Abstract Mexico’s school enrolment in the 2021-2022 school year corresponds to 5.07 million students (5.5 % in higher technical and normal levels; 86.2 % in bachelor’s degrees; 7.2 % in specialties and master’s degrees; 1.1 % in doctorates), representing 4 % of the total national population. The article is structured on the basis of the deductive method and with a quantitative archetype; its objective is to determine the correlation between the higher education student population and economic growth and human development. It is hypothesized that higher education will contribute significantly to the achievement of these objectives, in the first instance to try to achieve economic growth, and then to gain access to economic, social, sustainable and human development. The hypothesis was confirmed that in Mexico during the period from 2010 to 2022, the highest number of higher education students can explain 82.6 % of the variations experienced in the increase of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) or economic growth. It was considered that the highest levels of education in the country (doctorate and master’s degrees) would have a decisive influence on the increase in GDP (economic growth) and a better position in the Human Development Index (HDI), but it turned out that the most influential variable in the estimated linear regressions is enrolment at the bachelor’s degree.

Resumen La matrícula escolar de México en el ciclo escolar 2021-2022 corresponde a 5,07 millones de alumnos (5,5 % en nivel técnico superior y normal, 86,2 % en licenciatura, 7,2 % en especialidad y maestría, y 1,1 % en doctorado), representando el 4 % de la población total nacional. El artículo se estructura con base en el método deductivo y con un arquetipo cuantitativo, teniendo como objetivo conocer el estado de correlación existente entre el universo estudiantil de educación superior con el crecimiento económico y el desarrollo humano. Se parte de la hipótesis que la educación superior contribuirá significativamente al logro de estos objetivos, en primera instancia, para tratar de alcanzar el crecimiento económico, y después, para lograr tener acceso al desarrollo económico, social, sustentable y humano. Se confirmó la hipótesis de que, en México, durante el período de 2010 a 2022, el mayor número de alumnado de nivel superior puede explicar el 82,6 % de las variaciones experimentadas en el aumento del Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) o crecimiento económico. Se consideraba que los más altos niveles de estudios en el país (doctorado y maestría) influirían de forma determinante en el incremento del PIB (crecimiento económico) y en una mejor posición del Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH), pero resultó que la variable más influyente en las regresiones lineales estimadas es la matrícula de nivel licenciatura.

ABSTRACT The consistent underperformance of the Brazilian economy in the 21st century, despite some years of higher gross domestic product (GDP) growth in the 2000s, has coincided with positive outcomes in its financial system. This contradiction is examined in the article through the concepts of hegemony and financialization. The aim is to establish a connection between financial hegemony, economic structure, and aggregate profitability, to identify how the former affects negatively the latter. The weight of the financial sector and its ability to influence economic policies and sustain its gains in different contexts are evaluated. Additionally, the determinants of the profit rate and its relationship with structural factors are examined. The evidence points to a significant influence of financial capital, which, through adverse structural changes, affects long-term profit rate trends, and consequently affects the industry and foreign trade, while also allowing the financial sector to maintain its gains over time.

RESUMEN El bajo rendimiento constante de la economía brasileña en el siglo XXI, a pesar de algunos años de mayor crecimiento del producto interno bruto (PIB) en la década del 2000, ha coincidido con resultados positivos en su sistema financiero. Esta contradicción se examina en el artículo mediante los conceptos de hegemonía y financiarización. El objetivo es establecer una conexión entre la hegemonía financiera, la estructura económica y la rentabilidad agregada, a fin de identificar cómo lo primero impacta negativamente en lo segundo. Se evalúa el peso del sector financiero, así como su capacidad para influir en las políticas económicas y mantener sus ganancias en diferentes contextos. Además, se examinan los determinantes de la tasa de beneficio y su relación con los factores estructurales. La evidencia apunta a una influencia significativa del capital financiero, que mediante cambios estructurales adversos afecta las tendencias de la tasa de beneficio a largo plazo, lo que en consecuencia impacta en la industria y el comercio exterior, y permite al sector financiero mantener sus ganancias con el tiempo.

Abstract This paper aims to analyze the relationship between agricultural methane and nitrous oxide emissions as a function of per capita gross domestic product (GDP) and its quadratic term in 26 Latin American and Caribbean countries (1990-2019). It also considers the stock of foreign investment to test the polluting paradise hypothesis, agricultural land (AL), and, additionally, methane for nitrous function. The study comprised unit root and cointegration tests. Coefficients were estimated using fully modified least squares (FMOLS), correlated common effects (CCE), and augmented mean group (AMG). Results by FMOLS show statistical evidence of an environmental Kuznets curve in the set of countries for methane and support the polluting paradise hypothesis. However, results from CCE and AMG show the opposite. For nitrous oxide, FMOLS support a U-shaped curve. The above supports a joint environmental policy for both gases, where al is a key element. The previous results must be corroborated with other methods and the studies extended to other countries over time.

Resumen Este trabajo analiza la relación de emisiones agrícolas de metano y óxido nitroso en función del producto interno bruto per cápita y su término cuadrático en 26 países latinoamericanos y del Caribe (1990-2019); considera también el stock de inversión extranjera para probar hipótesis del paraíso contaminante, la superficie agrícola (SA) y el metano para la función de óxido nitroso. El estudio comprendió pruebas de raíz unitaria y cointegración. La estimación de coeficientes se realizó por mínimos cuadrados completamente modificados (FMOLS), efectos comunes correlacionados (CCE) y grupo medio aumentado (AMG). Los resultados por FMOLS muestran evidencia de una probable curva ambiental de Kuznets en el conjunto de países para metano, además sustentan un paraíso contaminante. Los resultados por CCE y AMG indican lo contrario. Para óxido nitroso los resultados de FMOLS apoyan una curva en U. Lo anterior sostiene una política ambiental conjunta de ambos gases, donde la SA es un elemento clave. Los resultados anteriores se tienen que corroborar con otros métodos y extender los estudios a otros países en el tiempo.

Abstract Tourism in Mexico is one of the most important economic activities, however, there isn’t any rigorously and systematically estimated data on the tourism gross domestic product (GDP) at the locality, municipality, or federal entity levels, which does not allow obtaining basic information for the construction of regional indicators and have more real knowledge about subnational tourist activity in the country. Hence, the general objectives that we intend to achieve in this research are: 1) to estimate the tourism GDP (GDPT) by states and municipalities for the year 2018 and its spatial distribution at the subnational level; 2) to calculate the tourism GDP by locality based on municipal and state GDPT estimates. Both estimates are carried out through rigorous econometric analyzes to provide certainty about their measurement and present the spatial distribution of tourist activity in the main towns, municipalities, and federal entities of Mexico. The empirical results obtained consist of data for 2018 of the tourism GDP for 828 localities, which participate with 90% of the national tourism GDP (GDPTN), 644 municipalities with 97% of the GDPTN, and 100% of the GDPTN for the 32 states of Mexico.

Resumen El turismo en México es una de las actividades económicas más importantes, sin embargo, no se cuenta con datos estimados de manera rigurosa y sistemática sobre el producto interno bruto (PIB) turístico (PIBT) en escalas local, municipal y por entidad federativa, lo que no permite obtener información básica para la construcción de indicadores regionales, ni tener un conocimiento más real sobre la actividad turística subnacional en el país. De ahí que los objetivos generales de esta investigación son: 1) estimar el PIB turístico por estados y municipios para 2018 y su distribución espacial a nivel subnacional; 2) calcular el PIB turístico por localidades con base en estimaciones del PIBT municipal y estatal. Ambas estimaciones se realizan mediante análisis econométricos rigurosos a fin de dar certeza sobre su medición y presentar la distribución espacial de la actividad turística en las principales localidades, municipios y entidades federativas de México. Los resultados empíricos obtenidos consisten en datos para 2018 del PIB turístico para 828 localidades, las cuales participan con 90% del PIB turístico nacional (PIBTN), 644 municipios con 97% del PIBTN y 100% del PIBTN para los 32 estados de México.

Abstract: All of the world's productive sectors are being impacted by the phenomenon known as digitalization, but different economies are experiencing this phenomenon in different ways due to a variety of internal and external factors at play in the businesses. According to official statistics, they make up 97% of the nation's commercial fabric and generate a sizable amount of employment (about 60%) and gross domestic product (GDP) for the nation. By categorizing Paraguayan MSMEs by economic sector, size, and age, the goal of this paper is to examine the influence of digitalization drivers in this context. In order to achieve this purpose, data was collected through a survey during the months of April to September 2022. The findings show that MSMEs' owners value the key forces influencing digitization. On the other hand, they point out to the fact that varied behaviors are displayed depending on the business sector, size, and age of the company, which calls for specialized tactics and attention to improve digitalization in MSMEs.

BACKGROUND: As small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are the primary source of job creation in Nigeria and contribute 48% of the country's gross domestic product (GDP), their performance must be enhanced and sustainability ensured. The article suggests that through competitor orientation and proactiveness, SME managers and owners can achieve competitive advantage which ultimately promotes firm performance. AIM: The article aims to examine how competitor orientation and proactiveness in competitive advantage enhance the performance of SMEs in Nigeria. SETTING: The study focused on registered SME owners and managers who are operating in Nigeria, using Lagos State as a case study. METHODS: This study was conducted through administering questionnaires to owners and/or managers of SMEs as the unit of analysis. A quantitative research design was used with stratified and simple random sampling as the sampling method, with the sample comprising 100 SME owners and/or managers. RESULTS: The results of the study indicated that competitive advantage mediates the relationship between competitor orientation, proactiveness and SMEs' performance indirectly. It further revealed that competitor orientation and proactiveness have significant effects on SMEs' performance. CONCLUSION AND CONTRIBUTION: The article reveals how competitive advantage, which is influenced by competitor orientation and proactiveness, contributes to increased SMEs' performance in SME sectors. Thus, to gain a competitive edge over their rivals, the study recommends that SME owners and managers consider competitor orientation and proactiveness more seriously, as these factors ultimately boost their performance.

Abstract This article evaluated the effect of soybean cultivation on the level of socioeconomic development and economic growth of the Brazilian AMC's (Minimum Comparable Areas), between the years 1991 and 2010. For this, the models Differences in Differences with Propensity Score were estimated. (DDM), evaluating the impact of “being a soybean producer” on the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita and on the dimensions of the Municipal Human Development Index (HDI-M). The results showed that soybean production did not impact the global HDI-M, with a positive effect only on the HDI - knowledge. In the case of the longevity dimension, a negative impact was identified, possibly due to the intensive use of pesticides, which affects the health of rural workers and residents of nearby locations. In the case of economic growth, the effect was positive, inferring that “being a soy-producing AMC” tends, on average, to intensify GDP per capita. AMCs AMC s Minimum Areas, Areas , Areas) 199 2010 this estimated DDM, DDM (DDM) being producer (GDP HDIM. HDIM M . (HDI-M) HDIM, M, HDI-M knowledge dimension identified pesticides locations soyproducing soy producing tends average 19 201 (DDM (HDI-M 1 20 2

Resumo Este artigo avalia o efeito do cultivo da soja sobre o nível de desenvolvimento socioeconômico e do crescimento econômico das AMC’s (Áreas Mínimas Comparáveis) brasileiras, entre os anos de 1991 e 2010. Para isso, foram estimados os modelos Diferenças em Diferenças com Escore de Propensão (DDM), avaliando o impacto de ser produtor de soja no Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) per capita e nas dimensões do Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal (IDH-M). Os resultados demonstraram que a produção de soja não impactou o IDH-M global, apresentando efeito positivo apenas no IDHM-conhecimento. No caso da dimensão longevidade, identificou-se um impacto negativo, possivelmente em decorrência do uso intensivo de agrotóxicos, que afeta a saúde dos trabalhadores rurais e moradores de localidades próximas. No caso do crescimento econômico, o efeito foi positivo, inferindo que “ser uma AMC produtora de soja” tende, na média, a intensificar o PIB per capita. AMCs s Áreas Comparáveis brasileiras 199 2010 isso DDM, DDM , (DDM) (PIB IDHM. IDHM IDH M . (IDH-M) global IDHMconhecimento. IDHMconhecimento conhecimento. conhecimento IDHM-conhecimento longevidade identificouse identificou se negativo agrotóxicos próximas tende média 19 201 (DDM (IDH-M 1 20 2

ABSTRACT This study aimed to analyze the contextual factors of the performance of dental care for pregnant women in Primary Care among municipalities in Bahia. The time series used secondary data from 417 municipalities between 2018-2022. The outcome was the target indicator for the proportion of pregnant women with dental care per municipality: insufficient (<60.0%) or sufficient (≥60.0%). The contextual variables were: sociodemographic factors (Population Size, Municipal Human Development Index, municipal Gross Domestic Product per capita – GDP, Gini Index of household income per capita, Social Vulnerability Index and Regional Health Centers) and health service (Coverage of Family Health Strategy – ESF and Oral Health). Poisson regression was performed (p<0.05). In the last four months of each year: 2.9% (2018), 2.4% (2019), 5.3% (2020), 37.2% (2021) and 71.2% (2022) of the municipalities reached the goal. In the third four months of 2021, municipalities with lower GDP, and in 2021 and 2022, with greater ESF coverage, had a greater chance of reaching the target. It is concluded that there was an increase in the proportion of dental care for pregnant women over the years among the municipalities in Bahia, and achieving the goal was associated with sociodemographic and health service factors. Bahia 41 20182022. 20182022 2018 2022. 2022 2018-2022 municipality <60.0% 600 60 0 (<60.0% ≥60.0%. ≥60.0% . (≥60.0%) were Population Size GDP Centers Coverage Health. Health) p<0.05. p005 p p<0.05 05 (p<0.05) year 29 2 9 2.9 2018, , (2018) 24 4 2.4 2019, 2019 (2019) 53 5 3 5.3 2020, 2020 (2020) 372 37 37.2 (2021 712 71 71.2 (2022 202 coverage 2018202 201 2018-202 <60.0 6 (<60.0 ≥60.0 (≥60.0% p00 p<0.0 (p<0.05 2. (2018 (2019 5. (2020 37. (202 7 71. 20 201820 2018-20 <60. (<60. ≥60. (≥60.0 p0 p<0. (p<0.0 (201 (20 20182 2018-2 <60 (<60 ≥60 (≥60. p<0 (p<0. (2 2018- <6 (<6 ≥6 (≥60 p< (p<0 ( < (< ≥ (≥6 (p< (≥ (p

RESUMO Este estudo objetivou analisar os fatores contextuais do desempenho do atendimento odontológico para gestantes na Atenção Básica entre municípios baianos. A série temporal utilizou dados secundários dos 417 municípios, entre 2018 e 2022. O desfecho foi a meta do indicador de proporção de gestantes com atendimento odontológico por município: insuficiente (<60,0%) ou suficiente (≥60,0%). As variáveis contextuais foram: fatores sociodemográficos (Porte Populacional, Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal, Produto Interno Bruto municipal per capita – PIB, Índice de Gini da renda domiciliar per capita, Índice de Vulnerabilidade Social e Núcleos Regionais de Saúde) e serviço de saúde (Cobertura de Estratégia Saúde da Família – ESF e de Saúde Bucal). Realizou-se regressão de Poisson uni e multivariada (p<0,05). No último quadrimestre de cada ano: 2,9% (2018), 2,4% (2019), 5,3% (2020), 37,2% (2021) e 71,2% (2022) dos municípios atingiram a meta. No terceiro quadrimestre de 2021, os municípios com menor PIB, e em 2021 e 2022, com maior cobertura de ESF, apresentaram maior chance de atingir a meta. Conclui-se que houve aumento da proporção de atendimento odontológico para gestante ao longo dos anos entre os municípios baianos e atingir a meta foi associado a fatores sociodemográficos e de serviço de saúde. 41 201 2022 município <60,0% 600 60 0 (<60,0% ≥60,0%. ≥60,0% . (≥60,0%) foram Porte Populacional Municipal PIB Cobertura Bucal. Bucal Bucal) Realizouse Realizou se p<0,05. p005 p p<0,05 05 (p<0,05) ano 29 2 9 2,9 2018, , (2018) 24 4 2,4 2019, 2019 (2019) 53 5 3 5,3 2020, 2020 (2020) 372 37 37,2 (2021 712 71 71,2 (2022 202 Concluise Conclui 20 <60,0 6 (<60,0 ≥60,0 (≥60,0% p00 p<0,0 (p<0,05 2, (2018 (2019 5, (2020 37, (202 7 71, <60, (<60, ≥60, (≥60,0 p0 p<0, (p<0,0 (201 (20 <60 (<60 ≥60 (≥60, p<0 (p<0, (2 <6 (<6 ≥6 (≥60 p< (p<0 ( < (< ≥ (≥6 (p< (≥ (p

Abstract The Brazilian steel industry holds enormous economic significance, as it produced approximately 32 million steel products in 2022 and exported around 12 million tons to over 100 countries. Based on a 2021 study conducted by the Institute for Applied Economic Research (IPEA), the steel industry contributed 1.9% to the overall national Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Although the steel industry plays a significant role in Brazil's trade balance, it has direct implications on economic, environmental, and social aspects, thereby intersecting with the three fundamental principles of sustainability. This study aims to assess the sustainable performance of the five primary companies by integrating the TOPSIS method with the Gaussian AHP method. The evaluation will be based on indicators derived from the Sustainable Development Goals (GRI) and will utilize sustainability reports from 2019 to 2021. The study demonstrated the feasibility of employing the suggested approach as a means of evaluating the sustainable performance of the five organizations in the steel sector, thus positioning it as a prospective tool for stakeholder analysis. significance 3 202 1 10 countries IPEA, IPEA , (IPEA) 19 9 1.9 GDP. GDP . (GDP) Brazils Brazil s balance environmental aspects GRI (GRI 201 sector analysis 20 (IPEA 1. (GDP 2

Resumo A indústria siderúrgica brasileira possui importância ímpar para a economia, uma vez que sua produção, em 2022, girou na ordem de 32 milhões de produtos siderúrgicos e suas exportações, para mais de cem países, chegou ao montante de aproximadamente 12 milhões de toneladas. Segundo estudo de 2021 do Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (IPEA), a siderurgia representou 1,9% do PIB Nacional. Apesar da contribuição para a balança comercial brasileira, a siderurgia afeta diretamente as questões ligadas à economia, ao meio ambiente e ao social interagindo, desta forma, com os três pilares da sustentabilidade. Em razão dessa interconexão, o presente estudo tem por objetivo avaliar o desempenho sustentável das cinco principais empresas através da combinação do método TOPSIS com o método AHP-Gaussiano utilizando indicadores estabelecidos pelo Sustainable Development Goals (GRI), oriundo dos relatórios de sustentabilidade dos anos de 2019 a 2021. O estudo demonstrou a possibilidade de utilização do método proposto como forma de avaliar o desempenho sustentável das cinco organizações do setor siderúrgico tornando-se potencial ferramenta de análise por partes interessadas. economia produção 2022 3 exportações países 1 toneladas 202 IPEA, IPEA , (IPEA) 19 9 1,9 Nacional interagindo interconexão AHPGaussiano AHP Gaussiano GRI, GRI (GRI) 201 tornandose tornando se interessadas 20 (IPEA 1, (GRI 2

Resumo Neste artigo, foram investigados os efeitos de curto e longo prazo das variáveis macroeconômicas sobre os indicadores socioeconômicos do setor agrícola, incluindo índice de preços, desemprego rural e produto interno bruto (PIB) sobre os primeiros seis programas de desenvolvimento do governo. Foi utilizada a abordagem de atraso distribuído autorregressivo (ARDL). Os resultados mostraram que no curto prazo a taxa de inflação com atraso tem um efeito significativo e negativo sobre o emprego no setor agrícola e aumenta o nível de desemprego rural. Os resultados sugerem que os efeitos da liquidez e da taxa de inflação no curto prazo sobre o PIB são negativos e os gastos do governo no curto prazo têm efeito positivo sobre o índice de preços agrícolas. No longo prazo, o efeito dessas variáveis sobre a inflação agrícola é semelhante ao de curto prazo, mas com a diferença de que as elasticidades foram maiores.

Abstract In this paper, the short-term and long-term effects of macroeconomic variables on socio-economic indicators of agricultural sector, including price index, rural unemployment and gross domestic product (GDP) over the first to six government development programs were investigated. The auto-regressive distributed lag approach (ARDL) was used. The results showed that in the short run, inflation rate with a delay has a significant and negative effect on employment in the agricultural sector and increases the level of rural unemployment. The findings suggest that the effects of liquidity and inflation rate in the short run on the GDP are negative and government spending in the short run has a positive effect on the agricultural price index. In the long run, the effect of these variables on agricultural inflation is similar to the short term, but with the difference that the elasticities were larger.

RESUMO Este estudo objetivou analisar os fatores contextuais do desempenho do atendimento odontológico para gestantes na Atenção Básica entre municípios baianos. A série temporal utilizou dados secundários dos 417 municípios, entre 2018 e 2022. O desfecho foi a meta do indicador de proporção de gestantes com atendimento odontológico por município: insuficiente (<60,0%) ou suficiente (≥60,0%). As variáveis contextuais foram: fatores sociodemográficos (Porte Populacional, Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal, Produto Interno Bruto municipal per capita – PIB, Índice de Gini da renda domiciliar per capita, Índice de Vulnerabilidade Social e Núcleos Regionais de Saúde) e serviço de saúde (Cobertura de Estratégia Saúde da Família – ESF e de Saúde Bucal). Realizou-se regressão de Poisson uni e multivariada (p<0,05). No último quadrimestre de cada ano: 2,9% (2018), 2,4% (2019), 5,3% (2020), 37,2% (2021) e 71,2% (2022) dos municípios atingiram a meta. No terceiro quadrimestre de 2021, os municípios com menor PIB, e em 2021 e 2022, com maior cobertura de ESF, apresentaram maior chance de atingir a meta. Conclui-se que houve aumento da proporção de atendimento odontológico para gestante ao longo dos anos entre os municípios baianos e atingir a meta foi associado a fatores sociodemográficos e de serviço de saúde.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to analyze the contextual factors of the performance of dental care for pregnant women in Primary Care among municipalities in Bahia. The time series used secondary data from 417 municipalities between 2018-2022. The outcome was the target indicator for the proportion of pregnant women with dental care per municipality: insufficient (<60.0%) or sufficient (≥60.0%). The contextual variables were: sociodemographic factors (Population Size, Municipal Human Development Index, municipal Gross Domestic Product per capita – GDP, Gini Index of household income per capita, Social Vulnerability Index and Regional Health Centers) and health service (Coverage of Family Health Strategy – ESF and Oral Health). Poisson regression was performed (p<0.05). In the last four months of each year: 2.9% (2018), 2.4% (2019), 5.3% (2020), 37.2% (2021) and 71.2% (2022) of the municipalities reached the goal. In the third four months of 2021, municipalities with lower GDP, and in 2021 and 2022, with greater ESF coverage, had a greater chance of reaching the target. It is concluded that there was an increase in the proportion of dental care for pregnant women over the years among the municipalities in Bahia, and achieving the goal was associated with sociodemographic and health service factors.

Abstract The objective of this study is to measure the countries' agribusiness in terms of income (Gross Domestic Product - GDP) and water (water footprint), in addition to estimating a sustainability indicator (water per unit of income). The methodology is based on the input-output matrix and was applied to 189 countries with a focus on the twenty largest economies (GDP) in 2015. The GDP of world agribusiness was US$12.3 trillion and the water footprint of 151 trillion cubic meters, the values represented respectively 18% and 97.5% of the total production system. The share of agribusiness income in the total productive system of the countries ranged from 4% to 61%. The highest agribusiness GDP figures were obtained for China (US$ 2.5 trillion), the United States (US$ 1.4 trillion), India (US$ 0.67 trillion), Japan (US$ 0.5 trillion) and Brazil (US$ 0.43 trillion). The environmental cost of agribusiness measured in cubic meters of water per thousand dollars of income generation (m3/US$) ranged from less than one hundred cubic meters for every thousand dollars of income generated to more than 200 thousand, which indicates that there is the possibility of increasing the efficiency of water use and sustainability through the development of new technologies. Gross footprint, , footprint) income. . income) inputoutput input output 18 (GDP 2015 US123 US 12 3 US$12. 15 975 97 5 97.5 4 61 61% US$ (US 25 2 2. trillion, 14 1 1. 067 0 67 0.6 05 0. 043 43 0.4 trillion. m3/US$ m3US mUS m3 m (m3/US$ 20 technologies 201 US12 US$12 9 97. 6 06 04 m3/US (m3/US US1 US$1

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo é dimensionar o agronegócio dos países em termos de renda (Produto Interno Bruto - PIB) e água (pegada hídrica), além de estimar um indicador de sustentabilidade (água por unidade de renda). A metodologia é baseada na matriz insumo-produto e foi aplicada para 189 países com enfoque sobre as vinte maiores economias (PIB) no ano de 2015. O PIB do agronegócio mundial era de US$12,3 trilhões e a pegada hídrica de 151 trilhões de metros cúbicos, os valores representavam respectivamente 18% e 97,5% dos totais do sistema produtivo. A participação da renda do agronegócio no total do sistema produtivo dos países variou entre 4% e 61%. Os maiores valores do PIB do agronegócio foram obtidos para a China (US$ 2,5 trilhões), Estados Unidos (US$ 1,4 trilhão), Índia (US$ 0,67 trilhão), Japão (US$ 0,5 trilhão) e Brasil (US$ 0,43 trilhão). O custo ambiental do agronegócio mensurado em metros cúbicos de água para mil dólares de geração de renda (m3/US$) variou entre menos de cem metros cúbicos para cada mil dólares de renda gerada para mais de 200 mil, o que indica que existe a possibilidade do aumento da eficiência do uso da água e sustentabilidade por meio do desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias. Produto hídrica, , hídrica) renda. . renda) insumoproduto insumo produto 18 (PIB 2015 US123 US 12 3 US$12, 15 975 97 5 97,5 4 61 61% US$ (US 25 2 2, trilhões, trilhões) 14 1 1, trilhão, trilhão 067 0 67 0,6 05 0, 043 43 0,4 trilhão. m3/US$ m3US mUS m3 m (m3/US$ 20 tecnologias 201 US12 US$12 9 97, 6 06 04 m3/US (m3/US US1 US$1

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar as coberturas vacinais (CV) da poliomielite nos municípios do Vale do Paraíba paulista. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo ecológico e exploratório de CV em 35 municípios com abordagem espacial. Os dados de CV foram obtidos do Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde (DATASUS), referentes aos anos de 2015 e 2019 e categorizados em baixa (CV<95%) e ideal (≥95%). Foram obtidas informações sobre Produto Interno Bruto (PIB), taxas de profissionais, número de unidades básicas de saúde (UBS) e dados maternos como idade, estado civil (EC) e escolaridade. Foram estimados índices de Moran univariados e bivariados para os anos de 2015 e 2019 e criados mapas temáticos para valores de CV. Resultados: Os valores médios de CV foram de 107,7%±27,2 em 2015 e 94,2%±27,8 em 2019 (p<0,05). Em 2015, eram dez municípios na categoria baixa e, em 2019, eram 25 municípios. Em 2015, as variáveis CV, número de UBS, idade, escolaridade e situação marital foram correlacionadas espacialmente, mas em 2019 apenas idade materna e escolaridade foram correlacionadas espacialmente. O Moran bivariado foi significativo e negativo para CV em 2019 com escolaridade materna. Houve aumento de municípios com piora nos valores de CV. Conclusões: A abordagem espacial identificou diminuição da cobertura vacinal contra a poliomielite na região estudada. Objetivo (CV paulista Métodos Tratase Trata se 3 DATASUS, DATASUS , (DATASUS) 201 CV<95% CV95 95 (CV<95% ≥95%. ≥95% . (≥95%) PIB, PIB (PIB) profissionais UBS (UBS EC (EC Resultados 1077272 107 7 27 2 107,7%±27, 942278 94 8 94,2%±27, p<0,05. p005 p p<0,05 0 05 (p<0,05) espacialmente Conclusões estudada (DATASUS 20 CV<95 CV9 9 (CV<95 ≥95 (≥95% (PIB 107727 10 107,7%±27 94227 94,2%±27 p00 p<0,0 (p<0,05 CV<9 (CV<9 ≥9 (≥95 10772 1 107,7%±2 9422 94,2%±2 p0 p<0, (p<0,0 CV< (CV< ≥ (≥9 1077 107,7%± 942 94,2%± p<0 (p<0, (≥ 107,7% 94,2% p< (p<0 ( 107,7 94,2 (p< 107, 94, (p

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze vaccination coverage (VC) for polio in the municipalities of Vale do Paraíba in the State of São Paulo. Methods: This is an ecological and exploratory study of VC in 35 municipalities using a spatial approach; VC data were obtained from the IT Department of the Unified Health System (DATASUS), for the years 2015 and 2019, and categorized into Low (VC<95%) and ideal (≥95%). Information was obtained on gross domestic product (GDP), professional rates and number of basic health units (UBS) and maternal data such as age, marital status (MS) and education. Univariate and bivariate Moran indices were estimated for the years 2015 and 2019, and thematic maps were created for CV values. Results: The average VC values were 107.7%±27.2 in 2015, and 94.2%±27.8 in 2019 (p<0.05). In 2015 vs. 2019, there were 10 vs. 25 municipalities in the Low category. In 2015, the variables VC, number of UBS, age, education, and MS were spatially correlated, but in 2019 only maternal age and education were spatially correlated. The bivariate Moran was significant and negative for VC in 2019 with maternal education. There was an increase in municipalities with worsening VC values. Conclusions: The spatial approach identified a decrease in polio vaccination coverage in the studied region. Objective (VC Paulo Methods 3 DATASUS, DATASUS , (DATASUS) 201 VC<95% VC95 95 (VC<95% ≥95%. ≥95% . (≥95%) GDP, GDP (GDP) UBS (UBS (MS Results 1077272 107 7 27 2 107.7%±27. 942278 94 8 94.2%±27. p<0.05. p005 p p<0.05 0 05 (p<0.05) vs 1 category correlated Conclusions region (DATASUS 20 VC<95 VC9 9 (VC<95 ≥95 (≥95% (GDP 107727 107.7%±27 94227 94.2%±27 p00 p<0.0 (p<0.05 VC<9 (VC<9 ≥9 (≥95 10772 107.7%±2 9422 94.2%±2 p0 p<0. (p<0.0 VC< (VC< ≥ (≥9 1077 107.7%± 942 94.2%± p<0 (p<0. (≥ 107.7% 94.2% p< (p<0 ( 107.7 94.2 (p< 107. 94. (p

Abstract The Specialized Component of Pharmaceutical Services (CEAF) is a crucial strategy for accessing medicines through the Brazilian Public Health System, holding the highest budgetary impact on outpatient pharmaceutical care. This study aimed to assess the association of socioeconomic factors with access to CEAF drugs in municipalities throughout Paraná from 2010 to 2019. It utilized a retrospective, observational, cross-sectional approach, evaluating dispensed medication units, medication expenditure, and average unit cost. Analyses were performed to identify a correlation between the use of CEAF drugs and socioeconomic indicators. In these 10 years, the number of dispensed units practically quadrupled, and the expenditure on these drugs doubled, from BRL 214 million to BRL 476 million. The Index of Paraná Institute for Economic and Social Development of Municipal Performance (IPDM) showed a greater association with the use of CEAF drugs, and no correlation was observed between gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and the municipal population. Overall, the IPDM index that includes income, education, and health are socioeconomic factors that influence the utilization of CEAF drugs. These findings emphasize the need for health education among users and adjustment of public policies to mitigate inequalities in the CEAF drug access for the citizens of Paraná. (CEAF System care 201 2019 retrospective observational crosssectional cross sectional approach cost indicators 1 years quadrupled doubled 21 47 (IPDM GDP (GDP population Overall income 20 2 4

Abstract Knowing the size, dynamics and main causes of informality is essential for the adoption of feasible public policies. Thus, in order to contribute to the literature, this article intends to analyze the behavior of informality in a sample of Latin American countries between 2002 and 2015. The empirical strategy will use the Panel Vector Autoregression (VAR) method to circumvent endogeneity problems between level of informality and its main determinants. The results of the estimation of Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) and the analyses of Impulse Response Functions (IRF) highlight the negative effect of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita on informality and the positive effects of unemployment rate and taxes on the size of informal economy in relation to the official GDP. policies Thus literature 200 2015 VAR (VAR determinants GMM (GMM IRF (IRF GDP (GDP 20 201 2

Resumo É fundamental conhecer o tamanho, a dinâmica e as principais causas da informalidade para adoção de políticas públicas factíveis. Assim, a fim de contribuir com a literatura, este artigo pretende analisar o comportamento da informalidade em uma amostra de países da América Latina entre 2002 e 2015. A estratégia empírica usará o método de Vetores Autorregressivos (VAR) em Painel para contornar problemas de endogeneidade entre o nível de informalidade e seus principais determinantes. Os resultados da estimação do Generalized method of moments (GMM) e as análises das Funções de Resposta ao Impulso (FRIs) ressaltam o efeito negativo do Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) per capita sobre a informalidade e os efeitos positivos da taxa de desemprego e dos impostos sobre o tamanho da economia informal em relação ao PIB oficial. factíveis Assim literatura 200 2015 VAR (VAR determinantes GMM (GMM FRIs (FRIs (PIB oficial 20 201 2