Abstract To describe the current situation of some elements of the food systems in Colombia, a narrative literature review was conducted from the years 2003 to 2023 It was found that agricultural production predominates in this country based on monocultures with intensive use of pesticides and fertilizers, extensive livestock farming on large estates, and the area occupied by small producers is small. The contribution of the agricultural sector to the gross domestic product is low and it depends on food imports for the internal supply. More than half of the population has difficulties accessing food, which may explain the prevalence of malnutrition and non-communicable diseases. Healthy and sustainable agricultural production policies and measures aimed at improving food environments are required to improve people's health and maintain biodiversity.

Resumen Se realizó una revisión narrativa de literatura de los años 2003 a 2023, para describir la situación actual de algunos elementos de los sistemas alimentarios en Colombia. Se encontró que en este país predomina la producción agrícola basada en monocultivos con uso intensivo de plaguicidas y fertilizantes químicos y la ganadería extensiva en latifundios, el área ocupada por pequeños productores es reducida. El aporte del sector agropecuario al producto interno bruto es bajo y se depende de importaciones de alimentos para el abastecimiento. Más de la mitad de la población tiene dificultades para acceder a los alimentos, lo que puede explicar la prevalencia de malnutrición y enfermedades no transmisibles en la población. Se requieren políticas de producción agropecuaria saludable y sustentable, y medidas dirigidas a mejorar los entornos alimentarios para mejorar la salud de las personas y mantener la biodiversidad.

Resumo A precificação do carbono envolve a atribuição de um valor monetário às emissões de gases de efeito estufa. Este artigo realizou uma revisão sistemática sobre preços do carbono na agricultura mundial nos últimos 20 anos. Partindo de uma revisão sistemática da literatura, os métodos de valoração e os preços atribuídos ao carbono foram correlacionados a um conjunto de determinantes identificados em publicações acadêmicas e extrapolados para o contexto da agricultura brasileira. Constatou-se variação nos preços do carbono (mínimo de USD 2,6/tCO2e e máximo de USD 157,5/tCO2e) com diferentes variáveis socioeconômicas, agrícolas e ambientais determinando o preço do carbono. Os resultados revelaram correlação negativa entre o Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) per capita e as emissões de CO2 per capita, indicando elevada elasticidade das emissões em resposta às mudanças na precificação do carbono. Além disso, observou-se associação positiva entre o uso de fertilizantes nitrogenados per capita e o preço do carbono. Em 2021, o valor do carbono estimado para a agricultura brasileira com o uso de uma regressão quantílica foi de USD 11,54/tCO2e. Ressalta-se a importância do uso de metodologias cientificamente robustas para a precificação do carbono na agricultura, a fim de servir como referência para os sistemas nacionais de valoração ambiental.

Abstract Carbon pricing involves assigning a monetary value to greenhouse gas emissions. This paper systematically reviews the state of carbon pricing in global agriculture over a 20-year period. Based on a systematic literature review, carbon valuation methods were correlated with prices attributed to determinants identified in academic publications, as well as extrapolated to the Brazilian agricultural environment. There was variation in carbon prices (minimum of USD 2.6/tCO2e and maximum of USD 157.5/tCO2e), determined by different socio-economic, agricultural and geographical heterogeneities. Our results showed negative relationship between Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita and CO2 emissions per capita, indicating high elasticity of emissions in response to changes in carbon prices. There was also positive relationship between nitrogen fertilizer use per capita and carbon price. In 2021, the estimated carbon value for Brazilian agriculture using quantile regression was USD 11.54/tCO2e. It is therefore critical that scientifically robust carbon pricing methodologies be applied to agriculture to serve as benchmarks for national environmental valuation systems.

RESUMEN Las exportaciones de un país son clave para su economía. El objetivo de esta investigación es indagar sobre la contribución de las exportaciones no tradicionales al crecimiento económico del Paraguay a través del caso del sector alimenticio, durante el periodo 2011-2020. Para tal efecto, se planteó un diseño metodológico bibliográfico-documental, en el que se recurrió a un modelo econométrico que vinculaba el Producto Interno Bruto con las exportaciones tradicionales y no tradicionales del sector alimenticio junto con otras variables, para verificar sus efectos. Entre los principales resultados cabe señalar el efecto positivo de las exportaciones no tradicionales en el crecimiento de la economía y su potencial para diversificar la canasta exportadora del país. Clasificación JEL: F41, F43

ABSTRACT A country's exports are key to its economy. The objective of this research is to investigate the contribution of non-traditional exports to the economic growth of Paraguay through the case of the food sector, during the period 2011-2020. For this purpose, a bibliographical-documentary methodological design was proposed, in which an econometric model was used that linked the Gross Domestic Product with traditional and non-traditional exports of the food sector together with other variables, to verify its effects. Among the main results, it is worth noting the positive effect of non-traditional exports on the growth of the economy and its potential to diversify the country's export basket. JEL Classification: F41, F43.

RESUMEN La industria del tabaco, como cualquier otra, es participe del producto interno bruto y la generación de empleo en cualquier país. No obstante, los gobiernos han establecido mecanismos fiscales para erradicar su consumo, debido a las enfermedades que ocasiona como cáncer pulmonar, bronquitis crónica; lo que puede llevar a la muerte. En este sentido, se propone una aplicación de un modelo de externalidades para la producción de tabaco en México. Se obtuvieron dos mecanismos para la erradicación del tabaco, uno de ellos implica que las empresas disminuyan salarios de los trabajadores por el aumento de impuestos; el segundo, aumentar precios del tabaco permitiendo que las empresas equilibren su presupuesto. Ambos mecanismos implican un desajuste presupuestal para los ciudadanos, pero el segundo es una solución socialmente optima, pues solo se ven afectados los consumidores de tabaco y no así los que dependen del empleo y salario de la empresa.

ABSTRACT The tobacco industry, like any other, is a participant in the gross domestic product and the generation of employment in any country. However, governments have established fiscal mechanisms to eradicate its consumption, due to the diseases it causes such as lung cancer, chronic bronchitis; what can lead to death. In this sense, an application of an externalities model for tobacco production in Mexico is proposed. Two mechanisms were obtained for the eradication of tobacco; one of them implies that companies reduce workers' wages due to the increase in taxes. A second is to increase tobacco prices allowing companies to balance their budget. Both mechanisms imply a budget imbalance for citizens, but the second is a socially optimal solution, since only tobacco users are affected and not those who depend on the company's employment and salary.

Abstract Introduction: Heart failure (HF) is a global public health issue. Its economic impact in the Autonomous Region of Madeira (ARM) is unknown. Thus, profiling HF prevalence, healthcare utilization and related costs in the ARM is fundamental. We aimed to estimate the direct costs of HF in the ARM. Methods: Prevalence-based, cost-of-illness study based on 2014, from the health system perspective. Hospitaliza-tion and emergency department (ED) episodes were identified by the International Classification of Diseases 9th edition - Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM). Patterns of visits, tests and medication consumption were derived from previous reported research. Costs were based on Disease Related Groups and from the official regional health system tariffs. Results: There was a 4.93% prevalence above the age of 25 (9201 patients). Out of these, 4140 were symptomatic and hence healthcare consumers. We identified 426 admissions with a primary diagnosis of HF, 17 305 primary care medical visits, 857 ED visits and 6707 medical hospital visits. Total direct costs were €4 089 540.10. Hospital-related care was responsible for the majority of costs (56%), followed by primary care costs (23%), medication (20%) and long-term care (2%). The average annual cost per patient was €987.81. Conclusion: Total annual direct costs amounted to 0.1% of the gross domestic product of the ARM and 1.2% of the healthcare budget of the ARM for 2014. This research adds information about the disease that was until now unknown and should lead to better disease management programs.

Resumo Introdução: A insuficiência cardíaca (IC) é um problema global de saúde pública. Desconhece-se o impacto económico da IC na Região Autónoma da Madeira (RAM) pelo que é fundamental caracterizar a sua prevalência, perfil de utilização de recursos e custos associados. O nosso objetivo foi estimar os custos diretos da insuficiência cardíaca na Região Autónoma da Madeira. Métodos: Estudo custo-doença, baseado em prevalência, relativo ao ano 2014, e analisado na perspetiva do sistema de saúde regional. Os internamentos e a utilização da urgência foram identificados pela International Classification of Diseases 9th edition Clinical Modification (ICD-9CM). O número de consultas, exames e medicação foi estimado a partir da literatura. Os custos foram baseados na tabela de preços dos Grupos de Diagnósticos Homogéneos e na tabela de preços do Sistema Regional de Saúde. Resultados: Estimou-se uma prevalência de 4,93% (9201 indivíduos) para uma população com idade superior a 25 anos. Destes, 4140 sintomáticos e, portanto, consumidores de recursos. Identificaram-se 426 internamentos por IC, 17 305 consultas médicas de cuidados de saúde primários, 857 episódios de urgência e 6707 consultas médicas hospitalares. O custo direto total foi €4 089 540,10. O custo em cuidados hospitalares (CH) foi a principal rubrica de custos (56%), seguido dos cuidados de saúde primários (23%) e consumo de medicamentos (20%). O custo médio anual por doente foi €987,81. Conclusão: O custo direto total corresponde a 0,1% do produto interno bruto da RAM e 1,2% da despesa da saúde da RAM para o ano de referência. Estes resultados fornecem informação até aqui desconhecida e poderão auxiliar na implementação de modelos e estruturas que promovam a redução das hospitalizações, principal motor de custos diretos.

Resumen Este estudio analizó el efecto de la variación del rendimiento y de la desigualdad en su distribución, de la privación relativa y severa, de las cualificaciones académicas, del empleo por profesiones, de la concentración de la populación en regiones urbanas, del envejecimiento de la populación, de la incidencia del uso de drogas y de la inmigración sobre la variación verificada, en Portugal, en once grupos de crímenes. Los resultados obtenidos apuntan para efectos de las cualificaciones académicas sobre los crímenes registrados contra la propiedad, contra la vida e integridad física, y de conducción, así como para efectos del producto interno bruto por residente, de la edad promedio de la populación, de las profesiones, de la urbanización, de la desigualdad en la distribución del rendimiento y de la inmigración.

Resumo Este estudo analisou o efeito da variação do rendimento, da desigualdade na distribuição do mesmo, da privação relativa e severa, das qualificações académicas, do emprego por profissões, da concentração da população em regiões urbanas, do envelhecimento da população, da incidência do uso de drogas e da imigração sobre a variação verificada, em Portugal, em onze grupos de crimes. Os resultados obtidos apontam para efeitos das qualificações académicas sobre os crimes registados contra a propriedade, contra a vida e integridade física e de condução, bem como para efeitos do produto interno bruto por residente, da idade média da população, das profissões, da urbanização, da desigualdade na distribuição do rendimento e da imigração.

Résumé Cette étude analyse l’effet de la variation du revenu, de l’inégalité de la répartition de ce dernier, de la privation relative et sévère, des qualifications académiques, de l’emploi par professions, de la concentration de la population en régions urbaines, du vieillissement de la population, de l’incidence de la consommation de drogues et de l’immigration sur la variation constatée, au Portugal, sur onze groupes de crimes. Les résultats obtenus indiquent que les qualifications académiques ont des effets sur les crimes contre la propriété, contre la vie et l’intégrité physique et en rapport avec la conduite, tout comme le produit intérieur brut par résident, l’âge moyen de la population, les professions, l’urbanisation, l’inégalité dans la répartition du revenu et de l’immigration en ont aussi.

Abstract This study analysed the effect of variations in income and inequality of income distribution, relative and severe poverty, academic qualifications,employment by occupation, concentration of the population in urban areas, ageing population, incidence of drug use and immigration on 11 groups of crimes in Portugal. The results showed the effects of academic qualifications on crimes against property, life and physical integrity and driving offences and the effects of gross domestic product per resident, the average age of the population, occupation, urbanisation, inequality in the distribution of income and immigration.

Abstract Purpose. This paper aims to examine the causation linking financial technology to economic growth in the East African Community states from 1997 to 2019. Design/methodology/approach. Autoregressive distributed lag is used. Gross domestic product per capita proxies economic growth, automated teller machines, point of sale, debit card ownership and mobile banking measure financial technology. Findings. The results unveil a significant relationship between financial technology and economic growth. The findings show bidirectional causality between automated teller machine and economic growth, with unidirectional causation from economic growth to point of sales and internet banking, mobile banking and government effectiveness to economic growth. The error correction term is negatively significant, demonstrating a long-term convergence between Fintech measures and economic growth. Research limitations/implications. The governments should effectively enact and implement policies that protect investments in financial technologies to boost economic growth in the East African Community countries. The government should reduce taxes on financial technology equipment and related services. The use of automated teller machine, debit card ownership and internet banking should be encouraged through cashless transactions. Financial institutions should adopt cashless operation policies to encourage the use of financial technologies. Originality/value. Research results on the bond between financial technology and economic growth are not conclusive. These studies demonstrate that technological innovations are double edged-swords, with both positive and negative sides. The results are conflicting; some reveal positive relationships, while others show negative links. Hence, research is required to fill the lacuna.

Abstract Purpose. This paper aims to determine causal relationships between the level of productive credit, real deposits and money demand - all of them in real terms - and Gross National Product between 2006 and 2020. Design/methodology/approach. The vector autoregressive technique (VAR) was used, where data from real macroeconomic aggregates published by the Central Bank of Ecuador (BCE) are correlated, such as productive credit, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, deposits and money demand. Findings. The results indicate that there is no causal relationship, in the Granger sense, between GDP and financial activity, but there is between the growth rate of real money demand per capita and the growth rate of total real deposits per capita. Originality/value. The study shows that bank credit mainly finances the operations of current assets and/or liabilities. In addition, economic agents use the banking system mainly to carry out transactional and precautionary activities

RESUMEN El bajo rendimiento constante de la economía brasileña en el siglo XXI, a pesar de algunos años de mayor crecimiento del producto interno bruto (PIB) en la década del 2000, ha coincidido con resultados positivos en su sistema financiero. Esta contradicción se examina en el artículo mediante los conceptos de hegemonía y financiarización. El objetivo es establecer una conexión entre la hegemonía financiera, la estructura económica y la rentabilidad agregada, a fin de identificar cómo lo primero impacta negativamente en lo segundo. Se evalúa el peso del sector financiero, así como su capacidad para influir en las políticas económicas y mantener sus ganancias en diferentes contextos. Además, se examinan los determinantes de la tasa de beneficio y su relación con los factores estructurales. La evidencia apunta a una influencia significativa del capital financiero, que mediante cambios estructurales adversos afecta las tendencias de la tasa de beneficio a largo plazo, lo que en consecuencia impacta en la industria y el comercio exterior, y permite al sector financiero mantener sus ganancias con el tiempo.

ABSTRACT The consistent underperformance of the Brazilian economy in the 21st century, despite some years of higher gross domestic product (GDP) growth in the 2000s, has coincided with positive outcomes in its financial system. This contradiction is examined in the article through the concepts of hegemony and financialization. The aim is to establish a connection between financial hegemony, economic structure, and aggregate profitability, to identify how the former affects negatively the latter. The weight of the financial sector and its ability to influence economic policies and sustain its gains in different contexts are evaluated. Additionally, the determinants of the profit rate and its relationship with structural factors are examined. The evidence points to a significant influence of financial capital, which, through adverse structural changes, affects long-term profit rate trends, and consequently affects the industry and foreign trade, while also allowing the financial sector to maintain its gains over time.

Resumo: Os indivíduos atribuem frequentemente certas características a nações e regiões, e àqueles que nelas vivem, apesar da acuidade com que o fazem ser tema de debate. Neste pré-teste, foi pedido a participantes Portugueses para avaliarem Homens e Mulheres de 17 nacionalidades com base em dimensões que podem estar relacionadas com nações orientadas para o individualismo ou coletivismo - nomeadamente masculinidade percebida, percentagem de gays/lésbicas em cada grupo (PGL), e estatuto económico. Previu-se que as conceptualizações de nacionalidade superassem os factores de género, resultando e avaliações genéricas dos indivíduos de cada nação neste cenário de ausência de contexto. Os resultados revelaram fortes relações entre homens e mulheres da mesma nacionalidade, e uma maior variabilidade entre nacionalidades nas avaliações dos alvos masculinos, apoiando a noção de que os estereótipos nacionais podem ser mais representativos dos homens de cada nação (i.e., androcentrismo). Além disso, as nações orientadas para o individualismo apresentaram classificações mais elevadas de PGL e de estatuto económico quando comparadas com as nações orientadas para o coletivismo, mas ambas foram consideradas igualmente masculinas. Por fim, o produto interno bruto per capita (PIBpc) de cada nação pareceu atuar de alguma forma em função dos julgamentos dos participantes. Os resultados generalizam a literatura a um contexto Português, fornecendo uma visão sobre a forma como os indivíduos podem categorizar as pessoas de várias nacionalidades.

Abstract: Individuals have the propensity to attribute certain characteristics to nations or regions, and those living within, although the accuracy of this is under debate. In this pretest, Portuguese participants were asked to evaluate men and women from 17 nationalities based on dimensions which might be related to individualistic- or collectivistic-oriented nations - namely perceived masculinity, percentage of gays/lesbians in each group (PGL), and economic status. We predicted conceptualizations of nationality to trump gender triggers, resulting in general evaluations of individuals from each nation in this context-absent scenario. Results revealed strong relationships between men and women from the same nationality, and greater variability among nationalities in the evaluations of male targets, supporting the notion national stereotypes may be more representative of the men from each nation (i.e., androcentrism). Additionally, individualist-oriented nations were found to have higher PGL and economic status ratings when compared to collectivist-oriented nations, but both were perceived as equally masculine. Finally, gross domestic product per capita (GDPpc) of each nation appeared to somewhat act as a function of participants’ judgements. Findings generalize literature to a Portuguese context, providing insight into the manner in which individuals may categorize those from various nationalities.

Abstract Mexico’s school enrolment in the 2021-2022 school year corresponds to 5.07 million students (5.5 % in higher technical and normal levels; 86.2 % in bachelor’s degrees; 7.2 % in specialties and master’s degrees; 1.1 % in doctorates), representing 4 % of the total national population. The article is structured on the basis of the deductive method and with a quantitative archetype; its objective is to determine the correlation between the higher education student population and economic growth and human development. It is hypothesized that higher education will contribute significantly to the achievement of these objectives, in the first instance to try to achieve economic growth, and then to gain access to economic, social, sustainable and human development. The hypothesis was confirmed that in Mexico during the period from 2010 to 2022, the highest number of higher education students can explain 82.6 % of the variations experienced in the increase of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) or economic growth. It was considered that the highest levels of education in the country (doctorate and master’s degrees) would have a decisive influence on the increase in GDP (economic growth) and a better position in the Human Development Index (HDI), but it turned out that the most influential variable in the estimated linear regressions is enrolment at the bachelor’s degree.

Resumen La matrícula escolar de México en el ciclo escolar 2021-2022 corresponde a 5,07 millones de alumnos (5,5 % en nivel técnico superior y normal, 86,2 % en licenciatura, 7,2 % en especialidad y maestría, y 1,1 % en doctorado), representando el 4 % de la población total nacional. El artículo se estructura con base en el método deductivo y con un arquetipo cuantitativo, teniendo como objetivo conocer el estado de correlación existente entre el universo estudiantil de educación superior con el crecimiento económico y el desarrollo humano. Se parte de la hipótesis que la educación superior contribuirá significativamente al logro de estos objetivos, en primera instancia, para tratar de alcanzar el crecimiento económico, y después, para lograr tener acceso al desarrollo económico, social, sustentable y humano. Se confirmó la hipótesis de que, en México, durante el período de 2010 a 2022, el mayor número de alumnado de nivel superior puede explicar el 82,6 % de las variaciones experimentadas en el aumento del Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) o crecimiento económico. Se consideraba que los más altos niveles de estudios en el país (doctorado y maestría) influirían de forma determinante en el incremento del PIB (crecimiento económico) y en una mejor posición del Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH), pero resultó que la variable más influyente en las regresiones lineales estimadas es la matrícula de nivel licenciatura.

Resumo O artigo tem como objetivo avaliar efeitos econômicos das aquisições da agricultura familiar, no âmbito do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE), para os municípios mineiros. De cunho quantitativo, o método escolhido é a regressão linear múltipla. Foram estimados quatro modelos, em que as variáveis econômicas, Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) total, agropecuário, indústria e serviços, são dependentes; o volume de repasses do PNAE (em reais) para agricultura familiar é a variável independente de interesse; e os valores (em reais) do crédito rural por meio do Programa de Fortalecimento da Agricultura Familiar (PRONAF), a produção da agroindústria familiar rural e o número de estabelecimentos da agricultura familiar vinculados a cooperativas ou associações são variáveis independentes de controle. Os principais resultados indicam que a variável PNAE mostrou-se estatisticamente significativa a 1% para os PIBs total, indústria e serviços, e estatisticamente significativo a 10% para o PIB agropecuária, apresentando maior efeito sobre o PIB total. Isso significa que as aquisições da agricultura familiar, por meio do PNAE, exercem efeitos econômicos positivos sobre esses setores e, principalmente, sobre o PIB total. Sugerem-se, para pesquisas futuras, estudos comparativos, aplicações de outras técnicas quantitativas e estudos com abordagens qualitativas. Recomendam-se também pesquisas que contemplem outras lentes teóricas para a percepção dos efeitos da política pública. , (PNAE) mineiros quantitativo múltipla modelos econômicas (PIB total agropecuário serviços dependentes reais interesse PRONAF, PRONAF (PRONAF) controle mostrouse mostrou se 1 10 agropecuária principalmente Sugeremse, Sugeremse Sugerem se, Sugerem-se futuras comparativos qualitativas Recomendamse Recomendam pública (PNAE (PRONAF

Resumen El artículo tiene como objetivo evaluar los efectos económicos de las compras de la agricultura familiar, en el marco del Programa Nacional de Alimentación Escolar (PNAE), para los municípios de Minas Gerais, Brasil. De carácter cuantitativo, el método elegido es la regresión lineal múltiple. Se estimaron cuatro modelos, en los que las variables el Producta Interno Bruto (PIB) total, el PIB de la agricultura y la ganadería, el PIB de la industria y el PIB de los servicios, son variables dependientes; el volumen de las transferencias del PNAE (en reales) para la agricultura familiar es la variable independiente de interés; y los valores (en reales) del crédito rural a través del Programa de Fortalecimiento de la Agricultura Familiar (PRONAF), la producción de la agroindustria familiar rural y el número de establecimientos de la agricultura familiar vinculados a cooperativas o asociaciones son las variables de control independientes. Los principales resultados indican que la variable PNAE, resultó estadístícamente significativa al 1% para el PIB total, la industria y los servicios, y estadístícamente significativa al 10% para el PIB agrícola y ganadero, presentando mayor efecto sobre el PIB total. Esto significa que las compras de la agricultura familiar tienen efectos económicos positivos en estos sectores. Se sugiere para futuras investigaciones estudios comparativos, la aplicación de otras técnicas cuantitativas y estudios con enfoques cualitativos. También recomendamos una investigación que incluya otras lentes teóricas para la percepción de los efectos de las políticas públicas. , (PNAE) Gerais Brasil cuantitativo múltiple modelos (PIB total ganadería servicios dependientes reales interés PRONAF, PRONAF (PRONAF) independientes 1 10 ganadero sectores comparativos cualitativos públicas (PNAE (PRONAF

Abstract The article aims to evaluate the economic effects of purchases form family farming, under the Brazilian School Feeding Program (PNAE), for the municipalities of Minas Gerais. Of quantitative nature, the chosen method is the multiple linear regression. Four models were estimated, in which the variables are total Gross Domestic Product-GDP (PIB), agriculture and cattle ranching GDP (PIB agropecuário), industry GDP (PIB indústria), and services GDP (PIB serviços). As dependent variables were chosen: the volume of PNAE transfers (in Reais) for family agriculture as the independent variable of interest; the values (in Reais) of rural credit through the Brazilian Program Strengthening Program for Family Farming (PRONAF), the production of family farming agro-industry and the number of family farming establishments linked to cooperatives or associations as the independent control variables. The main results indicate that the independent variable PNAE was statistically significant at 1% for total GDP, industry GDP and services GDP, and statistically significant at 10% for the agriculture and cattle ranching GDP, showing greater effect on total GDP. This means that purchases from family farming , through the PNAE, have positive economic effects on these sectors and, especially, on the total GDP. It is recommended for future researches comparative studies, the application of other quantitative techniques and studies with qualitative approaches. We also recommend research that includes other theoretical lenses for the perception of the effects of public policy. (PNAE) Gerais nature regression estimated ProductGDP Product PIB, PIB (PIB) agropecuário, agropecuário agropecuário) indústria, indústria indústria) serviços. serviços . serviços) Reais interest PRONAF, PRONAF (PRONAF) agroindustry agro 1 10 especially approaches policy (PNAE (PRONAF

Resumen Este trabajo analiza la relación de emisiones agrícolas de metano y óxido nitroso en función del producto interno bruto per cápita y su término cuadrático en 26 países latinoamericanos y del Caribe (1990-2019); considera también el stock de inversión extranjera para probar hipótesis del paraíso contaminante, la superficie agrícola (SA) y el metano para la función de óxido nitroso. El estudio comprendió pruebas de raíz unitaria y cointegración. La estimación de coeficientes se realizó por mínimos cuadrados completamente modificados (FMOLS), efectos comunes correlacionados (CCE) y grupo medio aumentado (AMG). Los resultados por FMOLS muestran evidencia de una probable curva ambiental de Kuznets en el conjunto de países para metano, además sustentan un paraíso contaminante. Los resultados por CCE y AMG indican lo contrario. Para óxido nitroso los resultados de FMOLS apoyan una curva en U. Lo anterior sostiene una política ambiental conjunta de ambos gases, donde la SA es un elemento clave. Los resultados anteriores se tienen que corroborar con otros métodos y extender los estudios a otros países en el tiempo.

Abstract This paper aims to analyze the relationship between agricultural methane and nitrous oxide emissions as a function of per capita gross domestic product (GDP) and its quadratic term in 26 Latin American and Caribbean countries (1990-2019). It also considers the stock of foreign investment to test the polluting paradise hypothesis, agricultural land (AL), and, additionally, methane for nitrous function. The study comprised unit root and cointegration tests. Coefficients were estimated using fully modified least squares (FMOLS), correlated common effects (CCE), and augmented mean group (AMG). Results by FMOLS show statistical evidence of an environmental Kuznets curve in the set of countries for methane and support the polluting paradise hypothesis. However, results from CCE and AMG show the opposite. For nitrous oxide, FMOLS support a U-shaped curve. The above supports a joint environmental policy for both gases, where al is a key element. The previous results must be corroborated with other methods and the studies extended to other countries over time.

Resumen El turismo en México es una de las actividades económicas más importantes, sin embargo, no se cuenta con datos estimados de manera rigurosa y sistemática sobre el producto interno bruto (PIB) turístico (PIBT) en escalas local, municipal y por entidad federativa, lo que no permite obtener información básica para la construcción de indicadores regionales, ni tener un conocimiento más real sobre la actividad turística subnacional en el país. De ahí que los objetivos generales de esta investigación son: 1) estimar el PIB turístico por estados y municipios para 2018 y su distribución espacial a nivel subnacional; 2) calcular el PIB turístico por localidades con base en estimaciones del PIBT municipal y estatal. Ambas estimaciones se realizan mediante análisis econométricos rigurosos a fin de dar certeza sobre su medición y presentar la distribución espacial de la actividad turística en las principales localidades, municipios y entidades federativas de México. Los resultados empíricos obtenidos consisten en datos para 2018 del PIB turístico para 828 localidades, las cuales participan con 90% del PIB turístico nacional (PIBTN), 644 municipios con 97% del PIBTN y 100% del PIBTN para los 32 estados de México.

Abstract Tourism in Mexico is one of the most important economic activities, however, there isn’t any rigorously and systematically estimated data on the tourism gross domestic product (GDP) at the locality, municipality, or federal entity levels, which does not allow obtaining basic information for the construction of regional indicators and have more real knowledge about subnational tourist activity in the country. Hence, the general objectives that we intend to achieve in this research are: 1) to estimate the tourism GDP (GDPT) by states and municipalities for the year 2018 and its spatial distribution at the subnational level; 2) to calculate the tourism GDP by locality based on municipal and state GDPT estimates. Both estimates are carried out through rigorous econometric analyzes to provide certainty about their measurement and present the spatial distribution of tourist activity in the main towns, municipalities, and federal entities of Mexico. The empirical results obtained consist of data for 2018 of the tourism GDP for 828 localities, which participate with 90% of the national tourism GDP (GDPTN), 644 municipalities with 97% of the GDPTN, and 100% of the GDPTN for the 32 states of Mexico.

BACKGROUND: Agriculture is crucial for economic growth, yet youth engagement in agricultural enterprises is declining due to concerns related to perceived profitability, resource access, and social stigmas. Understanding these determinants is vital for fostering youth interest in agriculture and promoting sustainable rural development and food security AIM: This study examines the factors affecting youth engagement in agricultural enterprises in Umzimvubu Local Municipality, South Africa, and their implications for food security and agribusiness SETTING: Addressing youth unemployment and enhancing agriculture's contribution to gross domestic product (GDP) require understanding barriers to youth participation. This study was conducted in Umzimvubu Local Municipality, South Africa METHODS: A structured questionnaire was administered to 210 youths through stratified random sampling. Descriptive statistics and a univariate probit regression model were used for analysis RESULTS: Findings indicate male dominance in agriculture, with educational background positively correlating with participation. Single youths showed greater interest than married counterparts. Challenges like land availability and a lack of financial support hinder engagement. Significant determinants include age, education, farming skills, social group membership, and household revenue, while factors like household size, gender, and limited access to credit negatively impact willingness to participate CONCLUSION: Addressing financial barriers through improved access to loans is essential to enhance youth involvement. Policies should cater to youth-specific traits and environmental challenges to build a resilient agricultural sector driven by young innovators CONTRIBUTION: The study emphasises the need for a comprehensive policy framework collaboratively developed by the government, the Department of Agriculture, and non-governmental organisations