RESUMEN La industria del tabaco, como cualquier otra, es participe del producto interno bruto y la generación de empleo en cualquier país. No obstante, los gobiernos han establecido mecanismos fiscales para erradicar su consumo, debido a las enfermedades que ocasiona como cáncer pulmonar, bronquitis crónica; lo que puede llevar a la muerte. En este sentido, se propone una aplicación de un modelo de externalidades para la producción de tabaco en México. Se obtuvieron dos mecanismos para la erradicación del tabaco, uno de ellos implica que las empresas disminuyan salarios de los trabajadores por el aumento de impuestos; el segundo, aumentar precios del tabaco permitiendo que las empresas equilibren su presupuesto. Ambos mecanismos implican un desajuste presupuestal para los ciudadanos, pero el segundo es una solución socialmente optima, pues solo se ven afectados los consumidores de tabaco y no así los que dependen del empleo y salario de la empresa.

ABSTRACT The tobacco industry, like any other, is a participant in the gross domestic product and the generation of employment in any country. However, governments have established fiscal mechanisms to eradicate its consumption, due to the diseases it causes such as lung cancer, chronic bronchitis; what can lead to death. In this sense, an application of an externalities model for tobacco production in Mexico is proposed. Two mechanisms were obtained for the eradication of tobacco; one of them implies that companies reduce workers' wages due to the increase in taxes. A second is to increase tobacco prices allowing companies to balance their budget. Both mechanisms imply a budget imbalance for citizens, but the second is a socially optimal solution, since only tobacco users are affected and not those who depend on the company's employment and salary.

ABSTRACT A country's exports are key to its economy. The objective of this research is to investigate the contribution of non-traditional exports to the economic growth of Paraguay through the case of the food sector, during the period 2011-2020. For this purpose, a bibliographical-documentary methodological design was proposed, in which an econometric model was used that linked the Gross Domestic Product with traditional and non-traditional exports of the food sector together with other variables, to verify its effects. Among the main results, it is worth noting the positive effect of non-traditional exports on the growth of the economy and its potential to diversify the country's export basket. JEL Classification: F41, F43.

RESUMEN Las exportaciones de un país son clave para su economía. El objetivo de esta investigación es indagar sobre la contribución de las exportaciones no tradicionales al crecimiento económico del Paraguay a través del caso del sector alimenticio, durante el periodo 2011-2020. Para tal efecto, se planteó un diseño metodológico bibliográfico-documental, en el que se recurrió a un modelo econométrico que vinculaba el Producto Interno Bruto con las exportaciones tradicionales y no tradicionales del sector alimenticio junto con otras variables, para verificar sus efectos. Entre los principales resultados cabe señalar el efecto positivo de las exportaciones no tradicionales en el crecimiento de la economía y su potencial para diversificar la canasta exportadora del país. Clasificación JEL: F41, F43

Abstract Mexico’s school enrolment in the 2021-2022 school year corresponds to 5.07 million students (5.5 % in higher technical and normal levels; 86.2 % in bachelor’s degrees; 7.2 % in specialties and master’s degrees; 1.1 % in doctorates), representing 4 % of the total national population. The article is structured on the basis of the deductive method and with a quantitative archetype; its objective is to determine the correlation between the higher education student population and economic growth and human development. It is hypothesized that higher education will contribute significantly to the achievement of these objectives, in the first instance to try to achieve economic growth, and then to gain access to economic, social, sustainable and human development. The hypothesis was confirmed that in Mexico during the period from 2010 to 2022, the highest number of higher education students can explain 82.6 % of the variations experienced in the increase of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) or economic growth. It was considered that the highest levels of education in the country (doctorate and master’s degrees) would have a decisive influence on the increase in GDP (economic growth) and a better position in the Human Development Index (HDI), but it turned out that the most influential variable in the estimated linear regressions is enrolment at the bachelor’s degree.

Resumen La matrícula escolar de México en el ciclo escolar 2021-2022 corresponde a 5,07 millones de alumnos (5,5 % en nivel técnico superior y normal, 86,2 % en licenciatura, 7,2 % en especialidad y maestría, y 1,1 % en doctorado), representando el 4 % de la población total nacional. El artículo se estructura con base en el método deductivo y con un arquetipo cuantitativo, teniendo como objetivo conocer el estado de correlación existente entre el universo estudiantil de educación superior con el crecimiento económico y el desarrollo humano. Se parte de la hipótesis que la educación superior contribuirá significativamente al logro de estos objetivos, en primera instancia, para tratar de alcanzar el crecimiento económico, y después, para lograr tener acceso al desarrollo económico, social, sustentable y humano. Se confirmó la hipótesis de que, en México, durante el período de 2010 a 2022, el mayor número de alumnado de nivel superior puede explicar el 82,6 % de las variaciones experimentadas en el aumento del Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) o crecimiento económico. Se consideraba que los más altos niveles de estudios en el país (doctorado y maestría) influirían de forma determinante en el incremento del PIB (crecimiento económico) y en una mejor posición del Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH), pero resultó que la variable más influyente en las regresiones lineales estimadas es la matrícula de nivel licenciatura.

ABSTRACT The consistent underperformance of the Brazilian economy in the 21st century, despite some years of higher gross domestic product (GDP) growth in the 2000s, has coincided with positive outcomes in its financial system. This contradiction is examined in the article through the concepts of hegemony and financialization. The aim is to establish a connection between financial hegemony, economic structure, and aggregate profitability, to identify how the former affects negatively the latter. The weight of the financial sector and its ability to influence economic policies and sustain its gains in different contexts are evaluated. Additionally, the determinants of the profit rate and its relationship with structural factors are examined. The evidence points to a significant influence of financial capital, which, through adverse structural changes, affects long-term profit rate trends, and consequently affects the industry and foreign trade, while also allowing the financial sector to maintain its gains over time.

RESUMEN El bajo rendimiento constante de la economía brasileña en el siglo XXI, a pesar de algunos años de mayor crecimiento del producto interno bruto (PIB) en la década del 2000, ha coincidido con resultados positivos en su sistema financiero. Esta contradicción se examina en el artículo mediante los conceptos de hegemonía y financiarización. El objetivo es establecer una conexión entre la hegemonía financiera, la estructura económica y la rentabilidad agregada, a fin de identificar cómo lo primero impacta negativamente en lo segundo. Se evalúa el peso del sector financiero, así como su capacidad para influir en las políticas económicas y mantener sus ganancias en diferentes contextos. Además, se examinan los determinantes de la tasa de beneficio y su relación con los factores estructurales. La evidencia apunta a una influencia significativa del capital financiero, que mediante cambios estructurales adversos afecta las tendencias de la tasa de beneficio a largo plazo, lo que en consecuencia impacta en la industria y el comercio exterior, y permite al sector financiero mantener sus ganancias con el tiempo.

Abstract Mining is the largest economic activity in Peru, contributing a considerable percentage of the country's Gross Domestic Product. However, the process of this activity evidences several socio-environmental conflicts. The generation of mining waste or expressed as mining tailings from the various processes is a latent threat that affects the spheres of sustainable development. The objective of this study was to propose the valorization of mining tailings as aggregates for road construction in the Andean region of Peru under a circular economy approach. Consequently, several analyses were carried out to evaluate its viability, such as the meteorological factor of precipitation, acidity or alkalinity, elements present in the sample, granulometry, California Bearing Ratio (CBR) and Marshall test. The results have shown that the proposal complies with the parameters established at the national level with a stability of 877.67 kg and a 25% utilization of mine tailings. In conclusion, the use of mine tailings as aggregates for construction is a viable proposal for road construction under a circular economy approach. Finally, the analysis of the valorization of mining waste in other elements of the construction sector is recommended to continue promoting the circular economy and sustainable development.

Resumen La minería en el Perú es la más grande actividad económica aportando un porcentaje considerable al Producto Bruto Interno nacional. Sin embargo, el proceso de esta actividad evidencia diversos conflictos socio-ambientales. La generación de residuos mineros o expresados como relaves mineros provenientes de los diversos procesos es una amenaza latente que afecta las esferas del desarrollo sostenible. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo la propuesta de valorización de relaves mineros como áridos para la construcción de carreteras en la región andina del Perú bajo un enfoque de economía circular. En consecuencia, se realizó diversos análisis para evaluar su viabilidad como el factor meteorológico de precipitación, acidez o alcalinidad, elementos presentes en la muestra, granulometría, California Bearing Ratio (CBR) y prueba Marshall. Los resultados han demostrado que la propuesta cumple con los parámetros establecidos a nivel nacional con una estabilidad de 877,67 kg y un aprovechamiento del 25% de los relaves mineros. En conclusión, el uso de relaves mineros como áridos para la construcción es una propuesta viable para la construcción de carreteras bajo un enfoque de economía circular. Finalmente, se recomienda el análisis de valorización de residuos mineros en otros elementos del sector construcción para continuar promoviendo la economía circular y desarrollo sostenible.

Abstract This paper aims to analyze the relationship between agricultural methane and nitrous oxide emissions as a function of per capita gross domestic product (GDP) and its quadratic term in 26 Latin American and Caribbean countries (1990-2019). It also considers the stock of foreign investment to test the polluting paradise hypothesis, agricultural land (AL), and, additionally, methane for nitrous function. The study comprised unit root and cointegration tests. Coefficients were estimated using fully modified least squares (FMOLS), correlated common effects (CCE), and augmented mean group (AMG). Results by FMOLS show statistical evidence of an environmental Kuznets curve in the set of countries for methane and support the polluting paradise hypothesis. However, results from CCE and AMG show the opposite. For nitrous oxide, FMOLS support a U-shaped curve. The above supports a joint environmental policy for both gases, where al is a key element. The previous results must be corroborated with other methods and the studies extended to other countries over time.

Resumen Este trabajo analiza la relación de emisiones agrícolas de metano y óxido nitroso en función del producto interno bruto per cápita y su término cuadrático en 26 países latinoamericanos y del Caribe (1990-2019); considera también el stock de inversión extranjera para probar hipótesis del paraíso contaminante, la superficie agrícola (SA) y el metano para la función de óxido nitroso. El estudio comprendió pruebas de raíz unitaria y cointegración. La estimación de coeficientes se realizó por mínimos cuadrados completamente modificados (FMOLS), efectos comunes correlacionados (CCE) y grupo medio aumentado (AMG). Los resultados por FMOLS muestran evidencia de una probable curva ambiental de Kuznets en el conjunto de países para metano, además sustentan un paraíso contaminante. Los resultados por CCE y AMG indican lo contrario. Para óxido nitroso los resultados de FMOLS apoyan una curva en U. Lo anterior sostiene una política ambiental conjunta de ambos gases, donde la SA es un elemento clave. Los resultados anteriores se tienen que corroborar con otros métodos y extender los estudios a otros países en el tiempo.

Abstract Tourism in Mexico is one of the most important economic activities, however, there isn’t any rigorously and systematically estimated data on the tourism gross domestic product (GDP) at the locality, municipality, or federal entity levels, which does not allow obtaining basic information for the construction of regional indicators and have more real knowledge about subnational tourist activity in the country. Hence, the general objectives that we intend to achieve in this research are: 1) to estimate the tourism GDP (GDPT) by states and municipalities for the year 2018 and its spatial distribution at the subnational level; 2) to calculate the tourism GDP by locality based on municipal and state GDPT estimates. Both estimates are carried out through rigorous econometric analyzes to provide certainty about their measurement and present the spatial distribution of tourist activity in the main towns, municipalities, and federal entities of Mexico. The empirical results obtained consist of data for 2018 of the tourism GDP for 828 localities, which participate with 90% of the national tourism GDP (GDPTN), 644 municipalities with 97% of the GDPTN, and 100% of the GDPTN for the 32 states of Mexico.

Resumen El turismo en México es una de las actividades económicas más importantes, sin embargo, no se cuenta con datos estimados de manera rigurosa y sistemática sobre el producto interno bruto (PIB) turístico (PIBT) en escalas local, municipal y por entidad federativa, lo que no permite obtener información básica para la construcción de indicadores regionales, ni tener un conocimiento más real sobre la actividad turística subnacional en el país. De ahí que los objetivos generales de esta investigación son: 1) estimar el PIB turístico por estados y municipios para 2018 y su distribución espacial a nivel subnacional; 2) calcular el PIB turístico por localidades con base en estimaciones del PIBT municipal y estatal. Ambas estimaciones se realizan mediante análisis econométricos rigurosos a fin de dar certeza sobre su medición y presentar la distribución espacial de la actividad turística en las principales localidades, municipios y entidades federativas de México. Los resultados empíricos obtenidos consisten en datos para 2018 del PIB turístico para 828 localidades, las cuales participan con 90% del PIB turístico nacional (PIBTN), 644 municipios con 97% del PIBTN y 100% del PIBTN para los 32 estados de México.

Abstract: All of the world's productive sectors are being impacted by the phenomenon known as digitalization, but different economies are experiencing this phenomenon in different ways due to a variety of internal and external factors at play in the businesses. According to official statistics, they make up 97% of the nation's commercial fabric and generate a sizable amount of employment (about 60%) and gross domestic product (GDP) for the nation. By categorizing Paraguayan MSMEs by economic sector, size, and age, the goal of this paper is to examine the influence of digitalization drivers in this context. In order to achieve this purpose, data was collected through a survey during the months of April to September 2022. The findings show that MSMEs' owners value the key forces influencing digitization. On the other hand, they point out to the fact that varied behaviors are displayed depending on the business sector, size, and age of the company, which calls for specialized tactics and attention to improve digitalization in MSMEs.

BACKGROUND: As small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are the primary source of job creation in Nigeria and contribute 48% of the country's gross domestic product (GDP), their performance must be enhanced and sustainability ensured. The article suggests that through competitor orientation and proactiveness, SME managers and owners can achieve competitive advantage which ultimately promotes firm performance. AIM: The article aims to examine how competitor orientation and proactiveness in competitive advantage enhance the performance of SMEs in Nigeria. SETTING: The study focused on registered SME owners and managers who are operating in Nigeria, using Lagos State as a case study. METHODS: This study was conducted through administering questionnaires to owners and/or managers of SMEs as the unit of analysis. A quantitative research design was used with stratified and simple random sampling as the sampling method, with the sample comprising 100 SME owners and/or managers. RESULTS: The results of the study indicated that competitive advantage mediates the relationship between competitor orientation, proactiveness and SMEs' performance indirectly. It further revealed that competitor orientation and proactiveness have significant effects on SMEs' performance. CONCLUSION AND CONTRIBUTION: The article reveals how competitive advantage, which is influenced by competitor orientation and proactiveness, contributes to increased SMEs' performance in SME sectors. Thus, to gain a competitive edge over their rivals, the study recommends that SME owners and managers consider competitor orientation and proactiveness more seriously, as these factors ultimately boost their performance.

Abstract This article evaluated the effect of soybean cultivation on the level of socioeconomic development and economic growth of the Brazilian AMC's (Minimum Comparable Areas), between the years 1991 and 2010. For this, the models Differences in Differences with Propensity Score were estimated. (DDM), evaluating the impact of “being a soybean producer” on the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita and on the dimensions of the Municipal Human Development Index (HDI-M). The results showed that soybean production did not impact the global HDI-M, with a positive effect only on the HDI - knowledge. In the case of the longevity dimension, a negative impact was identified, possibly due to the intensive use of pesticides, which affects the health of rural workers and residents of nearby locations. In the case of economic growth, the effect was positive, inferring that “being a soy-producing AMC” tends, on average, to intensify GDP per capita. AMCs AMC s Minimum Areas, Areas , Areas) 199 2010 this estimated DDM, DDM (DDM) being producer (GDP HDIM. HDIM M . (HDI-M) HDIM, M, HDI-M knowledge dimension identified pesticides locations soyproducing soy producing tends average 19 201 (DDM (HDI-M 1 20 2

Resumo Este artigo avalia o efeito do cultivo da soja sobre o nível de desenvolvimento socioeconômico e do crescimento econômico das AMC’s (Áreas Mínimas Comparáveis) brasileiras, entre os anos de 1991 e 2010. Para isso, foram estimados os modelos Diferenças em Diferenças com Escore de Propensão (DDM), avaliando o impacto de ser produtor de soja no Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) per capita e nas dimensões do Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal (IDH-M). Os resultados demonstraram que a produção de soja não impactou o IDH-M global, apresentando efeito positivo apenas no IDHM-conhecimento. No caso da dimensão longevidade, identificou-se um impacto negativo, possivelmente em decorrência do uso intensivo de agrotóxicos, que afeta a saúde dos trabalhadores rurais e moradores de localidades próximas. No caso do crescimento econômico, o efeito foi positivo, inferindo que “ser uma AMC produtora de soja” tende, na média, a intensificar o PIB per capita. AMCs s Áreas Comparáveis brasileiras 199 2010 isso DDM, DDM , (DDM) (PIB IDHM. IDHM IDH M . (IDH-M) global IDHMconhecimento. IDHMconhecimento conhecimento. conhecimento IDHM-conhecimento longevidade identificouse identificou se negativo agrotóxicos próximas tende média 19 201 (DDM (IDH-M 1 20 2

Abstract Brazil is considered a world leader in paper production. It is estimated that the sector contributes 46.5% of the national gross domestic product, and its effluents have high concentrations of organic matter and recalcitrant compounds which can cause coloration and ecotoxicity, generating impact if not properly treated. A potential strategy for the treatment of this wastewater is bioaugmentation with native bacteria isolated from the industrial sludge and effluent, which, due to their potential metabolism adapted to adverse environmental conditions, may favor the removal of specific compounds. When associated with immobilization techniques, the inoculum can develop as a biofilm adhered to a support medium, which provides surfaces for adhesion, growth and survival of bacteria. We therefore investigated the treatment of Kraft pulp effluent by bioaugmentation with the autochthonous bacterium Advenella kashmirensis both immobilized in a spongy support medium - Aqua Porous Gel (APG) - and in free-swimming (planktonic) form, denominated Phase I and II, respectively. The investigation was performed in a bench-scale aerated lagoon system with untreated industrial effluent. The effect of the use of bacteria in bioaugmentation was assessed by the removal parameters of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Color, Total Phenolic Compounds (TPC) and Lignin Compounds (LC). The results indicate that both Phases I and II were efficient for the treatment of COD, BOD5 and color parameters. However, the biofilm form provided better stability to the biological system in the treatment of the Kraft pulp effluent. production 465 46 5 46.5 product ecotoxicity treated conditions techniques adhesion APG (APG freeswimming free swimming planktonic (planktonic respectively benchscale bench scale COD , (COD) BOD5, BOD (BOD5) Color TPC (TPC LC. LC . (LC) However 4 46. (COD (BOD5 (LC (BOD

Resumo O Brasil é considerado referência mundial na produção de papel, se estima que o setor contribui com 46,5% do produto interno bruto nacional, configurando uma manufatura extensiva cujos efluentes possuem concentrações elevadas de matéria orgânica e compostos recalcitrantes, que podem introduzir cor e ecotoxicidade, gerando impacto caso não se proceda o adequado tratamento do mesmo. Uma estratégia potencial para o tratamento desta água resíduária é a bioaumentação com bactérias nativas isoladas do lodo e efluente da indústria, estas devido ao potencial metabolismo adaptado às condições adversas do ambiente, podem favorecer a remoção de compostos específicos. Quando associada a técnicas de imobilização, o inóculo pode se desenvolver como biofilme aderido a um meio suporte, que proporciona superfícies para adesão, crescimento e sobrevivência das bactérias. Desta forma, foi avaliado o tratamento de efluente de celulose kraft por bioaumentação com bactéria autóctone Advenella kashmirensis imobilizada em meio suporte esponjoso do tipo aquaporousgel (APG), e sobre a forma de vida planctonica/livre, denominadas de fase I e II respectivamente, em sistema de lagoa aerada de escala de bancada com efluente industrial não tratado. O efeito do uso da bactéria na bioumentação foi avaliado com efluente industrial não tratado. O efeito do uso da bactéria na bioumentação foi avaliado pelos parâmetros de remoção de Demanda Química de Oxigênio (DQO), Demanda Bioquímica de Oxigênio (DBO5), Cor, Compostos Fenólicos Totais (CFT) e Compostos Ligninicos (CL). Os resultados apontam que ambas as fases I e II, foram eficientes para tratamento dos parâmetros DQO, DBO5 e cor. Entretanto, a forma de biofilmes conferiu melhor estabilidade ao sistema biológico no tratamento do efluente de celulose kraft. papel 465 46 5 46,5 nacional recalcitrantes ecotoxicidade mesmo indústria ambiente específicos imobilização adesão APG, APG , (APG) planctonicalivre planctonica livre planctonica/livre respectivamente tratado DQO (DQO) DBO5, DBO (DBO5) Cor CFT (CFT CL. CL . (CL) Entretanto 4 46, (APG (DQO (DBO5 (CL (DBO

Abstract Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) have significant health and economic burdens. In South America, the loss of productivity related to these diseases has not yet been well explored. Objective: Estimate the potentially productive years of life lost (PPYLL) and loss of productivity related to premature mortality associated with CVD in South America, in 2019. Methods: Mortality data available from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease Study were used to estimate the burden of disease attributable to CVD. For monetary calculations of productivity loss, a proxy of the human capital approach was used. Data were stratified by sex, in working age groups. Results: The total number of deaths due to CVD in South America in 2019 was 754,324, and the total number of PPYLL was 2,040,973. The total permanent loss of productivity was approximately US$ 3.7 billion and US$ 7.8 billion in purchasing power parity, equivalent to 0.11% of the gross domestic product. The cost per death was US$ 22,904, and the ratio between men and women for the cost per death was 1.45. The variation in scenarios indicates that the estimates are robust, even with important differences between countries. Conclusions: CVD impose a significant economic burden on countries in South America. The characterization of this burden can support governments in the allocation of resources for the planning and execution of health policies and interventions in promotion, prevention, and recovery. Background (CVD burdens explored Objective (PPYLL Methods 201 sex groups Results 754324 754 324 754,324 2040973 2 040 973 2,040,973 US 37 3 7 3. 78 8 7. parity 011 0 11 0.11 product 22904 22 904 22,904 145 1 45 1.45 robust Conclusions promotion prevention recovery 20 75432 75 32 754,32 204097 04 97 2,040,97 01 0.1 2290 90 22,90 14 4 1.4 7543 754,3 20409 9 2,040,9 0. 229 22,9 1. 754, 2040 2,040, 22, 204 2,040 2,04 2,0 2,

Resumo Fundamento: As doenças cardiovasculares (DCV) têm ônus sanitário e econômico significativos. Na América do Sul (AS), a perda de produtividade relacionada a estas enfermidades ainda não foi bem explorada. Objetivo: Estimar os anos de vida produtiva perdidos (AVPP) e a perda de produtividade relacionados a mortalidade prematura associada as DCV na AS, em 2019. Métodos: Empregou-se dados de mortalidade disponíveis no Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 na estimativa da carga de doença atribuível a DCV. Para os cálculos monetários da perda da produtividade usou-se uma proxy da abordagem de capital humano. Estratificou-se por sexo, nas faixas etárias de trabalho. Resultados: O número total de mortes por DCV na AS no ano de 2019 foi de 754.324 e os AVPP foram 2.040.973. A perda permanente de produtividade total foi de aproximadamente US$ 3,7 bilhões e US$ 7,8 bilhões em paridade do poder de compra, equivalente a 0,11% do produto interno bruto. O custo por morte foi de US$ 22.904, e a razão desse custo por óbito, entre homens e mulheres foi 1,45. A variação dos cenários aponta robustez nas estimativas, mesmo com diferenças importantes entre os países. Conclusões: As DCV impõem um ônus econômico significativo a este bloco de países. A caracterização deste fardo pode amparar os governos na alocação de recursos destinados ao planejamento e execução de políticas e intervenções sanitárias, sejam de promoção, prevenção ou recuperação. Fundamento (DCV significativos , (AS) explorada Objetivo (AVPP Métodos Empregouse Empregou se 201 usouse usou humano Estratificouse Estratificou sexo trabalho Resultados 754324 754 324 754.32 2040973 2 040 973 2.040.973 US 37 3 7 3, 78 8 7, compra 011 0 11 0,11 bruto 22904 22 904 22.904 óbito 145 1 45 1,45 estimativas países Conclusões sanitárias promoção recuperação (AS 20 75432 75 32 754.3 204097 04 97 2.040.97 01 0,1 2290 90 22.90 14 4 1,4 7543 754. 20409 9 2.040.9 0, 229 22.9 1, 2040 2.040. 22. 204 2.040 2.04 2.0 2.

ABSTRACT The relationship between animal products and agricultural gross domestic product (AGDP) in Türkiye was investigated in this study. We used data of eight animal products (cow milk, sheep milk, beef, mutton, poultry meat, eggs, wool, and honey) from 1980 to 2020. After checking the stationarity of the series by the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test, the Johansen cointegration test was used to establish the existence of a long-term relationship between animal products and AGDP, and the results were interpreted using The Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) analysis. According to the findings, honey, beef, poultry meat, mutton, eggs, and wool had a positive and significant relationship with AGDP in Türkiye, whereas sheep milk and cow milk and AGDP was not significant. The total effect of the examined animal products on AGDP was 0.61%. The results showed that wool was the most important contributor to AGDP among the products analyzed. Therefore, it is suggested that policymakers develop funding strategies to expand the production of these products. (AGDP study beef mutton meat eggs honey 198 2020 DickeyFuller Dickey Fuller ADF (ADF longterm long term FMOLS (FMOLS analysis findings 061 0 61 0.61% analyzed Therefore 19 202 06 6 0.61 1 20 0.6 2 0.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to analyze the contextual factors of the performance of dental care for pregnant women in Primary Care among municipalities in Bahia. The time series used secondary data from 417 municipalities between 2018-2022. The outcome was the target indicator for the proportion of pregnant women with dental care per municipality: insufficient (<60.0%) or sufficient (≥60.0%). The contextual variables were: sociodemographic factors (Population Size, Municipal Human Development Index, municipal Gross Domestic Product per capita – GDP, Gini Index of household income per capita, Social Vulnerability Index and Regional Health Centers) and health service (Coverage of Family Health Strategy – ESF and Oral Health). Poisson regression was performed (p<0.05). In the last four months of each year: 2.9% (2018), 2.4% (2019), 5.3% (2020), 37.2% (2021) and 71.2% (2022) of the municipalities reached the goal. In the third four months of 2021, municipalities with lower GDP, and in 2021 and 2022, with greater ESF coverage, had a greater chance of reaching the target. It is concluded that there was an increase in the proportion of dental care for pregnant women over the years among the municipalities in Bahia, and achieving the goal was associated with sociodemographic and health service factors. Bahia 41 20182022. 20182022 2018 2022. 2022 2018-2022 municipality <60.0% 600 60 0 (<60.0% ≥60.0%. ≥60.0% . (≥60.0%) were Population Size GDP Centers Coverage Health. Health) p<0.05. p005 p p<0.05 05 (p<0.05) year 29 2 9 2.9 2018, , (2018) 24 4 2.4 2019, 2019 (2019) 53 5 3 5.3 2020, 2020 (2020) 372 37 37.2 (2021 712 71 71.2 (2022 202 coverage 2018202 201 2018-202 <60.0 6 (<60.0 ≥60.0 (≥60.0% p00 p<0.0 (p<0.05 2. (2018 (2019 5. (2020 37. (202 7 71. 20 201820 2018-20 <60. (<60. ≥60. (≥60.0 p0 p<0. (p<0.0 (201 (20 20182 2018-2 <60 (<60 ≥60 (≥60. p<0 (p<0. (2 2018- <6 (<6 ≥6 (≥60 p< (p<0 ( < (< ≥ (≥6 (p< (≥ (p

RESUMO Este estudo objetivou analisar os fatores contextuais do desempenho do atendimento odontológico para gestantes na Atenção Básica entre municípios baianos. A série temporal utilizou dados secundários dos 417 municípios, entre 2018 e 2022. O desfecho foi a meta do indicador de proporção de gestantes com atendimento odontológico por município: insuficiente (<60,0%) ou suficiente (≥60,0%). As variáveis contextuais foram: fatores sociodemográficos (Porte Populacional, Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal, Produto Interno Bruto municipal per capita – PIB, Índice de Gini da renda domiciliar per capita, Índice de Vulnerabilidade Social e Núcleos Regionais de Saúde) e serviço de saúde (Cobertura de Estratégia Saúde da Família – ESF e de Saúde Bucal). Realizou-se regressão de Poisson uni e multivariada (p<0,05). No último quadrimestre de cada ano: 2,9% (2018), 2,4% (2019), 5,3% (2020), 37,2% (2021) e 71,2% (2022) dos municípios atingiram a meta. No terceiro quadrimestre de 2021, os municípios com menor PIB, e em 2021 e 2022, com maior cobertura de ESF, apresentaram maior chance de atingir a meta. Conclui-se que houve aumento da proporção de atendimento odontológico para gestante ao longo dos anos entre os municípios baianos e atingir a meta foi associado a fatores sociodemográficos e de serviço de saúde. 41 201 2022 município <60,0% 600 60 0 (<60,0% ≥60,0%. ≥60,0% . (≥60,0%) foram Porte Populacional Municipal PIB Cobertura Bucal. Bucal Bucal) Realizouse Realizou se p<0,05. p005 p p<0,05 05 (p<0,05) ano 29 2 9 2,9 2018, , (2018) 24 4 2,4 2019, 2019 (2019) 53 5 3 5,3 2020, 2020 (2020) 372 37 37,2 (2021 712 71 71,2 (2022 202 Concluise Conclui 20 <60,0 6 (<60,0 ≥60,0 (≥60,0% p00 p<0,0 (p<0,05 2, (2018 (2019 5, (2020 37, (202 7 71, <60, (<60, ≥60, (≥60,0 p0 p<0, (p<0,0 (201 (20 <60 (<60 ≥60 (≥60, p<0 (p<0, (2 <6 (<6 ≥6 (≥60 p< (p<0 ( < (< ≥ (≥6 (p< (≥ (p

Abstract The Brazilian steel industry holds enormous economic significance, as it produced approximately 32 million steel products in 2022 and exported around 12 million tons to over 100 countries. Based on a 2021 study conducted by the Institute for Applied Economic Research (IPEA), the steel industry contributed 1.9% to the overall national Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Although the steel industry plays a significant role in Brazil's trade balance, it has direct implications on economic, environmental, and social aspects, thereby intersecting with the three fundamental principles of sustainability. This study aims to assess the sustainable performance of the five primary companies by integrating the TOPSIS method with the Gaussian AHP method. The evaluation will be based on indicators derived from the Sustainable Development Goals (GRI) and will utilize sustainability reports from 2019 to 2021. The study demonstrated the feasibility of employing the suggested approach as a means of evaluating the sustainable performance of the five organizations in the steel sector, thus positioning it as a prospective tool for stakeholder analysis. significance 3 202 1 10 countries IPEA, IPEA , (IPEA) 19 9 1.9 GDP. GDP . (GDP) Brazils Brazil s balance environmental aspects GRI (GRI 201 sector analysis 20 (IPEA 1. (GDP 2

Resumo A indústria siderúrgica brasileira possui importância ímpar para a economia, uma vez que sua produção, em 2022, girou na ordem de 32 milhões de produtos siderúrgicos e suas exportações, para mais de cem países, chegou ao montante de aproximadamente 12 milhões de toneladas. Segundo estudo de 2021 do Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (IPEA), a siderurgia representou 1,9% do PIB Nacional. Apesar da contribuição para a balança comercial brasileira, a siderurgia afeta diretamente as questões ligadas à economia, ao meio ambiente e ao social interagindo, desta forma, com os três pilares da sustentabilidade. Em razão dessa interconexão, o presente estudo tem por objetivo avaliar o desempenho sustentável das cinco principais empresas através da combinação do método TOPSIS com o método AHP-Gaussiano utilizando indicadores estabelecidos pelo Sustainable Development Goals (GRI), oriundo dos relatórios de sustentabilidade dos anos de 2019 a 2021. O estudo demonstrou a possibilidade de utilização do método proposto como forma de avaliar o desempenho sustentável das cinco organizações do setor siderúrgico tornando-se potencial ferramenta de análise por partes interessadas. economia produção 2022 3 exportações países 1 toneladas 202 IPEA, IPEA , (IPEA) 19 9 1,9 Nacional interagindo interconexão AHPGaussiano AHP Gaussiano GRI, GRI (GRI) 201 tornandose tornando se interessadas 20 (IPEA 1, (GRI 2