ABSTRACT The teaching of human parasitology is essential for students of health sciences, especially medicine, because it is a major global public health problem―occurring with high frequency in low-income countries―and because of its presence in countries considered developed. In this sense, it is estimated that worldwide there are 2,800 million individuals infected with soil-transmitted helminths, 20 to 30% people infected with Toxoplasma gondii, 300 to 500 million new cases of malaria per year, and nearly 15 million Latin Americans with Chagas disease, an infection caused by Trypanosoma cruzi. This narrative review article analyzes information available in digital repositories on aspects of the traditional educational program of human or medical parasitology using descriptors or keywords closely related to the topic. The reviewed articles were mainly those published in peer-reviewed, indexed and prestigious scientific journals. Moreover, the traditional program of parasitology and the prevailing pedagogy are described with the purpose of encouraging discussion on the methods that lead to its learning. Also, given the dynamic nature of this process and the constant challenges that must be faced in this field, said information can help to explore new ways of teaching parasitology in answer to the demands of the context. In conclusion, parasitic diseases have affected humankind throughout history, causing illness, disability and death in millions of people. Therefore, among the measures to fight such a terrible scourge, the training of more and better professionals in the area is promoted due to their leading role in the design and execution of control programs. As a result, the need to describe in detail the characteristics of the traditional teaching of this branch of knowledge arises―as shown in this paper―in view of the new human teaching methods: participatory learning, problem-based learning and Internetassisted learning.

RESUMEN Es fundamental la enseñanza de la parasitología humana para los estudiantes de las carreras de ciencias de la salud, especialmente la médica, por ser un importante problema de salud pública con distribución mundial, con alta frecuencia en países de bajos recursos económicos y por su presencia en aquellos países considerados desarrollados. En este sentido, se estima que existen en el mundo 2800 millones de individuos infectados con geohelmintos, 20 % a 30 % de infectados con Toxoplasma gondii, 300 a 500 millones de casos nuevos de malaria al año y aproximadamente 15 millones de latinoamericanos con enfermedad de Chagas, una enfermedad causada por el Trypanosoma cruzi. En este artículo de revisión narrativa se analiza información disponible en repositorios digitales sobre aspectos del programa pedagógico tradicional de la parasitología humana o médica, para lo cual se emplearon descriptores o palabras clave en estrecha relación con el tema. Los artículos que se revisaron principalmente fueron aquellos publicados en revistas científicas arbitradas, indexadas y de reconocido prestigio. Asimismo, se describen el programa tradicional de parasitología y la pedagogía prevalente empleada, con el propósito de fomentar el debate sobre los métodos que conducen a su aprendizaje. Por otro lado, si se consideran el carácter dinámico que posee este proceso y los constantes desafíos que deben afrontarse en este campo, esta información puede ayudar a explorar nuevas formas de enseñar la parasitología en respuesta a las exigencias del contexto. En conclusión, las enfermedades parasitarias han afectado a la humanidad a lo largo de la historia, y han causado enfermedades, discapacidad y la muerte de millones de personas. Por tanto, entre las medidas para combatir tan terrible flagelo se señala la capacitación de más y mejores profesionales en el área, por su papel preponderante en el diseño y ejecución de los programas de control, de lo que se desprende la necesidad de describir en detalle las características de la enseñanza tradicional de esta rama del conocimiento ―como se muestra en el contenido de este escrito― en virtud de la existencia de nuevos métodos de enseñanza humana: la enseñanza participativa, aprendizaje basado en problemas y aprendizaje asistido por internet.

Abstract 19. Gastrointestinal parasitism is very common in horses in northeastern Argentina, where it is often subclinical, leading to losses in body development and reduced animal performance. The objective of this study was to characterize the population of gastrointestinal nematodes in horses from the town of Gobernador Virasoro, Corrientes, used in the artisanal production of bricks. An observational cross-sectional descriptive study design was used and non-probability convenience sampling was performed. The number of eggs per gram of feces was determined by coprological examinations (modified McMaster technique), and all samples with the presence of gastrointestinal nematode eggs were considered positive. Morphologically, eggs of the order Strongylida were distinguished from eggs of Parascaris equorum and Oxyuris equi and the possible combinations between them. Parasitic genera of the order Strongylida were identified from pool coprocultures, differentiating between large and small strongyles. The results showed that 94.79% of the samples were positive, of which 83.43% corresponded to the order Strongylida only, 10.98% to the combination with eggs of P. equorum and 5.59% to the combination with eggs of O. equi. The highest average number of eggs belonged to the Strongylida order, with 90.55% corresponding to small strongyles. The results of this study suggest that gastrointestinal parasitism is a major problem in the working horse population of Gobernador Virasoro and could have a negative impact on animal health and performance.

Resumen 15. En el nordeste argentino son muy frecuentes las parasitosis gastrointestinales en los equinos, presentes de forma subclínica, provocando pérdidas en el desarrollo corporal y disminución en el rendimiento de los animales. El objetivo fue caracterizar la población de los nematodos gastrointestinales en equinos de la localidad de Gobernador Virasoro (Corrientes) a través del examen coprológico, utilizados como animal de trabajo en la fabricación artesanal de ladrillos. Se utilizó un diseño de estudio observacional transversal descriptivo, para ello se realizaron muestreos de conveniencia de tipo no probabilísticos. Se realizó el recuento de huevos por gramo de materia fecal mediante estudios coprológicos (técnica de McMaster modificada), donde se consideró como positivas a todas aquellas muestras con presencia de huevos de nematodos gastrointestinales. Se diferenció morfológicamente entre huevos del orden Strongylida y huevos de Parascaris equorum y Oxyuris equi, y las combinaciones que pudieran presentarse entre ellos. Los géneros parasitarios del orden Strongylida se identificaron a partir de coprocultivos en pool diferenciando entre grandes y pequeños estrongilos. El 94,79% de las muestras fueron positivas, de las cuales el 83,43% correspondieron únicamente al orden Strongylida, el 10,98% a la combinación con huevos de P. equorum, y el 5,59% a la combinación con huevos de O. equi. Los mayores promedios de recuentos de huevos pertenecieron al orden Strongylida, donde mediante coprocultivo se determinó que el 90,55% correspondió a pequeños estróngilos. Los resultados de este estudio sugieren que la parasitosis gastrointestinal es un problema importante en la población de equinos de trabajo de Gobernador Virasoro, y podrían tener un impacto negativo en la salud y el rendimiento de los animales.

RESUMO O Brasil possui mais de 1.800 espécies de aves catalogadas. Quando mantidos em cativeiro, esses animais podem ser susceptíveis a vários tipos de patógenos, inclusive como parasitos gastrointestinais. No entanto, a falta de informações sobre os principais tipos de parasitos que infectam esses animais e as relações parasito-hospedeiro acabam sendo fatores limitantes na manutenção da saúde dessas aves. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever o levantamento de helmintos e protozoários de aves exóticas e silvestres cativas da região Nordeste do Brasil. Para isso, amostras fecais (n = 182 pools) foram coletadas de 656 aves em cativeiro, pertencentes a 9 ordens e a 53 espécies. As análises parasitológicas foram realizadas por técnicas de Mini-FLOTAC®, flotação em sacarose, exame direto e coloração de Ziehl-Neelsen, além da sedimentação por centrifugação. Todos os dados foram analisados usando o software InStat, com um nível de significância definido em P<0,05. Parasitos gastrointestinais foram encontrados em 84,07% (153/182; P<0,0001) das amostras analisadas. Foram identificados 18 tipos de parasitos, sendo os enteroparasitos o mais frequentes: Cryptosporidium sp. (52,28%; P= 0,008), coccídeos não esporulados (41,17%; P= 0,0001), Entamoeba sp. (46,40%; P= 0,0480), Giardia sp. (18,33%; P= 0,0001), Strongyloides sp. (19,60%; P= 0,0001) e Trichostrongylidae (16,33%; P= 0,0001). As aves de rapina (n=17, 94,44%; P= 0,0004) e os psitaciformes (n=12, 66,67%; P=0,0001) apresentaram os maiores percentuais de infecção por endoparasitos gastrointestinais. 1800 1 800 1.80 catalogadas cativeiro patógenos entanto parasitohospedeiro parasito hospedeiro isso n pools 65 5 MiniFLOTAC®, MiniFLOTAC Mini FLOTAC®, FLOTAC Mini-FLOTAC® sacarose ZiehlNeelsen, ZiehlNeelsen Ziehl Neelsen, Neelsen Ziehl-Neelsen centrifugação InStat P005 P 0 05 P<0,05 8407 84 07 84,07 153/182 153182 153 (153/182 P<0,0001 P00001 0001 analisadas frequentes sp 52,28% 5228 52 28 (52,28% 0,008, 0008 0,008 , 008 0,008) 41,17% 4117 41 17 (41,17% 0,0001, 00001 0,0001 46,40% 4640 46 40 (46,40% 0,0480, 00480 0,0480 0480 0,0480) 18,33% 1833 33 (18,33% 19,60% 1960 19 60 (19,60% 16,33% 1633 16 (16,33% 0,0001. . n=17, n17 (n=17 94,44% 9444 94 44 0,0004 00004 0004 n=12, n12 12 (n=12 66,67% 6667 66 67 P=0,0001 180 80 1.8 6 MiniFLOTAC® FLOTAC® Mini-FLOTAC P00 P<0,0 840 8 84,0 153/18 15318 15 (153/18 P<0,000 P0000 000 52,28 522 2 (52,28 0,00 00 41,17 411 4 (41,17 0000 0,000 46,40 464 (46,40 0048 0,048 048 18,33 183 3 (18,33 19,60 196 (19,60 16,33 163 (16,33 n=17 n1 (n=1 94,44 944 n=12 66,67 666 P=0,000 1. P0 P<0, 84, 153/1 1531 (153/1 P<0,00 P000 52,2 (52,2 0,0 41,1 (41,1 46,4 (46,4 004 0,04 04 18,3 (18,3 19,6 (19,6 16,3 (16,3 n=1 (n= 94,4 66,6 P=0,00 P<0 153/ (153/ 52, (52, 0, 41, (41, 46, (46, 18, (18, 19, (19, 16, (16, n= 94, 66, P=0,0 P< (153 (52 (41 (46 (18 (19 (16 P=0, (15 (5 (4 (1 P=0 (

Abstract Schyzocotyle acheilognathi is a fish tapeworm native to Asia but has been reported as an alien species on practically all other continents. Its invasive potential is due to its low host specificity and high adaptability to different environments, and its spread to new areas can result in economic and ecological impacts. Studies reporting this species in South America are still scarce, indicating the need to monitor its dispersion to new areas. Herein, tapeworms found in guppies, Poecilia reticulata, from an urban stream located in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, in April 2021 were subjected to morphological and molecular characterization. As a result, 5/13 (38.5%) of the P. reticulata specimens evaluated were infected with intestinal tapeworms. It was verified a mean intensity of infection of 7.8 (1-25) and a mean abundance of infection of 3 (0-25). The morphology of the cestodes obtained was compatible with that of S. acheilognathi. Moreover, genetic analysis based on cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (Cox-1) revealed 97.89-99.77% similarity to isolates of this species from different localities. The possibility that S. acheilognathi is expanding to new regions of South America is discussed. continents environments impacts scarce Herein guppies Horizonte Gerais Brazil 202 characterization 513 5 13 5/1 38.5% 385 38 (38.5% P 78 7 8 7. 125 25 (1-25 025. 025 0 . (0-25) S Moreover Cox1 Cox (Cox-1 97.8999.77% 97899977 97.89 99.77% 97 89 99 77 97.89-99.77 localities discussed 20 51 5/ 38.5 (38.5 12 2 (1-2 02 (0-25 (Cox- 8999 97.8999.77 9789997 9789 97.8 9977 99.77 9 97.89-99.7 38. (38. (1- (0-2 (Cox 899 97.8999.7 978999 978 97. 997 99.7 97.89-99. (38 (1 (0- 97.8999. 97899 99. 97.89-99 (3 ( (0 97.8999 97.89-9 97.899 97.89-

Resumo Schyzocotyle acheilognathi é um cestoide de peixes nativos da Ásia, mas tem sido reportado como uma espécie exótica em praticamente todos os demais continentes. Seu potencial invasor ocorre devido à sua baixa especificidade por hospedeiros, assim como alta adaptabilidade a distintos ambientes. Sua dispersão para novas áreas pode resultar em impactos econômicos e ecológicos. Estudos que relatam essa espécie na América do Sul ainda são escassos, o que indica a necessidade de monitorar sua dispersão para novas áreas. Neste trabalho, cestoides encontrados em lebistes, Poecilia reticulata, de um córrego urbano, localizado em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil, em abril de 2021, foram submetidos à caracterização morfológica e molecular. Como resultado, 5/13 (38,5%) dos espécimes de P. reticulata avaliados estavam infectados com cestoides intestinais. Verificou-se uma intensidade média de infecção de 7,8 (1-25) e uma abundância média de infecção de 3 (0-25). A morfologia dos cestoides obtidos foi compatível com a de S. acheilognathi. Além disso, a análise genética, baseada no gene citocromo c oxidase subunidade 1 (Cox-1), revelou 97,89-99,77% de similaridade com isolados dessa espécie provenientes de diferentes localidades. Dessa forma, discute-se a possibilidade de S. acheilognathi estar se expandindo para novas regiões da América do Sul. Ásia continentes hospedeiros ambientes ecológicos escassos trabalho lebistes urbano Horizonte Gerais Brasil 2021 molecular resultado 513 5 13 5/1 38,5% 385 38 (38,5% P intestinais Verificouse Verificou 78 7 8 7, 125 25 (1-25 025. 025 0 . (0-25) S disso genética Cox1, Cox1 Cox , (Cox-1) 97,8999,77% 97899977 97,89 99,77% 97 89 99 77 97,89-99,77 localidades forma discutese discute 202 51 5/ 38,5 (38,5 12 2 (1-2 02 (0-25 (Cox-1 8999 97,8999,77 9789997 9789 97,8 9977 99,77 9 97,89-99,7 20 38, (38, (1- (0-2 (Cox- 899 97,8999,7 978999 978 97, 997 99,7 97,89-99, (38 (1 (0- (Cox 97,8999, 97899 99, 97,89-99 (3 ( (0 97,8999 97,89-9 97,899 97,89-

Abstract Callithrix kuhlii is present in forest mosaics, edge habitats, and abandoned fields in the Atlantic Forest. In Bahia and Minas Gerais. This study aimed to identify helminths from C. kuhlii and relate them to the clinical data, weights, and indices of the liver and gonads. Necropsies were performed on 13 adult marmosets that were run over on the BA-001 highway. A principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted to describe the relationships between the variables investigated. Fifty-one helminths were collected from 30.77% (4/13) of the marmosets analyzed. Helminths were classified based on their morphological and morphometric characteristics. Primasubulura jacchi (Marcel, 1857), Platynosomum illiciens (Dougherty, 1946), and Prosthenorchis confusus (Dougherty, 1946) were the species identified, with prevalence rates of 7.69%, 7.69%, and 15.38%, respectively. In addition, this is a new host record of P. confusus. The two main axes of the PCA explained a high variability (PCA=67.7%), indicating reduced weight and indices of the organs of parasitized animals. This study expands the knowledge on parasites of C. kuhlii and its vulnerability to parasites, contributing to constructing an epidemiological profile of environmental health. mosaics habitats Forest Gerais C data weights gonads 1 BA001 BA 001 BA-00 highway (PCA investigated Fiftyone Fifty one 3077 30 77 30.77 4/13 413 4 (4/13 analyzed characteristics Marcel, Marcel (Marcel 1857, 1857 , 1857) Dougherty, Dougherty (Dougherty 1946, 1946 identified 769 7 69 7.69% 1538 15 38 15.38% respectively addition P PCA=67.7%, PCA677 PCA=67.7% 67 (PCA=67.7%) animals health BA00 00 BA-0 307 3 30.7 4/1 41 (4/1 185 194 76 6 7.69 153 15.38 PCA67 PCA=67.7 (PCA=67.7% BA0 0 BA- 30. 4/ (4/ 18 19 7.6 15.3 PCA6 PCA=67. (PCA=67.7 (4 7. 15. PCA=67 (PCA=67. ( PCA=6 (PCA=67 PCA= (PCA=6 (PCA=

Resumo Callithrix kuhlli é encontrado em mosaicos florestais, habitats de borda e campos abandonados da Mata Atlântica. Na Bahia e Minas Gerais. O objetivo do trabalho foi identificar helmintos recuperados de C. kuhlli e relacioná-los aos dados clínicos, pesos e índices provenientes do fígado e das gônadas. Foram realizadas necropsias em 13 saguis adultos atropelados na rodovia BA-001 e realizada uma análise de componentes principais (PCA), para descrever as relações entre as variáveis. Recuperou-se 51 helmintos em 30,77% (4/13) dos saguis analisados. A classificação dos helmintos ocorreu por meio das características morfológicas e morfométricas, sendo Primasubulura jacchi (Marcel, 1857), Platynosomum illiciens (Dougherty, 1946) e Prosthenorchis confusus (Dougherty, 1946) as espécies identificadas, com prevalências de 7,69%; 7,69% e 15,38% respectivamente. Ainda, P. confusus apresenta um novo registro de hospedeiro. Já os dois eixos principais da PCA explicaram alta variabilidade (PCA=67,7%), verificando nos animais parasitados uma redução do peso e índices provenientes dos órgãos. Este trabalho amplia o conhecimento sobre parasitos do C. kuhlli e o grau de vulnerabilidade aos parasitas, contribuindo para uma possível construção de perfil epidemiológico da saúde ambiental. florestais Atlântica Gerais C relacionálos relacioná los clínicos gônadas 1 BA001 BA 001 BA-00 PCA, , (PCA) variáveis Recuperouse Recuperou se 5 3077 30 77 30,77 4/13 413 4 (4/13 analisados morfométricas Marcel, Marcel (Marcel 1857, 1857 1857) Dougherty, Dougherty (Dougherty 1946 identificadas 769 7 69 7,69 1538 15 38 15,38 respectivamente Ainda P hospedeiro PCA=67,7%, PCA677 PCA=67,7% 67 (PCA=67,7%) órgãos parasitas ambiental BA00 00 BA-0 (PCA 307 3 30,7 4/1 41 (4/1 185 194 76 6 7,6 153 15,3 PCA67 PCA=67,7 (PCA=67,7% BA0 0 BA- 30, 4/ (4/ 18 19 7, 15, PCA6 PCA=67, (PCA=67,7 (4 PCA=67 (PCA=67, ( PCA=6 (PCA=67 PCA= (PCA=6 (PCA=

Abstract: Forty species of helminths (trematodes, cestodes and nematodes) have been recorded parasitizing domestic ruminants in Uruguay. One of them (Fasciola hepatica) parasitizes cattle, sheep and goats, 14 species parasitize both cattle and sheep, 12 species have been recorded only in cattle, and 13 species only in sheep. Other taxa have been identified only at the genus level (three in cattle, one in sheep and eight in goats) and one at the subfamily level (in goats).

Resumen: Un total de 40 especies de helmintos (trematodos, cestodos y nematodos) han sido registradas parasitando a los rumiantes domésticos en Uruguay. Una de las especies (Fasciola hepatica) parasita tanto a bovinos como a ovinos y a caprinos, 14 especies parasitan tanto a bovinos como a ovinos, 12 especies han sido registradas solo en vacunos y 13 especies solo en lanares. Otros taxones han sido identificados solamente a nivel de género (tres en bovinos, uno en ovinos y ocho en caprinos) y uno a nivel de subfamilia (en caprinos).

Resumo: Um total de 40 espécies de helmintos (trematóides, cestóides e nematóides) foram registradas parasitando ruminantes domésticos no Uruguai. Uma das espécies (Fasciola hepatica) parasita bovinos, ovinos e caprinos, 14 espécies parasitam bovinos e ovinos, 12 espécies foram registadas apenas em bovinos e 13 espécies apenas em ovinos. Outros taxa foram identificados apenas ao nível do género (três em bovinos, um em ovinos e oito em caprinos) e um ao nível da subfamília (em caprinos).

Abstract The big-headed Amazon River turtle, Peltocephalus dumerilianus, is endemic to the Orinoco and Amazon River basins. It is a food source for local communities, often unsustainably. Knowledge about P. dumerilianus’ parasitological fauna and host-parasite relationships is limited. Thus, ecological aspects of gastrointestinal parasitism in this species were investigated. Helminths were found in the gastrointestinal tract of 21 turtles, morphologically identified, and infection descriptors calculated. All animals harbored helminths: nematodes Ancyracanthus pinnatifidus, Paratractis hystrix, Atractis trematophila, Klossinemella conciliatus indeterminate three Klossinemella species, and digeneans Nematophila grandis, Helicotrema spirale, and Telorchis hagmanni. The highest parasite load occurred in the large intestine, followed by the small intestine and stomach. Shell length directly correlated with parasite burden of heteroxenic helminths, with males having higher burden than females. This is the first record of A. trematophila, K. conciliatus, and T. hagmanni in P. dumerilianus, and new location record for A. trematophila, P. hystrix, N. grandis, H. spirale, and T. hagmanni. Three potentially new Klossinemella species are presented. bigheaded big headed turtle dumerilianus basins communities unsustainably P hostparasite host limited Thus investigated 2 turtles identified calculated helminths pinnatifidus hystrix trematophila grandis spirale stomach females A K T N H presented

Resumo O cabeçudo, Peltocephalus dumerilianus, é endêmico das bacias dos rios Orinoco e Amazonas. Ele é uma fonte de alimento para as comunidades locais, frequentemente de maneira insustentável. O conhecimento sobre a fauna parasitológica de P. dumerilianus e suas relações hospedeiro-parasito são limitados. Assim, investigou-se os aspectos ecológicos do parasitismo gastrointestinal nessa espécie. Helmintos encontrados no trato gastrointestinal de 21 tartarugas, foram identificados morfologicamente e descritores de infecção calculados. Todos os animais abrigavam helmintos: nematoides Ancyracanthus pinnatifidus, Paratractis hystrix, Atractis trematophila, Klossinemella conciliatus e três espécies de Klossinemella indeterminados, além dos digenéticos Nematophila grandis, Helicotrema spirale e Telorchis hagmanni. A maior carga parasitária ocorreu no intestino grosso, seguida pelo intestino delgado e estômago. O comprimento da carapaça correlacionou-se diretamente com a carga de parasitos de helmintos heteroxênicos, e os machos apresentaram uma carga parasitária maior que as fêmeas. Este é o primeiro registro de A. trematophila, K. conciliatus e T. hagmanni em P. dumerilianus, e um novo registro de local para A. trematophila, P. hystrix, N. grandis, H. spirale e T. hagmanni. Três potenciais novas espécies de Klossinemella são apresentadas. cabeçudo Amazonas locais insustentável P hospedeiroparasito hospedeiro parasito limitados Assim investigouse investigou se espécie 2 tartarugas calculados pinnatifidus hystrix trematophila indeterminados grandis grosso estômago correlacionouse correlacionou heteroxênicos fêmeas K T N H apresentadas

Abstract Urban parks are not only important for the wellbeing of the human population, but are also widely considered to be potentially important sites for the conservation of biodiversity. However, they may offer risk parasitic infections, such as schistosomiasis and fascioliasis, which are both transmitted by freshwater snails. The present study investigated the occurrence of freshwater gastropods in urban parks of the Brazilian city of Rio de Janeiro, and their possible infection by helminths of medical-veterinary importance. Gastropods were collected from six parks (2021 - 2022) and examined for the presence of larval helminths. In all, 12 gastropod species from different families were collected: Ampullariidae, Assimineidae, Burnupidae, Lymnaeidae, Physidae, Planorbidae, Succineidae, and Thiaridae. The parasitological examination revealed cercaria of three types in five snail species, with the Pleurolophocerca cercariae type in Melanoides tuberculata (the most abundant species), Echinostoma cercariae in Physella acuta and Pomacea maculata, and Virgulate cercariae, in Pomacea sp. and Pomacea maculata. None of the Biomphalaria tenagophila and Pseudosuccinea columella (the most frequent species) specimens were parasitized by Schistosoma mansoni or Fasciola hepatica, respectively. Even so, some parks may represent a considerable potential risk for transmission of both Schistosoma mansoni and Fasciola hepatica, given the presence of these gastropod vectors and the frequent contact of visitors with the waterbodies. population biodiversity However infections fascioliasis snails Janeiro medicalveterinary medical veterinary importance 2021 (202 2022 all 1 Ampullariidae Assimineidae Burnupidae Lymnaeidae Physidae Planorbidae Succineidae Thiaridae , maculata sp hepatica respectively so waterbodies 202 (20 20 (2 2 (

Abstract Lagostomus maximus is a native rodent of South America that presents economic and biological importance. However, few studies on parasites of this rodent are available throughout its geographic distribution. The aim of this study was to explore, describe and compare the structure of helminth communities from 2 populations of L. maximus in semi-captive (SCHP) and wild (WHP) conditions in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. The structure of helminth communities was studied considering ecological data at different levels. Seven helminth taxa were collected. Graphidioides spp. and Lagostonema ecasiense were the most prevalent species in SCHP, and Viannella viscaciae in WHP. This last species showed the highest values of mean intensity and mean abundance in both host populations. Helminths from SCHP showed higher values of abundance, mean intensity, mean abundance, diversity, and evenness, and lower values of specific richness and dominance than WHP. Specific richness, evenness and dominance allowed separating the 2 host populations. The abundances of V. viscaciae and Graphidioides spp. distinguished both host populations, suggesting possible influences of human intervention and/or environmental characteristics, as consequence of semi-captive and wild conditions.

Resumen Lagostomus maximus es un roedor autóctono de América del Sur que presenta importancia económica y biológica. Sin embargo, se dispone de pocos estudios sobre sus parásitos en toda su distribución geográfica. El objetivo de este estudio fue explorar, describir y comparar la estructura de las comunidades de helmintos de 2 poblaciones de L. maximus en la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina, en condiciones de semicautividad (SCHP) y silvestría (WHP). La estructura de las comunidades de helmintos se estudió considerando datos ecológicos a diferentes niveles. Se colectaron 7 taxones de helmintos. Graphidioides spp. y Lagostonema ecasiense fueron las especies más prevalentes en SCHP y Viannella viscaciae en WHP. Esta última especie mostró los valores más altos de intensidad media y abundancia media en ambas poblaciones hospedadoras. Los helmintos de SCHP mostraron valores más altos de abundancia, intensidad media, abundancia media, diversidad y equitatividad, y valores más bajos de riqueza específica y dominancia que WHP. La riqueza específica, la equitatividad y la dominancia permitieron separar a las 2 poblaciones hospedadoras. Las abundancias de V. viscaciae y Graphidioides spp. distinguieron a ambas poblaciones hospedadoras, sugiriendo posibles influencias de la intervención humana y/o características ambientales, como consecuencia de las condiciones de semicautividad y silvestría.

Abstract This study was carried out in northern Brazil to determine the prevalence of helminth parasites that infect Phalacrocorax brasilianus (Gmelin, 1789). Between July 2020 and July 2023, adult and larvae parasites were collected from the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract of 30 birds that died in fishing nets and in fishing corral in the municipality of Soure on Marajó Island. The identified parasites included the nematodes Contracaecum sp., Contracaecum australe, Contracaecum rudolphii sensu lato, Contracaecum microcephalum, Contracaecum multipapillatum, Syncuaria squamata, Desportesius invaginatus, Tetrameres sp., Aplectana sp., Cyathostoma sp., Eucoleus contortus, Baruscapillaria spiculata, Baruscapillaria appendiculata; the trematodes Drepanocephalus spathans, Austrodiplostomum mordax, Austrodiplostomum compactum, Hysteromorpha triloba; the cestodes Paradilepis caballeroi; and the acanthocephalans Andracantha sp., Southwellina hispida and Southwellina macracanthus. The whole prevalence was 96.66% (29/30) and the most frequent helminths were nematodes (96.66%; 29/30), followed by acanthocephalans (66.66%; 20/30). These data increase the knowledge about helminths in cormorants widely distributed to Marajó Island. Gmelin, Gmelin (Gmelin 1789. 1789 . 1789) 202 2023 3 Island sp sp. australe lato microcephalum multipapillatum squamata invaginatus contortus spiculata appendiculata spathans mordax compactum triloba caballeroi macracanthus 9666 96 66 96.66 29/30 2930 29 (29/30 (96.66% 29/30, , 29/30) 66.66% 6666 (66.66% 20/30. 2030 20/30 20 20/30) 178 966 9 6 96.6 29/3 293 2 (29/3 (96.66 66.66 666 (66.66 203 20/3 17 96. 29/ (29/ (96.6 66.6 (66.6 20/ 1 (29 (96. 66. (66. (2 (96 (66 ( (9 (6

Resumo Este estudo foi realizado no norte do Brasil, para determinar a prevalência de helminto parasitas que infectam Phalacrocorax brasilianus (Gmelin, 1789). Entre julho de 2020 a julho de 2023, parasitos adultos e larvas foram coletados do trato respiratório e gastrointestinal de 30 espécimes dessas aves que morreram em redes de pesca e no curral de pesca, no município de Soure na Ilha de Marajó. Os parasitas identificados incluem os nematódeos Contracaecum sp., Contracaecum australe, Contracaecum rudolphii sensu lato, Contracaecum microcephalum, Contracaecum multipapillatum, Syncuaria squamata, Desportesius invaginatus, Tetrameres sp., Aplectana sp., Cyathostoma sp., Eucoleus contortus, Baruscapillaria spiculata, Baruscapillaria appendiculata; os trematódeos Drepanocephalus spathans, Austrodiplostomum mordax, Austrodiplostomum compactum, Hysteromorpha triloba; os cestódeos Paradilepis caballeroi; e os acantocéfalos Andracantha sp., Southwellina hispida e Southwellina macracanthus. O nível geral de infecção foi de 96,66% (29/30) e os helmintos mais presentes foram os nematódeos (96,66%; 29/30), seguidos dos Acantocéfalos (66,66%; 20/30). Esses dados aumentam o conhecimento sobre helmintos em cormorões amplamente distribuídos pela ilha de Marajó. Brasil Gmelin, Gmelin (Gmelin 1789. 1789 . 1789) 202 2023 3 Marajó sp sp. australe lato microcephalum multipapillatum squamata invaginatus contortus spiculata appendiculata spathans mordax compactum triloba caballeroi macracanthus 9666 96 66 96,66 29/30 2930 29 (29/30 (96,66% 29/30, , 29/30) 66,66% 6666 (66,66% 20/30. 2030 20/30 20 20/30) 178 966 9 6 96,6 29/3 293 2 (29/3 (96,66 66,66 666 (66,66 203 20/3 17 96, 29/ (29/ (96,6 66,6 (66,6 20/ 1 (29 (96, 66, (66, (2 (96 (66 ( (9 (6

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid-bilayered membrane-delimited particles secreted by almost any cell type, involved in different functions according to the cell of origin and its state. From these, cell to cell communication, pathogen-host interactions and modulation of the immune response have been widely studied. Moreover, these vesicles could be employed for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, including infections produced by pathogens of diverse types; regarding parasites, the secretion, characterisation, and roles of EVs have been studied in particular cases. Moreover, the heterogeneity of EVs presents challenges at every stage of studies, which motivates research in this area. In this review, we summarise some aspects related to the secretion and roles of EVs from several groups of pathogens, with special focus on the most recent research regarding EVs secreted by extracellular protozoan parasites. (EVs lipidbilayered lipid bilayered membranedelimited membrane delimited type state communication pathogenhost pathogen host Moreover purposes types parasites characterisation cases studies area review

Resumo O estudo realizou uma revisão do perfil parasitológico de vegetais, de 2001 a 2021, considerando o tipo, consumo e cultivo, global. Foram pesquisadas as bases MEDLINE, SciELO, Web of Science, Science Direct e Scopus com os termos "Detection OR Prevalence OR Incidence OR occurrence OR contamination AND vegetable OR fruit AND Helminth OR egg OR Parasite OR cysts OR protozoa". Foram encontrados 16.600 artigos, 117 dos quais foram revisados. Das 391.291 amostras, 3,85% (15.095) estavam contaminadas por parasitos. Entre as positivas, 30,10% (4.543/15.095) continham enteroparasitos comumente de origem humana e 58,78% (8.873/15.095) eram originadas de mercados. Poucos artigos mencionaram o tipo de cultivo, mas entre esses, o convencional apresentou maior contaminação (42,34%; 224/529). Vegetais herbáceos foram os mais contaminados (56,84%; 8.580/15.095). Ascaris lumbricoides foi encontrado em 10,16% (1.535/15.095) das amostras. Alface foi o vegetal mais contaminado (20,43%; 3.084/15.095). vegetais 200 2021 cultivo global MEDLINE SciELO Detection protozoa. protozoa . protozoa" 16600 16 600 16.60 11 revisados 391291 391 291 391.29 amostras 385 3 85 3,85 15.095 15095 15 095 (15.095 parasitos positivas 3010 30 10 30,10 4.543/15.095 454315095 4 543 (4.543/15.095 5878 58 78 58,78 8.873/15.095 887315095 8 873 (8.873/15.095 mercados esses 42,34% 4234 42 34 (42,34% 224/529. 224529 224/529 224 529 224/529) 56,84% 5684 56 84 (56,84% 8.580/15.095. 858015095 8.580/15.095 580 8.580/15.095) 1016 10,16 1.535/15.095 153515095 1 535 (1.535/15.095 20,43% 2043 20 43 (20,43% 3.084/15.095. 308415095 3.084/15.095 084 3.084/15.095) 202 1660 60 16.6 39129 39 29 391.2 38 3,8 15.09 1509 09 (15.09 301 30,1 4.543/15.09 45431509 54 (4.543/15.09 587 5 7 58,7 8.873/15.09 88731509 87 (8.873/15.09 42,34 423 (42,34 22452 224/52 22 52 56,84 568 (56,84 85801509 8.580/15.09 101 10,1 1.535/15.09 15351509 53 (1.535/15.09 20,43 204 2 (20,43 30841509 3.084/15.09 08 166 6 16. 3912 391. 3, 15.0 150 0 (15.0 30, 4.543/15.0 4543150 (4.543/15.0 58, 8.873/15.0 8873150 (8.873/15.0 42,3 (42,3 2245 224/5 56,8 (56,8 8580150 8.580/15.0 10, 1.535/15.0 1535150 (1.535/15.0 20,4 (20,4 3084150 3.084/15.0 15. (15. 4.543/15. 454315 (4.543/15. 8.873/15. 887315 (8.873/15. 42, (42, 224/ 56, (56, 858015 8.580/15. 1.535/15. 153515 (1.535/15. 20, (20, 308415 3.084/15. (15 4.543/15 45431 (4.543/15 8.873/15 88731 (8.873/15 (42 (56 85801 8.580/15 1.535/15 15351 (1.535/15 (20 30841 3.084/15 (1 4.543/1 4543 (4.543/1 8.873/1 8873 (8.873/1 (4 (5 8580 8.580/1 1.535/1 1535 (1.535/1 (2 3084 3.084/1 ( 4.543/ 454 (4.543/ 8.873/ 887 (8.873/ 858 8.580/ 1.535/ 153 (1.535/ 308 3.084/ 4.543 45 (4.543 8.873 88 (8.873 8.580 1.535 (1.535 3.084 4.54 (4.54 8.87 (8.87 8.58 1.53 (1.53 3.08 4.5 (4.5 8.8 (8.8 8.5 1.5 (1.5 3.0 4. (4. 8. (8. 1. (1. 3. (8

Abstract The study conducted a review of the parasitological profile of vegetables from 2001 to 2021, considering the type, consumption, and cultivation, globally. The databases searched included MEDLINE, SciELO, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Scopus using the terms "Detection OR Prevalence OR Incidence OR occurrence OR contamination AND vegetable OR fruit AND Helminth OR egg OR Parasite OR cysts OR protozoa". A total of 16,600 articles were found, 117 of which were reviewed. Of the 391,291 samples, 3.85% (15,095) were contaminated by parasites. Among those positive, 30.10% (4,543/15,095) contained enteroparasites commonly of human origin and 58.78% (8,873/15,095) came from markets. Few articles mentioned the cultivation type, but among those, conventional cultivation showed more contamination (42.34%; 224/529). Herbaceous vegetables were the most contaminated (56.84%; 8,580/15,095. Ascaris lumbricoides was found in 10.16% (1,535/15,095) of the samples. Lettuce was the most contaminated (20.43%; 3,084/15,095). 200 2021 type consumption globally MEDLINE SciELO Direct Detection protozoa. protozoa . protozoa" 16600 16 600 16,60 11 reviewed 391291 391 291 391,29 samples 385 3 85 3.85 15,095 15095 15 095 (15,095 parasites positive 3010 30 10 30.10 4,543/15,095 454315095 4 543 (4,543/15,095 5878 58 78 58.78 8,873/15,095 887315095 8 873 (8,873/15,095 markets 42.34% 4234 42 34 (42.34% 224/529. 224529 224/529 224 529 224/529) 56.84% 5684 56 84 (56.84% 858015095 580 8,580/15,095 1016 10.16 1,535/15,095 153515095 1 535 (1,535/15,095 20.43% 2043 20 43 (20.43% 3,084/15,095. 308415095 3,084/15,095 084 3,084/15,095) 202 1660 60 16,6 39129 39 29 391,2 38 3.8 15,09 1509 09 (15,09 301 30.1 4,543/15,09 45431509 54 (4,543/15,09 587 5 7 58.7 8,873/15,09 88731509 87 (8,873/15,09 42.34 423 (42.34 22452 224/52 22 52 56.84 568 (56.84 85801509 8,580/15,09 101 10.1 1,535/15,09 15351509 53 (1,535/15,09 20.43 204 2 (20.43 30841509 3,084/15,09 08 166 6 16, 3912 391, 3. 15,0 150 0 (15,0 30. 4,543/15,0 4543150 (4,543/15,0 58. 8,873/15,0 8873150 (8,873/15,0 42.3 (42.3 2245 224/5 56.8 (56.8 8580150 8,580/15,0 10. 1,535/15,0 1535150 (1,535/15,0 20.4 (20.4 3084150 3,084/15,0 15, (15, 4,543/15, 454315 (4,543/15, 8,873/15, 887315 (8,873/15, 42. (42. 224/ 56. (56. 858015 8,580/15, 1,535/15, 153515 (1,535/15, 20. (20. 308415 3,084/15, (15 4,543/15 45431 (4,543/15 8,873/15 88731 (8,873/15 (42 (56 85801 8,580/15 1,535/15 15351 (1,535/15 (20 30841 3,084/15 (1 4,543/1 4543 (4,543/1 8,873/1 8873 (8,873/1 (4 (5 8580 8,580/1 1,535/1 1535 (1,535/1 (2 3084 3,084/1 ( 4,543/ 454 (4,543/ 8,873/ 887 (8,873/ 858 8,580/ 1,535/ 153 (1,535/ 308 3,084/ 4,543 45 (4,543 8,873 88 (8,873 8,580 1,535 (1,535 3,084 4,54 (4,54 8,87 (8,87 8,58 1,53 (1,53 3,08 4,5 (4,5 8,8 (8,8 8,5 1,5 (1,5 3,0 4, (4, 8, (8, 1, (1, 3, (8

Resumo As populações de espécies de água doce têm diminuído rapidamente e espécies estão sendo extintas. Portanto, é necessário compreender a distribuição, as tendências e os padrões das espécies de água doce. A bacia do rio Munim está situada em uma região com uma interface fitogeográfica entre os biomas da Amazônia e do Cerrado. Embora a ictiofauna da bacia do Munim seja relativamente conhecida atualmente, os dados sobre sua fauna de helmintos são escassos. O presente estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar a nematofauna de Bryconops cf. affinis (Günther) e Saxatilia brasiliensis (Bloch) de duas localidades diferentes na seção média do rio Munim e, assim, contribuir para o conhecimento da biodiversidade nessa região. Os espécimes de B. cf. affinis estavam parasitados pelos nematoides Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) krameri e espécies semelhantes à Porrocaecum (larvas) em ambas as localidades. Saxatilia brasiliensis apresentou os nematoides Procamallanus (S.) krameri, Pseudoproleptus sp. (larvas de terceiro estágio), Cucullanus sp. e Procamallanus sp. (larvas). Procamallanus (S.) krameri foi encontrado parasitando S. brasiliensis apenas no riacho Feio. O presente estudo fornece o primeiro registro de nematoides para B. cf. affinis e para S. brasiliensis, contribuindo para o conhecimento da fauna de helmintos de peixes de água doce da bacia do rio Munim. extintas Portanto distribuição Cerrado atualmente escassos cf Günther (Günther Bloch (Bloch assim B Spirocamallanus (Spirocamallanus larvas S (S. sp estágio, estágio , estágio) larvas. . Feio (S

Abstract Populations of freshwater species have been declining rapidly and species are becoming extinct. Thus, understanding freshwater species distribution, trends and patterns is required. The Munim River basin is situated in a region with a phytogeographic interface between the Amazon and Cerrado biomes. Although the Munim basin ichthyofauna is currently relatively well-known, data on its helminth fauna is scarce. The present study aimed to characterize the nematofauna of Bryconops cf. affinis (Günther) and Saxatilia brasiliensis (Bloch) from two different localities in the middle section of the Munim River, and thus to contribute to the knowledge of biodiversity in this region. Specimens of Bryconops cf. affinis were parasitized with the nematodes Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) krameri (Petter, 1974) and “Porrocaecum-like” species (larvae) in both localities. Saxatilia brasiliensis presented the nematodes P. (S.) krameri, Pseudoproleptus sp. (larvae), Cucullanus sp. and Procamallanus sp. (larvae). Procamallanus (S.) krameri was found parasitizing S. brasiliensis only from the Feio stream. Morphometric data and parasitological parameters are given. The present study provides the first record of nematodes for B. cf. affinis and for S. brasiliensis contributing to the knowledge of the helminth fauna of freshwater fishes from locations that have not yet been studied, such as the Munim River basin. extinct Thus distribution required biomes wellknown, wellknown well known, known well-known scarce cf Günther (Günther Bloch (Bloch Spirocamallanus (Spirocamallanus Petter, Petter (Petter 1974 Porrocaecumlike Porrocaecum like “Porrocaecum-like larvae (larvae P S (S. sp larvae, , larvae. . stream given B studied 197 (S 19 1

ABSTRACT Solid-organ transplantation procedures have witnessed a surge in frequency. Consequently, increased attention to associated infections and their impact on graft success is warranted. The liver is the principal target for infection by the flatworm Schistosoma mansoni. Hence, rigorous screening protocols for this parasite should be implemented for liver transplantation donors and recipients. This study investigated the risks posed by schistosomiasis-infected liver tissues for successful liver transplantation (LT), considering donors and recipients, by analyzing reported cases. Among the 43 patients undergoing LT (donors = 19; recipients = 24), 32 were infected with S. mansoni, five were infected with other Schistosoma species, and no identification was made in four patients. Reported follow-up periods ranged from 1 to 132 months, and all patients achieved successful recovery. As these helminths do not replicate in their vertebrate hosts, immunosuppressive treatment is not expected to promote increased morbidity or reactivation. Moreover, suspected or confirmed schistosomiasis infections often have a benign course, and generally, should not prevent LT. The available literature was reviewed and a provisional screening protocol has been proposed. Solidorgan Solid organ frequency Consequently warranted mansoni Hence schistosomiasisinfected LT, , (LT) cases 4 19 24, 24 24) 3 S species followup follow up 13 months recovery hosts reactivation Moreover course generally proposed (LT 2

Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) encompass a diverse group of 20 medical conditions triggered by various pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and parasitic worms. Diseases caused by parasitic protozoa and parasitic worms show the highest incidence worldwide. NTDs predominantly afflict impoverished communities in tropical regions, although some exhibit a broader geographic reach. It is estimated that over 1 billion people suffer from NTDs, spanning 149 countries. Additionally, malaria is caused by protozoa of the genus Plasmodium and is highly prevalent in similar geographic regions. New drugs are urgently needed for the treatment of these diseases. In the last decades, various research groups have endeavored to develop organometallic compounds with potential applications as drugs against malaria and NTDs diseases caused by trypanosomatid parasites and parasitic helminths. This perspective highlights selected efforts from these groups in the pursuit of innovative therapeutic solutions. Relevant bioorganometallic compounds belonging to the typical classes of metallocenes, “half sandwich” M-arenes and metal carbonyls will be particularly described. (NTDs 2 pathogens viruses bacteria worldwide regions reach 14 countries Additionally decades helminths solutions metallocenes half sandwich Marenes M arenes described