Verlorenvlei is a globally important RAMSAR wetland on the arid west coast of South Africa. A prolonged drought between 2016 and 2021 and increasing competition for water from the agricultural sector resulted in extremely low water levels. We used historical aerial and satellite imagery from 1942 and rainfall and water level data for the past 50 years, to assess habitat changes within the estuarine functional zone of the Verlorenvlei Estuarine Lake. Prior to the drought, lake water levels and water surface area remained stable (1113 ± 27 ha (SE)). Since then, there has been a 64% decrease in open water area, exposing 193 ha of sandbanks, of which 190.9 ha were hyper-sulfidic pyrite-rich. The water in the lower lake was hypersaline (>100), and in the middle, it was acidic (pH<3). The low water level plus sediment and nutrient input from surrounding agriculture resulted in a localised increase in reeds. Additional pressures, such as fires, have reduced the above-ground biomass of reeds and sedges, potentially altering surface morphology and reducing stored carbon. Despite flooding and filling up in June 2023, the lake remained in an acidic state (3.9-4.3). Similar low-lake level, hypersaline and acidic conditions are predicted to become more common under future climate change scenarios where aridity and extreme weather events are anticipated. Inflow of fresh water into the estuary and control of farming practices are required to keep the Verlorenvlei in a functional state, with long-term monitoring necessary to assess the ecological condition in response to restoration actions. SIGNIFICANCE: We assessed the habitat changes in Verlorenvlei, an estuarine lake on the arid west coast of South Africa. Estuarine lakes are scarce, and an extended drought greatly reduced the water surface area, exposing hyper-sulfidic pyrite-rich soils, leading to lake acidification and a negative response from biota. Competition for water from agribusiness and the burning of reeds are added pressures. Subsequent heavy rains have been slow to buffer lake acidity, and the impacts thereof serve as a warning for the management of similar ecosystems and their ecological water requirements, especially under climate change where extreme weather conditions, increased aridity and competition for water are realities.

Abstract Epiphytes are considered indicators of forest ecological integrity, but the factors that explain their abundance are still not well understood. We here evaluated tree colonization by epiphytes in old-growth monospecific reforestation stands of Astronium urundeuva (M.Allemão) Engl. (Anacardiaceae) and Eucalyptus saligna Sm. (Myrtaceae), in comparison to a neighbor seasonal tropical forest fragment under similar environmental conditions. In each forest type, we identified and measured all trees (planted and colonizers) from 5-cm stem diameter in five 200 m² plots and quantified all vascular epiphytes per tree. Tree species were categorized by bark roughness, canopy deciduousness and growth rate. The abundance of epiphytes and the frequency of host trees were higher in the A. urundeuva plantation than in the native forest, with the E. saligna stand in an intermediate position. Also, we found that host traits influenced the abundance of epiphytes in their trunks. Host trees had average stem perimeter and height both higher than non-hosts, which indicates that colonization is more likely to occur in older trees. The average abundance of epiphytes per tree was higher in species with rough bark, but no relationship was found with canopy deciduousness or tree growth rate. We evidenced, therefore, that forest plantations, even if monospecific, can provide habitat for epiphytes. However, at community level, colonization success, either in native or restored forest, depends on the relative abundance of species whose bark type favors epiphytes establishment. integrity understood oldgrowth old M.Allemão MAllemão M Allemão (M.Allemão Engl Anacardiaceae (Anacardiaceae Sm Myrtaceae, Myrtaceae , (Myrtaceae) conditions planted colonizers 5cm cm 5 20 m roughness rate A E position Also trunks nonhosts, nonhosts non hosts, hosts non-hosts evidenced therefore plantations However level success establishment (Myrtaceae 2

Resumo Epífitas são consideradas indicadores de integridade ecológica em florestas, mas os fatores que explicam sua abundância ainda não são bem compreendidos. Neste estudo, avaliamos a colonização por epífitas em antigos talhões monoespecíficos de Astronium urundeuva (M.Allemão) Engl. (Anacardiaceae) e Eucalyptus saligna Sm. (Myrtaceae), em comparação com um fragmento vizinho de floresta estacional semidecidual sob condições ambientais semelhantes. Em cada tipologia florestal, identificamos e medimos todas as árvores (plantadas e que colonizaram os locais) a partir de 5 cm de diâmetro à altura padrão, em cinco parcelas de 200 m². Nelas, também quantificamos todas as epífitas vasculares por árvore. Em busca de uma explicação funcional para as diferenças entre espécies, utilizamos rugosidade da casca, deciduidade da copa e taxa de crescimento como atributos potencialmente relevantes. A abundância das epífitas e a frequência de forófitos foi maior no talhão de A. urundeuva do que na floresta nativa, com o talhão de E. saligna ocupando uma posição intermediária. Encontramos evidências, também, de que os atributos dos forófitos influenciaram a abundância de epífitas em seus troncos. Os forófitos apresentaram maior perímetro médio e altura que as árvores não hospedeiras, o que indica que a colonização é mais provável de ocorrer em árvores mais velhas. A abundância média de epífitas por árvore foi maior em espécies com casca rugosa, mas nem a deciduidade da copa, nem a velocidade de crescimento exerceram efeito neste aspecto. Evidenciamos, portanto que, plantações florestais, ainda que monoespecíficas, podem prover habitat para epífitas. Contudo, em nível de comunidade, o sucesso da colonização, seja em florestas nativas ou restauradas, depende da abundância relativa de espécies cujo tipo de casca favorece o estabelecimento de epífitas. compreendidos estudo M.Allemão MAllemão M Allemão (M.Allemão Engl Anacardiaceae (Anacardiaceae Sm Myrtaceae, Myrtaceae , (Myrtaceae) semelhantes florestal plantadas locais padrão 20 m² m Nelas relevantes nativa E intermediária evidências troncos hospedeiras velhas rugosa aspecto Evidenciamos florestais monoespecíficas Contudo comunidade restauradas (Myrtaceae 2

Abstract Many species of Bromeliaceae store water among their leaves creating microhabitats for several biological groups. Using bromeliads in enrichment of reforestation offers an opportunity to understand the occupation of tank habitat, and the impacts of these plants in increasing biodiversity. We translocated 20 rescued individuals of tank-bromeliad Hohenbergia ramageana to enrich a reforested area in Atlantic Forest. Then, we recorded the visiting dynamics of animals in the tank habitat of H. ramageana. Ten orders of vertebrates and invertebrates visited nine terrestrial and eight epiphyte tank-habitats just one month after the translocation. Richness and composition were similar between epiphyte and terrestrial translocations. We found that precipitation explained a significant proportion of variation of the number of visited plants and richness of animal orders. Our results confirm the importance of using tank-bromeliads in reforested ecosystems and bring novelty that reintroduced bromeliads in alternative habitats also play the same role for animal groups as in their original habitat. This knowledge will orientate future plans of conservation of bromeliads and of ecosystem restoration. biodiversity 2 tankbromeliad bromeliad Forest Then H tankhabitats translocation translocations tankbromeliads restoration

Resumo Muitas espécies de Bromeliaceae armazenam água entre suas folhas criando microhabitats para diversos grupos biológicos. O uso de bromélias no enriquecimento de reflorestamentos oferece uma oportunidade para entender a ocupação do habitat tanque e os impactos dessas plantas no aumento da biodiversidade. Foram translocados 20 indivíduos resgatados da bromélia-tanque Hohenbergia ramageana para enriquecimento de uma área reflorestada de Mata Atlântica. Em seguida, foi gravada a dinâmica de visitação de animais no habitat tanque de H. ramageana. Dez ordens de vertebrados e invertebrados visitaram nove habitats tanques terrícolas e oito epífitos apenas um mês após a translocação. A riqueza e a composição foram semelhantes entre as translocações epífitas e terrícolas. Descobrimos que a precipitação explicou uma proporção significativa de variação do número de plantas visitadas e da riqueza de ordens de animais. Nossos resultados confirmam a importância do uso de bromélias-tanque em ecossistemas reflorestados e trazem novas evidências de que as bromélias reintroduzidas em habitats alternativos também desempenham o mesmo papel para grupos de animais que em seu habitat original. Esse conhecimento orientará planos futuros de conservação de bromélias e de restauração de ecossistemas. biológicos biodiversidade 2 broméliatanque bromélia Atlântica seguida H translocação broméliastanque original

Resumo: As crescentes preocupações ambientais e o aumento do desenvolvimento sustentável fizeram com que os planejadores mudassem o foco da priorização dos benefícios econômicos e sociais para a incorporação da consciência ecológica no planejamento urbano. Desafios ecológicos, como a degradação do habitat devido à expansão urbana descontrolada e à insuficiência de espaços verdes, destacam as lacunas na consciência ecológica entre os planejadores urbanos. Questões como as ilhas de calor urbanas e a má gestão da água exemplificam ainda mais a necessidade de um planejamento ecológico aprimorado. A fim de enfrentar esses desafios, o documento propõe várias estratégias de governança. Ele defende um planejamento abrangente para cidades civilizatórias ecológicas, incluindo infraestruturas verdes e restauração de paisagens naturais, para mitigar os impactos ambientais. O aumento da responsabilidade ecológica, por meio da educação e do envolvimento da comunidade, é vital para promover uma cultura de sustentabilidade. O desenvolvimento de uma economia circular ecológica aborda a ineficiência dos recursos e os problemas de desperdício, enquanto a promoção de opções de transporte com baixo teor de carbono visa a reduzir as pegadas de carbono urbano. Orientada pelo conceito de consciência ecológica, esta análise oferece caminhos práticos para melhorar a governança ecológica urbana. Resumo urbano ecológicos urbanos aprimorado desafios ecológicas naturais comunidade sustentabilidade desperdício

Abstract: Growing environmental concerns and the rise of sustainable development have made planners shift focus from prioritizing economic and social benefits to incorporating ecological consciousness into urban planning. Ecological challenges, such as habitat degradation from unchecked urban expansion and insufficient green spaces, underscore gaps in ecological awareness among urban planners. Issues, like urban heat islands and water mismanagement, further exemplify the need for enhanced ecological planning. To address these challenges, the paper proposes several governance strategies. It advocates for comprehensive planning for ecological civilization cities, including green infrastructures and natural landscape restoration to mitigate environmental impacts. Enhancing ecological responsibility, through education and community engagement, is vital for fostering a culture of sustainability. Developing an ecological circular economy addresses resource inefficiency and waste problems, while promoting low-carbon transportation options aims to reduce urban carbon footprints. Guided by the concept of ecological consciousness, this analysis offers actionable paths for improving urban ecological governance. Abstract challenges spaces Issues mismanagement strategies cities impacts responsibility engagement sustainability problems lowcarbon low footprints

Abstract. Greenspaces immersed in the large urban centers serve as shelters for biodiversity, reducing the negative impact of urbanization. To contribute to the knowledge of the avifauna of central Mexico, in the present study the bird diversity presents in the Sierra Hermosa Ecological, Tourist and Recreational State Park, a peri-urban area of the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City was determined, adjacent to the Felipe Ángeles International Airport. The data was obtained by carrying out field work over 29 months of sampling between 2019 and 2022. A total of 199 bird species were obtained, belonging to 46 families and 17 orders. The families that presented the highest species richness were Tyrannidae (19) and Parulidae (14). Ninety-two resident, 95 migratory and 12 introduced species were found. The most representative trophic group was that of insectivores (115) and the habitat with the highest species richness was abandoned buildings with induced trees (92). Three endemic species and six under some risk categories were found according to NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010. The results indicate that is a site of great importance for feeding, shelter, and reproduction for populations of resident and migratory birds that inhabit the periphery of the urban area, and that in the local scenario could be used for future research on rehabilitation, restoration, and territorial planning in the Valley of Mexico.

Resumen. Los espacios verdes inmersos en los grandes centros urbanos sirven como refugios para la biodiversidad, reduciendo el impacto negativo que representa la urbanización. Con el objetivo de contribuir al conocimiento de la avifauna del centro de México, se determinó la diversidad de aves presente en el Parque Estatal Ecológico, Turístico y Recreativo Sierra Hermosa, que es un área periurbana de la Zona Metropolitana de la Ciudad de México, adyacente al Aeropuerto Internacional Felipe Ángeles. Los datos fueron obtenidos realizando trabajo de campo durante 29 meses de muestreo entre 2019 y 2022. Se obtuvo un total de 199 especies de aves, agrupados en 46 familias y 17 órdenes; las familias que presentaron la mayor riqueza de especies fueron Tyrannidae (19) y Parulidae (14). Se encontraron 92 especies residentes, 95 migratorias y 12 introducidas. El grupo trófico más representativo fue de los insectívoros (115) y el hábitat con mayor riqueza de especies fue las edificaciones abandonadas con arbolado inducido (92). Se hallaron tres especies endémicas y seis bajo alguna categoría de riesgo de acuerdo con la NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010. Los resultados indican que es un sitio de gran importancia para la alimentación, refugio y reproducción para las poblaciones de aves residentes y migratorias que habitan en la periferia del área urbana, y que en el escenario local podría utilizarse para futuros estudios sobre rehabilitación, restauración y planificación territorial en el Valle de México.

Resumen (Introducción): La conservación y restauración del patrimonio ecológico y cultural es una necesidad ante la crisis ambiental, en particular ante los efectos del cambio climático. Lo anterior se puede lograr a través de investigación interdisciplinaria que permita generar estrategias para la restauración de paisajes bioculturales complejos. (Objetivo): Proponer estrategias de restauración ecológica ecocéntrica, biocultural y productiva en Tzintzuntzan (lugar de colibríes), un paisaje dominado por vestigios arqueológicos precolombinas en la ribera del Lago de Patzcuaro, México, ante los efectos esperados del cambio climático. (Metodología): Se elaboró un SIG con información de las condiciones socioambientales del área de estudio, y un modelo de cambio climático para el 2050 y se estimó la pérdida de nivel del lago. (Resultados): A partir de las condiciones actuales de la vegetación, la modelación climática y la presencia de vestigios arqueológicos, se obtuvo que para el 2050 la mayor parte (89 %) del área cubierta por bosques, actualmente dominados por especies de encino y pino, tendrán un clima propicio para especies de selva seca. Dada la distribución de los vestigios arqueológicos y la zona urbana, se proponen estrategias de restauración ecocéntricas, bioculturales y productivas (Conclusiones): Una aproximación biocultural a la restauración es deseable, porque permite la recuperación de elementos ambientales y culturales del socioecosistema, con énfasis en la adaptación al cambio climático y en la recuperación del hábitat de los colibríes, el vínculo más visible entre naturaleza y cultura en la región.

Abstract (Introduction): Conservation and restoration of the ecological and cultural heritage is a necessity given the current environmental crisis, when considering the effects of climate change. This can be achieved through interdisciplinary research that allows the creation of strategies for restoring complex biocultural landscapes. (Objective): To propose strategies for ecocentric, biocultural and productive ecological restoration in Tzintzuntzan (place of hummingbirds) a landscape dominated by precolumbian archaeological remains in the riverbanks of lake Paztcuaro, México, considering the expected effects of climate change. (Metodology): A GIS was created with information about the socio-environmental conditions of the study site, a climate change model was also elaborated for 2050 and the loss of water lake water level was estimated. (Results): From the present conditions of the vegetation, climatic modeling and the presence of archaeological remains we obtained that for 2050 most of the area (89 %) of forests, currently dominated by oaks and pines, will have a climate appropriate for dry tropical vegetation. Considering the distribution of archaeological remains and the urban area we propose ecocentric, biocultural and production restoration strategies. (Conclusions): A biocultural approach to restoration is desirable because it allows the recovery of ecological and cultural elements of the socioecosystem, with an emphasis in adaptation to climate change and the recovery of hummingbird habitat, being the hummingbirds the most important link between nature and culture in the region.

SUMMARY In forest conservation, especially in a changing climate, it is essential to understand the intraspecific variation of multiple functional traits in a species. Accordingly, the analysis of Nothofagus alessandrii, an endangered species from Chile, could play an important role as a basis for future conservation of genetic resources and restoration of its forests. This study aims to analyze the variation of this species, considering its spatial distribution, variation in ecological distribution, populations associated with forest typology, genecological differentiation, variation in growth, and genetic variation. The information analyzed shows that these forests cover 314 hectares in a very restricted area, with little variation in environmental conditions, only showing variation in sun exposure and in fertility of soils. Although there are no differentiated growth zones, there is evidence that growth can vary. Genetic studies have shown varying levels of genetic diversity and differences between populations. Habitat fragmentation is emerging as the main threat to the survival of the species, as it can cause genetic isolation, inbreeding depression, genetic drift, and loss of adaptive potential. Based on existing research and the analysis carried out, a second experimental phase is proposed in order to select populations capable of adapting to changing environmental conditions due to climate change. It is important to take into account the microbiome of this species and establish efficient conservation and restoration measures for its forests. In summary, the analysis of the variation of N. alessandrii is crucial for the conservation of this species in a changing climate.

RESUMEN En la conservación de los bosques, especialmente en un escenario de cambio climático, es fundamental conocer la variación intraespecífica de múltiples rasgos funcionales en una especie. En este sentido, es importante analizar Nothofagus alessandrii, una especie altamente amenazada en Chile, para servir como base en futuros programas de conservación de recursos genéticos y restauración de sus bosques. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar la variación de esta especie, considerando su distribución espacial, variación en la distribución ecológica, poblaciones asociadas a la tipología forestal, diferenciación genecológica, variación en el crecimiento y variación genética. La información analizada muestra que estos bosques abarcan 314 hectáreas en un área muy restringida, con poca variación en las condiciones ambientales, solamente en exposiciones de umbría y en suelos de baja fertilidad. Aunque no existen zonas diferenciadas de crecimiento, hay evidencia de que este puede variar. Los estudios genéticos han demostrado niveles variables de diversidad genética y diferencias entre poblaciones. La fragmentación del hábitat se perfila como la principal amenaza para la supervivencia de la especie, ya que puede provocar aislamiento genético, depresión endogámica, deriva genética y pérdida de potencial de adaptación. A partir de la investigación existente y al análisis realizado, se propone una segunda fase experimental para seleccionar poblaciones capaces de adaptarse a las nuevas condiciones ambientales, debido al cambio climático. Es importante tener en cuenta el microbioma de esta especie y establecer medidas eficientes de conservación y restauración de sus bosques. En resumen, el análisis de la variación de N. alessandrii es crucial para la conservación de esta especie en un escenario de cambio climático.

Resumen Introducción: Las comunidades de arrecifes de coral se consideran uno de los ecosistemas marinos con mayor biodiversidad, pero también los más amenazados, y la pérdida acelerada de hábitat en las últimas décadas justifica la implementación de una intervención activa. Objetivo: El presente estudio demuestra la implementación exitosa de una técnica de restauración de bajo impacto basada en la fragmentación natural (''fragmentos de oportunidad”) del coral ramificado Pocillopora spp., la cual es la especie coralina más abundante y principal productora de carbonato del Pacífico Oriental Tropical. Métodos: El programa de restauración se implementó en dos sitios lejos de la costa y un sitio cercano a la costa, con comunidades coralinas degradadas. Las relaciones entre la temperatura del agua de mar y la supervivencia, el crecimiento y la tasa de adhesión de los corales se evaluaron durante un año con 183 fragmentos monitoreados cada mes. Resultados: La tasa media de crecimiento coralino fue de 3.3 ± 0.1 mm mo-1, con tasas de crecimiento anual en largo y ancho de 39.9 ± 14.2 y 36.5 ± 19.5 mm año-1, respectivamente. La eficiencia de la auto-adherencia fue del 78 % y la tasa de supervivencia fue alta (84 %). La tasa de crecimiento difirió significativamente entre los arrecifes. Conclusiones: Al monitorear directamente los corales fragmentados durante un año, las tasas de crecimiento se consideraron lo suficientemente altas como para merecer una restauración activa en la región. Sin embargo, nuestros datos muestran que las diferencias estructurales y abióticas y la variabilidad estacional deben considerarse en general en las iniciativas exitosas de restauración de comunidades de coral a largo plazo en la región del Pacífico oriental.

Abstract Introduction: Coral-reef communities are considered one of the most biodiverse, but also most threatened, marine ecosystems, and the accelerating loss of habitat over the past decades warrants active intervention. Objective: The present study demonstrates the successful implementation of a low-impact restoration technique in three Central Mexican Pacific degraded coral communities, using a protocol based on natural fragmentation (''fragments of opportunity”) of the branching coral Pocillopora spp., considered the most abundant and primary carbonate-producing coral species of the Eastern Tropical Pacific. Methods: The restoration program was implemented in two offshore and one inshore coraline areas. The relationships between seawater temperature and coral survival, growth, and attachment rate were assessed over one year, with 183 fragments monitored each month. Results: The mean coral growth rate was 3.3 ± 0.1 mm mo-1, with annual growth rates in length and width of 39.9 ± 14.2 and 36.5 ± 19.5 mm yr-1, respectively. Self-attachment efficiency was 78 % and the survival rate was high (84 %). The growth rate differed significantly among reefs. Conclusions: Upon monitoring directly fragmented corals over a year, growth rates were deemed high enough to merit active restoration in the region. However, our data show that structural and abiotic differences and seasonal variability must be considered overall in successful long-term coral community restoration initiatives in the eastern Pacific region.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Caracterizar la avifauna presente en la granja agroecológica Ekonukos de la Corporación Universitaria Minuto de Dios, como fuente de información para la descripción y desarrollo de futuros modelos de aviturismo, educación ambiental y acciones de conservación en el área de estudio. Materiales y métodos. Se definieron cuatro zonas de acuerdo con su cobertura vegetal o uso del suelo (Zona de edificaciones o habitable-ZE, Bosque secundario BS, Zona de cultivos ZC y Pastizales o zona abierta-Pza). En cada zona se estableció un punto de observación con radio fijo, se realizaron observaciones y se practicaron recorridos mediante transectos lineales. Las especies registradas fueron identificadas y categorizadas por tipo de hábitat (ZE, BS, ZC o Pza), alimentación, frecuencia de registros y estado de amenaza o conservación. Resultados. Se encontraron 84 especies de aves, distribuidas en 18 órdenes, 34 familias y 74 géneros. El orden Passeriformes presentó la mayor riqueza de especies al igual que las familias Tyrannidae y Thraupidae. Del total de especies, 79 corresponden a poblaciones residentes, cuatro a migratorias boreales y una migratoria austral. A demás, la especie Amazona farinosa está en estado de amenaza, en la categoría NT o casi amenazada. Conclusiones. Las especies encontradas constituyen un aporte importante para el conocimiento de la avifauna local e invita a realizar acciones de restauración y manejo de la flora del sitio de estudio, con el fin de generar una mejor conectividad con las áreas cercanas y oferta alimenticia para las especies encontradas.

ABSTRACT Objective. Characterize the avifauna present in the Ekonukos agroecological farm of the Minuto de Dios University Corporation, generating base information for the description and development of future models of avitourism, environmental education and conservation actions in the study area. Materials and methods. Four zones were defined according to their vegetation cover or land use (Building or habitable zone-ZE, Secondary forest BS, ZC cultivation zone and Grasslands or open zone-Pza). In each zone an observation point with a fixed radius was established and observations were made. Additionally, tours were made using linear transects. The registered species were identified and categorized by habitat type (ZE, BS, ZC or Pza), diet, frequency of records, and threat or conservation status. Results. 84 species of birds were found, distributed in 18 orders, 34 families and 74 genera. The order Passeriformes presented the highest species richness, as did the families Tyrannidae and Thraupidae. Of the total species, 79 correspond to resident populations, four to boreal migratory and one southern migratory. On the other hand, regarding the threatened status, the farinosa Amazon species was found to be in the NT or almost threatened category. Conclusions. These results constitute an important contribution to the knowledge of local birds and invite to carry out restoration and management actions of the flora of the study site, in order to generate better connectivity with nearby areas and food supply for the species found.

ABSTRACT Background: Tropical Dry Forests (TDFs) are repositories of biodiversity, ecosystem services and carbon that are threatened by fragmentation and climate change. Floristic and phytosociological studies are fundamental database for many studies of conservation and sustainability, but there is a knowledge gap concerning TDFs, especially in the Andes valleys. The aim of this study was to determine the phytosociological structure and composition of woody vegetation of seven TDFs in the Colombian Andes, and because the flora associated with this type of forest has a geographical distribution restricted to each locality where this biome exists, provide information on the main species, genera and families for conservation and restoration actions as well as for future meta-analyses. We sampled seven TDFs with 20 plots of 25 m × 4 m. Results: In the 1.88 hectares of samples, 8422 individuals were surveyed, distributed in 170 species, 120 genera and 50 botanical families. Of these species, 78.82% were identified at the species level, 17.05% at the genus level, and 4.11% at the family level. The most important families were Fabaceae and Myrtaceae. Nitrogen-fixing Fabaceae species were prominent amongst the important species, especially in low altitude and more stressing sites. Conclusion: The structure, composition and ecological importance of these forests must be considered for conservation and ecological restoration plans, in particular the habitat preference of species along the topographic gradient. Particularly noteworthy for conservation are the Myrtaceae species because promote connectivity and regeneration by providing resources for the fauna, a driver of dispersal, as well as nitrogen-fixing Fabaceae species, because promote the resilience and natural regeneration of TDFs in the Andes, a key feature of stability. Background (TDFs biodiversity change sustainability valleys exists metaanalyses. metaanalyses meta analyses. analyses meta-analyses 2 Results 188 1 88 1.8 samples 842 surveyed 17 12 5 7882 78 82 78.82 level 1705 05 17.05 411 11 4.11 Nitrogenfixing Nitrogen fixing sites Conclusion plans gradient fauna dispersal nitrogenfixing nitrogen stability 18 8 1. 84 788 7 78.8 0 17.0 41 4.1 78. 17. 4.

ABSTRACT Congeneric species have similarities in phenotypic and ecological traits. The sympatry of congeneric species constitutes an opportunity for studies on coexistence. Two bird species of Mimidae, the native Tropical mockingbird, Mimus gilvus Oberholser, 1919, and the restinga invader Chalk-browed mockingbird, Mimus saturninus (Lichtenstein, 1823), currently occur in sympatry across the sandy-coastal ecosystem (restinga) of Espírito Santo state, Southeastern Brazil. We studied the spatial distribution of Tropical mockingbird and Chalk-browed mockingbird to understand the degree of competition across a preserved and urban gradient. We sampled 1,451 sampling units across a preserved and urban landscape in a coastal area of southeastern Brazil. The best-fitting model for abundance (Punctual Abundance Index) included urbanization index, distance from the coast, and distance from the closest protected area, which explained 63% and 97% of the abundance of Tropical mockingbird and Chalk-browed mockingbird, respectively. The species exhibited a segregated spatial pattern at small scale, indicating that both species are avoiding one another. Chalk-browed mockingbird showed ecological plasticity in modified environments, whereas Tropical mockingbird was more sensitive to urbanization. We suggested that the coexistence of these species is associated with resource partitioning. Monitoring Tropical mockingbird populations may be a proxy for the assessment of habitat quality and restoration success in the highly threatened restinga ecosystem. traits Mimidae Oberholser 1919 Chalkbrowed Chalk browed Lichtenstein, Lichtenstein (Lichtenstein 1823, 1823 , 1823) sandycoastal sandy (restinga state Brazil gradient 1451 1 451 1,45 bestfitting best fitting Punctual Index index coast 63 97 respectively scale another environments partitioning 191 182 145 45 1,4 6 9 19 18 14 4 1,

Abstract The Bacalar Lagoon (BL) in Quintana Roo, Mexico; is an area of high interest due to its tourist potential. However, the changes in landuse patterns, urbanization, extensive cattle ranching and rapidly expanding agriculture, have generated negative impacts on areas of adjacent plan communities and wildlife habitats. The objective of this study has to evaluate the level of vegetation conservation in the southern portion of the BL through the avifauna present in sites with contrasting degrees of conservation. Additionally, change “and their habitat preference(s) in the different communities” to and their habitat use preferences in the different communities. To evaluate the level of conservation of the BL, field visits and botanical collections were carried out to identify species. For the counting and identification of birds, monthly surveys were made through coastal tours along the cenote Xul-ha in 2.5 km transects. Four transects were established: two for sites characterized as semi-conserved and two with disturbed sites. A total richness of 40 taxa was observed, which corresponds to 8.1% of the Quintana Roo avifauna and 32% to wetland birds (125 species). The species accumulation curves indicated that semi-conserved and disturbed sites tend to reach asymptotes and with a coverage percentage greater than 90%. In terms of diversity and community structure, no significant differences were observed. However, the semi-conserved and disturbed sites each have 11 unique species and share 18 species. The LB has an intermediate diversity of bird species compared to studies at the Mexican level, the habitat is important for the conservation of birdlife; as it functions as a reservoir of diversity. Strategies has been suggested that promote sustainable tourism, support the restoration of natural vegetation; and facilitate the economic development of the region. (BL Mexico potential However patterns urbanization agriculture habitats Additionally preference s preference(s Xulha Xul ha 25 2 5 2. established semiconserved semi conserved 4 observed 81 8 1 8.1 32 125 (12 . species) 90 90% structure birdlife tourism region 8. 3 12 (1 9 (

Resumo A Lagoa Bacalar (BL) em Quintana Roo, México, é uma zona de grande interesse devido ao seu potencial turístico. No entanto, as mudanças nos padrões de uso da terra, urbanização, pecuária extensiva e agricultura em rápida expansão geraram impactos negativos nas áreas das comunidades adjacentes do plano e nos habitats da vida selvagem. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o nível de conservação da vegetação na porção sul da BL através da avifauna presente em locais com graus de conservação contrastantes. Além disso, alterar sua(s) preferência(s) de habitat nas diferentes comunidades. Para avaliar o nível de conservação da LB foram realizadas visitas de campo e coletas botânicas para identificação de espécies. Para a contagem e identificação das aves foram realizados levantamentos mensais através de passeios costeiros ao longo do cenote Xul-ha em transectos de 2,5 km. Foram estabelecidos quatro transectos: 2 para locais caracterizados como semiconservados e 2 para locais perturbados. Uma riqueza total de 40 táxons foi observada, o que corresponde a 8,1% da avifauna de Quintana Roo e 32% de aves pantanosas (125 espécies). As curvas de acumulação de espécies indicaram que locais semiconservados e perturbados tendem a atingir assíntotas e com percentual de cobertura superior a 90%. Em termos de diversidade e estrutura comunitária, não foram observadas diferenças significativas. No entanto, os locais semiconservados e perturbados têm, cada um, 11 espécies únicas e partilham 18 espécies. A BL possui uma diversidade intermediária de espécies de aves em comparação com estudos mexicanos, o habitat é importante para a conservação da avifauna; pois funciona como um reservatório de diversidade. Estratégias que promovem o turismo sustentável, apoiam a restauração da vegetação natural e facilitam o desenvolvimento econômico da região foram sugeridas, no presente estudo. (BL México turístico entanto terra urbanização selvagem contrastantes disso suas sua s sua(s preferências preferência preferência(s Xulha Xul ha 25 5 2, km 4 observada 81 8 1 8,1 32 125 (12 . espécies) 90 90% comunitária significativas têm mexicanos sustentável sugeridas 8, 3 12 (1 9 (

ABSTRACT Ecological restoration mitigates the negative effects of fragmentation and habitat loss. This practice allows the conservation of key species, such as Ocotea porosa, a tree native to the Araucaria Forest and extremely endangered. A key point in restoration projects is the source of seeds, as well as guidelines for collection. When carried out under technical criteria, the collection allows the maintenance of genetic diversity and adaptive potential in restoration plantations. Given the importance of seed source, genetic diversity, and adaptive potential, this study aimed to define areas and criteria for collecting seeds by characterizing the demography, genetics, and reproductive phenology of an O. porosa population. A plot of 16 hectares was installed in the municipality of Passos Maia, Santa Catarina, Brazil, and a demographic survey of trees with diameter at breast height (DBH) > 15 cm was carried out. Indices of diversity and internal genetic structure (IGS) were estimated using allozyme markers. The reproductive phenology of 67 individuals was evaluated during 8 months. The studied population showed a high density of individuals (10.7 ind. ha-1) with normal diametric distribution. The phenological pattern of the species is regular, seasonal, and annual. The evaluated population showed high genetic diversity, high fixation index, and significant IGS up to 80 meters away. Based on these results, the evaluated fragment can be used as a seed collection area. It has high genetic diversity, density, and area size sufficient to contain several demes. In addition, it is highly recommended that the matrices be at least 80 meters apart to avoid the effects of significant IGS. loss endangered plantations demography genetics O 1 Maia Catarina Brazil DBH (DBH (IGS markers 6 months 10.7 107 10 7 (10. ind ha1 ha ha-1 distribution regular seasonal annual index away results demes addition 10. (10 ha- (1 (

RESUMO A restauração ecológica é uma forma de mitigar os efeitos negativos da fragmentação e perda de habitat. Essa prática permite a conservação de espécies-chave, como Ocotea porosa, uma árvore nativa da Floresta com Araucária e extremamente ameaçada de extinção. Um ponto fundamental em projetos de restauração é a fonte de sementes bem como as diretrizes para a coleta. Quando realizada sob critérios técnicos, a coleta permite a manutenção da diversidade genética e potencial adaptativo nos plantios de restauração. Diante do exposto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi caracterizar aspectos da demografia, genética e fenologia reprodutiva de uma população de O. porosa, visando gerar informações para definição de áreas e critérios para a coleta de sementes. Foi instalada uma parcela de 16 hectares no munícipio de Passos Maia, Santa Catarina e realizado levantamento demográfico de árvores com Diâmetro à Altura do Peito (DAP) > 15 cm. Foram estimados índices de diversidade e de estrutura genética interna (EGI), utilizando-se marcadores isoenzimáticos. A fenologia reprodutiva de 67 indivíduos foi avaliada durante 8 meses. O fragmento estudado apresentou uma alta densidade de indivíduos (10,7 ind. ha-1), com uma distribuição diamétrica similar a normal. O padrão fenológico da espécie é sazonal regular e anual. A população avaliada apresentou uma alta diversidade genética, elevado índice de fixação, além de uma EGI significativa até 80 metros de distância. Conclui-se que o fragmento avaliado pode ser utilizado como área de coleta de sementes. O mesmo possui alta diversidade genética, densidade e tamanho de área suficiente para conter várias demes. Além disso, é altamente recomendado que as matrizes tenham no mínimo 80 metros de distância entre si, evitando os efeitos da EGI significativa. habitat espécieschave, espécieschave espécies chave, chave espécies-chave porosa extinção técnicos exposto demografia 1 Maia DAP (DAP cm EGI, , (EGI) utilizandose utilizando se isoenzimáticos 6 meses 10,7 107 10 7 (10, ind ha1, ha1 ha ha-1) normal anual fixação Concluise Conclui demes disso si (EGI 10, (10 ha-1 (1 ha- (

Abstract Introduction: Private protected areas are a valuable complement to national systems of protected areas. The Sierra Zapote Reserve in Abangares, Costa Rica, established in 2000, protects 70 ha of advanced secondary forest, regenerating secondary forest and primary riparian forest. It is expected to favor faunal communities, like medium and large mammals, which are among the species most threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation; nevertheless; there is a lack of recent faunal assessments at Sierra Zapote. Objective: To assess the richness, relative abundance and activity patterns of these mammals in the reserve. Methods: From May 2020 to July 2021, we kept five camera-traps at strategic sites and programmed them to be active 24 hours a day (0,3 seconds between shots). We checked the cameras every one or two months and also extracted temperature and moon phase data. Results: We obtained 758 independent records of mammals with a 2 135-day photo-trapping effort. The most abundant species were Nasua narica (relative abundance index RAI = 14,6, N= 312) and Didelphis marsupialis (RAI = 6,1, N= 130). The least abundant were Herpailurus yagouaroundi and Procyon lotor (RAI = 0,05, N= 1). Most species are nocturnal and only the peccary (Pecari tajacu), the coati (Nasua narica) and the agouti (Dasyprocta punctata) have mostly diurnal activity. The puma (Puma concolor) occurs at the reserve. Conclusion: The activity patterns were as expected; for the reserve size, a richness of 19 species is comparatively high. The presence of the puma, an indicator of good ecosystem health, hints at the importance of the reserve’s restoration process.

Resumen Introducción: Las áreas protegidas privadas son un complemento valioso para los sistemas nacionales de áreas protegidas. La Reserva Sierra Zapote en Abangares, Costa Rica, establecida en 2000, protege 70 ha de bosque secundario avanzado, bosque secundario en regeneración y bosque ribereño primario. Se espera que favorezca a las comunidades faunísticas, como los mamíferos medianos y grandes, que se encuentran entre las especies más amenazadas por la pérdida y fragmentación del hábitat; actualmente existe la necesidad de evaluaciones faunísticas en Sierra Zapote. Objetivo: Evaluar la riqueza, abundancia relativa y patrones de actividad de estos mamíferos en la reserva. Métodos: De mayo de 2020 a julio de 2021, mantuvimos cinco cámaras trampa en sitios estratégicos y las programamos para que estuvieran activas las 24 horas del día (0,3 segundos entre disparos). Revisamos las cámaras cada 1-2 meses y también extrajimos datos de temperatura y fase lunar. Resultados: Obtuvimos 758 registros independientes de mamíferos con un esfuerzo de fototrampeo de 2 135 días. Las especies más abundantes fueron Nasua narica (índice de abundancia relativa RAI = 14,6, N= 312) y Didelphis marsupialis (RAI = 6,1, N= 130). Los menos abundantes fueron Herpailurus yagouaroundi y Procyon lotor (RAI = 0,05, N= 1). La mayoría de las especies son nocturnas y solo el saíno (Pecari tajacu), el pizote (Nasua narica) y la guatusa (Dasyprocta punctata) tienen actividad mayoritariamente diurna. El puma (Puma concolor) también habita en la reserva. Conclusión: Los patrones de actividad fueron los esperados; para el tamaño de la reserva, una riqueza de 19 especies es comparativamente alta. La presencia del puma, indicador de buena salud del ecosistema, deja entrever la importancia del proceso de restauración de la reserva.

ABSTRACT Urban wetlands in Chilean cities are one of the urban ecosystems most affected by real estate developments. Despite their importance for recreation and biodiversity, they are constantly shrinking due to deficient urban planning processes. However, with the recent boom of green and sustainable cities, wetlands are being revalued through restoration projects and open urban parks, with natural value for the well-being of habitats and the urban population. In this sense, promoting accessibility through suitable infrastructure will contribute to improving the quality of life of inhabitants and the urban environment, specifically through the integration of blue-green infrastructure. Walkable access to a network of wetlands called “La Ruta del Agua” (“the water trail”) has been analyzed here, through a perception-based survey, looking to improve access to nature in cities. The urban wetlands assessed comprise five ecosystems located in different types of neighborhoods in the metropolitan area of Concepción, Chile. Although this is a local case study, it is relevant from a methodological perspective, given the existence of a large number of degraded urban wetlands in Latin America that are in danger of disappearing. The results show that wetlands are accessible by walking, but the fact that they are rarely visited, despite being close to residential areas, reveals a lack of integration as open green spaces, rich in biodiversity, and as places of recreation in the city of Concepción. The results of this study are valuable for the design of future “wetland parks”, one which must consider the ecosystem values, biodiversity, and recreation for people’s well-being.

RESUMEN Los humedales de las ciudades chilenas constituyen uno de los ecosistemas urbanos más afectados por los desarrollos inmobiliarios. A pesar de sus valores en recreación y en biodiversidad, sufren una constante pérdida de superficie, debido a deficientes procesos de planificación urbana. Sin embargo, ante el auge de las ciudades verdes y sustentables, se están revalorizando por medio de proyectos de restauración y de parques urbanos abiertos, de valor natural para el bienestar de los hábitats y la población. En este sentido, propiciar una accesibilidad con una infraestructura adecuada aportará a mejorar la calidad de vida de los habitantes y por supuesto del entorno urbano, concretamente a través de la integración de infraestructura verde-azul (blue-green infrastructure). Con la finalidad de contribuir al acceso a la naturaleza en ciudades, se realiza aquí un análisis de accesibilidad a pie, a una red de humedales llamada “La Ruta del Agua”, mediante una encuesta de percepción. Los humedales urbanos evaluados son 5 ecosistemas con distintos entornos barriales en Concepción Metropolitano (Chile). Si bien se trata de un caso de estudio local, representa una contribución metodológica relevante, dada la existencia de una gran cantidad de humedales urbanos degradados en Latinoamérica y en peligro de desaparecer. Los resultados de acceso muestran que los humedales son accesibles por vía de la caminata, pero el hecho de que sean poco visitados, pese a su cercanía a las zonas residenciales, revela su falta de integración como espacios abiertos, verdes, ricos en biodiversidad y aptos para la recreación en la ciudad de Concepción. Los resultados de este estudio son valiosos para el diseño de futuros de proyectos de parques en humedales, parques que deben considerar los valores ecosistémicos, la biodiversidad y la recreación para el bienestar de las personas.