ABSTRACT Given the large differences in the results of inoculation and co-inoculation in the bean crop, an experiment in cultivating winter beans was carried out in 2019 under greenhouse conditions with the aim of evaluating the performance of the beans and a possible increase in plant growth and grain production, using seeds inoculated or co-inoculated with Rhizobium tropici and Azospirillum brasilense, with and without fungicide and/or insecticide, in sandy and clayey soils. A total of 112 pots were used, and 14 treatments were applied in a completely randomised experimental design, with four replications. The Scott-Knott test was used to analyse the results, and showed that whether using untreated seeds or carrying out complete chemical treatment with fungicide and insecticide plus co-inoculation with R. tropici and A. brasilense, winter bean production was reduced in clayey soil, while the joint use of fungicide and insecticide, fungicide and R. tropici, or fungicide, insecticide and R. tropici, favoured shoot development. Inoculating with A. brasilense, without R. tropici and with insecticide, or insecticide and fungicide, favoured greater root growth in clayey soil. In sandy soil, grain production was higher using seeds treated solely with insecticide, solely with R. tropici, or with a combination of both. Production was lower in the joint treatment with fungicide, insecticide and the co-inoculation of bacteria, or when using insecticide together with A. brasilense. coinoculation co crop 201 coinoculated brasilense andor soils 11 1 design replications ScottKnott Scott Knott R soil development both bacteria 20 2

Considering the cytotoxic properties of Schiff base ligands, we re-synthesized a gold(III) complex with a tetradentate Schiff base ligand and investigated its cytotoxic effects using the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) method and sulforhodamine B staining method. The results showed that the gold(III) Schiff base complex can inhibit the growth of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cancer cell lines. However, unlike cisplatin, it does not induce cell death in NIH 3T3 normal cells. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results revealed that the gold(III) Schiff base complex increased the Bak1/Bclx ratio in CHO cell line by 3.53-fold compared to the control, while cisplatin increased the anti-apoptotic Bclx gene by 31.8 times and the treatment resistance AKT1 gene by 430.8 times the control. However, cisplatin only activated the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis through the caspase-3 gene. The expression levels of TLR6 and TNF-α genes in normal cells showed that both the gold(III) Schiff base complex and cisplatin did not cause inflammation in NIH 3T3 cell lines. All the results indicate that the new complex could be a promising candidate to replace cisplatin. It has been shown that it induces apoptosis and prevents the development of resistance in cancer cells. Additionally, it does not cause inflammation in normal cells. ligands resynthesized re synthesized goldIII gold III gold(III 34,5dimethylthiazol2yl2,5diphenyltetrazolium 345dimethylthiazol2yl25diphenyltetrazolium dimethylthiazolyldiphenyltetrazolium 3 4,5 dimethylthiazol 2 yl 2,5 diphenyltetrazolium 4 5 bromide (CHO lines However T 3T Realtime Real time PCR (PCR Bak1Bclx BakBclx Bak1 Bak 3.53fold 353fold fold 3.53 53 control antiapoptotic anti apoptotic 318 31 8 31. AKT 4308 430 430. caspase3 caspase caspase- TLR TNFα TNF α Additionally 34 5dimethylthiazol2yl2 5diphenyltetrazolium 45 4, 25 2, 53fold 353 3.5 43 dimethylthiazolyl 5dimethylthiazol2yl 35 3.

RESUMO: Em geral, alelopatia pode ser definido como o processo biológico no qual um organismo produz metabolitos que alteram a germinação, o crescimento, a sobrevivência e a reprodução de outros organismos, influenciando a estabilidade de agroecossistemas. O colesterol, o mais abundante esterol isolado da alga vermelha marinha Plocamium brasiliense, foi estudado quanto ao seu potencial efeito inibitório na germinação de sementes, alongamento das radículas e desenvolvimento do hipocótilo das ervas daninhas Mimosa pudica (malicia) e Senna obtusifolia (mata-pasto). Colesterol foi isolado do extrato em Hexano por métodos cromatográficos. Durante 15 dias, os bioensaios de germinação foram realizados a 25 ºC e fotoperíodo de 12 horas, enquanto os bioensaio de alongamento da radícula e do hipocótilo foram realizados a 25 ºC e fotoperíodo de 24 horas. Posteriormente, placas de Petri de 9,0 cm de diâmetro foram revestidas de papelfiltro, e 25 sementes foram mantidas em câmaras de germinação, enquanto seis sementes pré-germinadas foram postas em placas de Petri por 2-3 dias. Após dez dias, a extensão da radícula e do hipocótilo foi medida. O potencial inibitório do colesterol foi avaliado a 5, 10, 15 e 20 ppm. Em ambas as ervas M. pudica e S. obtusifolia, foram afetadas significativamente pela ação do cholesterol alcançando maiores percentuais de inibição na germinação das sementes (50% e 33%, respectivamente), alongamento da radícula (68% e 60%, respectivamente) e desenvolvimento do hipocótilo (66% e 55%, respectivamente). Os efeitos inibitórios foram dose-dependentes em todos os experimentos, tendo efeitos alelopaticos mais acentuados a 20 ppm. RESUMO geral crescimento organismos agroecossistemas brasiliense malicia (malicia matapasto. matapasto mata pasto . (mata-pasto) cromatográficos 1 dias 2 horas Posteriormente 90 9 0 9, papelfiltro prégerminadas pré germinadas 23 3 2- medida 5 10 ppm M S 50% 50 (50 33 33% respectivamente, respectivamente , 68% 68 (68 60 60% 66% 66 (66 55 55% respectivamente. dosedependentes dose dependentes experimentos (mata-pasto (5 6 (6 (

ABSTRACT: In general, allelopathy can be defined as a biological process by which an organism produces one or more metabolites that can change the germination, growth, survival, and reproduction of other organisms, and thus influencing the stability of agroecosystems. Cholesterol is a very abundant sterol isolated from the marine red alga Plocamium brasiliense that has been studied regarding its potential inhibitory effects on seed germination, radicle elongation, and hypocotyl development of the weeds Mimosa pudica (malicia) and Senna obtusifolia (mata-pasto). Cholesterol was isolated from a hexane extract by chromatographic methods. Over a 15-day period, germination bioassays were performed at 25 ºC with a 12-h photoperiod. Radicle elongation and hypocotyl development were assayed at 25 ºC with a 24-h photoperiod. Later, Petri dishes 9.0 cm in diameter were coated with filter paper, and 25 seeds were placed in a germination chamber. Six pre-germinated seeds were placed in the Petri dish for 2-3 days. After 10 days, radicle and hypocotyl extensions were measured, and the inhibitory potential of cholesterol was assessed at 5, 10, 15, and 20 ppm. In both herbs, M. pudica and S. obtusifolia, they were significantly affected by the action of cholesterol, achieving higher percentages of inhibition in seed germination (50% and 33%, respectively), radical germination (68% and 60%, respectively), and hypocotyl development (66% and 55%, respectively). The inhibition effects were dose-dependent in all experiments, having more pronounced allelopathic effects at 20ppm. ABSTRACT general growth survival organisms agroecosystems malicia (malicia matapasto. matapasto mata pasto . (mata-pasto) methods 15day day 15 period 2 12h h 12 photoperiod 24h 24 Later 90 9 0 9. paper chamber pregerminated pre germinated 23 3 2- days 1 measured 5 ppm herbs M S 50% 50 (50 33 33% respectively, respectively , respectively) 68% 68 (68 60 60% 66% 66 (66 55 55% respectively. dosedependent dose dependent experiments 20ppm (mata-pasto (5 6 (6 (

ABSTRACT Cobalt (Co) and molybdenum (Mo) are essential elements with a fundamental role in biological nitrogen fixation in legumes. Vitamins such as thiamine, despite being required in small quantities, influence plant growth. This study aimed to assess the efficiency of different doses of thiamine applied as seed treatment, combined or not with Co and Mo, in enhancing the development of soybean crops. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse according to a randomized block design with a 6 × 2 factorial arrangement, comprising six thiamine doses (0, 10, 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg kg-1) in the presence or absence of Co and Mo at the recommended rate of 100 mL ha-1. At 40 days after sowing, plants were analyzed for root length, root dry weight, shoot length, shoot dry weight, nodule number, and nodule dry weight. Principal component analysis showed that combined application of Co and Mo with thiamine was negatively associated with all variables and that the thiamine doses most positively associated with the analyzed variables were 50 and 200 mg kg-1. In treatments containing thiamine alone, there was a linear direct relationship between thiamine dose and nodule dry weight. Root and shoot lengths and dry weights were highest in plants treated with thiamine only at a dose of 122 mg kg-1. Application of Co and Mo combined with thiamine via seed treatment does not promote the development of soybean crops. Thiamine application is a promising treatment to increase shoot length, root dry weight, and nodule dry weight in soybean. (Co (Mo legumes quantities growth crops arrangement 0, 0 (0 10 25 20 kg1 kg 1 kg-1 ha1. ha1 ha 1. ha-1 4 sowing length number 5 kg1. alone 12 ( kg- ha-

ABSTRACT The development of aquaculture through the cultivation of what are considered unconventional species is an option with the potential to solve the problem of food scarcity. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the zootechnical performance of juvenile Pomacea haustrum fed different commercial diets, and subjected to different levels of salinity. After seven P. haustrum spawn had hatched in the laboratory, the juveniles were randomly selected and transferred to the rearing containers. Two different commercial diets were offered: rabbit feed with a high proportion of ingredients rich in crude vegetable protein (VP), and dog food containing balanced levels of ingredients rich in crude vegetable and animal protein (MP). The selected juveniles were randomly stocked at different salinities (0, 2 and 4 parts per thousand - ppt). The experiment lasted 65 days. Twenty-one hours after the start of the experiment, 100% of the individuals reared at a salinity of 4 ppt had died. There was a significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) between the results for zootechnical performance (average final weight, weight gain, average final growth, specific growth rate, protein efficiency and apparent feed conversion) for animals reared in fresh water or at a salinity of 2 ppt, regardless of the type of diet. The origin of the protein in the diet had no significant effect on the zootechnical performance of the individuals; however, the salinity of the water impaired development of the animals in direct proportion to its concentration. scarcity P laboratory containers offered VP, VP , (VP) MP. MP . (MP) 0, 0 (0 ppt. ppt) 6 days Twentyone Twenty one 100 died p 0.05 005 05 gain rate conversion however concentration (VP (MP ( 10 0.0 00 1 0.

RESUMO Kalanchoe daigremontiana é uma espécie ornamental de propagação obrigatoriamente assexuada. Entretanto, nenhum estudo in vitro foi realizado para avaliar a relação entre mudanças no ambiente de cultivo e variações genéticas de K. daigremontiana. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi estabelecer a melhor concentração de sais no meio Murashige & Skoog (MS) e a concentração de sacarose no meio de cultura, além da qualidade da luz, no desenvolvimento de plântulas de explantes foliares de K. daigremontiana. Além disso, realizamos uma avaliação genética das plântulas resultantes para estudar alterações fenotípicas que poderiam ser atribuídas à variação somaclonal utilizando marcadores da Amplificação Aleatória de DNA polimórfico (RAPD). Para tanto, explantes foliares de K. daigremontiana foram desinfestados e inoculados em diferentes concentrações de sais do meio MS (25, 50 ou 100%), sem sacarose. As culturas foram transferidas para sala de crescimento e submetidas a três condições de luz (branca, azul e vermelha) com fotoperíodo de 16 horas, mais a ausência de luz, sob temperatura de 27 ± 1 °C. Os explantes também foram inoculados em 25% das concentrações de sais do meio MS, suplementado com diferentes concentrações de sacarose (controle - sem sacarose; 1,5; 3,0; 4,5 e 6,0%). Os explantes foliares de K. daigremontiana desenvolveram-se melhor sob luz branca e em qualquer uma das concentrações de sal do meio MS. Meio de cultura isento de sacarose pode ser utilizado e nenhuma variação no perfil genético das plântulas foi observada em comparação com as plantas-mãe nas condições de cultura testadas. assexuada Entretanto K Portanto (MS disso RAPD. RAPD . (RAPD) tanto 25, 25 (25 5 100%, 100 100% , 100%) branca, (branca vermelha horas 2 C °C controle 1,5 15 3,0 30 3 0 45 4 4, 6,0%. 60 6,0% 6 6,0%) desenvolveramse desenvolveram se plantasmãe plantas mãe testadas (RAPD (2 10 1, 3, 6,0 ( 6,

ABSTRACT Kalanchoe daigremontiana is an ornamental species propagated exclusively asexually. However, no in vitro studies have been conducted to assess the relationship between changes in the culture environment and genetic variations of K. daigremontiana. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the optimal concentration of salts in the Murashige & Skoog (MS) medium and the optimal concentration of sucrose in the culture medium, in addition to the quality of light, in the development of in vitro plantlets from leaf explants of K. daigremontiana. Additionally, a genetic evaluation of the resulting plantlets was conducted to study phenotypic changes that could be attributed to somaclonal variation using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. For this purpose, leaf explants of K. daigremontiana were disinfected and inoculated in different salt concentrations (25, 50, and 100%) of MS medium without sucrose. The cultures were transferred to a growth chamber and subjected to three light conditions (white, blue, and red) with a 16-hour photoperiod, plus the absence of light, at a temperature of 27 ± 1 °C. Explants were also inoculated in 50% salt concentrations of MS medium supplemented with various concentrations of sucrose (control - without sucrose, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, and 6.0%). K. daigremontiana leaf explants showed optimal development under white light and in any MS medium salt concentrations. A sucrose-free culture medium was viable, and no genetic variation was observed in the plantlets compared to the parent plants under the tested conditions. asexually However K Therefore (MS Additionally RAPD (RAPD markers purpose 25, 25 (25 50 100% 100 white, (white blue red 16hour hour 16 photoperiod 2 C °C control 15 5 1.5 30 3 0 3.0 45 4 4.5 6.0%. 60 6.0% . 6 6.0%) sucrosefree free viable (2 10 1. 3. 4. 6.0 ( 6.

ABSTRACT Essential oils used as bioherbicides are a promising alternative in agriculture. This study aimed to assess the phytotoxic potential of Piper marginatum essential oil through an in vitro study with detached and post-emergence leaves of three commercial species (lettuce, pepper, and tomato) and a weed (Spermacoce verticillata). The experiments were conducted in a randomized design with six treatments that consisted of four concentrations of essential oil (0.001, 0.01, 0.1, and 1% [v/v]) and two control treatments (distilled water, and 1% polysorbate 80 in distilled water). The P. marginatum essential oil had a phytotoxic effect on the leaves of the experimental species. The highest essential oil concentration resulted in greater toxicity effects on tomato, lettuce, and pepper leaves. The 0.1% essential oil concentration completely destroyed the S. verticillata leaves. Seven days after application, the P. marginatum essential oil did not show adverse effects on plant growth in the post-emergence phase. It is recommended to investigate its possible phytotoxic activity in other phases of plant development to understand its mode of action and potential as an alternative to developing bioproducts for weed control. agriculture postemergence post emergence lettuce (lettuce tomato Spermacoce verticillata. . verticillata) 0.001, 0001 0 001 (0.001 01 0.01 1 0.1 v/v vv v [v/v] water 8 water. water) P S application phase 0.001 000 00 (0.00 0.0 0. [v/v 0.00 (0.0 (0. (0 (

RESUMO Óleos essenciais usados como bioherbicidas são uma alternativa promissora na agricultura. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial fitotóxico do óleo essencial de Piper marginatum, através de estudo in vitro com folhas destacadas e em pós-emergência de três espécies comerciais (alface, pimentão e tomate) e uma planta daninha (Spermacoce verticillata). Os experimentos foram conduzidos em delineamento casualizado com seis tratamentos que consistiram em quatro concentrações de óleo essencial (0,001; 0,01; 0,1 e 1% [v/v]), e dois tratamentos controle (água destilada, e 1% de polissorbato 80 em água destilada). O óleo essencial de P. marginatum apresentou efeito fitotóxico sobre as folhas das espécies experimentais. A maior concentração de óleo essencial resultou em maiores efeitos de toxicidade nas folhas de tomate, alface e pimentão. A concentração de 0,1% de óleo essencial foi suficiente para destruir completamente as folhas de S. verticillata. Sete dias após a aplicação, o óleo essencial de P. marginatum não evidenciou efeitos adversos no crescimento das plantas na fase pós-emergencial. Recomenda-se investigar sua possível atividade fitotóxica em outras fases do desenvolvimento vegetal, para entender o seu modo de ação e potencial como alternativa no desenvolvimento de bioprodutos para controle de plantas daninhas. agricultura pósemergência pós emergência alface, (alface tomate Spermacoce verticillata . verticillata) 0,001 0001 0 001 (0,001 0,01 01 1 0, v/v, vv v/v , v [v/v]) destilada 8 destilada. destilada) P experimentais S aplicação pósemergencial. pósemergencial emergencial. emergencial pós-emergencial Recomendase Recomenda se vegetal daninhas 0,00 000 00 (0,00 0,0 [v/v] (0,0 [v/v (0, (0 (

Abstract The competitiveness of enterprises in the electromechanical systems engineering sector plays a crucial role in driving economic growth and innovation. This study aims to design a comprehensive index for evaluating enterprise competitiveness, focusing on operational efficiency, strategic positioning, and the international environment. Employing an exploratory factor analysis, data was collected through a questionnaire administered to 280 enterprises in Moscow, Russia. The proposed index allows for a dynamic assessment of competitiveness, enabling the analysis of key indicators over time and predicting changes in competitiveness. The findings reveal critical factors contributing to competitiveness in the sector, enabling decision-makers to formulate strategies for improving their competitive position. This research provides valuable insights for policymakers, industry practitioners, and academic researchers in enhancing the competitiveness of electromechanical systems engineering enterprises and fostering sustainable economic development. The study's contributions to the literature and its practical relevance make it a valuable resource for academic and industry audiences alike. innovation efficiency positioning environment 28 Moscow Russia decisionmakers decision makers position policymakers practitioners development studys s alike 2

Resumo A competitividade das empresas do setor de sistemas eletromecânicos de engenharia desempenha um papel fundamental na promoção do crescimento econômico e da inovação. O objetivo deste estudo é desenvolver um índice abrangente para avaliar a competitividade das empresas, com foco na eficiência operacional, posicionamento estratégico e o ambiente internacional. Empregando uma análise fatorial exploratória, os dados foram coletados por meio de um questionário aplicado a 280 empresas em Moscou, Rússia. O índice proposto permite uma avaliação dinâmica da competitividade, permitindo a análise de indicadores-chave ao longo do tempo e prevendo mudanças na competitividade. As conclusões revelam fatores críticos que contribuem para a competitividade no sector, permitindo aos decisores formular estratégias para melhorar a sua posição competitiva. Esta pesquisa fornece informações valiosas para formuladores de políticas, profissionais da indústria e pesquisadores acadêmicos no aumento da competitividade das empresas de sistemas eletromecânicos de engenharia e na promoção do desenvolvimento econômico sustentável. As contribuições do estudo para a literatura e sua relevância prática o tornam um recurso valioso para o público acadêmico e do setor. inovação operacional internacional exploratória 28 Moscou Rússia indicadoreschave indicadores chave sector competitiva políticas sustentável 2

ABSTRACT In the semi-arid climate, the growth of fruit seedlings is challenged by the water stress characteristic of the region, which can restrict their development and, consequently, affect production. In this context, the aim was to assess the effect of pyroligneous extract on gas exchange characteristics, photosynthetic pigments, growth, and biomass of pitanga under different intensities of water deficit. The experiment was conducted using a randomized block design in a 3 × 2 factorial scheme, with four replicates, corresponding to water deficit periods (7 and 14 days) and control (daily irrigation), in substrates with and without pyroligneous extract. The plants were evaluated for gas exchange characteristics, chlorophyll indices, growth, and dry biomass. Application of pyroligneous extract after 7 days of water deficit increased the photosynthetic rate, carboxylation efficiency and Dickson quality index of pitanga seedlings by 40.04, 42.85 and 41.51%, respectively, compared to 14 days of water deficit. Pyroligneous extract was effective as a water stress attenuator in pitanga seedlings, especially during the first seven days of exposure to stress. Therefore, its application is recommended as a preventive and short-term measure to mitigate such effects on pitanga seedlings. semiarid semi arid climate region consequently production context characteristics pigments scheme replicates ( 1 daily irrigation, irrigation , irrigation) indices rate 4004 40 04 40.04 4285 42 85 42.8 4151 41 51 41.51% respectively Therefore shortterm short term 400 4 0 40.0 428 8 42. 415 5 41.51 40. 41.5 41.

RESUMO No clima semiárido, o crescimento de mudas frutíferas é desafiado pelo estresse hídrico característico da região, o que pode restringir seu desenvolvimento e, consequentemente, afetar a produção. Nesse contexto, o objetivo foi avaliar o efeito do extrato pirolenhoso nas características de troca gasosa, pigmentos fotossintéticos, crescimento e biomassa de pitangueira sob diferentes intensidades de déficit hídrico. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação utilizando um delineamento em blocos casualizados em um esquema fatorial 3 × 2, com quatro repetições, correspondendo a períodos de déficit hídrico foram de 7 e 14 dias, além do controle (irrigação diária), no substrato sem e com extrato pirolenhoso. As plantas foram avaliadas quanto às características de trocas gasosas foliares, índices de clorofila, crescimento e biomassa seca. A aplicação de extrato pirolenhoso aos 7 dias de déficit hídrico elevou a taxa fotossintética, a eficiência de carboxilação e o índice de qualidade de Dickson das mudas de pitanga em 40,04, 42,85 e 41,51%, respectivamente, em comparação aos 14 dias de déficit hídrico. O extrato pirolenhoso foi efetivo como um atenuante do estresse hídrico nas mudas de pitanga, especialmente durante os primeiros sete dias de exposição ao estresse. Assim, sua aplicação é recomendada como uma medida preventiva e de curto prazo para mitigar tais efeitos nas mudas de pitanga. semiárido região consequentemente produção contexto gasosa fotossintéticos 2 repetições 1 irrigação diária, diária , diária) foliares clorofila seca fotossintética 4004 40 04 40,04 4285 42 85 42,8 4151 41 51 41,51% respectivamente Assim 400 4 0 40,0 428 8 42, 415 5 41,51 40, 41,5 41,

ABSTRACT Salinity stress immensely inhibits rice (Oryza sativa L.) growth, development, and productivity. Hence, two rice introgression lines, Morkho60-2 and BC4F4 132-12-61, were previously developed from ‘RD6’ rice via marker-assisted backcrossing and their adaptive salt-tolerant mechanisms were characterized in this study. Their seedling physiological and transcriptional responses to salinity stress were observed in comparison to the parental ‘RD6’ and ‘Pokkali’. The salt stress responses were assessed under 150 mM NaCl treatment for 9 d. Interestingly, like ‘Pokkali’, salinity did not affect the growth parameters of the new rice genotypes. ‘Pokkali’, Morkho60-2, and BC4F4 132-12-61 also showed lower shoot Na+ content (0.91-1.05 vs. 2.83 mg g-1 DW), and higher selective transport of K+ over Na+ (i.e., ST value of 6.57-10.98 vs. 2.65) than RD6 genotype under salinity stress. Accordingly, the partial least squares-discriminant analysis of all physiological parameters suggested shoot Na+ accumulation and ST value as the key discriminating parameters between ‘RD6’ and the new genotypes. Transcriptional responses of Na+ homeostasis-related genes further supported the findings. In comparison to the salt susceptible ‘RD6’ rice, Na+ vacuolar compartmentalization was suggested in Morkho60-2 roots due to the higher abundance of OsNHX1 (i.e., relative expression of 2.65 vs. 1.59) and OsNHX2 (2.42 vs. 1.29) transcripts. Morkho60-2 also displayed a significant upregulation of root OsSOS1 (2.02 vs. 1.18), which may contribute to root Na+ exclusion. Therefore, we suggest that selective transport of K+ over Na+ and Na+ exclusion enhanced ion homeostasis in the newly improved rice genotypes, allowing the seedlings to adapt to the saline condition.

Resumo A expansão desordenada das cidades é um desafio global que afeta o desenvolvimento urbano. Neste estudo, é analisado o crescimento urbano em uma cidade média durante cinco décadas, com enfoque na forma urbana e aplicação de mais de 20 métricas espaciais associadas à mensuração da geometria da expansão físico-territorial no ambiente construído. Os padrões de crescimento são analisados à luz do fenômeno espraiamento urbano e sob a perspectiva da teoria de Difusão-Coalescência. São discutidas as limitações inerentes às métricas existentes, assim como elencadas alternativas que as superam por mensuração das propriedades de Compacidade, Fragmentação, Complexidade e Dispersão concomitantemente. Os resultados demonstraram a ocorrência de fases distintas no crescimento urbano ao longo das décadas: Difusão de uma forma inicialmente compacta em partes menores nas periferias; e Transição para crescimento com agrupamento dessas partes, elevando a compacidade. Essa oscilação sugere aderência à teoria da Difusão-Coalescência, com ocorrência de espraiamento urbano (entre 1966 e 1976) seguida de aumento da compacidade nas décadas subsequentes (1976-2006). Após 2006 os resultados são ambíguos, possivelmente associados a fatores intervenientes de planejamento. A discussão dos resultados destaca a relevância da quantificação do crescimento urbano por meio de métricas, e traz conceitos importantes atualmente limitados à literatura internacional. estudo 2 físicoterritorial físico territorial construído DifusãoCoalescência. DifusãoCoalescência Coalescência. Coalescência Difusão-Coalescência existentes Compacidade Fragmentação concomitantemente periferias DifusãoCoalescência, Coalescência, entre 196 1976 19762006. 19762006 . (1976-2006) 200 ambíguos planejamento internacional 19 197 1976200 (1976-2006 1 197620 (1976-200 19762 (1976-20 (1976-2 (1976- (1976 (197 (19 (1 (

Abstract The disorderly expansion of cities is a global challenge that impacts urban development. In this paper, we analyse the urban growth in a medium-sized city over five decades, focusing on urban form and employing more than 20 spatial metrics associated with the geometry of physical-territorial expansion in the built environment. We examine the growth patterns in the context of the urban sprawl phenomenon and the Diffusion-Coalescence theory perspective. We discuss the inherent limitations of existing metrics and raise alternatives that simultaneously address the properties of Compactness, Fragmentation, Complexity, and Dispersion. The results reveal distinct phases in urban growth over the decades, from diffusion of an initially compact form into smaller parts on the periphery; to a transition towards more compact growth. This oscillation suggests adherence to the Diffusion-Coalescence theory, with urban sprawl occurring between 1966 and 1976, followed by increased compactness in subsequent decades (1976-2006). After 2006, the results became ambiguous, possibly due to intervening planning factors. The discussion of the findings underscores the importance of quantifying urban growth using metrics and introduces concepts that have been hitherto limited to international literature. development paper mediumsized medium sized 2 physicalterritorial physical territorial environment DiffusionCoalescence Diffusion Coalescence perspective Compactness Fragmentation Complexity Dispersion periphery 196 1976 19762006. 19762006 2006 . (1976-2006) ambiguous factors literature 19 197 1976200 200 (1976-2006 1 197620 (1976-200 19762 (1976-20 (1976-2 (1976- (1976 (197 (19 (1 (

Abstract Purpose: To document and analyze the experience of creation, growth and decline of a Solidarity Collaboration Network in Mexico City based on the theoretical-methodological approach of the Actor-Network Theory, in order to understand the role of the key actors, the dynamics that are experienced and the challenges and problems they face in their different stages of development. Methodological design: From a qualitative approach and through a case study, we propose the use of the translation process of the Actor-Network Theory as a theoretical-methodological guide to explore and interpret the findings. Results: The paper reveals the different maneuvers, actions and tensions that led to the construction of the emerging network and its subsequent decline. Five moments describing this process were analyzed: planning of the venture, creation, formalization, growth and decline of the network where both human and non-human actors have influence in different parts of the process. Research limitations: Are linked to the fact that the findings arise from a specific case, however, they can serve as a guide for the study of similar cases and, above all, to generate a greater understanding of the different actions that can arise in the operation of a collaborative network. Findings: The paper reveals the key role of both human and non-human actors and how they influenced both the growth and decline of the network. It also identifies new facets of the emergence and development of a Solidarity Collaborative Network as a function of the incorporation of the translation process. Methodologically, it was possible to observe the value of the Actor-Network Theory as a relevant methodological theoretical tool that can help to analyze and describe how a collaborative network is constituted and stabilized.

Resumen Objetivo: Documentar y analizar la experiencia de creación, crecimiento y declive de una Red de Colaboración Solidaria en la Ciudad de México a partir del enfoque teórico-metodológico de la Teoría del Actor-Red, con la finalidad de conocer el papel de los actores clave, las dinámicas que se viven y los retos y problemáticas a las que se enfrentan en sus diferentes etapas de desarrollo. Diseño metodológico: Desde un enfoque cualitativo y a través del estudio de caso se propone la utilización del proceso de traducción de la Teoría del Actor-Red como guía teórica-metodológica, para explorar e interpretar los hallazgos. Resultados: El trabajo revela las diferentes maniobras, acciones y tensiones que dieron lugar a la construcción de la red emergente y su posterior declive. Se analizaron cinco momentos que describen este proceso: planeación del emprendimiento, creación, formalización, crecimiento y declive de la red donde tienen influencia tanto los actores humanos como no humanos en diferentes partes del proceso. Limitaciones de la investigación: Están vinculadas al hecho de que los hallazgos surgen de un caso específico, sin embargo, estos pueden servir de guía para el estudio de casos similares y, sobre todo, para generar una mayor comprensión de las diferentes acciones que pueden surgir en el funcionamiento de una red colaborativa. Hallazgos: El trabajo revela el papel clave de los actores tanto humanos como no humanos y cómo influyeron tanto en el crecimiento como en el declive de la red. Asimismo, se identifican nuevas facetas que experimentan el surgimiento y desarrollo de una Red de Colaboración Solidaria (RCS) en función de la incorporación del proceso de traducción. Metodológicamente, se pudo observar el valor de la Teoría del Actor-Red como una herramienta teórica metodológica pertinente que puede ayudar a analizar y describir cómo se constituye y estabiliza una red de colaboración.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Although nerves and vessels of the penis play important role in erection, there are few studies on their development in human fetus. Therefore, the objective of the present study is to analyze, quantitatively, in the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum, the development of the nerves and vessels in the fetal penis at different gestational ages. Material and Methods: Fifty-six fresh, macroscopically normal human fetuses aged from 13 to 36 weeks post-conception (WPC) were used. Gestational age was determined by the foot length criterion. Penises were immediately fixed in 10% formalin, and routinely processed for paraffin embedding, after which tissue sections from the mid-shaft were obtained. We used immunohistochemical staining to analyze the nerves and vessels in the corpus cavernous and in the corpus spongiosum. These elements were identified and quantified as percentage by using the Image-J software. Results: The quantitative analysis showed that the percentage of nerves varied from 3.03% to 20.35% in the corpora cavernosa and from 1.89% to 23.88% in the corpus spongiosum. The linear regression analysis indicated that nerves growth (incidence) in the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum correlated significantly and positively with fetal age (r2=0.9421, p<0.0001) and (r2=0.9312, p<0.0001), respectively, during the whole fetal period studied. Also, the quantitative analysis showed that the percentage of vessels varies from 2.96% to 12.86% in the corpora cavernosa and from 3.62% to 14.85% in the corpus spongiosum. The linear regression analysis indicated that vessels growth (appearance) in the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum correlated significantly and positively with fetal age (r2=0.8722, p<0.0001) and (r2=0.8218, p<0.0001), respectively, during the whole fetal period studied. In addition, the linear regression analysis demonstrated a more intense growth rate of nerves in the corpus spongiosum during the 2nd trimester of gestation, when compared with nerves in the corpora cavernosa. In addition, the linear regression analysis demonstrated a more intense growth rate of vessels in the corpus spongiosum when compared with the corpora cavernosa, during the whole fetal period studied. Conclusions: In the fetal period, the human penis undergoes major developmental changes, notably in the content and distribution of nerves and vessels. We found strong correlation between nerves and vessels growth (amount) with fetal age, both in the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum. There is significant greater proportional number of nerves than vessels during the whole fetal period studied. Also, nerves and vessels grow in a more intense rate than that of the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum areas. Introduction erection fetus Therefore quantitatively ages Methods Fiftysix Fifty six fresh 1 3 postconception post conception WPC (WPC criterion 10 formalin embedding midshaft mid shaft obtained ImageJ Image J software Results 303 03 3.03 2035 20 35 20.35 189 89 1.89 2388 23 88 23.88 incidence (incidence r2=0.9421, r209421 r r2 0 9421 (r2=0.9421 p<0.0001 p00001 p 0001 r2=0.9312, r209312 9312 (r2=0.9312 p<0.0001, , respectively studied Also 296 2 96 2.96 1286 12 86 12.86 362 62 3.62 1485 14 85 14.85 appearance (appearance r2=0.8722, r208722 8722 (r2=0.8722 r2=0.8218, r208218 8218 (r2=0.8218 addition nd gestation Conclusions changes amount (amount areas 30 3.0 203 20.3 18 8 1.8 238 23.8 r2=0.9421 r20942 942 (r2=0.942 p<0.000 p0000 000 r2=0.9312 r20931 931 (r2=0.931 29 9 2.9 128 12.8 6 3.6 148 14.8 r2=0.8722 r20872 872 (r2=0.872 r2=0.8218 r20821 821 (r2=0.821 3. 20. 1. 23. r2=0.942 r2094 94 (r2=0.94 p<0.00 p000 00 r2=0.931 r2093 93 (r2=0.93 2. 12. 14. r2=0.872 r2087 87 (r2=0.87 r2=0.821 r2082 82 (r2=0.82 r2=0.94 r209 (r2=0.9 p<0.0 p00 r2=0.93 r2=0.87 r208 (r2=0.8 r2=0.82 r2=0.9 r20 (r2=0. p<0. p0 r2=0.8 r2=0. (r2=0 p<0 r2=0 (r2= p< r2= (r2 (r

Abstract Introduction. Wild species are important in the ecosystem, and their preservation requires the development of effective techniques. Objective. To determine the in situ and ex situ germination characteristics and field growth of Porcelia mediocris N.A. Murray and Compsoneura trianae Warb. in Arosemena Tola, Napo, Ecuador. Materials and methods. The study was carried out between 2019 and 2020, with seeds collected from the primary forest of P. mediocris and C. trianae. Germination tests were conducted in a greenhouse and in the primary forest, measuring seed emergence, tray growth, and performing an analysis of variance between the testing sites. Seedlings were transplanted into three different soil covers at the Amazon Center for Teaching, Research, and Productivity, with measurements taken for height, stem diameter, number of leaves, and survival. Growth curves were created, and an analysis of variance was performed on the final growth measurements among the different soil covers. Results. For P. mediocris, greenhouse-grown plants showed fewer days to the emergence (67.6), but those grown under guaba cover had a greater height (19.45 cm) and germination percentage (70 %) at end of the trial. For C. trianae, plants grown at the collection site had greater height (13.38 cm) and number of leaves at the end of the evaluation. Field growth did not show differences between soil covers, with survival rate of 47 % for P. mediocris and 75 % for C. trianae. Conclusions. P. mediocris showed better germination percentages under guaba cover, while C. trianae exhibited greater growth in the primary forest, with the germination site not affecting post-transplant growth for either species.

Resumen Introducción. Las especies silvestres son importantes en el ecosistema, estas requieren el desarrollo de técnicas que permitan su preservación. Objetivo. Determinar las características de germinación in situ y ex situ y el crecimiento en campo de las especies Porcelia mediocris N.A. Murray y Compsoneura trianae Warb. en Arosemena Tola, Napo, Ecuador. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se realizó entre 2019 y 2020, se colectaron semillas en el bosque primario de P. mediocris y C. trianae. Se desarrollaron pruebas de germinación en invernadero y en bosque primario, se midió la emergencia de las semillas, crecimiento en bandeja y se aplicó un análisis de varianza entre los sitios de ensayo. Las plántulas fueron trasplantadas en tres diferentes coberturas de suelo en el Centro de Enseñanza, Investigación y Productividad de la Amazonía, se tomaron medidas de crecimiento en altura, diámetro del tallo, número de hojas y supervivencia, se elaboraron las curvas de crecimiento y se realizó un análisis de varianza en las medidas finales de crecimiento entre las diferentes coberturas. Resultados. En P. mediocris, las plantas desarrolladas en invernadero reportaron menos días a la emergencia (67,6), pero las desarrolladas en la cobertura guabas tuvieron mayor altura (19,45 cm) y porcentaje de germinación (70 %) al final de la prueba. En C. trianae las plantas desarrolladas en el sitio de colecta tuvieron mayor altura (13,38 cm) y número de hojas al final de la evaluación. El crecimiento en campo no mostró diferencias entre coberturas y tuvo una supervivencia del 47 % en P. mediocris y 75 % en C. trianae. Conclusiones. P. mediocris reportó mejores porcentajes de germinación en la cobertura guabas y C. trianae tuvo mayor crecimiento en el bosque primario, sin que el sitio de germinación influyera en el crecimiento posterior al trasplante en ambas especies.