Verlorenvlei is a globally important RAMSAR wetland on the arid west coast of South Africa. A prolonged drought between 2016 and 2021 and increasing competition for water from the agricultural sector resulted in extremely low water levels. We used historical aerial and satellite imagery from 1942 and rainfall and water level data for the past 50 years, to assess habitat changes within the estuarine functional zone of the Verlorenvlei Estuarine Lake. Prior to the drought, lake water levels and water surface area remained stable (1113 ± 27 ha (SE)). Since then, there has been a 64% decrease in open water area, exposing 193 ha of sandbanks, of which 190.9 ha were hyper-sulfidic pyrite-rich. The water in the lower lake was hypersaline (>100), and in the middle, it was acidic (pH<3). The low water level plus sediment and nutrient input from surrounding agriculture resulted in a localised increase in reeds. Additional pressures, such as fires, have reduced the above-ground biomass of reeds and sedges, potentially altering surface morphology and reducing stored carbon. Despite flooding and filling up in June 2023, the lake remained in an acidic state (3.9-4.3). Similar low-lake level, hypersaline and acidic conditions are predicted to become more common under future climate change scenarios where aridity and extreme weather events are anticipated. Inflow of fresh water into the estuary and control of farming practices are required to keep the Verlorenvlei in a functional state, with long-term monitoring necessary to assess the ecological condition in response to restoration actions. SIGNIFICANCE: We assessed the habitat changes in Verlorenvlei, an estuarine lake on the arid west coast of South Africa. Estuarine lakes are scarce, and an extended drought greatly reduced the water surface area, exposing hyper-sulfidic pyrite-rich soils, leading to lake acidification and a negative response from biota. Competition for water from agribusiness and the burning of reeds are added pressures. Subsequent heavy rains have been slow to buffer lake acidity, and the impacts thereof serve as a warning for the management of similar ecosystems and their ecological water requirements, especially under climate change where extreme weather conditions, increased aridity and competition for water are realities.

SUMMARY: Owing to extensive overexploitation and continuous habitat loss in recent decades, Dalbergia stevensonii has become endangered in Central America and its place of origin. Genetic diversity is essential for ensuring the long-term survival of the species and is vital in breeding programs. However, knowledge of the genetic diversity of D. stevensonii is limited, as no study has been conducted to estimate the population variability in Guatemala. This study is the first to determine the genetic diversity and structure of wild populations of D. stevensonii in Guatemala using molecular markers. The genetic diversity of 90 wild D. stevensonii trees from six populations located in their natural range is currently being evaluated. Genetic diversity was moderate, with an average of 5.83 alleles per locus, a mean Shannon index value of 1.42, and observed and expected heterozygosity of 0.32 and 0.37, respectively. AMOVA indicated that only 6 % of the genetic variation was between populations, and genetic distance values (pairwise FST) suggested moderate differentiation between populations. STRUCTURE and DAPC analyses revealed the existence of three clusters for the 90 samples, while the genetic differentiation among populations is attributed more to genetics than to geographic distance. Conservation of the genetic diversity of D. stevensonii is critical to ensure its long-term survival, and the success of breeding programs focused on improving the traits and characteristics of the species, such as growth rate, wood quality, and resistance to pests and diseases. These findings provide a crucial genetic basis for conservation, management, and restoration of this endemic species.

RESUMEN: Debido a la sobreexplotación y continua pérdida de hábitats en las últimas décadas, Dalbergia stevensonii está en peligro de extinción en América Central, su lugar de origen. La diversidad genética es un factor esencial para garantizar la supervivencia de la especie a largo plazo y es vital en los programas de mejoramiento. Sin embargo, el conocimiento sobre la diversidad genética de D. stevensonii es limitado, ya que no se ha realizado ningún estudio para estimar la variabilidad de las poblaciones en Guatemala. Este es el primer estudio realizado en Guatemala para determinar la diversidad genética y la estructura de las poblaciones silvestres de D. stevensonii utilizando marcadores moleculares. Actualmente, se está evaluando la diversidad genética de 90 árboles silvestres de D. stevensonii procedentes de seis poblaciones situadas en su área de distribución natural. La diversidad genética es moderada, con una media de 5,83 alelos por locus, un valor medio del índice de Shannon de 1,42 y una heterocigosidad observada y esperada de 0,32 y 0,37 respectivamente. El análisis AMOVA mostró que solamente el 6 % de la variación genética se presenta entre poblaciones, y los valores de distancia genética (FST por pares) sugieren una diferenciación moderada entre poblaciones. Los análisis STRUCTURE y DAPC revelaron la existencia de tres conglomerados para las 90 muestras, mientras que las diferenciaciones genéticas entre poblaciones se atribuyeron más a la distancia genética que a la geográfica. La conservación de la diversidad genética de D. stevensonii es fundamental para garantizar su supervivencia a largo plazo y el éxito de los programas de mejoramiento centrados en la mejora de los rasgos y características de la especie, como la tasa de crecimiento, la calidad de la madera y la resistencia a plagas y enfermedades. Estos hallazgos proporcionan una base genética crucial para la conservación, gestión y restauración de esta especie endémica.

Resumen Introducción La reforestación y restauración de los ecosistemas forestales son cada vez más difíciles en el contexto del cambio climático. Objetivos Definir zonas de transferencia de semillas para reforestación en la Reserva de la Biosfera Mariposa Monarca y el programa ‘Sembrando Vida’ en la Meseta Purépecha, para compensar el cambio climático. Materiales y métodos Se generaron mapas para visualizar dónde se predicen las condiciones climáticas idóneas para la reforestación con plántulas de semilla colectada en zonas delimitadas bajo un clima de referencia (1961-1990) que se proyecta ocurrirá (escenario RCP 4.5, 2050) en sitios distintos. Se utilizó una zonificación climática (basada en la temperatura del mes más frío e índice de aridez) y capas de hábitat climático propicio para Pinus pseudostrobus y Abies religiosa del periodo de referencia (1961-1990) y proyectado (década 2060). Resultados y discusión Las áreas por reforestar serán más cálidas en el futuro, por lo que se requiere semilla de sitios, en promedio, 3 °C más cálidos. Se estimó una reducción de aproximadamente 50 % de la superficie del hábitat climático propicio de P. pseudostrobus y A. religiosa. Tal reducción ocurre en el límite inferior altitudinal denominado ‘límite xérico’, por lo que será necesario el reemplazo de estas por especies adaptadas a sitios más cálidos. Conclusiones Se recomienda el traslado de las fuentes de semillas de lugares más cálidos (+3 °C) y secos a sitios de plantación actualmente más húmedos y fríos. Este enfoque proporciona una herramienta útil para decidir la fuente de semilla bajo un manejo forestal adaptativo ante el cambio climático.

Abstract Introduction Reforestation and restoration of forest ecosystems are increasingly difficult with climate change. Objective Define seed transfer zones for reforestation in the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve and the ‘Sembrando Vida’ program in the Meseta Purépecha to mitigate climate change. Materials and methods Maps were generated to visualize where the ideal climate conditions for reforestation are projected to occur (RCP 4.5 scenario, 2050) at different sites using seedlings collected in delimited areas under a reference climate (1961-1990). A climate zone system was used (based on the temperature of the coldest month and an aridity index) and layers of suitable climatic habitat for Pinus pseudostrobus and Abies religiosa for the reference (1961-1990) and projected (2060 decade) period. Results and discussion The areas to be reforested will be warmer in the future, requiring seed from sites, on average, 3 °C warmer. A reduction of approximately 50 % of the area of climatically favorable habitat for P. pseudostrobus and A. religiosa was estimated. This reduction occurs at the lower altitudinal limit called the 'xeric limit’; therefore, it will be necessary to replace them with species adapted to warmer sites. Conclusions Moving seed sources from warmer (+3 °C) and drier sites to currently wetter and cooler planting sites is recommended. This provides a useful tool for deciding the seed source under adaptive forest management facing climate change.

ABSTRACT Chile has about 72 species of terrestrial orchids, most of them endemic. Some are threatened due to habitat loss, fires and herbivores damage and many have potential as ornamental plants or cut flowers. In vitro plant germination could be a key strategy for the long-term conservation and propagation of these species. In vitro asymbiotic and symbiotic, germination and subsequent embryo development in the orchid Chloraea longipetala were evaluated using five different culture media, aiming to provide efficient protocols for its propagation. For asymbiotic germination, we used water agar (AW), banana culture medium (CMB), tomato culture medium (CMT), oatmeal agar (OMA) and Malmgren terrestrial orchid medium (MM). For symbiotic germination, just AW and OMA were used. In addition, seed viability was estimated and reached 86.6 %. After four weeks, in all media except AW, the germination stage (embryo emerges from seed coat) was reached, for asymbiotic germination. However, there were no significant differences in the germination percentage among all five media, not exceeding 10 % in any treatment. After eight weeks, only seeds in MM reached the protocorm stage. On the other hand, symbiotic germination resulted in a significantly higher germination percentage (40 %), and embryos reached the rhizoid stage. For C. longipetala, unlike other Chilean species, the presence of orchidiod fungi seems to be necessary for successful and efficient germination and embryo development. This information is key for future propagation initiatives, for conservation, restoration or commercial applications as ornamental plants.

RESUMEN Chile posee alrededor de 72 especies de orquídeas terrestres, la mayoría de ellas endémicas. Algunas están amenazadas debido a la pérdida de hábitat, incendios y daños por herbívoros y muchas tienen potencial como plantas ornamentales o flores cortadas. La germinación in vitro de plantas podría ser una estrategia clave para la conservación y propagación a largo plazo de estas especies. Se evaluó la germinación in vitro, asimbiótica y simbiótica, y el posterior desarrollo embrionario de la orquídea Chloraea longipetala utilizando cinco medios de cultivo diferentes, con el objetivo de proporcionar protocolos eficientes para su propagación. Para la germinación asimbiótica, se utilizó agar agua (AW), medio de cultivo de plátano (CMB), medio de cultivo de tomate (CMT), agar avena (OMA) y medio Malmgren para orquídeas terrestres (MM). Para la germinación simbiótica, sólo se utilizaron AW y OMA. Además, se estimó la viabilidad de las semillas, que alcanzó el 86,6 %. Después de cuatro semanas, en todos los medios excepto AW, se alcanzó la fase de germinación (el embrión emerge de la cubierta de la semilla), para la germinación asimbiótica. Sin embargo, no hubo diferencias significativas en el porcentaje de germinación entre los cinco medios, no superando el 10 % en ningún tratamiento. Al cabo de ocho semanas, sólo las semillas en MM alcanzaron la fase de protocor. Por otro lado, la germinación simbiótica dio lugar a un porcentaje de germinación significativamente mayor (40 %), y los embriones alcanzaron el estadio de rizoide. Para C. longipetala, a diferencia de otras especies chilenas, la presencia de hongos orquidioides parece ser necesaria para una germinación y desarrollo embrionario exitosos y eficientes. Esta información es clave para futuras iniciativas de propagación, para conservación, restauración o aplicaciones comerciales como plantas ornamentales.

Resumo Epífitas são consideradas indicadores de integridade ecológica em florestas, mas os fatores que explicam sua abundância ainda não são bem compreendidos. Neste estudo, avaliamos a colonização por epífitas em antigos talhões monoespecíficos de Astronium urundeuva (M.Allemão) Engl. (Anacardiaceae) e Eucalyptus saligna Sm. (Myrtaceae), em comparação com um fragmento vizinho de floresta estacional semidecidual sob condições ambientais semelhantes. Em cada tipologia florestal, identificamos e medimos todas as árvores (plantadas e que colonizaram os locais) a partir de 5 cm de diâmetro à altura padrão, em cinco parcelas de 200 m². Nelas, também quantificamos todas as epífitas vasculares por árvore. Em busca de uma explicação funcional para as diferenças entre espécies, utilizamos rugosidade da casca, deciduidade da copa e taxa de crescimento como atributos potencialmente relevantes. A abundância das epífitas e a frequência de forófitos foi maior no talhão de A. urundeuva do que na floresta nativa, com o talhão de E. saligna ocupando uma posição intermediária. Encontramos evidências, também, de que os atributos dos forófitos influenciaram a abundância de epífitas em seus troncos. Os forófitos apresentaram maior perímetro médio e altura que as árvores não hospedeiras, o que indica que a colonização é mais provável de ocorrer em árvores mais velhas. A abundância média de epífitas por árvore foi maior em espécies com casca rugosa, mas nem a deciduidade da copa, nem a velocidade de crescimento exerceram efeito neste aspecto. Evidenciamos, portanto que, plantações florestais, ainda que monoespecíficas, podem prover habitat para epífitas. Contudo, em nível de comunidade, o sucesso da colonização, seja em florestas nativas ou restauradas, depende da abundância relativa de espécies cujo tipo de casca favorece o estabelecimento de epífitas. compreendidos estudo M.Allemão MAllemão M Allemão (M.Allemão Engl Anacardiaceae (Anacardiaceae Sm Myrtaceae, Myrtaceae , (Myrtaceae) semelhantes florestal plantadas locais padrão 20 m² m Nelas relevantes nativa E intermediária evidências troncos hospedeiras velhas rugosa aspecto Evidenciamos florestais monoespecíficas Contudo comunidade restauradas (Myrtaceae 2

Abstract Epiphytes are considered indicators of forest ecological integrity, but the factors that explain their abundance are still not well understood. We here evaluated tree colonization by epiphytes in old-growth monospecific reforestation stands of Astronium urundeuva (M.Allemão) Engl. (Anacardiaceae) and Eucalyptus saligna Sm. (Myrtaceae), in comparison to a neighbor seasonal tropical forest fragment under similar environmental conditions. In each forest type, we identified and measured all trees (planted and colonizers) from 5-cm stem diameter in five 200 m² plots and quantified all vascular epiphytes per tree. Tree species were categorized by bark roughness, canopy deciduousness and growth rate. The abundance of epiphytes and the frequency of host trees were higher in the A. urundeuva plantation than in the native forest, with the E. saligna stand in an intermediate position. Also, we found that host traits influenced the abundance of epiphytes in their trunks. Host trees had average stem perimeter and height both higher than non-hosts, which indicates that colonization is more likely to occur in older trees. The average abundance of epiphytes per tree was higher in species with rough bark, but no relationship was found with canopy deciduousness or tree growth rate. We evidenced, therefore, that forest plantations, even if monospecific, can provide habitat for epiphytes. However, at community level, colonization success, either in native or restored forest, depends on the relative abundance of species whose bark type favors epiphytes establishment. integrity understood oldgrowth old M.Allemão MAllemão M Allemão (M.Allemão Engl Anacardiaceae (Anacardiaceae Sm Myrtaceae, Myrtaceae , (Myrtaceae) conditions planted colonizers 5cm cm 5 20 m roughness rate A E position Also trunks nonhosts, nonhosts non hosts, hosts non-hosts evidenced therefore plantations However level success establishment (Myrtaceae 2

Resumo Muitas espécies de Bromeliaceae armazenam água entre suas folhas criando microhabitats para diversos grupos biológicos. O uso de bromélias no enriquecimento de reflorestamentos oferece uma oportunidade para entender a ocupação do habitat tanque e os impactos dessas plantas no aumento da biodiversidade. Foram translocados 20 indivíduos resgatados da bromélia-tanque Hohenbergia ramageana para enriquecimento de uma área reflorestada de Mata Atlântica. Em seguida, foi gravada a dinâmica de visitação de animais no habitat tanque de H. ramageana. Dez ordens de vertebrados e invertebrados visitaram nove habitats tanques terrícolas e oito epífitos apenas um mês após a translocação. A riqueza e a composição foram semelhantes entre as translocações epífitas e terrícolas. Descobrimos que a precipitação explicou uma proporção significativa de variação do número de plantas visitadas e da riqueza de ordens de animais. Nossos resultados confirmam a importância do uso de bromélias-tanque em ecossistemas reflorestados e trazem novas evidências de que as bromélias reintroduzidas em habitats alternativos também desempenham o mesmo papel para grupos de animais que em seu habitat original. Esse conhecimento orientará planos futuros de conservação de bromélias e de restauração de ecossistemas. biológicos biodiversidade 2 broméliatanque bromélia Atlântica seguida H translocação broméliastanque original

Abstract Many species of Bromeliaceae store water among their leaves creating microhabitats for several biological groups. Using bromeliads in enrichment of reforestation offers an opportunity to understand the occupation of tank habitat, and the impacts of these plants in increasing biodiversity. We translocated 20 rescued individuals of tank-bromeliad Hohenbergia ramageana to enrich a reforested area in Atlantic Forest. Then, we recorded the visiting dynamics of animals in the tank habitat of H. ramageana. Ten orders of vertebrates and invertebrates visited nine terrestrial and eight epiphyte tank-habitats just one month after the translocation. Richness and composition were similar between epiphyte and terrestrial translocations. We found that precipitation explained a significant proportion of variation of the number of visited plants and richness of animal orders. Our results confirm the importance of using tank-bromeliads in reforested ecosystems and bring novelty that reintroduced bromeliads in alternative habitats also play the same role for animal groups as in their original habitat. This knowledge will orientate future plans of conservation of bromeliads and of ecosystem restoration. biodiversity 2 tankbromeliad bromeliad Forest Then H tankhabitats translocation translocations tankbromeliads restoration

Resumo: As crescentes preocupações ambientais e o aumento do desenvolvimento sustentável fizeram com que os planejadores mudassem o foco da priorização dos benefícios econômicos e sociais para a incorporação da consciência ecológica no planejamento urbano. Desafios ecológicos, como a degradação do habitat devido à expansão urbana descontrolada e à insuficiência de espaços verdes, destacam as lacunas na consciência ecológica entre os planejadores urbanos. Questões como as ilhas de calor urbanas e a má gestão da água exemplificam ainda mais a necessidade de um planejamento ecológico aprimorado. A fim de enfrentar esses desafios, o documento propõe várias estratégias de governança. Ele defende um planejamento abrangente para cidades civilizatórias ecológicas, incluindo infraestruturas verdes e restauração de paisagens naturais, para mitigar os impactos ambientais. O aumento da responsabilidade ecológica, por meio da educação e do envolvimento da comunidade, é vital para promover uma cultura de sustentabilidade. O desenvolvimento de uma economia circular ecológica aborda a ineficiência dos recursos e os problemas de desperdício, enquanto a promoção de opções de transporte com baixo teor de carbono visa a reduzir as pegadas de carbono urbano. Orientada pelo conceito de consciência ecológica, esta análise oferece caminhos práticos para melhorar a governança ecológica urbana. Resumo urbano ecológicos urbanos aprimorado desafios ecológicas naturais comunidade sustentabilidade desperdício

Abstract: Growing environmental concerns and the rise of sustainable development have made planners shift focus from prioritizing economic and social benefits to incorporating ecological consciousness into urban planning. Ecological challenges, such as habitat degradation from unchecked urban expansion and insufficient green spaces, underscore gaps in ecological awareness among urban planners. Issues, like urban heat islands and water mismanagement, further exemplify the need for enhanced ecological planning. To address these challenges, the paper proposes several governance strategies. It advocates for comprehensive planning for ecological civilization cities, including green infrastructures and natural landscape restoration to mitigate environmental impacts. Enhancing ecological responsibility, through education and community engagement, is vital for fostering a culture of sustainability. Developing an ecological circular economy addresses resource inefficiency and waste problems, while promoting low-carbon transportation options aims to reduce urban carbon footprints. Guided by the concept of ecological consciousness, this analysis offers actionable paths for improving urban ecological governance. Abstract challenges spaces Issues mismanagement strategies cities impacts responsibility engagement sustainability problems lowcarbon low footprints

Resumo Comparado com outros ecossistemas rupestres hiperdiversos do leste do Brasil, a vegetação de canga, também conhecida como campo rupestre ferruginoso, representa um dos ecossistemas menos estudados, mas que sustenta uma alta proporção de raridade e endemismo de plantas. Os principais impactos negativos irreversíveis nas cangas são a perda e a degradação de habitat devido a mineração de ferro em larga escala. Então, o desafio é produzir conhecimento sobre os campos rupestres ferruginosos, tanto para contribuir com o planejamento da conservação, quanto para subsidiar informações para os modelos de restauração ecológica. Neste estudo, nós investigamos a estrutura, a diversidade e a composição florística de comunidades de campos rupestres ferruginosos em quatro afloramentos de canga da região do semiárido, e comparamos com outros estudos em campos rupestres do leste do Brasil. Foram amostrados um total de 5.724 indivíduos, distribuídos entre 74 taxons, 54 gêneros e 29 famílias botânicas. Verificamos que as comunidades de plantas rupestres nas cangas do Vale do Rio Peixe Bravo caracterizam-se por um conjunto peculiar de grupos funcionais, principalmente quanto a elevada proporção de suculentas e poiquiloídricas, constituindo uma assembleia única de espécies. Considerando o elevado grau de ameaça devido aos projetos de mineração em larga escala, nosso estudo verificou que as cangas estão em excelente estado de conservação. Portanto, propomos que sejam consideradas como ecossistemas de referência para modelos de planejamento de eventuais projetos de restauração. Brasil ferruginoso estudados escala Então conservação ecológica estrutura semiárido 5724 5 724 5.72 indivíduos 7 taxons 2 botânicas caracterizamse caracterizam se funcionais poiquiloídricas espécies Portanto 572 72 5.7 57 5.

Abstract Compared with other hyperdiverse rocky ecosystems of eastern Brazil, canga vegetation, also known as campo rupestre ferruginoso, represents one of the least studied ecosystems but support a high proportion of rare and endemic plants. Large-scale iron mining is the primary cause of the loss and degradation of cangas. Therefore, there is a need to acquire knowledge about campo rupestre ferruginoso, both to support conservation planning and to provide information that can be used in ecological restoration models. In this study, we investigated the structure, diversity, and floristic composition of campo rupestre ferruginoso communities in four canga outcrops in a semiarid region and compared the values with those from existing studies on campo rupestre in eastern Brazil. A total of 5,724 individuals were sampled, and these individuals were distributed among 74 taxa, 54 genera, and 29 botanical families. We found that the plant communities in the cangas of the Vale do Rio Peixe Bravo are characterized by a unique set of functional groups, including a high proportion of succulents and poikilohydric plants, constituting an assemblage of specialized species. Considering the high degree of threat due to large-scale mining projects, our study revealed that the four cangas are in an excellent state of conservation, and we propose that they be considered reference ecosystems for future restoration projects. Brazil vegetation plants Largescale Large scale Therefore models structure diversity 5724 5 724 5,72 sampled 7 taxa genera 2 families groups species largescale large projects 572 72 5,7 57 5,

Resumen (Introducción): La conservación y restauración del patrimonio ecológico y cultural es una necesidad ante la crisis ambiental, en particular ante los efectos del cambio climático. Lo anterior se puede lograr a través de investigación interdisciplinaria que permita generar estrategias para la restauración de paisajes bioculturales complejos. (Objetivo): Proponer estrategias de restauración ecológica ecocéntrica, biocultural y productiva en Tzintzuntzan (lugar de colibríes), un paisaje dominado por vestigios arqueológicos precolombinas en la ribera del Lago de Patzcuaro, México, ante los efectos esperados del cambio climático. (Metodología): Se elaboró un SIG con información de las condiciones socioambientales del área de estudio, y un modelo de cambio climático para el 2050 y se estimó la pérdida de nivel del lago. (Resultados): A partir de las condiciones actuales de la vegetación, la modelación climática y la presencia de vestigios arqueológicos, se obtuvo que para el 2050 la mayor parte (89 %) del área cubierta por bosques, actualmente dominados por especies de encino y pino, tendrán un clima propicio para especies de selva seca. Dada la distribución de los vestigios arqueológicos y la zona urbana, se proponen estrategias de restauración ecocéntricas, bioculturales y productivas (Conclusiones): Una aproximación biocultural a la restauración es deseable, porque permite la recuperación de elementos ambientales y culturales del socioecosistema, con énfasis en la adaptación al cambio climático y en la recuperación del hábitat de los colibríes, el vínculo más visible entre naturaleza y cultura en la región.

Abstract (Introduction): Conservation and restoration of the ecological and cultural heritage is a necessity given the current environmental crisis, when considering the effects of climate change. This can be achieved through interdisciplinary research that allows the creation of strategies for restoring complex biocultural landscapes. (Objective): To propose strategies for ecocentric, biocultural and productive ecological restoration in Tzintzuntzan (place of hummingbirds) a landscape dominated by precolumbian archaeological remains in the riverbanks of lake Paztcuaro, México, considering the expected effects of climate change. (Metodology): A GIS was created with information about the socio-environmental conditions of the study site, a climate change model was also elaborated for 2050 and the loss of water lake water level was estimated. (Results): From the present conditions of the vegetation, climatic modeling and the presence of archaeological remains we obtained that for 2050 most of the area (89 %) of forests, currently dominated by oaks and pines, will have a climate appropriate for dry tropical vegetation. Considering the distribution of archaeological remains and the urban area we propose ecocentric, biocultural and production restoration strategies. (Conclusions): A biocultural approach to restoration is desirable because it allows the recovery of ecological and cultural elements of the socioecosystem, with an emphasis in adaptation to climate change and the recovery of hummingbird habitat, being the hummingbirds the most important link between nature and culture in the region.

SUMMARY In forest conservation, especially in a changing climate, it is essential to understand the intraspecific variation of multiple functional traits in a species. Accordingly, the analysis of Nothofagus alessandrii, an endangered species from Chile, could play an important role as a basis for future conservation of genetic resources and restoration of its forests. This study aims to analyze the variation of this species, considering its spatial distribution, variation in ecological distribution, populations associated with forest typology, genecological differentiation, variation in growth, and genetic variation. The information analyzed shows that these forests cover 314 hectares in a very restricted area, with little variation in environmental conditions, only showing variation in sun exposure and in fertility of soils. Although there are no differentiated growth zones, there is evidence that growth can vary. Genetic studies have shown varying levels of genetic diversity and differences between populations. Habitat fragmentation is emerging as the main threat to the survival of the species, as it can cause genetic isolation, inbreeding depression, genetic drift, and loss of adaptive potential. Based on existing research and the analysis carried out, a second experimental phase is proposed in order to select populations capable of adapting to changing environmental conditions due to climate change. It is important to take into account the microbiome of this species and establish efficient conservation and restoration measures for its forests. In summary, the analysis of the variation of N. alessandrii is crucial for the conservation of this species in a changing climate.

RESUMEN En la conservación de los bosques, especialmente en un escenario de cambio climático, es fundamental conocer la variación intraespecífica de múltiples rasgos funcionales en una especie. En este sentido, es importante analizar Nothofagus alessandrii, una especie altamente amenazada en Chile, para servir como base en futuros programas de conservación de recursos genéticos y restauración de sus bosques. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar la variación de esta especie, considerando su distribución espacial, variación en la distribución ecológica, poblaciones asociadas a la tipología forestal, diferenciación genecológica, variación en el crecimiento y variación genética. La información analizada muestra que estos bosques abarcan 314 hectáreas en un área muy restringida, con poca variación en las condiciones ambientales, solamente en exposiciones de umbría y en suelos de baja fertilidad. Aunque no existen zonas diferenciadas de crecimiento, hay evidencia de que este puede variar. Los estudios genéticos han demostrado niveles variables de diversidad genética y diferencias entre poblaciones. La fragmentación del hábitat se perfila como la principal amenaza para la supervivencia de la especie, ya que puede provocar aislamiento genético, depresión endogámica, deriva genética y pérdida de potencial de adaptación. A partir de la investigación existente y al análisis realizado, se propone una segunda fase experimental para seleccionar poblaciones capaces de adaptarse a las nuevas condiciones ambientales, debido al cambio climático. Es importante tener en cuenta el microbioma de esta especie y establecer medidas eficientes de conservación y restauración de sus bosques. En resumen, el análisis de la variación de N. alessandrii es crucial para la conservación de esta especie en un escenario de cambio climático.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Caracterizar la avifauna presente en la granja agroecológica Ekonukos de la Corporación Universitaria Minuto de Dios, como fuente de información para la descripción y desarrollo de futuros modelos de aviturismo, educación ambiental y acciones de conservación en el área de estudio. Materiales y métodos. Se definieron cuatro zonas de acuerdo con su cobertura vegetal o uso del suelo (Zona de edificaciones o habitable-ZE, Bosque secundario BS, Zona de cultivos ZC y Pastizales o zona abierta-Pza). En cada zona se estableció un punto de observación con radio fijo, se realizaron observaciones y se practicaron recorridos mediante transectos lineales. Las especies registradas fueron identificadas y categorizadas por tipo de hábitat (ZE, BS, ZC o Pza), alimentación, frecuencia de registros y estado de amenaza o conservación. Resultados. Se encontraron 84 especies de aves, distribuidas en 18 órdenes, 34 familias y 74 géneros. El orden Passeriformes presentó la mayor riqueza de especies al igual que las familias Tyrannidae y Thraupidae. Del total de especies, 79 corresponden a poblaciones residentes, cuatro a migratorias boreales y una migratoria austral. A demás, la especie Amazona farinosa está en estado de amenaza, en la categoría NT o casi amenazada. Conclusiones. Las especies encontradas constituyen un aporte importante para el conocimiento de la avifauna local e invita a realizar acciones de restauración y manejo de la flora del sitio de estudio, con el fin de generar una mejor conectividad con las áreas cercanas y oferta alimenticia para las especies encontradas.

ABSTRACT Objective. Characterize the avifauna present in the Ekonukos agroecological farm of the Minuto de Dios University Corporation, generating base information for the description and development of future models of avitourism, environmental education and conservation actions in the study area. Materials and methods. Four zones were defined according to their vegetation cover or land use (Building or habitable zone-ZE, Secondary forest BS, ZC cultivation zone and Grasslands or open zone-Pza). In each zone an observation point with a fixed radius was established and observations were made. Additionally, tours were made using linear transects. The registered species were identified and categorized by habitat type (ZE, BS, ZC or Pza), diet, frequency of records, and threat or conservation status. Results. 84 species of birds were found, distributed in 18 orders, 34 families and 74 genera. The order Passeriformes presented the highest species richness, as did the families Tyrannidae and Thraupidae. Of the total species, 79 correspond to resident populations, four to boreal migratory and one southern migratory. On the other hand, regarding the threatened status, the farinosa Amazon species was found to be in the NT or almost threatened category. Conclusions. These results constitute an important contribution to the knowledge of local birds and invite to carry out restoration and management actions of the flora of the study site, in order to generate better connectivity with nearby areas and food supply for the species found.

Resumen Introducción: Las comunidades de arrecifes de coral se consideran uno de los ecosistemas marinos con mayor biodiversidad, pero también los más amenazados, y la pérdida acelerada de hábitat en las últimas décadas justifica la implementación de una intervención activa. Objetivo: El presente estudio demuestra la implementación exitosa de una técnica de restauración de bajo impacto basada en la fragmentación natural (''fragmentos de oportunidad”) del coral ramificado Pocillopora spp., la cual es la especie coralina más abundante y principal productora de carbonato del Pacífico Oriental Tropical. Métodos: El programa de restauración se implementó en dos sitios lejos de la costa y un sitio cercano a la costa, con comunidades coralinas degradadas. Las relaciones entre la temperatura del agua de mar y la supervivencia, el crecimiento y la tasa de adhesión de los corales se evaluaron durante un año con 183 fragmentos monitoreados cada mes. Resultados: La tasa media de crecimiento coralino fue de 3.3 ± 0.1 mm mo-1, con tasas de crecimiento anual en largo y ancho de 39.9 ± 14.2 y 36.5 ± 19.5 mm año-1, respectivamente. La eficiencia de la auto-adherencia fue del 78 % y la tasa de supervivencia fue alta (84 %). La tasa de crecimiento difirió significativamente entre los arrecifes. Conclusiones: Al monitorear directamente los corales fragmentados durante un año, las tasas de crecimiento se consideraron lo suficientemente altas como para merecer una restauración activa en la región. Sin embargo, nuestros datos muestran que las diferencias estructurales y abióticas y la variabilidad estacional deben considerarse en general en las iniciativas exitosas de restauración de comunidades de coral a largo plazo en la región del Pacífico oriental.

Abstract Introduction: Coral-reef communities are considered one of the most biodiverse, but also most threatened, marine ecosystems, and the accelerating loss of habitat over the past decades warrants active intervention. Objective: The present study demonstrates the successful implementation of a low-impact restoration technique in three Central Mexican Pacific degraded coral communities, using a protocol based on natural fragmentation (''fragments of opportunity”) of the branching coral Pocillopora spp., considered the most abundant and primary carbonate-producing coral species of the Eastern Tropical Pacific. Methods: The restoration program was implemented in two offshore and one inshore coraline areas. The relationships between seawater temperature and coral survival, growth, and attachment rate were assessed over one year, with 183 fragments monitored each month. Results: The mean coral growth rate was 3.3 ± 0.1 mm mo-1, with annual growth rates in length and width of 39.9 ± 14.2 and 36.5 ± 19.5 mm yr-1, respectively. Self-attachment efficiency was 78 % and the survival rate was high (84 %). The growth rate differed significantly among reefs. Conclusions: Upon monitoring directly fragmented corals over a year, growth rates were deemed high enough to merit active restoration in the region. However, our data show that structural and abiotic differences and seasonal variability must be considered overall in successful long-term coral community restoration initiatives in the eastern Pacific region.

ABSTRACT Background: Tropical Dry Forests (TDFs) are repositories of biodiversity, ecosystem services and carbon that are threatened by fragmentation and climate change. Floristic and phytosociological studies are fundamental database for many studies of conservation and sustainability, but there is a knowledge gap concerning TDFs, especially in the Andes valleys. The aim of this study was to determine the phytosociological structure and composition of woody vegetation of seven TDFs in the Colombian Andes, and because the flora associated with this type of forest has a geographical distribution restricted to each locality where this biome exists, provide information on the main species, genera and families for conservation and restoration actions as well as for future meta-analyses. We sampled seven TDFs with 20 plots of 25 m × 4 m. Results: In the 1.88 hectares of samples, 8422 individuals were surveyed, distributed in 170 species, 120 genera and 50 botanical families. Of these species, 78.82% were identified at the species level, 17.05% at the genus level, and 4.11% at the family level. The most important families were Fabaceae and Myrtaceae. Nitrogen-fixing Fabaceae species were prominent amongst the important species, especially in low altitude and more stressing sites. Conclusion: The structure, composition and ecological importance of these forests must be considered for conservation and ecological restoration plans, in particular the habitat preference of species along the topographic gradient. Particularly noteworthy for conservation are the Myrtaceae species because promote connectivity and regeneration by providing resources for the fauna, a driver of dispersal, as well as nitrogen-fixing Fabaceae species, because promote the resilience and natural regeneration of TDFs in the Andes, a key feature of stability.

Abstract The Bacalar Lagoon (BL) in Quintana Roo, Mexico; is an area of high interest due to its tourist potential. However, the changes in landuse patterns, urbanization, extensive cattle ranching and rapidly expanding agriculture, have generated negative impacts on areas of adjacent plan communities and wildlife habitats. The objective of this study has to evaluate the level of vegetation conservation in the southern portion of the BL through the avifauna present in sites with contrasting degrees of conservation. Additionally, change “and their habitat preference(s) in the different communities” to and their habitat use preferences in the different communities. To evaluate the level of conservation of the BL, field visits and botanical collections were carried out to identify species. For the counting and identification of birds, monthly surveys were made through coastal tours along the cenote Xul-ha in 2.5 km transects. Four transects were established: two for sites characterized as semi-conserved and two with disturbed sites. A total richness of 40 taxa was observed, which corresponds to 8.1% of the Quintana Roo avifauna and 32% to wetland birds (125 species). The species accumulation curves indicated that semi-conserved and disturbed sites tend to reach asymptotes and with a coverage percentage greater than 90%. In terms of diversity and community structure, no significant differences were observed. However, the semi-conserved and disturbed sites each have 11 unique species and share 18 species. The LB has an intermediate diversity of bird species compared to studies at the Mexican level, the habitat is important for the conservation of birdlife; as it functions as a reservoir of diversity. Strategies has been suggested that promote sustainable tourism, support the restoration of natural vegetation; and facilitate the economic development of the region.

Resumo A Lagoa Bacalar (BL) em Quintana Roo, México, é uma zona de grande interesse devido ao seu potencial turístico. No entanto, as mudanças nos padrões de uso da terra, urbanização, pecuária extensiva e agricultura em rápida expansão geraram impactos negativos nas áreas das comunidades adjacentes do plano e nos habitats da vida selvagem. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o nível de conservação da vegetação na porção sul da BL através da avifauna presente em locais com graus de conservação contrastantes. Além disso, alterar sua(s) preferência(s) de habitat nas diferentes comunidades. Para avaliar o nível de conservação da LB foram realizadas visitas de campo e coletas botânicas para identificação de espécies. Para a contagem e identificação das aves foram realizados levantamentos mensais através de passeios costeiros ao longo do cenote Xul-ha em transectos de 2,5 km. Foram estabelecidos quatro transectos: 2 para locais caracterizados como semiconservados e 2 para locais perturbados. Uma riqueza total de 40 táxons foi observada, o que corresponde a 8,1% da avifauna de Quintana Roo e 32% de aves pantanosas (125 espécies). As curvas de acumulação de espécies indicaram que locais semiconservados e perturbados tendem a atingir assíntotas e com percentual de cobertura superior a 90%. Em termos de diversidade e estrutura comunitária, não foram observadas diferenças significativas. No entanto, os locais semiconservados e perturbados têm, cada um, 11 espécies únicas e partilham 18 espécies. A BL possui uma diversidade intermediária de espécies de aves em comparação com estudos mexicanos, o habitat é importante para a conservação da avifauna; pois funciona como um reservatório de diversidade. Estratégias que promovem o turismo sustentável, apoiam a restauração da vegetação natural e facilitam o desenvolvimento econômico da região foram sugeridas, no presente estudo.

ABSTRACT Ecological restoration mitigates the negative effects of fragmentation and habitat loss. This practice allows the conservation of key species, such as Ocotea porosa, a tree native to the Araucaria Forest and extremely endangered. A key point in restoration projects is the source of seeds, as well as guidelines for collection. When carried out under technical criteria, the collection allows the maintenance of genetic diversity and adaptive potential in restoration plantations. Given the importance of seed source, genetic diversity, and adaptive potential, this study aimed to define areas and criteria for collecting seeds by characterizing the demography, genetics, and reproductive phenology of an O. porosa population. A plot of 16 hectares was installed in the municipality of Passos Maia, Santa Catarina, Brazil, and a demographic survey of trees with diameter at breast height (DBH) > 15 cm was carried out. Indices of diversity and internal genetic structure (IGS) were estimated using allozyme markers. The reproductive phenology of 67 individuals was evaluated during 8 months. The studied population showed a high density of individuals (10.7 ind. ha-1) with normal diametric distribution. The phenological pattern of the species is regular, seasonal, and annual. The evaluated population showed high genetic diversity, high fixation index, and significant IGS up to 80 meters away. Based on these results, the evaluated fragment can be used as a seed collection area. It has high genetic diversity, density, and area size sufficient to contain several demes. In addition, it is highly recommended that the matrices be at least 80 meters apart to avoid the effects of significant IGS.

RESUMO A restauração ecológica é uma forma de mitigar os efeitos negativos da fragmentação e perda de habitat. Essa prática permite a conservação de espécies-chave, como Ocotea porosa, uma árvore nativa da Floresta com Araucária e extremamente ameaçada de extinção. Um ponto fundamental em projetos de restauração é a fonte de sementes bem como as diretrizes para a coleta. Quando realizada sob critérios técnicos, a coleta permite a manutenção da diversidade genética e potencial adaptativo nos plantios de restauração. Diante do exposto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi caracterizar aspectos da demografia, genética e fenologia reprodutiva de uma população de O. porosa, visando gerar informações para definição de áreas e critérios para a coleta de sementes. Foi instalada uma parcela de 16 hectares no munícipio de Passos Maia, Santa Catarina e realizado levantamento demográfico de árvores com Diâmetro à Altura do Peito (DAP) > 15 cm. Foram estimados índices de diversidade e de estrutura genética interna (EGI), utilizando-se marcadores isoenzimáticos. A fenologia reprodutiva de 67 indivíduos foi avaliada durante 8 meses. O fragmento estudado apresentou uma alta densidade de indivíduos (10,7 ind. ha-1), com uma distribuição diamétrica similar a normal. O padrão fenológico da espécie é sazonal regular e anual. A população avaliada apresentou uma alta diversidade genética, elevado índice de fixação, além de uma EGI significativa até 80 metros de distância. Conclui-se que o fragmento avaliado pode ser utilizado como área de coleta de sementes. O mesmo possui alta diversidade genética, densidade e tamanho de área suficiente para conter várias demes. Além disso, é altamente recomendado que as matrizes tenham no mínimo 80 metros de distância entre si, evitando os efeitos da EGI significativa.