ABSTRACT The environmental conditions of Mexico allow the presence of several species of bamboo, where commercial uses have diversified due to their rapid growth and characteristics. The Mexican Guaduas are specimens with exemplary structural characteristics, however, there is no cartographic information in Mexico that allows locating and sizing the areas where bamboo species are located or can be located, which restricts decision making for commercial forest plantations. Therefore, it is intended to determine the probability of occurrence of the 7 species of this genus of bamboo, based on the maximum entropy approach and three arrangements of 21 environmental variables, for which 478 presence records were used. All generated models defined a good fit with the training data, with an AUC value greater than 0.90. It was found that the niche distribution of Guadua mexicana species is mainly influenced by altitude (ELEV), so they are found in areas close to coastal regions. Likewise, in defining the distribution of this genus, annual precipitation (BIO12), evapotranspiration (ETP) and average annual temperature (BIO1) stood out. This was independent of the three arrangements of environmental variables that were tested. characteristics however plantations Therefore 2 47 used data 090 0 90 0.90 ELEV, ELEV , (ELEV) regions Likewise BIO12, BIO12 BIO (BIO12) ETP (ETP BIO1 (BIO1 out tested 4 09 9 0.9 (ELEV (BIO12 (BIO 0.

RESUMO As condições ambientais do México permitem a presença de várias espécies de bambu, onde, devido ao seu rápido crescimento e características, os usos comerciais se diversificaram. As Guaduas mexicanas são exemplares com características estruturais exemplares, porém não há informações cartográficas no México que permitam localizar e dimensionar as áreas onde estão ou podem estar localizadas espécies de bambu, o que restringe a tomada de decisão para plantações florestais comerciais. Portanto, pretende-se determinar a probabilidade de ocorrência das 7 espécies deste gênero de bambu, com base na abordagem de máxima entropia e três arranjos de 21 variáveis ambientais, para as quais foram utilizados 478 registros de presença. Todos os modelos gerados definiram um bom ajuste com os dados de treinamento, com um valor de AUC maior que 0,90. Verificou-se que a distribuição de nicho das espécies mexicanas de Guadua é influenciada principalmente pela altitude (ELEV), por isso são encontradas em áreas próximas às regiões costeiras. Da mesma forma, a precipitação anual (BIO12) destacou-se na definição da distribuição deste gênero, assim como a evapotranspiração (ETP) e a temperatura média anual (BIO1). Isso foi independente dos três arranjos de variáveis ambientais que foram testados. bambu diversificaram Portanto pretendese pretende 2 47 treinamento 090 0 90 0,90 Verificouse Verificou ELEV, ELEV , (ELEV) costeiras forma BIO12 BIO (BIO12 destacouse destacou ETP (ETP BIO1. BIO1 . (BIO1) testados 4 09 9 0,9 (ELEV (BIO1 0, (BIO

ABSTRACT Background: Bamboo species have a high potential to produce biomass and stock carbon. However, biometric tools are not available to estimate biomass production for most giant bamboo taxa. The aim was to develop an additive equation system to estimate the aboveground biomass by structural component and the total of the three bamboo species. Destructive sampling was applied, and a sample of 101 mature bamboo specimens was collected. The nonlinear power allometric model was used to integrate two additive equations systems, which were formed by the structural components of biomass: culm, branches and leaves as well as aboveground biomass total. The predictor variables were: diameter at breast height (D) for the S1 system, and D in combination with the total height (D2H) for the S2 system. Results: It was determined that the SUR method in combination with the dummy variables technique and the correction of heteroscedasticity is an adequate fit strategy. Given that the additivity property is fulfilled, specific values of the parameters of each system and by taxon are identified. In addition, the variance of the error stabilizes. The aboveground biomass of the culm constitutes 86.40%, 90.48%, and 93.94% for Bambusa oldhamii Munro, Guadua aculeata Rupr., and Guadua angustifolia Kunth, respectively. The S1 system was selected, and its statistics regarding the total aboveground biomass were 0.92, 4.9 kg, -0.35 kg, and 0.05 for the fit statistics R 2 adj , RMSE, S, and E, respectively. Conclusion: This biometric tool will easier to carry out aboveground biomass inventories, as well as to infer the carbon content and CO2 equivalent at the specimen level. Background However taxa applied 10 collected systems (D S D2H DH H (D2H Results strategy fulfilled identified addition stabilizes 8640 86 40 86.40% 9048 90 48 90.48% 9394 93 94 93.94 Munro Rupr Rupr. Kunth respectively selected 092 0 92 0.92 49 4 9 4. kg 0.35 035 35 -0.3 005 05 0.0 RMSE E Conclusion inventories CO level 1 864 8 86.40 904 90.48 939 93.9 09 0.9 0.3 03 3 -0. 00 0. 86.4 90.4 93. -0 86. 90. -

ABSTRACT The exploration of the potential of Amazonian species, such as Guadua weberbaueri, popularly known as bamboo, is verified in several segments. Having its great potential in the application for civil construction, it can still be maximized with the application of nanotechnology. The objective of this study is to verify the research on applications of Guadua weberbaueri bamboo fiber for civil construction in the last five years. Through four indexed databases of studies, applying to six descriptors, and cataloguing them, throughout their areas of exploration and year of affiliation, it was possible to weave the data and results obtained. These results pointed to 10 studies that used the species, and these studies were mostly in the area of characterization of biological or physicochemical properties and none corresponded to the area of civil construction. He also noticed that over the last five years, the curve of studies carried out has been increasing. Thus, there was a lack of exploration of the potential of both the Guadua weberbaueri species and its fiber as a structural component within civil engineering. segments nanotechnology years descriptors them affiliation obtained 1 increasing Thus engineering

RESUMO A exploração das potencialidades das espécies Amazônicas, como o Guadua weberbaueripopularmente conhecido como bambu, é verificada em diversos segmentos. Tendo seu grande potencial na aplicação para a construção civil, ainda pode ser maximizado com a aplicação da nanotecnologia. Este estudo tem como objetivo verificar as pesquisas de aplicações da fibra de bambu Guadua weberbaueri, para a construção civil, nos últimos cinco anos. Através de quatro bases de dados indexadas de estudos, aplicando para seis descritores, e os catalogando, ao longo de suas áreas de exploração e ano de vinculação, foi possível tecer os dados e resultados obtidos. Esses resultados apontaram para 10 estudos que utilizaram a espécie, sendo que esses estudos eram, majoritariamente, na área de caracterização das propriedades biológicas ou físico-químicas e nenhum corresponde à área de construção civil. Também percebeu que ao longo dos últimos cinco anos, a curva de estudos realizados é crescente. Assim, verificou-se a carência na exploração do potencial, tanto da espécie Guadua weberbaueri, como da sua fibra, como componente estrutural, dentro da engenharia civil. Amazônicas segmentos civil nanotecnologia weberbaueri anos descritores catalogando vinculação obtidos 1 eram majoritariamente físicoquímicas físico químicas crescente Assim verificouse verificou se estrutural

ABSTRACT Brazilian forestry laws do not provide specifications for the management of bamboo-dominated forests. This study aimed to characterize the bamboo population structure, its spatial distribution and the effects of shoot density on the diversity and density of dominant tree species in the southwest of the Amazon Rainforest. An inventory was carried out in forest with and without anthropogenic interference, and the height and diameter at breast height of the trees were measured, as well as the diametrical, vertical and spatial distribution of the shoots. The bamboo diametrical distribution presented an irregular behavior in the two areas under study and the vertical distribution behaved irregularly in the forest without anthropization, in an asymmetric negative way when compared to the forest that suffered anthropogenic disturbance. The bamboo spatial distribution did not show changes in its aggregate pattern between the studied environments, and its density did not present a significant correlation with the density and diversity of tree species. bamboodominated dominated forests structure Rainforest interference measured shoots anthropization disturbance environments

RESUMO As leis florestais brasileiras não fornecem especificações para o manejo de florestas dominadas por bambu. Objetivou-se caracterizar a estrutura populacional de bambu, sua distribuição espacial e os efeitos da densidade de brotos na diversidade e densidade de espécies arbóreas dominantes no sudoeste da Floresta Amazônica. Realizou-se inventário em floresta com e sem interferência antrópica e mediu-se a altura e o diâmetro à altura do peito das árvores, bem como a distribuição diametral, vertical e espacial dos brotos. A distribuição diametral do bambu apresentou comportamento irregular nas duas áreas em estudo e a distribuição vertical comportou-se de forma irregular na floresta sem antropização, de forma assimétrica negativa quando comparada à floresta que sofreu perturbação antrópica. A distribuição espacial do bambu não apresentou alterações em seu padrão de agregados entre os ambientes estudados, e sua densidade não apresentou correlação significativa com a densidade e diversidade de espécies arbóreas. Objetivouse Objetivou se Amazônica Realizouse Realizou mediuse mediu árvores comportouse comportou antropização estudados

Resumen Antecedentes: El bajareque es una técnica de construcción en la que se utiliza un tejido hecho con bambú, cañas, varas, mimbres, agregados con diversos compuestos de tierra local, material vegetal y agua (lodo). En México, existe evidencia arqueológica y actual del uso del bajareque en la construcción de viviendas rurales. En el sitio arqueológico de Los Guachimontones, se ha documentado el uso del bajareque con una antigüedad de 2,400 a 1,500 años. Sin embargo, se desconoce la especie de bambú utilizada. Preguntas y/o Hipótesis: 1) ¿Cuáles especies de bambú de México se han utilizado en la construcción de viviendas rurales con la técnica del bajareque? 2) ¿Cuál especie de bambú probablemente se utilizó en la construcción de viviendas con la técnica del bajareque en la zona arqueológica de Los Guachimontones, Jalisco? Resultados: Nuestros resultados indican el uso de cinco especies de bambú (Guadua amplexifolia, G. paniculata, G. velutina, Otatea acuminata y O. fimbriata) en la construcción del bajareque. Es probable que la especie utilizada en la construcción de viviendas y estructuras cívico-ceremoniales en la zona arqueológica de Los Guachimontones sea Otatea acuminata. Conclusiones: En este estudio, evidenciamos que en México se han utilizado cinco especies de bambú en la construcción del bajareque. De estas, tres pertenecen al género Guadua y dos al género Otatea. Es muy probable que en Los Guachimontones se haya utilizado Otatea acuminata en la construcción de sus viviendas con la técnica del bajareque.

Abstract Background: Bajareque is a construction technique that utilizes a woven structure made of bamboo, reeds, rods, and wickers, combined with various compounds of local soil, plant material, and water (mud). In Mexico, there is archaeological and contemporary evidence of the use of bajareque in housing construction. At the Los Guachimontones archaeological site, the use of bajareque has been documented with an age ranging from 2,400 to 1,500 years. However, the species of bamboo used remains unknown. Questions and/or Hypotheses: 1) Which bamboo species from Mexico have been used in the construction of housing using the bajareque technique? 2) Which bamboo species is likely to have been used in the construction of housing using the bajareque technique at the Los Guachimontones archaeological site in Jalisco? Results: Our results indicate the use of five bamboo species (Guadua amplexifolia, G. paniculata, G. velutina, Otatea acuminata, and O. fimbriata) in bajareque construction. It is probable that the species used in the construction of housing and civic-ceremonial structures at the Los Guachimontones archaeological site is Otatea acuminata. Conclusions: In this study, we demonstrate that five bamboo species have been used in bajareque construction in Mexico. Of these five species, three belong to the Guadua genus and two to the Otatea genus. It is highly likely that Otatea acuminata was used in the construction of housing at the Los Guachimontones site using the bajareque technique.

Abstract The total height (Th) of bamboo culms is essential for inventories of volume, biomass, carbon stores, and products distribution. The high density of the canopy and the natural inclination of the upper part of the crown make its direct measurement of the field difficult. Allometric equations are a viable alternative to efficiently estimating the height as a function of the diameter at breast height (Dbh). The aim was to fit mathematical models Th-Dbh and select the best predictive capacity to estimate the Th of culms of Bambusa oldhamii Munro, Guadua aculeata Rupr. and Guadua angustifolia Kunth in the Northeastern Sierra of Puebla, Mexico. In the analysis, 101 pairs of Th-Dbh observations measured in 2019 were used, with which six allometric models and three growth models were fitted by non-linear regression. Nonlinear ordinary least squares techniques with indicator variables (NL-OLS-VI) and nonlinear mixed effects models (NL-MEM) were compared. The “nlme” package of the R software was used. We evaluated the models based on the adjusted coefficient of determination (R2 ad j ), the root mean square error (RMSE), and the mean bias (B). NL-OLS-VI explained 83.5% and NL-MEM 83.2% of the observed variability. The model with the best performance was the Logistic fitted with NL-OLS-VI (R2 ad j = 0.835, RMSE = 2.280 m y B = 0.005 m). The generated Th-Dbh model is workable to estimate the Th for culms of the three bamboo taxa with low errors.

Resumen La altura total (At) de los culmos de bambú es fundamental para realizar inventarios de volumen, biomasa, almacenes de carbono y distribución de productos. Su medición directa en campo se dificulta por la alta densidad del dosel y la inclinación natural de la parte alta de la copa. Las ecuaciones alométricas son una alternativa viable para estimar eficientemente la altura en función del diámetro normal (Dn). El objetivo fue ajustar modelos matemáticos At-Dn y seleccionar el de mejor capacidad predictiva para estimar la At de culmos de Bambusa oldhamii Munro, Guadua aculeata Rupr. y Guadua angustifolia Kunth en la Sierra Nororiental de Puebla, México. En el análisis se utilizaron 101 pares de observaciones At-Dn medidas en 2019 con los que se ajustaron por regresión no lineal seis modelos alométricos y tres de crecimiento. Se compararon las técnicas de mínimos cuadrados ordinarios no lineales con variables indicadoras (MCO-NL-VI) y modelos de efectos mixtos no lineales (MEM-NL), se usó la librería “nlme” del programa R. Los modelos se evaluaron con base en el coeficiente de determinación ajustado (R2 adj ), la raíz del error medio cuadrático (REMC) y el sesgo promedio (S). MCO-NL-VI explicó el 83.5% y MEM-NL el 83.2% de la variabilidad observada. El modelo con el mejor desempeño fue el Logístico ajustado con MCO-NL-VI (R2 adj = 0.835, REMC = 2.280 m y S = 0.005 m). El modelo At-Dn generado es factible para estimar la At para culmos de los tres taxones de bambú con errores bajos.

Resumen El contenido de humedad de los culmos de bambú recién cosechados es de alrededor de 100 %, el cual se considera alto, por lo que debe reducirse mediante algún proceso de secado. Un paso clave en el procesamiento de los culmos es el secado, que ha sido poco valorado por los productores y usuarios de bambú. La exposición al aire libre es el método más utilizado en México, pero poco eficiente, ya que tarda desde semanas hasta varios meses en función de las condiciones ambientales. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el secado de secciones de culmos (6 m de longitud) de Guadua aculeata en un secador solar tipo túnel, con forma de prisma rectangular. El contenido de humedad inicial promedio fue de 106.72 %, en 80 días se alcanzó un contenido de humedad final promedio de 29.84 %. La tasa de secado fue superior a 1.0 % por día durante los primeros 20 días, lapso en el cual redujeron aproximadamente 40 % de su contenido de humedad. En los siguientes 60 días, perdieron en promedio 37.41 % de humedad a una tasa de secado variable para cada culmo muestra. La curva de secado del método evaluado corresponde a una función exponencial. Bajo las condiciones experimentales de secado se determinó que las secciones de culmos de 6 m de longitud y diámetro promedio de 12.42 cm, pueden alcanzar un CH promedio menor a 18 % en un tiempo de 109 días, para posteriormente usarse como elementos estructurales.

Abstract The moisture content of freshly harvested bamboo culms is high, near 100 %, and it should be reduced by some drying process. A key step in the processing of culms, which has been under-appreciated by bamboo producers and users, is drying. Outdoor exposure is the most widely used drying method in Mexico; however, it is not very efficient, as it takes weeks to several months, depending on the environmental conditions. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the drying of Guadua aculeata culm sections (6 m long) in a solar tunnel dryer with a rectangular prism shape. The initial average moisture content was 106.72 %, and after a period of 80 days, a final average moisture content of 29.84 % was reached. The drying rate was above 1.0 % per day in the first 20 days, during which their moisture content was reduced by approximately 40 %. In the following 60 days, they lost on average 37.41 % of moisture, at a variable drying rate for each sample culm. The drying curve of the assessed method corresponds to an exponential function. Under the experimental drying conditions, it was determined that 6 m long sections of culms with an average diameter of 12.42 cm can reach an average MC below 18 % in 109 days, thus becoming suitable for use as structural elements.

RESUMEN El biocarbón se utiliza como remediador de suelos cada vez con más frecuencia. Sin embargo, el impacto en el suelo depende de las limitaciones edáficas, el material empleado para obtener el biocarbón y la concentración aplicada. Se estudiaron los efectos del biocarbón de bambú de Guadua chacoensis sobre la germinación, y como una técnica de enmienda de suelos salino-sódicos. Se utilizaron soluciones acuosas con 0, 2,5 y 5% de biocarbón de bambú (BC) para determinar el porcentaje de germinación de semillas y la longitud de radícula en dos especies hortícolas: rúcula (Eruca sativa) y rabanito (Raphanus sativus). Además, se incorporó 0, 0,5 y 2,5% de BC a un suelo salino-sódico para evaluar el efecto sobre ambas especies, las cuales son moderadamente tolerantes a la salinidad. En cada especie se evaluó la altura de la planta, la biomasa foliar y radicular. Las soluciones de 2,5 y 5% BC disminuyeron la germinación de la rúcula en un 3,14% y 5,2%, respectivamente, en comparación con el control. La adición de BC disminuyó la longitud de la radícula en ambas especies, siendo la reducción más significativa con la mayor concentración de BC. La adición de 0,5% y 2,5% de BC disminuyó la altura de la rúcula en un 27,32% y 50,33%, respectivamente, en comparación con el control, lo que resultó en plantas más pequeñas con menos biomasa de hojas y raíces. La adición de biocarbón no afectó la biomasa foliar, pero en el tratamiento 2,5% BC se redujo la biomasa de raíces en un 53,85% en comparación con el 0% BC. Además de las características inherentes del biocarbón, estos resultados estarían influenciados por el aumento del pH del suelo, provocado por la adición del BC. Se propone evaluar el biocarbón con distintas propiedades en suelos salino-sódicos, y como enmienda en la remediación de suelos ácidos.

ABSTRACT Biochar is being used with increasing frequency as a soil remediator. However, its impact depends on soil limitations, biochar source and concentration applied. We studied Guadua chacoensis bamboo biochar as a saline-alkaline soil amendment. Aqueous solutions with 0, 2.5 and 5% of bamboo biochar (BC) were used to determine their influence on seed germination rate and radicle length in two horticultural species moderately tolerant to salinity and alkalinity: arugula (Eruca sativa) and radish (Raphanus sativus). Also, we amended a saline-alkaline soil with 0, 0.5 and 2.5% of BC to evaluate its effect on plant height, leaf and root biomass of both horticultural crops. The application of 2.5 and 5% BC solution decreased arugula germination in 3.14% and 5.2%, respectively, compared to 0% BC. The addition of BC decreased radicle length in both species and such reduction was more significant with the higher BC concentration. The addition of 0.5% and 2.5% BC as amendment in a saline-alkaline soil decreased arugula height in 27.32% and 50.33%, respectively, compared to 0% BC, resulting in smaller plants with less leaf and root biomass. The BC amendment did not affect leaf biomass, but 2.5% BC reduced root biomass in 53.85% compared to 0% BC. These results seem to be influenced not only by the BC inherent characteristics but also by the increase in soil pH, caused by the addition of biochar. Further studies may evaluate the impact of BC addition with different properties on saline-alkaline soils, and its use as an amendment in the remediation of acid soils.

Abstract Guadua weberbaueri Plig. [Poaceae] is recorded as the first host-plant record for Leptodictya (Hanuala) leinahoni (Kirkaldy). We observed eggs, nymphs, adults, and feeding injury on stands of Guadua weberbaueri, several kilometers north of the city of Caranavi, Bolivia.

Resumen Guadua weberbaueri Plig. [Poaceae] constituye el primer registro de planta huésped para Leptodictya (Hanuala) leinahoni (Kirkaldy). Se observaron huevos, ninfas, adultos y daños causados por alimentación en rodales de Guadua weberbaueri, a varios kilómetros al norte de la ciudad de Caranavi, Bolivia.

ABSTRACT The objective was to determine the physical and mechanical properties of Guadua lynnclarkiae, Guadua weberbaueri and Guadua superba. Three culms were collected from each species, later they were sectioned into three levels: stump (S), base (B) and over base (O). The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design (DCA) in a factorial scheme (3E x 3N), being factor E: bamboo species with three levels: a) Guadua lynnclarkiae, b) Guadua weberbaueri and c) Guadua superba; and the N factor: culm level with three sections a) stump, b) base and c) over base, all distributed in three repetitions and 4 test tubes for physical properties. For the mechanical properties, the same experimental design and number of repetitions were used, however, 5 test tubes were used per experimental plot. Thus, the greatest contraction of the culm wall was 23.0% in Guadua lynnclarkiae at the base level. The basic density in the three species was 0.71 g cm-3. In bending, the highest modulus of rupture was recorded in Guadua superba in stump, base and over base with 55.15; 84.49 and 73.97 MPa, respectively. In parallel compression, the MoE and MoR were 11454.35 MPa and 39.50 MPa in the three species and levels. Therefore, Guadua lynnclarkiae and Guadua weberbaueri have adequate physical and mechanical properties for different uses, including civil construction. However, in Guadua superba it is recommended to carry out subsequent studies of rigidity and resistance for its use in the construction of houses in rural and urban areas. levels S, S , (S) B (B O. O . (O) DCA (DCA 3E E 3N, 3N 3N) b c however plot Thus 230 23 0 23.0 071 71 0.7 cm3. cm3 cm 3. 3 cm-3 bending 55.15 5515 55 15 8449 84 49 84.4 7397 73 97 73.9 respectively compression 1145435 11454 35 11454.3 3950 39 50 39.5 Therefore uses However areas (S (O 2 23. 07 7 0. cm- 55.1 551 1 844 8 84. 739 9 73. 114543 1145 11454. 395 39. 55. 114 11

RESUMEN El objetivo fue determinar las propiedades físicas y mecánicas de Guadua lynnclarkiae, Guadua weberbaueri y Guadua superba. De cada especie fueron colectados tres culmos, posteriormente fueron seccionados en tres niveles: cepa (C), basa (B) y sobrebasa (SB). El experimento fue conducido en diseño de completamente al azar (DCA) en esquema factorial (3E x 3N), siendo el factor E: especies de bambú con tres niveles: a) Guadua lynnclarkiae, b) Guadua weberbaueri y c) Guadua superba; y el factor N: nivel de culmo con tres secciones a) cepa, b) basa y c) sobrebasa, todos distribuidos en tres repeticiones y 4 probetas para las propiedades físicas. Para las propiedades mecánicas fue utilizado el mismo diseño experimental y número de repeticiones, no obstante, fueron utilizados 5 probetas por parcela experimental. Así, la mayor contracción de la pared de culmo fue de 23,0% en Guadua lynnclarkiae en el nivel basa. La densidad básica en las tres especies fue de 0,71 g cm-3. En flexión, el mayor módulo de ruptura fue registrado en Guadua superba en cepa, basa y sobrebasa con 55,15; 84,49 y 73,97 MPa, respectivamente. En compresión paralela el MoE y MoR fue de 11454.35 MPa y 39,50 MPa en las tres especies y niveles. Por ello, Guadua lynnclarkiae y Guadua weberbaueri poseen propiedades físicas y mecánicas adecuadas para diferentes usos incluyendo la construcción civil. No obstante, en Guadua superba se recomienda realizar estudios posteriores de rigidez y resistencia para su uso en la construcción de viviendas en zonas rurales y urbanas. culmos niveles C, C , (C) B (B SB. SB . (SB) DCA (DCA 3E E 3N, 3N N 3N) a b c obstante Así 230 23 0 23,0 071 71 0,7 cm3. cm3 cm 3. 3 cm-3 flexión 55,15 5515 55 15 8449 84 49 84,4 7397 73 97 73,9 respectivamente 1145435 11454 35 11454.3 3950 39 50 39,5 ello civil urbanas (C (SB 2 23, 07 7 0, cm- 55,1 551 1 844 8 84, 739 9 73, 114543 1145 11454. 395 39, 55, 114 11

Abstract Antibiotics have shown less efficiency against resistance of pathogenic microorganisms. As a result, research centers have sought therapeutic alternatives against multidrug resistance of bacteria to antibiotics, one of which is using plant extracts. Bamboo extracts are used for several medicinal purposes. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial potential of hydroalcoholic extracts of culms and leaves of the species Guadua aff. lynnclarkiae on strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. We evaluated the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Only the leaves of G. aff. lynnclarkiae showed a bactericidal effect for all tested strains with MBC ranging from 1.55 mg ml-1 to 25 mg ml-1. The culms had bacteriostatic action with MIC ranging from 1.55 mg ml-1 to 6.25 mg ml-1, and bactericidal action at the concentration of 6.25 mg ml-1 only for S. aureus. This study provides bases for the use of this Amazonian native bamboo in bioprospecting. microorganisms result antibiotics purposes aff aureus pneumoniae (MIC MBC. . (MBC) G 155 1 55 1.5 ml1 ml ml- 2 ml1. 1. 625 6 6.2 ml1, 1, S bioprospecting (MBC 15 5 62 6.

Resumo Os antibióticos têm mostrado menor eficiência contra a resistência de microrganismos patogênicos. Assim sendo, centros de pesquisa têm buscado alternativas terapêuticas contra a multirresistência das bactérias aos antibióticos, sendo uma delas o uso de extratos vegetais. Extratos de bambu têm sido usados para diversos fins medicinais. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial antibacteriano de extratos hidroalcoólicos de colmos e folhas da espécie Guadua aff. lynnclarkiae em cepas de Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae e Klebsiella pneumoniae. Avaliamos a concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e a concentração bactericida mínima (CBM). Apenas as folhas de G. aff. lynnclarkiae mostraram efeito bactericida para todas as cepas testadas com CBM variando de 1,55 mg ml-1 a 25 mg ml-1. Os colmos apresentaram ação bacteriostática com CIM variando de 1,55 mg ml-1 a 6,25 mg ml-1, e ação bactericida na concentração de 6,25 mg ml-1 apenas para S. aureus. Este estudo fornece bases para o uso deste bambu nativo da Amazônia na bioprospecção. patogênicos vegetais medicinais aff aureus (CIM CBM. . (CBM) G 155 1 55 1,5 ml1 ml ml- 2 ml1. 1. 625 6 6,2 ml1, 1, S bioprospecção (CBM 15 5 62 6,

Abstract: Background and Aims: There are seven native bamboo species in the Huasteca Potosina (HP), but the richness of introduced species is unknown. For both groups there is no record of the ecosystem services (ES) they provide. Therefore, the objectives of the study were to record the presence of introduced bamboo species in the HP and to identify the ES of native and introduced species. Methods: Botanical explorations were carried out to visit all the municipalities of the study area; 57 botanical collections were made. In order to know the ES of native and introduced species, observations were made in the field, especially in localities where bamboo is grown and used, and we interviewed 31 key informants. Key results: In addition to the seven native bamboo species in the HP there are 11 introduced taxa (ten species and one variety), all of which are woody culms. Eight species and one variety are native to Asia, one to South America, and one introduced from the state of Veracruz, Mexico. The most widely distributed introduced species are Bambusa vulgaris, B. vulgaris var. vittata and B. oldhamii. The main use of woody bamboo is for construction and the native species most used for this is Guadua velutina. The introduced species are produced for decoration, living fence and construction. Conclusions: In the HP there are 44 ha of commercial bamboo plantations, together with the native species they provide three ES and five uses. The results of this work are the basis for future research on the ES of bamboo in the HP. It is necessary to continue monitoring commercial plantations, since they are increasing; in addition to evaluating the effects of different management practices in plantations and potential uses, especially of native species.

Resumen: Antecedentes y Objetivos: En la Huasteca Potosina (HP) existen siete especies nativas de bambú, pero se desconoce la riqueza de especies introducidas. De ambos grupos se carece del registro de los servicios ecosistémicos (SE) que proporcionan. Por ello, los objetivos del estudio fueron registrar la presencia de las especies introducidas de bambú en la HP e identificar los SE de las especies nativas e introducidas. Métodos: Se efectuaron exploraciones botánicas para visitar todos los municipios del área de estudio; se realizaron 57 recolectas botánicas. Para el registro de los SE de las especies nativas e introducidas se hicieron observaciones en campo, se visitaron comunidades en donde se cultiva y utiliza el bambú y se realizaron 31 entrevistas a informantes clave. Resultados clave: Además de las siete especies nativas de bambú en la HP, existen 11 taxones (diez especies y una variedad) introducidos, todos estos de culmos leñosos. Ocho especies y la variedad son nativas de Asia, una lo es de Sudamérica y otra introducida del estado de Veracruz, México. Las especies introducidas con mayor distribución son Bambusa vulgaris, B. vulgaris var. vittata y B. oldhamii. El principal uso del bambú leñoso es para la construcción y la especie nativa más utilizada para ello es Guadua velutina. Las especies introducidas son producidas para ornato, cerco vivo y construcción. Conclusiones: En la HP hay 44 ha de plantaciones comerciales de bambú; junto con las especies nativas proporcionan tres SE y cinco usos. Los resultados de este trabajo son la base para futuras investigaciones sobre los servicios ecosistémicos del bambú en la HP. Es necesario continuar con el monitoreo de plantaciones comerciales, ya que van en aumento; además de evaluación de los efectos de diferentes prácticas de manejo en plantaciones y usos potenciales, sobre todo de especies nativas.

Abstract Tropical dry forests (TDFs) are one of the most threatened ecosystems in Colombia, with remnants concentrated in riparian forests. This research studied the vegetation of a riparian forest from a TDF remnant in the Magdalena River’s upper basin using transects at three stations along the La Avería stream (Paicol, Huila). 199 individuals distributed in 47 species were found. The floristic composition was similar to that of other TDFs, while the number of individuals was lower. Fabaceae was the most represented family, and Zygia longifolia and Guadua angustifolia were the species with the highest Importance Value Index (IVI). It was concluded that the forest has been subjected to anthropic disturbances and is in an early successional stage. In addition, differences were found in the degree of conservation of the forest between the three sampled stations.

Resumen Los bosques secos tropicales (BST) son uno de los ecosistemas más amenazados de Colombia, con remanentes de estos concentrados en bosques riparios. Este trabajo estudió la vegetación de un bosque ripario ubicado dentro de un remanente de BST en la cuenca alta del río Magdalena mediante el uso de transectos en tres estaciones a lo largo del arroyo La Avería (Paicol, Huila, Colombia). Se encontraron 199 individuos distribuidos en 47 especies. La composición florística fue semejante a la de otros BST, mientras que el número de individuos fue menor. Fabaceae fue la familia más representada y Zygia longifolia y Guadua angustifolia las especies con mayor Índice de Valor de Importancia (IVI). Se concluyó que el bosque ha sido sometido a perturbaciones antrópicas y se encuentra en una etapa sucesional temprana. Además, se encontraron diferencias en el grado de conservación del bosque entre las tres estaciones muestreadas.

Abstract A numerical model for predicting the effect of the modification of a fiber's surface on the mechanical properties of biocomposite panels made with bamboo fibers and vegetable resin was elaborated. For the study, the three surface treatments methods were mercerization, plasma, and ozone treatment. To analyze the influence of each treatment on the surface of the fibers, a study of their morphology, chemical composition, and crystallinity was carried out using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray energy dispersion spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. A characterization of the physical properties of the fibers was carried out by determining the density and the absorption capacity. The influence of the treatment on the mechanical properties of the fibers was analyzed by determining their tensile strength. These results were used to determine the elastic properties of the plies that make up the biocomposite, applying the modified mixing rule for anisotropic materials. The numerical models were elaborated using a commercial finite element program, considering a linear analysis. The composite was conceived as a laminate made up of layers of fibers oriented in different directions. To validate the numerical results, panels were made using fibers treated according to established treatment methods and a vegetable resin. For the construction of the panels, a compression system at standard room temperature was used. The fibers were placed in six 1.13 mm-thick layers, reproducing the conditions established in the numerical model. The determination of the physical properties of the composite was based on the determination of the density, the absorption capacity, and the percentage of swelling. The determination of the mechanical properties focused on obtaining the maximum strength for tensile, compression, and static bending. The results show that it is possible to improve the mechanical performance of the composite when the surface of the fibers that act as reinforcement is modified. According to the results, panels made with fibers treated with plasma and with ozone exhibited better mechanical performance, showing a good correlation between the results of the numerical models and the values obtained experimentally.

Resumen Se elaboró un modelo numérico para predecir el efecto de la modificación de la superficie de una fibra sobre las propiedades mecánicas de los paneles de biocompuestos fabricados con fibras de bambú y resina vegetal. Para el estudio, los tres métodos de tratamiento superficial fueron la mercerización, el plasma y el tratamiento con ozono. Para analizar la influencia de cada tratamiento en la superficie de las fibras, se realizó un estudio de su morfología, composición química y cristalinidad mediante microscopía electrónica de barrido, espectroscopia de dispersión de energía de rayos X y difracción de rayos X. Se llevó a cabo una caracterización de las propiedades físicas de las fibras mediante la determinación de la densidad y la capacidad de absorción. La influencia del tratamiento en las propiedades mecánicas de las fibras se analizó determinando su resistencia a la tracción. Estos resultados se utilizaron para determinar las propiedades elásticas de las capas que componen el biocompuesto, aplicando la regla de la mezcla modificada para materiales anisótropos. Los modelos numéricos se elaboraron utilizando un programa comercial de elementos finitos, considerando un análisis lineal. El compuesto se concibió como un laminado formado por capas de fibras orientadas en diferentes direcciones. Para validar los resultados numéricos, se fabricaron paneles utilizando fibras tratadas según los métodos de tratamiento establecidos y una resina vegetal. Para la construcción de los paneles se utilizó un sistema de compresión a temperatura ambiente estándar. Las fibras se colocaron en seis capas de 1,13 mm de espesor, reproduciendo las condiciones establecidas en el modelo numérico. La determinación de las propiedades físicas del compuesto se basó en la determinación de la densidad, la capacidad de absorción y el porcentaje de hinchamiento. La determinación de las propiedades mecánicas se centró en la obtención de la resistencia máxima a tracción, compresión y flexión estática. Los resultados muestran que es posible mejorar las prestaciones mecánicas del compuesto cuando se modifica la superficie de las fibras que actúan como refuerzo. De acuerdo con los resultados, los paneles fabricados con fibras tratadas con plasma y con ozono presentaron mejores prestaciones mecánicas, mostrando una buena correlación entre los resultados de los modelos numéricos y los valores obtenidos experimentalmente.

Resumen El uso de fibras de origen natural como refuerzo en Materiales Compuestos (MC), ha venido tomando fuerza en los últimos años. En este caso se tiene un MC con matriz de polipropileno (PP) reciclado, proveniente de tapas de diferentes envases de productos de consumo diario. Para el refuerzo se eligió usar fibra natural de Guadua Angustifolia y polvo de cerámica tenaz. La fibra de Guadua se obtuvo en condiciones de secado e inmunizado con el fin de reducir su humedad y evitar la aparición de hongos y líquenes. El polvo de cerámica tenaz también es un material reciclado, obtenido de pisos de cerámica que se trituraron y pulverizaron previo a la inserción al MC. Las proporciones usadas para fabricar las probetas del MC fueron: una con 100% de PP y otras con diferente composición del MC, donde la matriz de PP se mantuvo con el 60%, y se combinaron los materiales de refuerzo, para obtener los siguientes grupos de especímenes, uno con 30% fibra y 10% cerámica, otro con 33% fibra y 7% cerámica y un último con 35% fibra y 5% cerámica. Una vez obtenidas las probetas del MC, se realizaron los ensayos mecánicos, de tensión según la norma ASTM 638D para polímeros, y de flexión con la norma ASTM 970D para plásticos reforzados. Se analizaron los resultados obtenidos, mediante análisis de varianza (ANOVA), usando un nivel de significancia de α = 0.05 y un enfoque de valor P para la verificación de la hipótesis nula. El análisis estadístico se realizó mediante el software Minitab 18, encontrando como resultado más importante, que el módulo de elasticidad a tensión del PP aumentó en un 53,49%, al adicionarle Guadua en un 35% y cerámica en un 5%.

Abstract The use of natural fibers as a reinforcement in Compound Materials (CM) has been grew up in recent years. In this case, it is a CM with matrix of recycled polypropylene (PP), coming from lids of different packaging using in products of daily consume, for the reinforcement, natural Angustifolia Guadua fibers and tenacious ceramic powder was chosen. The Guadua fiber was obtained under drying and immunized conditions, according to the process of "Guadua Factoria Company". The drying is made to reduce the moisture on the Guadua and for prevent formation of fungi and lichens, the process allows a correct adhesion with the matrix too. The powder of tenacious ceramic is also a recycled material; it was obtained from ceramic floors that were pulverized before insertion into the CM. The proportions used to manufacture the MC specimens were a group of 100% PP and other groups with different proportions of materials, in that groups, PP matrix was remained in 60%, and the reinforcement materials were combined in the following proportions, one with 30% Guadua fiber and 10% ceramic powder, other with 33% Guadua fiber and 7% ceramic powder and the last one with 35% Guadua fiber and 5% ceramic powder. Once the CM specimens were obtained, mechanical tensile tests, according to the norm ASTM 638D for polymers, were performed, flexion tests, according to the norm ASTM 790D for reinforced plastics, were carried out too. Results obtained were analyzed using Analysis of Variance ANOVA, finding as more important result, that the PP tensile elastic modulus increased by 53.49% when 35% of Guadua and 5% of ceramic were added.