Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is an infectious disease caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Pharmacological antiretroviral therapy, along with therapeutic monitoring of drug plasma concentrations, facilitates adequate and effective follow-up in each patient. Our main objective was to develop and validate a high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detector (HPLC-UV) bioanalytical method for the simultaneous quantification of plasma concentrations of three commonly used antiretrovirals in Colombia: efavirenz, lopinavir, and ritonavir. This method is intended for therapeutic drug monitoring in persons living with HIV locally or in developing countries. The method is selective, specific, accurate, precise, and stable over the concentration range of 250 and 20,000 ng mL -1 for the drugs. It was successfully applied to measure the plasma levels of efavirenz, lopinavir, and ritonavir in HIV patients, which ranged from 251.0 ± 10.4 to 7186.2 ± 10.2, 8188.2 ± 5.9 to 15,312.5 ± 6.6, and 246.1 ± 6.5 to 1189.0 ± 6.4 ng mL-1, respectively. HIV. . (HIV) therapy followup follow up patient highperformance high performance HPLCUV HPLC UV (HPLC-UV Colombia efavirenz lopinavir countries selective specific accurate precise 25 20000 20 000 20,00 1 - drugs patients 2510 251 0 251. 104 10 4 10. 71862 7186 2 7186. 102 10.2 81882 8188 8188. 59 5 9 5. 153125 15 312 15,312. 66 6 6.6 2461 246 246. 65 6. 11890 1189 1189. 64 mL1, mL1 1, mL-1 respectively (HIV 2000 00 20,0 718 818 15312 31 15,312 24 118 mL- 200 20, 71 81 1531 3 15,31 11 7 8 153 15,3 15,

ABSTRACT Introduction: tuberculous meningitis is the most serious form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, this is due to the high mortality and morbidity in patients, its diagnosis is difficult and the majority of cases can be identified based on clinical criteria and characteristics of the cerebrospinal fluid that the majority Sometimes they are nonspecific. Objective: determine the clinical-epidemiological characteristics in patients with meningeal tuberculosis of patients admitted to the medical clinic area at the National Hospital in the period 2015-2023. Methodology: retrospective descriptive observational cross-sectional study of adult patients with meningeal tuberculosis admitted to the National Hospital in the period 2015-2023. Results: 32 patients between 20 and 80 years old (mean age: 39 years) were included; men 68.75 %, women 32.25 %. Mostly coming from the interior of the country. In most cases, patients presented an increase in proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid and predominantly mononuclear cellularity. The genxpert positivity of Mycobacterium from the cerebrospinal fluid was 62.5 %; in no case was AFB isolated. 37.5 % were seropositive for HIV and 43.75 % had pulmonary disease concomitant to meningitis. Mortality was 31.25 %. Conclusion: tuberculous meningitis in our research mainly affected middle-aged men from the interior, whose initial symptoms are fever in a higher percentage followed by headache, presenting a high mortality.

RESUMEN Introducción: la meningitis tuberculosa es la forma más grave de tuberculosis extrapulmonar, esto se debe a la gran mortalidad y morbilidad en los pacientes, con alta prevalencia en los países en desarrollo, lo que constituye un problema de salud pública. Su diagnóstico es difícil y la mayoría de casos se logran identificar a base de criterios clínicos y características del líquido cefalorraquídeo que la mayoría de veces son inespecíficos. Objetivo: determinar las características clínico-epidemiológicas en pacientes con tuberculosis meníngea de los pacientes internados en área de clínica médica en el Hospital Nacional en el periodo 2015-2023. Metodología: estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal de pacientes adultos con tuberculosis meníngea internados en el Centro Médico Nacional en el periodo 2015- 2023. Resultados: se incluyeron 32 pacientes entre 20 y 85 años (edad media: 39 años); varones 68,75 %, mujeres 32,25 %. Mayoría provenientes del interior del país. En la mayoría de los casos los pacientes presentaron un aumento de proteínas en el líquido cefalorraquídeo y celularidad predominio de mononucleares, la positividad de GeneXpert de Mycobacterium del líquido cefalorraquídeo fue 62,5 %, en ningún caso se aisló BAAR. Fueron seropositivos para VIH 37,5 % y tenían afección pulmonar concomitante a la meningitis 43,75 %. La mortalidad fue de 31,25 %. Conclusión: la meningitis tuberculosa en nuestra investigación afectó mayormente a hombres de mediana edad provenientes del interior, cuya clínica inicial es la fiebre en mayor porcentaje seguido de cefalea presentando una alta mortalidad.

Resumen Introducción: la tuberculosis es una enfermedad infecciosa crónica causada por Mycobacterium tuberculosis, capaz de afectar cualquier órgano o tejido siendo la forma más común la enfermedad pulmonar. Objetivo: identificar los factores que afectan la adherencia al tratamiento antituberculoso en pacientes del Departamento de Boyacá durante los años 2017-2019. Metodología: estudio descriptivo retrospectivo que utilizó como fuentes de información datos registrados en la base del programa departamental de Tuberculosis y SIVIGILA. Se realizó análisis univariado, determinando la distribución de las variables y análisis bivariado en el que se exploró la asociación entre la adherencia al tratamiento de tuberculosis y las variables independientes, se utilizó la prueba de Chi cuadrado. Resultados: se incluyeron 402 pacientes, la adherencia al tratamiento antituberculoso fue 96,5% y la no adherencia de 3,5%. El 66,7% eran de sexo femenino; 55,7% vivián en zona urbana; 66,5% pertenecían al régimen subsidiado; 89,7% mestizos; 91,2% correspondían a otros grupos poblacionales, seguido del 7,5% de población privada de la libertad y 1,3% habitantes de calle. Dentro de las comorbilidades la coinfección con VIH con 4,2% fue la de mayor presencia. Entre las causas de no adherencia al tratamiento fueron desinterés, cambio frecuente de domicilio, contrato finalizado con la EPS y suspensión del tratamiento por toxicidad hepática. El paciente con mayor probabilidad de abandonar el tratamiento pertenece al sexo masculino, al grupo poblacional de migrantes o habitantes de calle y se encuentra afiliado al régimen subsidiado, se encontró una relación estadísticamente significativa entre estas variables y el resultado con la adherencia al tratamiento. Conclusiones: si bien el resultado obtenido en el presente trabajo no es elevado, es importante realizar vigilancia de la adherencia al tratamiento antituberculoso para disminuir el riesgo de complicaciones derivadas de su abandono como mayor mortalidad, desarrollo de resistencia bacteriana y un período de contagiosidad más prolongado.

Abstract Introduction: Tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, capable of affecting any organ or tissue, the most common form being lung disease. Objective: Identify the factors that affect adherence to tuberculosis treatment in patients from the Department of Boyacá during the years 2017-2019. Methodology: Retrospective descriptive study that used as information sources data registered in the database of the departmental Tuberculosis program and SIVIGILA. A univariate analysis was carried out, determining the distribution of the variables and a bivariate analysis in which the association between adherence to tuberculosis treatment and the independent variables was explored, using the Chi-square test. Results: 402 patients were included, adherence to anti-tuberculosis treatment was 96.5% and non-adherence 3.5%. 66.7% were female; 55.7% lived in an urban area; 66.5% belonged to the subsidized regime; 89.7% mestizo; 91.2% corresponded to other population groups, followed by 7.5% of the population deprived of liberty and 1.3% homeless. Within the comorbidities, coinfection with HIV 4.2% was the one with the greatest presence. Among the causes of non-adherence to treatment were lack of interest; frequent change of address; Terminated contract with the EPS and suspension of treatment due to liver toxicity. The patient with the highest probability of abandoning treatment belongs to the male sex, to the population group of migrants or street dwellers and is affiliated with the subsidized regime, a statistically significant relationship was found between these variables and the result with adherence to treatment. Conclusions: Although the result obtained in this study is not high, it is important to monitor adherence to tuberculosis treatment to reduce the risk of complications derived from its abandonment, such as increased mortality, development of bacterial resistance, and a longer period of contagiousness.

A previously healthy 35-year-old male belonging to the men who have sex with men (MSM) community, practising both penetrative and receptive anal sex for the past 10 years, and with no travel history outside South Africa, presented initially with a prodrome of fever, sore throat, night sweats, myalgia and fatigue. A week after the onset of these nonspecific symptoms, the patient noted painless, non-pruritic skin lesions measuring 2 - 15 mm in diameter on the dorsum of his hands. Three days later he developed rigors, watery diarrhoea and similar lesions on his genital and perianal areas. A week later, the patient presented to the emergency department with extensive lesions encompassing almost his entire body. He was admitted with suspected mpox infection. Imaging showed extensive lymphadenopathy, and the diagnosis was confirmed by mpox polymerase chain reaction testing. During the admission, he was also newly diagnosed with HIV infection. Treatment with tecovirimat was initiated, and the patient recovered, albeit with significant depigmentation and scarring.

Abstract Aim Histoplasmosis is a systemic fungal infection prevalent in the Río de la Plata region. It could present oral, cutaneous and/or systemic manifestations. Oral lesions represent a diagnostic challenge due to their clinical similarity to oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The objective of this work is to present a case series of oral histoplasmosis emphasizing the importance of clinical differential diagnosis with OSCC. Clinical cases Cases of oral histoplasmosis diagnosed in the last 5 years in the Oral Medicine Department “A” of the Facultad de Odontología of the Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina are discribed. Alongside, a literature review of the last 10 years was carried out. 9 patients are described, 6 men and 3 women, whose average age was 58.6 years. 4 patients were HIV positive. The suspicion of OSCC was raised in 5 patients, whose intraoral clinical presentation consisted of single ulcers or vegetating ulcers, mostly single, located in the gingiva. The literature review included a total of 48 articles with 60 cases of oral histoplasmosis, with a higher prevalence in men and clinical similarities with OSCC in 80% of cases. The most predominant lesion was the ulcer in 85% of the cases, mostly located on the tongue, followed by the palate. The diagnosis of oral histoplasmosis is challenging and requires a wide differential, since it can mimic multiple pathologies, and should be considered in oral ulcerative lesions. An accurate diagnosis, in an interdisciplinary framework, is essential for effective treatment.

Resumen Objetivo La histoplasmosis es una infección fúngica sistémica prevalente en la región del Río de la Plata. Puede exhibir manifestaciones orales, cutáneas y/o sistémicas. Las lesiones bucales significan un desafío diagnóstico debido a su semejanza clínica con el carcinoma oral de células escamosas (COCE). El objetivo de este trabajo fue presentar una serie de casos de histoplasmosis oral enfatizando la importancia del diagnóstico diferencial clínico con el COCE. Casos clínicos Se describen casos de histoplasmosis oral diagnosticados en los últimos 5 años en la Cátedra de Estomatología “A” de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina. En forma paralela, se realizó una revisión de la literatura de los últimos 10 años. Los casos corresponden a 9 pacientes, 6 varones y 3 mujeres, cuya edad promedio fue de 58,6 años. 4 pacientes eran VIH positivos. Se planteó la sospecha de COCE en 5 pacientes, cuya presentación clínica intraoral consistía en úlceras o lesiones ulcerovegetantes, mayormente únicas, ubicadas en la encía. La revisión bibliográfica arrojó un resultado de 48 artículos que incluyeron 60 casos de histoplasmosis oral, con una prevalencia mayor en hombres y similitudes clínicas con COCE en el 80% de los casos. La lesión más predominante fue la úlcera en el 85% de los casos, ubicada en lengua, seguido por el paladar. El diagnóstico de histoplasmosis oral es desafiante y requiere un amplio diferencial, ya que se asemeja a múltiples patologías, debiendo ser considerada ante lesiones ulcerativas orales. Un diagnóstico preciso, de manera interdisciplinaria, es esencial para un tratamiento efectivo.

Abstract Infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) poses a significant challenge to global health, profoundly impacting the quality of life of millions of people. Among the associated complications, periodontal diseases stand out due to their high prevalence and impact on the oral and systemic health of people living with HIV (PLWH). This systematic review aims to analyze the impact of non-surgical periodontal treatment in PLWH on quality of life, immunological status, and oral health outcomes. An exhaustive search will be conducted in multiple databases, complemented by a manual review of references. Comparative primary studies evaluating the effect of non-surgical periodontal therapy in PLWH will be included. Data synthesis will be performed through a narrative synthesis and descriptive tables to address the expected heterogeneity in the results. The certainty of the evidence will be assessed using the GRADE approach. This review will provide crucial information to guide clinical and policy decisions and identify areas for future research in this field.

Resumen La infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) constituye un desafío significativo para la salud global, con un impacto profundo en la calidad de vida de millones de personas. Entre las complicaciones asociadas, las enfermedades periodontales destacan por su alta prevalencia y su impacto en la salud bucal y sistémica de las personas viviendo con VIH (PVVIH). Esta revisión sistemática tiene como objetivo analizar el impacto del tratamiento periodontal no quirúrgico en PVVIH en desenlaces relacionados con la calidad de vida, estado inmunológico y salud oral. Se realizará una búsqueda exhaustiva en múltiples bases de datos, complementada con una revisión manual de referencias. Se incluirán estudios primarios comparativos que evalúen el efecto de la terapia periodontal no quirúrgica en PVVIH. La síntesis de datos se realizará mediante una síntesis narrativa junto con tablas descriptivas para abordar la heterogeneidad esperada en los resultados. La evaluación de la certeza de la evidencia se realizará utilizando el enfoque GRADE. Esta revisión proporcionará información crucial para orientar decisiones clínicas y de políticas, así como identificar áreas para futuras investigaciones en este campo.

Abstract The use of drawings made by the researcher-designer in social psychology is unusual as a production of knowledge and even as a dissemination of results. Although, we find traces of the use of drawing in experimental studies of classical social psychology. In such studies the drawings appear to be far removed from the performative roots of social science or contemporary trends in arts-based research. It was limited to illustrations of procedures, marking the spatial arrangement between experimenter and research participants. In this article, I aim to defend the use of the drawing carried out by the researcher-designer as one of the strategies for visibility and rigor in the production process and analysis of information in research in constructionist/post-constructionist social psychology. I used information produced in an investigation into pre-7,0s. The interviews were recorded and transcribed, drawings were created throughout the information production and analysis process. In this article, I describe the production of meanings, reflectivity and defamiliarization that my meeting with one of the interviewees who used PrEP and became infected with HIV generated, fictitious name Plutón. I detail the stages of elaboration of the “Sexualidad Atenta” design: the present absence of the invisible and PrEP, 2022, and the theoretical-methodological repercussions resulting from questioning whether it was a “negative example”. I conclude that drawing helped me understand that it was not a negative example in the psychosocial reading proposed by the adopted theoretical framework.

Resumo O uso do desenho feito pela pesquisadora-desenhista na psicologia social é incomum como produção do conhecimento e mesmo como divulgação de resultados. Embora, encontremos rastros do uso de desenho em estudos experimentais da psicologia social clássica. Em tais estudos os desenhos parecem estar bem distantes das raízes performáticas da ciência social ou das tendências contemporâneas das pesquisas baseadas em artes. Ele limitava-se a ilustrações de procedimentos, marcação da disposição espacial entre experimentador e participantes da investigação. No presente artigo tenho como objetivo defender o uso do desenho realizado pela pesquisadora-desenhista como uma das estratégias de visibilidade e rigor do processo de produção e de análises das informações na pesquisa em psicologia social construcionista/pós-construcionista. Utilizei informações produzidas em uma investigação sobre profilaxia pré-exposição para infeção do vírus na imunodeficiência adquirida - HIV (PrEP) e os sentidos produzidos nas relações afetivo-sexuais de homens gays, em Barcelona-Espanha. A PrEP é 99% eficaz para o controle de infecção pelo HIV. Entrevistei 10 usuários de PrEP e fiz 11 desenhos. As entrevistas foram gravadas e transcritas, os desenhos foram elaborados ao longo do processo de produção e análise das informações. Neste artigo, descrevo a produção de sentidos, refletividade e desfamiliarização que o meu encontro com um dos entrevistados que usava PrEP e se infectou pelo HIV gerou, de nome fictício Plutón. Detalho as etapas de elaboração do desenho “Sexualidad Atenta”: a ausência presente do invisível e PrEP, 2022, e as repercussões teórico-metodológicas decorrentes de questionar se se tratava de um “exemplo negativo”. Concluo que desenhar me auxiliou na compreensão de que não se tratava de exemplo negativo na leitura psicossocial proposta pelo referencial teórico adotado.

Abstract Background: Objectives: The COM-B model of capability, motivation, and opportunity was used to estimate the determinants of PrEP usage intention among men who have sex with men (MSM). Methods: Fourteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with MSM recruited through snowball sampling. The interviews lasted 30-60 minutes and were conducted via Zoom or telephone. The data were analyzed using Atlas Ti v.8 and mapped to capability, motivation, and opportunity domains. Results: Potential facilitators identified were the skills and interest in seeking information about PrEP (capability), social support and peer opinion (opportunity), and motivations to use PrEP as an additional tool in HIV prevention. The main barriers identified were stigma towards homosexuality and HIV (opportunity); healthcare system organization and financing (opportunity); perceived lack of ability to adhere to PrEP usage (capability); and monitoring of PrEP that could be attributed to personal and healthcare system factors (capability and opportunity). Conclusions: Four strategies are suggested to address these barriers: 1) adaptation of interventions that promote knowledge and skills for PrEP; 2) development of navigator interventions to engage organizations and leaders; 3) education and skills training for primary care physicians; and 4) improvement of sexual health care systems.

Resúmen Introducción: Estudios previos en relación con los determinantes del uso de la profilaxis preexposición al VIH en Colombia son escasos, en este estudio nos proponemos usar el modelo de capacidad, motivación y oportunidad COM-B para estimar los determinantes de la intención de uso de PrEP en hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (HSH). Metodología: se realizaron 14 entrevistas semiestructuradas con HSH reclutados por muestreo de bola de nieve, con una duración entre de 30-60 minutos, por zoom o teléfono. Se realizo un análisis de contenido y luego se realizó el mapeo de los temas con los dominios de capacidad, motivación y oportunidad. Resultados: Se encontró como posibles facilitadores las habilidades e interés para buscar información sobre PrEP (Capacidad), el apoyo social y la opinión de pares (oportunidad), y las motivaciones para usar la PrEP como una herramienta adicional en la prevención del VIH. Como barrera se resalta principalmente el estigma hacia la homosexualidad y el VIH (oportunidad), la organización y financiación del sistema de salud, (oportunidad), la percepción de falta de habilidad para cumplir con el uso de PrEP (capacidad), y la monitoria de PrEP que se pudiera atribuir a factores personales y del sistema de salud (capacidad y oportunidad). Consideraciones finales: se sugieren 4 estrategias para abordar esas barreras 1) adaptación de intervenciones que promuevan el conocimiento y las habilidades para PrEP, 2) desarrollos de intervenciones de navegantes que promuevan la participación de organizaciones y lideres, 3) educación y habilidades para médicos de atención primaria, 4) mejoramiento del sistema de atención en salud sexual.

Resumen El examen de rutina de los donantes de órganos para detectar la infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (HIV) ha hecho que la transmisión del virus mediante el trasplante de órganos sea poco común. Sin embargo, a pesar de las pruebas de detección de rutina, la transmisión del HIV continúa siendo un riesgo del trasplante de órganos ya que, a diferencia de los tejidos, los órganos sólidos no se pueden procesar, desinfectar, ni modificar para inactivar patógenos infecciosos. A continuación, se describe un caso de posible transmisión de HIV por trasplante de órganos de un donante previamente seronegativo a dos de sus receptores.

Abstract Routine screening of organ donors to detect human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has detected the rare transmission of the virus through organ transplantation. However, despite routine screening, HIV transmission remains a risk in organ transplantation since, unlike tissues, solid organs cannot be processed, disinfected, or modified to inactivate infectious pathogens. A case of possible transmission of HIV by organ transplant is described below, from a previously seronegative donor to two recipients.

RESUMEN Introducción: Hay pocos estudios que hayan evaluado IAAS en una población con VIH, sin embargo, los estudios sugirieron que los pacientes con VIH tienen un mayor riesgo de contraer una IAAS porque tienen altas tasas de hospitalización y estancias hospitalarias más largas. Objetivo: determinar la mortalidad por Infecciones Asociadas a la atención en la Salud en Pacientes con VIH en Paraguay durante los meses de enero a diciembre del año 2018 a 2021. Metodología: Estudio observacional, descriptivo de corte transversal. La población de estudio la constituyeron las personas fallecidas con diagnóstico de infección por VIH e IAAS de ambos sexos, mayor de 18 años de edad, durante ese período. Las variables del estudio fueron demográficas, relacionadas al VIH, Carga Viral basal, Estadio de infección por VIH al momento del diagnóstico, Tiempo desde el diagnóstico de VIH hasta el óbito (meses), comorbilidades al momento del óbito, microorganismo aislado, presencia y localización de IAAS. Resultados: Fueron incluidos en el estudio 93 pacientes con IAAS, de los cuales el 34,4% (32) tuvo una edad entre 20 a 29 años, el 19,3% (18). En cuanto al tipo de población el 79.3% (73) fue población general, 77.6% (59) fue diagnosticado como sida, 68.6% (59) tenían un recuento basal de CD4 menor a 200 células/mm3. La tasa de mortalidad durante el 2020 fue 6,7%, durante el 2018 fue 6,5% y durante el 2021 fue de 6,4%. Conclusión: las personas con VIH en especial aquellas que han sido diagnosticadas en estadios avanzados de la enfermedad tienen mayor posibilidad de desarrollar IAAS y estar relacionadas a la mortalidad. Esto se debe a la presencia de múltiples infecciones oportunistas y comorbilidades que favorece el alto número de internaciones y las estancias mas prolongadas.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Few studies have evaluated HAIs in an HIV population; however, studies have suggested that patients with HIV are at a higher risk of contracting HAI because they have high rates of hospitalization and longer hospital stays. Objective: To determine mortality due to Infections Associated with Health Care in Patients with HIV in Paraguay from January to December 2018 to 2021. Methodology: This was an observational, descriptive, and cross-sectional study. The study population consisted of people over 18 years of age who died with a diagnosis of HIV infection and IAAS of both sexes during that period. The study variables were demographic, HIV-related, Baseline Viral Load, Stage of HIV infection at the time of diagnosis, Time from HIV diagnosis to death (in months), comorbidities at the time of death, microorganism isolation, presence, and location. of IAAS. Results: 93 patients with IAAS were included in the study, of which 34.4% (32) were between 20 and 29 years of age and 19.3% (18). Regarding the type of population, 79.3% (73) were in the general population, 77.6% (59) were diagnosed with AIDS, and 68.6% (59) had a baseline CD4 count of less than 200 cells/mm3. The mortality rate in 2020 was 6.7%, during 2018 it was 6.5% and in 2021 it and 6.4%. Conclusion: People with HIV, especially those who have been diagnosed in advanced stages of the disease, are more likely to develop HAIs and are related to mortality. This is due to the presence of multiple opportunistic infections and comorbidities that favor a high number of hospitalizations and longer hospital stays.

Resumen Introducción : En el consultorio de atención inmediata de clínica se concentra la atención de pacientes ambu latorios con enfermedades que requieren diagnóstico precoz, como la adenitis tuberculosa (AT). El objetivo fue describir las características clínicas, estudios com plementarios y procedimientos realizados a pacientes con diagnóstico confirmado por bacteriología o anatomía patológica de AT. Métodos : Estudio observacional, descriptivo, retros pectivo. Período: 2017-2023. Resultados : Se incluyeron 49 pacientes, con una mediana de edad de 31 años; 59% de sexo femenino, 22% con comorbilidades El 40% presentó adenopatías localizadas, la mayoría cervicales. La serología para HIV era positiva en 3 (6.1%). Al 73% se le ingresaron muestras para bacteriología, con aislamiento de M. tuberculosis en 71%. Al 79% se le realizó punción aspiración con aguja fina (PAAF) ganglionar; en el 48% los resultados de la citología fueron sugestivos de tuberculosis (TB). Al 77% se le realizó biopsia ganglionar, resultando en el 62% adenitis granulomatosa. Desde la primera consulta hasta el diagnóstico transcurrieron una mediana de 40 días. La mayoría de los tratamientos se iniciaron luego del resultado de la biopsia, seguido de cultivos, baciloscopia, PAAF y GeneXpert. Un paciente falleció. Discusión : La AT predominó en el sexo femenino en el grupo estudiado, coincidente con la experiencia local, la edad promedio de presentación fue 30 a 40 años. Puede afectar cualquier cadena ganglionar, aunque predomina la localización cervical, que coincide con los hallazgos de este trabajo. En nuestra serie, la demora diagnóstica desde la primera consulta fue menor a la referida en la bibliografía.

Abstract Introduction : In the clinical medicine’s immediate assistance unit, care is focused on outpatients with dis eases that require early diagnosis, such as tuberculous adenitis (TA). The aim was to describe clinical features, complementary studies and procedures performed in patients with a diagnosis confirmed by bacteriology or pathological anatomy of TA. Methods : Observational, descriptive, retrospective. Period: 2017-2023. Results : Fourty nine patients were included, with a median age of 31 years, 59% were female, 22% with comorbidities. 40% had localized lymphadenopathy, most of them cervical. HIV serology was positive in 3 cases (6.1%). Samples for bacteriology were submitted in 73%, with isolation of M. tuberculosis in 71%. Nodal fine needle aspiration (FNA) was performed in 79%, and in 48% the cytology results were suggestive of tuberculosis. Nodal biopsy was performed in 77%, with granulomatous adenitis as result in 62%. The term between admis sion and diagnosis ranged from a median of 40 days. Most treatments were started after the biopsy result, followed by culture, bacilloscopy, FNA, and GeneXpert. One patient died. Discussion : TA predominates in the female sex in the studied group, coinciding with the local experience, the average age of presentation is 30 to 40 years, can affect any lymph node region, although the cervical location predominates, which coincides with the findings of this work. In our series, the diagnostic delay from the first consultation was shorter than reported in the literature.

Resumo O corpus é composto por uma compilação de histórias sobre a experiência de ser homossexual e conviver com o vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV), composta por uma série de entrevistas em profundidade, registros etnográficos situados e conversas informais realizadas durante o ano de 2022 com um homem homossexual que vive com HIV em Puebla, México —e que se chama Patricio—. São analisadas algumas das intersecções semiótico-materiais através das quais se configuram as suas experiências e são destacadas certas figuras imaginárias, os afetos em que se enquadram os seus modos de interação, alguns percursos do seu quotidiano e as suas possibilidades de contenção face às práticas discriminatórias. e cenários estigmatizantes. Em três momentos, são expostas algumas das formas como, entre as formas de corporificação de uma doença e as formas de corporificação da homossexualidade, essas dimensões parecem ser sustentadas pela marca cultural –sempre histórica, sempre política– da vergonha e orgulho.

Resumen El corpus se constituye con un compilado de relatos sobre la experiencia de ser homosexual y vivir con el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) conformado a partir de una serie de entrevistas a profundidad, registros etnográficos situados y conversaciones informales realizadas en el transcurso del año de 2022 a un hombre homosexual que vive con VIH en Puebla, México —y a quien se nombra Patricio—. Se analizan algunos de los cruces semiótico-materiales mediante los cuales se configuran sus vivencias y se destacan ciertas figuras imaginarias, los afectos en que se enmarcan sus modos de interacción, algunas travesías de su vida cotidiana y sus posibilidades de contención frente a prácticas discriminatorias y escenarios estigmatizantes. En tres momentos, se exponen algunos de los modos en que, entre las formas de encarnar una enfermedad y los modos en que se corporeiza la homosexualidad, estas dimensiones parecen sostenerse en la marca cultural —siempre histórica, siempre política— de la vergüenza y el orgullo.

Abstract The corpus is made up of a compilation of stories about the experience of being homosexual and living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) made up of a series of in-depth interviews, situated ethnographic records and informal conversations carried out during the year 2022 with a man homosexual who lives with HIV in Puebla, Mexico — and who is named Patricio—. Some of the semiotic-material intersections through which his experiences are configured are analyzed. In addition, certain imaginary figures are highlighted, the affects in which his modes of interaction are framed, some journeys of his daily life and his possibilities of containment in the face of discriminatory practices and stigmatizing scenarios. In three moments, some of the ways in which, between the ways of embodying an illness and the ways in which homosexuality is embodied, are exposed, these dimensions seem to be sustained by the cultural mark —always historical, always political— of shame and pride.

SIGNIFICANCE: A paper recently published in AIDS and Behavior on 20 February 2024, authored by Trickey et al.¹, argues that drought potentially increases HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) transmission in sub-Saharan Africa. They established a positive correlation between drought, poverty, sexual behaviour, and HIV contraction. The study's methodology is problematic, and does not consider key confounding factors, utilises data which is subject to biases, and utilises inappropriate means to define drought. We do not dispute the possibility that links exist between these variables, but assert that the data and methods used in this study are insufficient to support such a claim.

SIGNIFICANCE: We clarify several areas of misunderstanding raised by Waja and Motlogeloa's (S Afr J Sci. 2024;120(7/8), Art. #18588) critique of our previous publication analysing the associations between drought and acquiring HIV in several countries in sub-Saharan Africa.