Resumen Introducción: La informalidad laboral y la formalización del empleo han sido ya ampliamente discutidas. Sin embargo, el problema sigue vigente en las agendas públicas y de gobierno tanto a nivel nacional como subnacional. Objetivo: El objetivo es evaluar el diseño de los instrumentos de política pública que ha implementado el gobierno estatal (2015-2021) para la formalización del empleo en Nuevo León. La población objetivo de los instrumentos son las Micro, Pequeñas y Medianas empresas (Mipymes) del estado de Nuevo León. Método y técnica: En una primera instancia, se llevó a cabo una investigación documental y de fuentes secundarias. Posteriormente, se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas con funcionarios a cargo de los instrumentos de política pública para la formalización del empleo. Se entrevistó al Director de Apoyo y Fomento a Pequeñas y Medianas empresas del Gobierno del Estado de Nuevo León; al Coordinador del Centro de Atención a Pequeñas y Medianas empresas del Gobierno del Estado de Nuevo León; a la titular de la Comisión Estatal de Mejora Regulatoria del Estado de Nuevo León; al Coordinador de Promoción y Vinculación del Programa Impulsa Nuevo León de la Secretaría de Economía del Gobierno del Estado de Nuevo León; a la Directora de Planeación y Políticas Públicas del Gobierno del Estado de Nuevo León; y al Director de la Comisión de Desarrollo Económico del Consejo Nuevo León. Para sistematizar las opiniones de los entrevistados se utilizó el programa de computadora ATLAS.ti y en su análisis se crearon las categorías que se presentan en la Tabla 2. Finalmente, se contrastó la ideología de los actores involucrados con tres preceptos clave del neoliberalismo que se identificaron. Resultados: 1. El Gobierno de Nuevo León no cuenta con información sobre el número de empleos que generan las empresas que reciben los apoyos. 2. La planeación de los instrumentos de política pública se lleva a cabo, principalmente, por el sector privado. 3. Las cámaras empresariales de las Pequeñas y Medianas empresas (Pymes) son las que se encuentran principalmente involucradas. 4. Los apoyos se otorgan a partir de que las empresas acuden al gobierno a solicitarlos y no hay investigación y desarrollo. 5. Los apoyos se concentran principalmente en las Mipymes formales, pero no se cuenta con un padrón actualizado. 6. El seguimiento y monitoreo se realiza en la medida que las empresas continúan asistiendo a las oficinas del gobierno de Nuevo León. Conclusiones: Se concluye que se requiere rediseñar los instrumentos de política pública bajo el liderazgo del gobierno estatal y vincular, concretamente, a la población objetivo de los programas con las formas de intervención estatal.

Abstract Introduction: Labor informality and the formalization of employment have already been widely discussed. However, the problem remains on the public and government agendas at both the national and subnational levels. Objective: The objective is to assess the design of the public policy instruments that the government of Nuevo León has implemented (2015-2021) for the formalization of employment. The target population of the instruments are the Micro, Small and Medium enterprises of the state of Nuevo León. Method and technique: Firstly, a documentary research in secondary sources was carried out. Subsequently, semi-structured interviews were conducted with officials in charge of the public policy instruments for the formalization of employment. The people interviewed were: the Director of Support and Development for Small and Medium Enterprises of the Government of the State of Nuevo León; the Coordinator of the Service Center for Small and Medium Enterprises of the Government of the State of Nuevo León; the head of the State Commission for Regulatory Improvement of the Government of the State of Nuevo León; the Coordinator for the Promotion of the Impulsa Nuevo León Program; the Director of Planning and Public Policies of the Government of the State of Nuevo León; and the Director of the Economic Development Commission of the Nuevo León Council. To systematize the opinions of the interviewees, the ATLAS.ti computer program was used and the categories created are presented in Table 2. Finally, the ideology of the actors involved was contrasted with three key precepts of neoliberalism that were identified. Results: 1. The Government of Nuevo León does not have information about the number of jobs generated by the companies that receive government financial support. 2. The planning of public policy instruments is carried out, mainly, by the private sector. 3. The business chambers of Small and Medium Enterprises are the ones that are mainly involved. 4. Financial support is granted after companies go to the government to request it and there is no research and development. 5. Financial support is mainly concentrated in the formal Micro, Small and Medium-sized enterprises, but there is no updated registry. 6. Monitoring is carried out as long as the companies continue to attend to the offices of the government of Nuevo León. Conclusions: It is concluded that it is necessary to redesign the public policy instruments under the leadership of the government of Nuevo León and to link, specifically, the target population of the programs with the forms of state intervention.

Resumen El texto da la vuelta al estudio habitual de las transiciones y evoluciones políticas en el África neoindependiente al cuestionar el patrón que se suele utilizar para evaluarlas, el modelo ideal de la democracia moderna. El texto contrasta las oscilaciones del optimismo experto respecto de los estados africanos con las reiteradas constataciones empíricas de la inadecuación del modelo de Estado legado por la colonización a la realidad y el potencial del tejido social africano. El autor propone que numerosas presuntas disfunciones africanas deberían ser analizadas como experimentos necesarios para garantizar la gestión de la diversidad en la sociedad global, una capacidad que no acumula el viejo modelo de Estado-nación europeo y que quizás implique abandonar o matizar el principio del individuo como única fuente última de soberanía.

Abstract The text turns the usual study of political transitions and evolutions in neo-independent Africa on its head by questioning the standard by which they are usually assessed, the ideal model of modern democracy. The text contrasts the oscillations of expert optimism about African states with the repeated empirical evidence of the inadequacy of the state model bequeathed by colonisation to the reality and potential of the African social fabric. The author proposes that many alleged African dysfunctions should be analysed as necessary experiments to ensure the management of diversity in global society, a capacity that is not accumulated by the old European nation-state model, and that may imply abandoning or moderating the principle of the individual as the only ultimate source of sovereignty.

ABSTRACT Purpose To compare the introduction of consistencies during the period of complementary feeding of preterm and full-term newborns up to 12 months of life, as well as to evaluate the presence of oral motor dysfunction and its relation to difficulty in introducing food consistencies in these groups. Methods This is an observational, analytical, cohort study, with ambispective data collection, carried out at the Municipal Department of Health of Mafra, state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. The study sample consisted of 87 newborns, 41 full-term and 46 preterm. While data was collected, interviews were held with the mothers/guardians. The anthropometric assessment was carried out by a nutritionist by measuring body weight, length, and head circumference, followed by assessment of oral and functional motor skills by the adapted Clinical Evaluation Protocol of Pediatric Dysphagia (PAD-PED), assessment of breastfeeding and neuropsychomotor development, and assessment of the presence of maternal depression and psychological risk of children with up to 12 months of corrected age. Results We verified oral motor dysfunction in 15 newborns, in both groups, in the liquid consistency in the first assessment, persisting in two cases in the full-term newborns and in three cases in the preterm infants, in the last assessment for the solid consistency. Conclusion We observed no difference in the introduction of food consistencies between groups. Breastfeeding was more frequent in newborns in the first assessment and similar in other assessments. Regarding the predictors for oral motor dysfunction, bottle feeding increased the odds by about seven times and invasive oral procedures by about six times. fullterm full term 1 life groups observational analytical collection Mafra Catarina Brazil 8 4 collected mothersguardians mothers guardians mothers/guardians weight length circumference PADPED, PADPED PAD PED , (PAD-PED) development age infants assessments (PAD-PED

RESUMO Objetivo Comparar a introdução das consistências no período da alimentação complementar de recém-nascidos prematuros e recém-nascidos a termo até os 12 meses de vida, bem como avaliar a presença de disfunção motora oral e a sua relação com dificuldade na introdução das consistências alimentares nestes grupos. Método Trata-se de um estudo do tipo observacional, analítico, coorte, com coleta de dados ambispectiva, realizado na Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Mafra - SC. A amostra do estudo foi constituída de 87 recém-nascidos, sendo 41 a termo e 46 prematuros. Na coleta de dados, foram realizadas entrevistas com as mães/responsáveis. A avaliação antropométrica foi realizada por nutricionista por meio de mensuração do peso corporal, comprimento e perímetro cefálico, seguida de avaliação das habilidades motoras orais e funcionais por meio do PAD-PED adaptado, avaliação da mamada, avaliação do desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor, avaliação da presença de depressão materna e risco psíquico da criança, até os 12 meses de vida de idade corrigida. Resultados A disfunção motora oral foi observada em 15 recém-nascidos, em ambos os grupos, na consistência líquida na primeira avaliação, persistiu em dois casos nos recém-nascidos a termo e em três casos nos recém-nascidos pré-termo, na última avaliação para a consistência sólida. Conclusão Não foi observada diferença na introdução das consistências alimentares entre os grupos. O aleitamento materno foi mais frequente nos a termo na primeira avaliação e semelhante nas demais avaliações. Com relação aos preditivos para disfunção motora oral, a mamadeira aumentou a chance em cerca de 7 vezes e procedimentos orais invasivos cerca de 6 vezes. recémnascidos recém nascidos 1 grupos Tratase Trata se observacional analítico coorte ambispectiva SC 8 recémnascidos, nascidos, 4 mãesresponsáveis mães responsáveis mães/responsáveis corporal cefálico PADPED PAD PED adaptado mamada neuropsicomotor criança corrigida prétermo, prétermo pré termo, pré-termo sólida avaliações

In multiparty presidential regimes, the head of the Executive manages a heterogeneous political base through a series of instruments. Among these tools, the use of patronage in appointments for governmental positions and the deployment of pork barrel to please congressional representatives have been highlighted by the literature as the glue that holds together multiparty coalitions. However, current studies neglect the role of politicians as active actors in multiparty presidential regimes in channeling resources to their constituencies and parties when holding a cabinet position. This paper contributes to the literature by merging these two tools of coalition maintenance. We analyze a complimentary strategy that benefits party leaders in the coalition by studying the relation of top-level cabinet appointments and grant transfers to subnational governments. Using data from Brazil, a paradigmatic case of multiparty presidential regime, we intend to answer the following question: Are ministries in Brazil being used to please ministers’ constituency and party allies? Using social networking analysis and econometrics for the period between 2011 and 2014, we provide evidence that ministers use their position to transfer funding to districts governed by fellow party members and not to their own political strongholds following a partisan pattern instead of a personal one. instruments coalitions However maintenance toplevel top level governments regime question allies 201 2014 one 20 2

RESUMEN Objetivo. Estimar la prevalencia del tracoma en poblaciones indígenas y no indígenas en determinadas zonas del estado de Maranhão, en el nordeste de Brasil. Métodos. Se trató de una encuesta de ámbito poblacional con muestreo probabilístico. Para el diagnóstico del tracoma, se realizó un examen ocular externo con una lupa frontal de 2,5X aumentos. Se estimó la prevalencia de la inflamación tracomatosa folicular (TF) en la población infantil de 1 a 9 años y la prevalencia de la triquiasis tracomatosa (TT) en la población de 15 años o más. Se obtuvieron las frecuencias relativas de las características sociodemográficas y ambientales. Resultados. En el estudio participaron 7 971 personas, 3 429 de poblaciones no indígenas y 4 542 de poblaciones indígenas. La prevalencia de la TF en las poblaciones no indígenas e indígenas fue de 0,1% y 2,9%, respectivamente, en tanto que la de la TT en las poblaciones indígenas fue de 0,1%. Conclusiones. La prevalencia de la TF y la TT en las dos unidades de evaluación del estado de Maranhão estuvo dentro de los límites recomendados para la eliminación del tracoma como problema de salud pública. Sin embargo, la prevalencia de la TF fue mayor en la unidad de evaluación indígena, lo que indica una mayor vulnerabilidad de esta población a la enfermedad. La prevalencia de la TF inferior al 5,0% implica una reducción de la transmisión, que puede haber sido consecuencia tanto de la mejora de las condiciones socioeconómicas como de la aplicación de la estrategia SAFE de la Organización Mundial de la Salud.

ABSTRACT Objective. To estimate the prevalence of trachoma in indigenous and non-indigenous populations in selected areas of the state of Maranhão, in northeastern Brazil. Methods. This was a population-based survey with probabilistic sampling. For the diagnosis of trachoma, external ocular examination was performed using head magnifying loupes, at 2.5X magnification. The prevalence of trachomatous inflammation – follicular (TF) in children aged 1–9 years and the prevalence of trachomatous trichiasis (TT) in the population aged ≥15 years were estimated. Relative frequencies of sociodemographic and environmental characteristics were obtained. Results. The study included 7 971 individuals, 3 429 from non-indigenous populations and 4 542 from indigenous populations. The prevalence of TF in non-indigenous and indigenous populations was 0.1% and 2.9%, respectively, and the prevalence of TT among indigenous populations was 0.1%. Conclusions. The prevalence of TF and TT in the two evaluation units in the state of Maranhão were within the limits recommended for the elimination of trachoma as a public health problem. However, the prevalence of TF was higher in the indigenous evaluation unit, indicating a greater vulnerability of this population to the disease. The prevalence of TF of below 5.0% implies a reduction in transmission, which may have resulted from improved socioeconomic conditions and/or the implementation of the World Health Organization SAFE strategy.

RESUMO Objetivo. Estimar a prevalência do tracoma em populações indígenas e não indígenas em áreas selecionadas do estado do Maranhão, na região Nordeste do Brasil. Métodos. Inquérito de base populacional com amostragem probabilística. Para o diagnóstico de tracoma, foi realizado exame ocular externo com o auxílio de lupas binoculares com ampliação de 2,5×. Foram estimadas a prevalência de inflamação tracomatosa folicular (TF) em crianças de 1 a 9 anos de idade e a prevalência de triquíase tracomatosa (TT) na população com idade ≥15 anos. Foram obtidas as frequências relativas das características sociodemográficas e ambientais. Resultados. O estudo incluiu 7 971 indivíduos (3 429 de populações não indígenas e 4 542 de populações indígenas). A prevalência de TF nas populações não indígenas e indígenas foi de 0,1% e 2,9%, respectivamente, e a prevalência de TT entre as populações indígenas foi de 0,1%. Conclusões. A prevalência de TF e TT nas duas unidades de avaliação no estado do Maranhão ficou dentro dos limites recomendados para a eliminação do tracoma como problema de saúde pública. No entanto, a prevalência de TF foi maior na unidade de avaliação indígena, indicando uma maior vulnerabilidade dessa população à doença. A prevalência de TF abaixo de 5,0% implica uma redução na transmissão, que pode ter sido resultado de melhores condições socioeconômicas e da implementação da estratégia SAFE da Organização Mundial da Saúde.

Abstract Background Abnormal motor posturing (AMP), exhibiting as decorticate, decerebrate, or opisthotonos, is regularly noticed among children and adults. Objective This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the risk factors and outcome of posturing among severe head and brain injury subjects. Methods Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria and using MeSH terms: "decerebrate posturing", "opisthotonic posturing", "brain injury", and/or "cerebral injury" articles were searched on Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, and google scholar databases. Observational studies, case series, and case reports were included. Results A total of 1953 studies were retrieved initially, and based on the selection criteria, 20 studies were finally selected for review and were analyzed for meta-analysis based on the mortality between the hematomas. The functional outcomes of this study are the risk factors, mortality rate and Glasgow Outcome Scale. Decerebrative patients were higher among the studies related to head injury surgeries. Males were mainly treated for decerebrate postures compared with the female subjects. Extradural hematoma and acute subdural hematoma with cerebral contusion were quite common in the surgical mass lesions. Conclusion The findings reported that the lesion types, the operative procedures, and the age of the decerebrating patients with brain injuries are the significant prognostic factors determining the survival outcomes. AMP, AMP , (AMP) decorticate opisthotonos adults metaanalysis meta analysis subjects terms posturing, posturing" opisthotonic injury, andor Scopus PubMed Direct databases series included 195 initially 2 hematomas Scale surgeries lesions types procedures (AMP 19 1

Resumo Antecedentes Postura motora anormal (AMP), exibindo-se como decorticada, descerebrada ou opistótono, é regularmente observada entre crianças e adultos. Objetivo Esta revisão sistemática e metanálise examinou os fatores de risco e os resultados da postura entre indivíduos com lesões graves na cabeça e no cérebro. Métodos Com base nos critérios de inclusão e exclusão e usando termos MeSH: artigos sobre "postura descerebrada", "postura opistótona", "lesão cerebral" e/ou "lesão cerebral" foram pesquisados nas bases de dados Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct e Google Scholar. Foram incluídos estudos observacionais, séries de casos e relatos de casos. Resultados Um total de 1.953 estudos foram recuperados inicialmente e, com base nos critérios de seleção, 20 estudos foram finalmente selecionados para revisão e analisados para metanálise com base na mortalidade entre os hematomas. Os resultados funcionais deste estudo são os fatores de risco, taxa de mortalidade e Escala de Resultados de Glasgow. Os pacientes descerebrados foram maiores entre os estudos relacionados a cirurgias de traumatismo cranioencefálico. Os homens foram tratados principalmente para posturas descerebradas em comparação com as mulheres. Hematoma extradural e hematoma subdural agudo com contusão cerebral foram bastante comuns nas lesões de massa cirúrgica. Conclusão Os achados relataram que os tipos de lesões, os procedimentos operatórios e a idade dos pacientes descerebrados com lesões cerebrais são os fatores prognósticos significativos que determinam os resultados de sobrevivência. AMP, AMP , (AMP) exibindose exibindo se decorticada opistótono adultos cérebro MeSH descerebrada, descerebrada" opistótona, opistótona opistótona" lesão eou Scopus PubMed Scholar observacionais 1953 1 953 1.95 seleção 2 hematomas Glasgow cranioencefálico mulheres cirúrgica sobrevivência (AMP 195 95 1.9 19 9 1.

Resumen: Este estudio analiza la inseguridad alimentaria y los factores asociados, en el área urbana de un municipio de la cuenca hidrográfica del río Amazonas, Amazonia occidental. Se trata de una encuesta transversal, de base poblacional, realizada en el período de agosto a noviembre del 2021, con 983 hogares seleccionados mediante muestreo probabilístico estratificado. Se utilizó el modelo de regresión logística multinomial, adoptando los siguientes criterios: valor de p < 20% en el análisis bivariado y valor de p < 5% para el ajuste multivariado. Los resultados de los análisis se describieron como odds ratios (OR) e intervalo de 95% de confianza (IC95%). Las siguientes variables se asociaron significativamente con la inseguridad alimentaria leve o moderada: inseguridad hídrica en el hogar, número de residentes ≥ 5 en el hogar, pertenecer a la clase socioeconómica “D” o “E”, tener padre, madre u otra persona como cabeza de familia y tener a algún residente como beneficiario del Programa Bolsa Familia. En el modelo de análisis para la inseguridad alimentaria severa se encontró que vivir en hogar con inseguridad hídrica, pertenecer a la clase socioeconómica D o E, tener padre, madre u otra persona como cabeza de familia, edad del jefe de familia < 55 años, y un ingreso familiar más bajo que dos salarios mínimos aumentó las probabilidades de sufrir inseguridad alimentaria grave, en comparación con aquellos en situación de seguridad alimentaria. En conclusión, se constató una alta prevalencia de inseguridad alimentaria en el Municipio de Itapiranga, en el interior del Amazonas, Región Norte de Brasil, asociada a la situación de vulnerabilidad social y económica, a la falta de servicios públicos y a la inseguridad hídrica de los hogares. Resumen asociados Amazonas occidental transversal poblacional 2021 98 estratificado multinomial criterios 20 multivariado OR (OR 95 IC95%. IC95 IC IC95% . (IC95%) moderada “D E , “E” padre Familia años grave conclusión Itapiranga Brasil económica 202 9 2 IC9 (IC95% “E (IC95 (IC9 (IC

Abstract: This study analyzed food insecurity and associated factors in the urban area of a municipality in the Amazon River basin, Western Amazon. This is a cross-sectional population-based study conducted from August to November 2021 with 983 households selected by stratified probability sampling. A multinomial logistic regression model was used, adopting the following criteria: p-value < 20% in the bivariate analysis and p-value < 5% for the multivariate adjustment. The results of the analyses were described as odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI). The following variables were significantly associated with mild or moderate food insecurity: household water insecurity; number of residents ≥ 5 in the household; belonging to socioeconomic class D or E; having a father, mother or another as the head of the family; and having any resident as a beneficiary of the Brazilian Income Transfer Program. The analysis model for severe food insecurity showed that living with household water insecurity; belonging to socioeconomic class D or E; having a father, mother or another as the head of the family; age of the head of the family < 55 years; and family income lower that two minimum wages increased the chances of severe food insecurity when compared to those with food security. In conclusion, this study found a high prevalence of food insecurity in the Municipality of Itapiranga, State of Amazonas, North Region of Brazil, associated with social and economic vulnerability, lack of public services, and household water insecurity. Abstract basin crosssectional cross sectional populationbased population based 202 98 sampling used criteria pvalue p value 20 adjustment OR (OR 95 95%CI. 95CI CI 95%CI . (95%CI) E father Program years security conclusion Itapiranga Amazonas Brazil vulnerability services 9 2 (95%CI

Resumo: Este estudo analisa a insegurança alimentar e os fatores a ela associados na área urbana de um município na bacia hidrográfica do Rio Amazonas, Amazônia Ocidental. Trata-se de pesquisa transversal, de base populacional, realizada de agosto a novembro de 2021, com 983 domicílios selecionados por amostragem probabilística estratificada. Empregou-se o modelo de regressão logística multinomial, adotando-se os seguintes critérios: valor de p < 20% na análise bivariada e valor de p < 5% para o ajuste multivariado. Os resultados das análises foram descritos como odds ratios (OR) e intervalo de 95% de confiança (IC95%). Foram significantemente associadas à insegurança alimentar leve ou moderada as seguintes variáveis: insegurança hídrica domiciliar, número de moradores ≥ 5 no domicílio, pertencer à classe socioeconômica D ou E, ter pai, mãe ou outro, como chefe da família e ter algum morador beneficiário do Programa Bolsa Família. No modelo de análise para a insegurança alimentar grave constatou-se que viver em insegurança hídrica domiciliar, pertencer à classe socioeconômica D ou E, ter pai, mãe ou outro chefe da família, e tendo este menos que 55 anos, e renda familiar menor que dois salários mínimos aumentaram as chances de insegurança alimentar grave, comparativamente àqueles em segurança alimentar. Em conclusão, verificou-se alta prevalência de insegurança alimentar no Município de Itapiranga, Amazonas, Região Norte do Brasil, associada à situação de vulnerabilidade social e econômica, à falta de serviços públicos e à insegurança hídrica domiciliar. Resumo Amazonas Ocidental Tratase Trata se transversal populacional 2021 98 estratificada Empregouse Empregou multinomial adotandose adotando critérios 20 multivariado OR (OR 95 IC95%. IC95 IC IC95% . (IC95%) variáveis domiciliar domicílio E pai Família constatouse constatou anos conclusão verificouse verificou Itapiranga Brasil econômica 202 9 2 IC9 (IC95% (IC95 (IC9 (IC

Resumo: Este estudo analisa a insegurança alimentar e os fatores a ela associados na área urbana de um município na bacia hidrográfica do Rio Amazonas, Amazônia Ocidental. Trata-se de pesquisa transversal, de base populacional, realizada de agosto a novembro de 2021, com 983 domicílios selecionados por amostragem probabilística estratificada. Empregou-se o modelo de regressão logística multinomial, adotando-se os seguintes critérios: valor de p < 20% na análise bivariada e valor de p < 5% para o ajuste multivariado. Os resultados das análises foram descritos como odds ratios (OR) e intervalo de 95% de confiança (IC95%). Foram significantemente associadas à insegurança alimentar leve ou moderada as seguintes variáveis: insegurança hídrica domiciliar, número de moradores ≥ 5 no domicílio, pertencer à classe socioeconômica D ou E, ter pai, mãe ou outro, como chefe da família e ter algum morador beneficiário do Programa Bolsa Família. No modelo de análise para a insegurança alimentar grave constatou-se que viver em insegurança hídrica domiciliar, pertencer à classe socioeconômica D ou E, ter pai, mãe ou outro chefe da família, e tendo este menos que 55 anos, e renda familiar menor que dois salários mínimos aumentaram as chances de insegurança alimentar grave, comparativamente àqueles em segurança alimentar. Em conclusão, verificou-se alta prevalência de insegurança alimentar no Município de Itapiranga, Amazonas, Região Norte do Brasil, associada à situação de vulnerabilidade social e econômica, à falta de serviços públicos e à insegurança hídrica domiciliar.

Abstract: This study analyzed food insecurity and associated factors in the urban area of a municipality in the Amazon River basin, Western Amazon. This is a cross-sectional population-based study conducted from August to November 2021 with 983 households selected by stratified probability sampling. A multinomial logistic regression model was used, adopting the following criteria: p-value < 20% in the bivariate analysis and p-value < 5% for the multivariate adjustment. The results of the analyses were described as odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI). The following variables were significantly associated with mild or moderate food insecurity: household water insecurity; number of residents ≥ 5 in the household; belonging to socioeconomic class D or E; having a father, mother or another as the head of the family; and having any resident as a beneficiary of the Brazilian Income Transfer Program. The analysis model for severe food insecurity showed that living with household water insecurity; belonging to socioeconomic class D or E; having a father, mother or another as the head of the family; age of the head of the family < 55 years; and family income lower that two minimum wages increased the chances of severe food insecurity when compared to those with food security. In conclusion, this study found a high prevalence of food insecurity in the Municipality of Itapiranga, State of Amazonas, North Region of Brazil, associated with social and economic vulnerability, lack of public services, and household water insecurity.

Resumen: Este estudio analiza la inseguridad alimentaria y los factores asociados, en el área urbana de un municipio de la cuenca hidrográfica del río Amazonas, Amazonia occidental. Se trata de una encuesta transversal, de base poblacional, realizada en el período de agosto a noviembre del 2021, con 983 hogares seleccionados mediante muestreo probabilístico estratificado. Se utilizó el modelo de regresión logística multinomial, adoptando los siguientes criterios: valor de p < 20% en el análisis bivariado y valor de p < 5% para el ajuste multivariado. Los resultados de los análisis se describieron como odds ratios (OR) e intervalo de 95% de confianza (IC95%). Las siguientes variables se asociaron significativamente con la inseguridad alimentaria leve o moderada: inseguridad hídrica en el hogar, número de residentes ≥ 5 en el hogar, pertenecer a la clase socioeconómica “D” o “E”, tener padre, madre u otra persona como cabeza de familia y tener a algún residente como beneficiario del Programa Bolsa Familia. En el modelo de análisis para la inseguridad alimentaria severa se encontró que vivir en hogar con inseguridad hídrica, pertenecer a la clase socioeconómica D o E, tener padre, madre u otra persona como cabeza de familia, edad del jefe de familia < 55 años, y un ingreso familiar más bajo que dos salarios mínimos aumentó las probabilidades de sufrir inseguridad alimentaria grave, en comparación con aquellos en situación de seguridad alimentaria. En conclusión, se constató una alta prevalencia de inseguridad alimentaria en el Municipio de Itapiranga, en el interior del Amazonas, Región Norte de Brasil, asociada a la situación de vulnerabilidad social y económica, a la falta de servicios públicos y a la inseguridad hídrica de los hogares.

RESUMEN Introducción: El infarto en la arteria de Percheron es una patología infrecuente, porque se caracteriza por variaciones anatómicas y de difícil diagnóstico clínico. Objetivo: Describir un caso clínico de infarto en la arteria de Percheron. Presentación de caso: Se presenta una mujer de 67 años de edad con mucho sueño y que no responde adecuadamente las preguntas; con antecedente de hipertensión arterial, se le realiza un examen clínico referencial: somnolienta, Glasgow: apertura ocular 3, respuesta verbal 4, respuesta motora 5, 12/15, pupilas hiporreactivas, sin signos de focalización; se solicitó tomografía axial computarizada de cabeza sin contraste informando con resultados adecuados para su edad; el sedimento urinario: no patológico; se inició un tratamiento para intoxicación por benzodiazepinas con flumazenilo pero la paciente no reaccionó al tratamiento, por lo que empeoró; se repite la tomografía de cabeza sin contraste, se informó hipodensidades en la región paramediana de ambos tálamos sin compromiso de mesencéfalo: infarto en la arteria de Percheron; se realiza interconsulta a la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos. A los dos días, la paciente fallece por infección sobreagregada. Conclusiones: El infarto en la arteria de Percheron se presenta con síntomas inespecíficos en la etapa inicial, que hace pasarlo desapercibido en la evaluación clínica; debe ser considerado como diferencial en todo paciente con alteración del estado de conciencia, y debe realizarse tomografía axial computarizada normal; por tanto, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento deben ser oportunos para evitar procedimientos adicionales innecesarios o incluso la muerte.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The artery of Percheron infarction is a rare pathology, which is characterized by anatomical variations and difficult clinical diagnosis. Objective: To describe a clinical case of artery of Percheron infarction. Case report: We report the case of a 67-year-old woman who was very sleepy and did not respond satisfactorily to the questions; she had history of hypertension. A baseline clinical examination was performed revealing she was drowsy, her Glasgow showed eye opening 3, verbal response 4, motor response 5, 12/15, hyporeactive pupils, no signs of focusing. Computed axial tomography of the head with no contrast was indicated, reporting results that were proper for her age. Urinary sediment resulted non-pathological. Treatment for benzodiazepine poisoning was started with flumazenil, but the patient did not react to the treatment and worsened. Her head CT without contrast was repeated, showing hypodensities in the paramedian region of both thalami without involvement of the midbrain: the artery of Percheron infarction. Consultation was carried out with the intensive care unit to manage it. Two days later, the patient died from superimposed infection. Conclusion: The artery of Percheron infarction presents with non-specific symptoms in the initial stage, which makes it go unnoticed in the clinical evaluation. It should be considered in a differential diagnosis in all patients with altered state of consciousness, and a normal computed axial tomography should be performed. Therefore, timely diagnosis and treatment are a must to avoid unnecessary additional procedures or even death.

RESUMEN Los desafíos socioambientales contemporáneos se caracterizan por su elevada complejidad, lo que resulta en una creciente vulnerabilidad socioecológica. Por ello, para comprender estos problemas es necesario analizar los múltiples factores que influyen en su origen y desarrollo. Presentamos, a partir de una revisión de fuentes secundarias, un primer análisis de la avalancha de lodo, residuos y materia orgánica que ocurrió en junio de 2019 en la cabecera del municipio de San Gabriel, en el estado de Jalisco, México. Si bien este desastre ambiental se ha atribuido principalmente a la expansión del cultivo de aguacate, se argumenta que otros factores, incluida la urbanización espontánea, también desempeñan un papel significativo. A través de este análisis, se explora la complejidad socioambiental subyacente que contribuyó a la vulnerabilidad socioecológica y, en última instancia, desencadenó la avalancha en San Gabriel. Se concluye con reflexiones generales, resaltando la importancia de abordar la gestión de políticas ambientales desde una perspectiva colaborativa que involucre a todos los sectores sociales.

ABSTRACT Contemporary socio-environmental challenges are characterized by their high complexity, resulting in increasing socio-ecological vulnerability. Therefore, in order to understand these problems, it is necessary to analyse the multiple factors that influence their origin and development. We present, from a review of secondary sources, a first analysis of the landslide of mud, debris and organic matter that occurred in June 2019 in the head of the municipality of San Gabriel, in the state of Jalisco, Mexico. While this environmental disaster has been attributed primarily to the expansion of avocado cultivation, it is argued that other factors, including spontaneous urbanization, also play a significant role. Through this analysis, the underlying socio-environmental complexity that contributed to the socioecological vulnerability and ultimately triggered the landslide in San Gabriel is explored. To conclude with general reflections, highlighting the importance of approaching environmental policy management from a collaborative perspective involving all social sectors.

BACKGROUND: Persisting symptoms after concussion (PSaC) are a pathological manifestation of head injuries that present with symptoms after the acute phase of head trauma has subsided. Insufficient research about PSaC has led to gaps in knowledge and incorrect terminology being applied. Furthermore, gaps exist in standardised assessment protocols and understanding of mental health symptoms associated with sports. OBJECTIVES: The study aimed to; 1) Determine expert consensus on appropriate terminology for symptoms lasting >4 weeks, 2) Investigate associations with mental health and postural stability symptoms, 3) Evaluate experts' views on quantitative balance and electroencephalogram (EEG) testing. METHODS: A Delphi-like survey was designed in REDCap and sent to identified experts in the field of sports-related concussions (SRC). Expert consensus was defined as >75% agreement. RESULTS: Expert consensus identified the following mood and motor control symptoms being associated with PSaC: increases in emotional state (80%), irritability (87%), nervousness (87%), sadness (80%), balance impairment (80%), dizziness (87%) and feeling slow (80%). Numbness and tingling were not considered longer-term effects (80%). Additionally, 93% of respondents acknowledged mental health symptoms as potential longer-term effects, with 80% agreeing on inadequate current management. Respondents indicated PSaC are only somewhat adequately managed (73%) or not managed well enough (27%). The use of EEG and quantitative balance testing remains open for debate. The survey response rate was 21%. CONCLUSION: Improving mental health management for athletes with PSaC and standardising terminology is crucial. Future research is required to establish effective diagnosis and treatment methods. Addressing these issues may result in better care and safer return to play for athletes.

Abstract The paper proposes design and investigates controllers for infusion pump systems to actuate air control flow with improved performance. The actuator is realized with a permanent magnet brushless DC motor controlled by a self-tune PID controller replaced self-tune fuzzy-PID controller. Using the nonlinear model of the infusion pump system includes the motor driver, fuzzy-PID controller, and gear head as the load connected to the analysis of experimental results. The proposed control topology will improve transient responses such as rise time and steady-state error of the infusion pump system. The actuation system needs an efficient actuator with a controller for tracking desired response with self-tuning depending on linear and nonlinear conditions. The complete electromechanical actuator for fin control is modeled in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. The simulation results show a better transient response and fewer torque ripples in the proposed system and a comparison study is performed for fuzzy-PID and conventional PID controllers. performance selftune self tune fuzzyPID fuzzy driver steadystate steady state selftuning tuning conditions MATLABSIMULINK MATLAB SIMULINK environment

RESUMO Objetivo Correlacionar a performance funcional e impacto da disfagia na qualidade de vida de pacientes oncológicos em cuidados paliativos. Método Estudo transversal e quantitativo realizado no ambulatório e enfermaria de oncologia de um hospital universitário. Os critérios de inclusão exigiram que os pacientes respondessem positivamente à pergunta: “você tem dificuldade ou problema para engolir?”. Foram excluídos os pacientes que tivessem diagnóstico de câncer de cabeça e pescoço, incapacidade de responder questionários devido a estarem em processo ativo de morte, estado de sonolência, dor extrema e instabilidade sistêmica, bem como os instrumentos de coleta que não foram concluídos. Foram aplicados dois instrumentos em suas versões para o português brasileiro: a Palliative Performance Scale (PPS) e M. D. Anderson Dysphagia Inventory (MDADI). A análise das variáveis foi realizada com base na estatística descritiva e inferencial, por meio da correlação de Pearson, em nível de significância de 5%. Resultados A amostra foi composta por 39 participantes, com média de 65,3 anos, dos quais 24 (61,5%) eram mulheres. As localizações mais frequentes de neoplasia foram: pâncreas e estômago. O resultado da PPS indicou que a média dos pacientes apresentou deambulação reduzida, incapacidade para trabalhar, porém com independência no autocuidado, nível de ingesta e consciência completos e o MDADI obteve grau médio de limitação. Pacientes ambulatoriais apresentaram correlação moderada entre o resultado do MDADI e nível de funcionalidade pela PPS. Conclusão Pacientes oncológicos do ambulatório de cuidados paliativos apresentaram correlação entre performance funcional e o impacto da disfagia na qualidade de vida. universitário pergunta você engolir. engolir . engolir?” pescoço morte sonolência sistêmica concluídos brasileiro (PPS M D MDADI. (MDADI) inferencial Pearson 5 5% 3 participantes 653 65 65, anos 2 61,5% 615 61 (61,5% mulheres estômago reduzida trabalhar autocuidado limitação engolir? (MDADI 6 61,5 (61,5 61, (61, (61 (6 (

ABSTRACT Purpose To correlate the functional performance and impact of dysphagia on the quality of life of cancer patients in palliative care. Methods This cross-sectional, quantitative study was conducted at the outpatient clinic and oncology ward of a university hospital. Inclusion criteria required patients to respond positively to the question: “Do you have difficulty or problems swallowing?”. Patients were excluded if they had been diagnosed with head and neck cancer, were unable to answer questionnaires due to actively dying status, were in a state of drowsiness, experienced extreme pain and systemic instability, or if data collection instruments were incomplete. Two instruments were used in their Brazilian Portuguese versions: the Palliative Performance Scale (PPS) and the M. D. Anderson Dysphagia Inventory (MDADI). The variables were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, with Pearson's correlation used at a 5% significance level. Results The sample consisted of 39 participants, with an average age of 65.3 years, of whom 24 (61.5%) were women. The most frequent neoplasm sites were the pancreas and stomach. The results of the PPS indicated that the average patient had reduced ambulation and inability to work, but maintained independence in self-care, with a complete level of swallowing and consciousness. The MDADI showed an average degree of limitation. Outpatients exhibited a moderate correlation between the MDADI result and the level of functionality according to the PPS. Conclusion Cancer patients at the palliative care outpatient clinic demonstrated a correlation between functional performance and the impact of dysphagia on quality of life. crosssectional, crosssectional cross sectional, sectional cross-sectional hospital question Do swallowing. . swallowing?” status drowsiness instability incomplete versions (PPS M D MDADI. (MDADI) statistics Pearsons Pearson s 5 3 participants 653 65 65. years 2 61.5% 615 61 (61.5% women stomach work selfcare, selfcare self care, self-care consciousness limitation swallowing? (MDADI 6 61.5 (61.5 61. (61. (61 (6 (

The COVID-19 pandemic affected higher education institutions negatively, especially departments such as Students Affairs at the University of the Free State (UFS) in South Africa. When the national lockdown was announced on 23 March 2020, some students were already in recess and had vacated their residences. Students that had remained were given 72 hours to vacate their residences. By 26 March 2020, the residences were locked, and only a few international and graduate students remained. These changes affected the functioning of residence heads because they had to assume different roles. This reflective article provides perspectives on the experiences and responses of residence heads during the different levels of the COVID-19 lockdown in South Africa and recommendations for future practice and responses of the participating residence heads. The article uses reflective scholarship of practice as a methodology and incorporates Schön's (1987) reflection as knowing-in-action and further draws on Luescher's (2018) template for the structure and key components of reflective practice. A focus group discussion was also done to elicit more data from participants. The findings indicate that residence heads experienced anxiety and fear related to their students, families, and jobs during the different lockdown levels. The responses show that effective communication with students and university stakeholders during all levels of the lockdown was key, although confusing and conflicting at times. Most available studies have focused on the experiences and responses of students, teaching and learning, and institutions, but only a few on residence heads during COVID-19. This study provides not only an account of the experiences and responses of residence heads but also recommendations for future residence head practice in student affairs and institutions during similar times of crisis.

La pandémie de COVID-19 a eu des répercussions négatives sur les établissements d'enseignement supérieur, en particulier sur les départements tels que celui des oeuvres estudiantines de l'Université de Free State (UFS) en Afrique du Sud. Lorsque le confinement national a été annoncé le 23 mars 2020, certains étudiants étaient déjà en vacances et avaient quitté leurs résidences. On avait donné 72 heures aux autres étudiants pour quitter leurs résidences. Le 26 mars 2020, les résidences étaient fermées et seuls quelques étudiants internationaux et des cycles supérieurs pouvaient encore rester. Ces changements avaient une incidence sur le fonctionnement des responsables de résidence, car ils devaient assumer des rôles différents. Cet article réflexif offre des perspectives sur les expériences et les réponses des responsables de résidence pendant les différents niveaux de confinement pendant la pandémie de COVID-19 en Afrique du Sud, ainsi que des recommandations sur les pratiques et les réponses futures des responsables des résidences concernés. L'article utilise la réflexion critique sur la pratique professionnelle comme méthodologie et intègre la réflexion de Schön (1987) en tant que connaissance-en-action. Il s'appuie également sur le modèle de Luescher (2018) pour la structure et les éléments clés de la réflexion. Une discussion de groupe a également été organisée pour obtenir davantage de données de la part des participants. Les résultats indiquent que les responsables des résidences ont ressenti de l'anxiété et de la peur liées à leurs étudiants, à leurs familles et à leurs emplois pendant les différents niveaux de confinement. Les réponses montrent qu'une communication efficace avec les étudiants et les parties prenantes de l'université à tous les niveaux du confinement était essentielle, même si elle était parfois confuse et conflictuelle. La plupart d'études disponibles se sont penchées sur les expériences et les réponses des étudiants, sur l'enseignement et l'apprentissage, ainsi que sur les institutions, mais très peu sur les responsables des résidences pendant la crise COVID-19. Cette étude présente non seulement un compte-rendu des expériences et des réponses des responsables des résidences, mais aussi des recommandations concernant les pratiques futures des responsables des résidences dans le domaine des œuvres estudiantines ainsi que pour leurs institutions lors de périodes de crise similaires.

RESUMO Introdução: As queimaduras são um desafio da saúde pública devido à alta morbimortalidade e prejuízo na qualidade de vida da vítima. Elas afetam desproporcionalmente as populações de menor nível socioeconômico, resultando em elevados custos para saúde. Método: Estudo ecológico, retrospectivo, observacional, com abordagem quantitativa e análise de tendência temporal da morbimortalidade por queimadura em Santa Catarina, com dados obtidos dos Sistemas de Informações Hospitalar e de mortalidade disponibilizados pelo Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde. Análise temporal pelo Teste de Correlação de Spearman. Resultados: Verificada tendência de crescimento na taxa geral de internação (Spearman=0,806; p<0,005) por queimaduras no estado no período analisado. Maior prevalência no sexo masculino (RP 1,68), na população de 0 a 4 anos (RP 3,08) e na região da Grande Florianópolis (taxa média 23,22%). Predominou o grupo classificado como médio queimado (taxa média 25,67%) e as internações de 0 a 3 dias (taxa média 50,25%). Queimaduras em cabeça, pescoço e tronco (taxa média 32,25%) foram as mais prevalentes. Conclusão: Identificada tendência de crescimento na taxa de internação por queimaduras em crianças no estado. Maior prevalência de internação no sexo masculino, em crianças de 0 a 4 anos e na região da Grande Florianópolis. Predomínio de médio queimados e de queimaduras em cabeça, pescoço e tronco, com maior taxa de internações de curta duração. Introdução vítima socioeconômico Método ecológico retrospectivo observacional Catarina Saúde Spearman Resultados Spearman=0,806 Spearman0806 806 (Spearman=0,806 p<0,005 p0005 p 005 analisado RP 1,68, 168 1,68 , 1 68 1,68) 3,08 308 08 23,22%. 2322 23,22% . 23 22 23,22%) 25,67% 2567 25 67 50,25%. 5025 50,25% 50 50,25%) cabeça 32,25% 3225 32 prevalentes Conclusão duração Spearman=0,80 Spearman080 80 (Spearman=0,80 p<0,00 p000 00 16 1,6 6 3,0 30 232 23,22 2 25,67 256 502 50,25 5 32,25 322 Spearman=0,8 Spearman08 8 (Spearman=0,8 p<0,0 p00 1, 3, 23,2 25,6 50,2 32,2 Spearman=0, Spearman0 (Spearman=0, p<0, p0 23, 25, 50, 32, Spearman=0 (Spearman=0 p<0 Spearman= (Spearman= p< (Spearman

ABSTRACT Introduction: Burns is a public health challenge due to high morbidity and mortality and impairment of the victim’s quality of life. They disproportionately affect populations of lower socioeconomic status, resulting in high health costs. Method: Ecological, retrospective, observational study, with a quantitative approach and temporal trend analysis of morbidity and mortality due to burns in Santa Catarina, with data obtained from the Hospital and Mortality Information Systems made available by the Information Technology Department of the Unified Health System. Temporal analysis by Spearman Correlation Test. Results: There was a growing trend in the general hospitalization rate (Spearman=0.806; p<0.005) for burns in the state in the period analyzed. Higher prevalence in males (RP 1.68), in the population aged 0 to 4 years (RP 3.08), and in the Greater Florianópolis region (mean rate 23.22%). The group classified as medium burn predominated (mean rate 25.67%) and hospitalizations of 0 to 3 days (mean rate 50.25%). Burns to the head, neck, and trunk (mean rate 32.25%) were the most prevalent. Conclusion: A growth trend was identified in the hospitalization rate for burns in children in the state. Higher prevalence of hospitalization in males, in children aged 0 to 4 years, and in the Greater Florianópolis region. Predominance of moderate burns and burns to the head, neck, and trunk, with a higher rate of short-term hospitalizations. Introduction victims victim s life status costs Method Ecological retrospective study Catarina System Test Results Spearman=0.806 Spearman0806 806 (Spearman=0.806 p<0.005 p0005 p 005 analyzed RP 1.68, 168 1.68 , 1 68 1.68) 3.08, 308 3.08 08 3.08) mean 23.22%. 2322 23.22% . 23 22 23.22%) 25.67% 2567 25 67 50.25%. 5025 50.25% 50 50.25%) head neck 32.25% 3225 32 prevalent Conclusion shortterm short term Spearman=0.80 Spearman080 80 (Spearman=0.80 p<0.00 p000 00 16 1.6 6 30 3.0 232 23.22 2 25.67 256 502 50.25 5 32.25 322 Spearman=0.8 Spearman08 8 (Spearman=0.8 p<0.0 p00 1. 3. 23.2 25.6 50.2 32.2 Spearman=0. Spearman0 (Spearman=0. p<0. p0 23. 25. 50. 32. Spearman=0 (Spearman=0 p<0 Spearman= (Spearman= p< (Spearman