcionar información para la identificación adecuada de las especies del país.

Taxonomic information is provided with distribution data and additional comments for 43 species of butterflies of the genus Dalla (Hesperiidae: Heteropterinae) in Colombia. Photographs of all species are presented and some genitalia are illustrated in order to provide information for the proper identification of the Colombian species.

ABSTRACT Moncini is the tribe of Hesperiidae that comprises the greatest diversity of small, brown, hard to identify skippers. The group is peculiarly classified as having many monotypic genera, thus offering low informative value to its systematics. This study presents a review of the genus Gallio Evans, 1955, a genus formerly recognized as monotypic, and describes three new species, Gallio imperatriz sp. nov. from Maranhão, Brazil, Gallio furtadoi sp. nov. from Mato Grosso, Brazil and Gallio eti sp. nov. from Madre de Díos, Peru and Acre, Brazil (type locality). A lectotype for Vehilius carasta Schaus, 1902 is designated. Gallio is therefore redescribed and illustrations and diagnosis to its species are provided.

A faunal butterfly study was conducted in a semi-deciduous tropical forest of Tzucacab, to the south of the state of Yucatán. During the rainy season, from May to October 2012, butterflies were collected at 18 sites. A total of 1,035 individuals belonging to 6 families, 82 genera and 99 species were obtained, of which 4 species are new records for the State of Yucatán. The family Nymphalidae was the most diverse with 42 species, followed by Hesperiidae (19), Lycaenidae (14) and Pieridae (13). The less diverse families were Riodinidae (7) and Papilionidae (5). The butterflies were mainly nectarivorous (41.4%), in less percentage yeast-feeding (19.2%) and mud-puddling (1%); 38.3% had more than one feed habit. Species richness of butterflies found in this area corresponds to 28.5% of the species recorded for Yucatán.

Este estudio presenta la fauna de mariposas en la selva mediana subcaducifolia de la zona sur, municipio de Tzucacab, del estado de Yucatán. Durante la temporada de lluvias, entre mayo y octubre de 2012 se recolectaron mariposas en 18 sitios. Se obtuvo un total de 1,035 individuos pertenecientes a 6 familias, 82 géneros y 99 especies; 4 especies representan nuevos registros para Yucatán. La familia Nymphalidae fue la más diversa con el mayor número de especies (42), seguida de Hesperiidae (19), Lycaenidae (13) y Pieridae (13), mientras que Riodinidae y Papilionidae tuvieron menor número (7 y 5, respectivamente). Las mariposas presentaron principalmente el hábito alimenticio nectarívoro (41.4%) y en menor porcentaje el acimófago (19.2%) e hidrófilo (1%); el 38.3% presentaron más de un tipo de hábito alimenticio. La riqueza de mariposas encontrada en esta área de estudio corresponde al 28.5% de las especies registradas para Yucatán.

Based on a thorough analysis of the literature on Lepidoptera associated with Mexico, and a review of the database MARIPOSA (> 500 000 records and specimens), a synthesis of the global Lepidoptera diversity is presented, including estimates and proportions of diversity and endemism in Mexico. In addition, a detailed examination of the species richness and endemism of one of the best-known families in Mexico, Papilionoidea s. lat., is provided, preceded by a summary of state-level, habitat-specific and transect-based research on Lepidoptera diversity conducted over the past 3 decades. In summary, Mexico hosts about 14 500 documented species of Lepidoptera, with about 23 750 species estimated. These figures suggest that 10% of the world's Lepidoptera taxa are represented in Mexico. Among Papilionoidea, similarly, about 10% of the world's taxa are reported from Mexico. Percentages of endemic species for the various families of Papilionoidea in Mexico are: Hesperiidae 15.83%, Papilionidae 6.3%, Pieridae 12.98%, Lycaenidae 5.27%, Riodinidae 11.86% and Nymphalidae 16.29%. When subspecies are considered, 22.2% of these taxa are endemic to Mexico, almost a quarter of all subspecies in the country. The number of endemic taxa represented in each state and biogeographic province is tabulated from a list of about 450 endemic subspecies. Oaxaca and the Sierra Madre del Sur represent the state and biogeographic province with the highest proportion of endemic taxa, while Chiapas and the Gulf Coast region represent the state and biogeographic province hosting the greatest overall diversity.

Con base en un análisis exhaustivo de la bibliografía de Lepidoptera relacionada con México y en la revisión de la megabase MARIPOSA (>500 000 registros y ejemplares), se presenta una síntesis sobre la riqueza mundial, sus estimados y sus proporciones con México, así como un examen detallado de la distribución de la riqueza y el endemismo de Papilionoidea s. lat., una de las superfamilias mejor conocidas para México. La distribución va precedida por un resumen de las contribuciones del equipo respecto a estudios estatales, fisiográficos y vegetacionales realizados durante las últimas 3 décadas. En cifras resumidas, se estima que México contiene 23 750 especies de Lepidoptera, con cerca de 14 500 descritas y documentadas. La cifra real y la estimada se acercan al 10% de representación en México. Lo mismo ocurre con el porcentaje de Papilionoidea (s. lat.) de México respecto al mundial. Los porcentajes de endemismo en especies de las familias de Papilionoidea para el país fueron: Hesperiidae 15.83%, Papilionidae 6.3%, Pieridae 12.98%, Lycaenidae 5.27%, Riodinidae 16.29% y Nymphalidae 11.86%. Si se consideran las subespecies, el endemismo en general aumenta a 22.2%, casi la cuarta parte de los taxones de este nivel. Se tabula el número de especies y las endémicas representadas en cada estado y provincia biogeográfica a partir de una lista con cerca de 450 subespecies endémicas. El estado de Oaxaca y la provincia biogeográfica Sierra Madre del Sur contienen la mayor singularidad proporcional por su endemismo, mientras que Chiapas y la provincia Costa del Golfo de México contienen la mayor riqueza.