The present work focused on the screening process of different inorganic oxides and different temperatures for the epoxidation reaction of macaw palm vegetable oil without using solvent, a promising Brazilian biomass that can substitute other vegetable oils (e.g., soybean oil) in technological applications. This oil has an iodine value of 108.48 g of I2 per 100 g being categorized as a semi-dry oil. The epoxidized vegetable oil can be applied in manifold areas in polymer science. The epoxidation reaction here presented avoided organic solvents and organic acids and aimed to produce a greener route using metal oxides or niobium phosphate as a peroxide-activating catalyst. The experimental parameters were maintained as 10 mol% of catalyst loading and a time of 24 h; however, the temperature for some catalysts was changed to improve the epoxide conversion. Experiments were measured by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR). Experiments using titanium oxide (TiO2) as a catalyst reached a conversion greater than 84.7%, while experiments using aluminium oxide (Al2O3) or lanthanum oxide (La2O3) achieved conversions of 22.6 and 30.1%, respectively. Furthermore, it was observed that both niobium compounds instantly react with hydrogen peroxide to form peroxy derivatives. solvent e.g., eg e (e.g. applications 10848 108 48 108.4 I semidry semi dry science peroxideactivating activating 1 mol 2 h however 1H H NMR. NMR . NMR) TiO2 TiO (TiO2 847 84 7 84.7% Al2O3 AlO Al O (Al2O3 La2O3 LaO La (La2O3 226 22 6 22. 301 30 30.1% respectively Furthermore derivatives e.g. (e.g 1084 4 108. (TiO 8 84.7 Al2O (Al2O La2O (La2O 3 30.1 e.g 84. 30.

Resumen El sector turístico en la actualidad está marcado por las concepciones de gestión, los espacios y la visión económica de las regiones, territorios y ciudades. Además, se aprecia que, como industria y como campo, debe contribuir al desarrollo social y comunitario sostenible en función de elevar la calidad de vida de los habitantes. El objetivo de la investigación estuvo encaminado en analizar la producción científica sobre turismo sostenible en la base de datos SCOPUS en el período 2022-2024. Para ello se implementó un diseño mixto en dos etapas, con un estudio bibliométrico como principal y una revisión hermenéutica de la literatura adaptada a los intereses cognoscitivos y metas de la investigación. Los resultados de la primera etapa evidenciaron un ligero incremento de la producción del año 2022 al año 2023, siendo las áreas más representativas las ciencias sociales y las ciencias ambientales. En la segunda etapa se examinó la relación entre sostenibilidad y turismo en el marco de los objetivos del desarrollo sostenible, así como las principales tendencias y retos.

Abstract The tourism sector today is marked by management concepts, spaces and the economic vision of regions, territories and cities. Furthermore, it is appreciated that, as an industry and as a field, it must contribute to sustainable social and community development in order to raise the quality of life of the inhabitants. The objective of the research was aimed at analyzing the scientific production on sustainable tourism in the SCOPUS database in the period 2022-2024. To achieve this, a mixed design was implemented in two stages, with a bibliometric study as the main one and a hermeneutical review of the literature adapted to the cognitive interests and goals of the research. The results of the first stage showed a slight increase in production from 2022 to 2023,0 with the most representative areas being social sciences and environmental sciences. In the second stage, the relationship between sustainability and tourism was examined within the framework of the sustainable development objectives, as well as the main trends and challenges.

Abstract Background: Hechtia is characterized by its terrestrial, succulent rosettes, dioecy, and unisexual, dimorphic flowers, mainly fragrant. The paucity and fragmentary herbarium material limit the species recognition but living material reveals diagnostic characters to delimitate them. Hypothesis: Hechtia species are circumscribed by a combination of vegetative and floral characters of both sexes. If the new taxon does not share morphological characters with other species, it will be described as new. Taxon: Hechtia. Study site and dates: Chamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve, Jalisco, 1985-2023. Methods: Field collected, cultivated as well as herbarium material of the new taxon were analyzed and compared to other species from the Pacific Lowlands and adjacent areas, particularly flowers of both sexes, fruits, and seeds. Conservation status using IUCN criteria is reported for the new species. Results: Specimens of Hechtia chamelensis have been misidentified as H. laevis and H. reticulata (both described from fruiting, fragmentary specimens) but the fruit and seed features of both taxa do not match those of the new species. H. chamelensis is known from the Chamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve and it is characterized by strict sympodial growth pattern, green leaves with red hues, shiny and glabrous above, white lepidote below, panicles usually simple to (rarely staminate ones) 2-divided, staminate flowers pinkish to pale white, pistillate with pale green to white petals. Conclusions: Vegetative and reproductive features as well as geographical distribution allow the recognition of H. chamelensis as a new species native from Jalisco, Mexico.

Resumen Antecedentes: Hechtia está caracterizado por sus rosetas suculentas, terrestres, dioicismo y flores unisexuales, dimórficas, generalmente fragantes. El escaso y fragmentario material de herbario, dificulta la delimitación de especies, pero el material vivo revela caracteres diagnósticos para delimitarlas. Hipótesis: Especies de Hechtia están circunscritas por una combinación de caracteres vegetativos y florales de ambos sexos. Si un taxón no comparte caracteres morfológicos y vegetativos con otras especies del género será descrito como nuevo. Taxón: Hechtia. Sitio y fechas de estudio: Reserva de la Biósfera Chamela-Cuixmala, Jalisco, 1985-2023. Métodos: Se analizó material recolectado, cultivado y herborizado del nuevo taxón y se comparó con el de otras especies de las Tierras Bajas del Pacífico y de áreas adyacentes, se analizaron y caracterizaron flores de ambos sexos, frutos y semillas. Se reporta el estado de conservación de la nueva especie utilizando los criterios de la UICN. Resultados: Ejemplares de Hechtia chamelensis se han identificado erróneamente como H. laevis y H. reticulata (descritas de especímenes con frutos), pero características de frutos y semillas de ambos taxones no coinciden con los del nuevo taxón. H. chamelensis es conocida hasta ahora de la Reserva de la Biósfera Chamela-Cuixmala, se caracteriza por crecimiento simpodial, hojas verdes con tintes rojizos, glabras y brillantes adaxialmente, blanco lepidotas abaxialmente, panículas simples a (raramente las estaminadas) 2 divididas, flores estaminadas con pétalos rosado a blanco pálido, en pistiladas verde pálido a blanco. Conclusiones: Características vegetativas y reproductivas, y la distribución geográfica, permiten reconocer a H. chamelensis como una nueva especie nativa de Jalisco, México.

Resumen La vegetación es una parte vital de la infraestructura urbana por los servicios ambientales y los beneficios que provee a la población, por lo que es importante conocer su diversidad y estructura. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar la estructura y composición florística de árboles, palmas y arbustos ubicados en áreas urbanas públicas de la ciudad de Tapachula, en el estado de Chiapas. Se recabó información dasométrica de ocho parques públicos, cinco áreas verdes públicas, cuatro camellones o jardineras y 38 calles, con una superficie total de 27.32 ha. Se registró el diámetro normal (1.30 m de la base del suelo) y la altura total. Se calculó la densidad de especies por área verde. La diversidad fue evaluada mediante los índices de Shannon-Weiner y de Margalef. Taxonómicamente, se identificaron 130 especies, 109 géneros y 44 familias. De los taxa registrados, 65 pertenecen a especies nativas (550 individuos) y 65 a exóticas (1 927 individuos). Ficus microcarpa es el taxón exótico preponderante con un Índice de Valor de Importancia (IVI) de 6.14. De las especies nativas, Roseodendron donnell-smithii destaca como el elemento más representativo (IVI=1.45). El Índice de Shannon-Weiner calculado para diferentes áreas verdes registró 2.7≤H’≤3.3 y el Índice de Margalef 5.2≤D Mg ≤15.2, lo cual evidencia que las calles poseen una gran diversidad de especies.

Abstract Urban vegetation is a vital part of urban infrastructure due to the environmental services it provides and the benefits to the population; therefore, it is important to know its diversity and structure. The objective of this work was to assess the structure and floristic composition of trees, palms and shrubs located in public urban areas of the city of Tapachula, state of Chiapas. Mensuration information was collected from eight public parks; five public green areas, four medians and 38 streets, with a total area of 27.32 ha. Normal diameter (1.30 m base from the ground) and total height were recorded. The density of species per urban green area was calculated. Diversity was evaluated using the Shannon-Weiner and Margalef indexes. Taxonomically, 130 species, 109 genera and 44 families were identified. Of the 130 specific taxa recorded, 65 belong to native species and 65 exotic. The total number of individuals was 1 927 exotic and 550 native. Ficus microcarpa is the predominant exotic with 6.14 Importance Value Index (IVI). Of the native species, Roseodendron donnell-smithii stands out as the most representative (IVI=1.45). The Shannon-Weiner Index calculated for different green areas registered 2.7≤H'≤3.3 and the Margalef Index 5.2≤D Mg ≤15.2, showing that the streets have a great species diversity.

Abstract Urban trees play an important role within cities due to the environmental services they provide and their contribution to mitigating the current climate crisis. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the tree vegetation of five public parks in the Texcoco de Mora municipality in order to estimate the environmental services they provide. A census was carried out per park and the data were processed through the i-Tree® Eco v6 software. 1 325 individuals from 23 families and 37 genera were recorded with a richness of 55 species in the five parks, an average density of 157 trees ha-1 and a total of 242.6 megagrams of carbon storage with a carbon capture of 10.5 Mg year-1. The avoided rain runoff was 481 m3 year-1 and the value represented by these environmental services is MXN $894 514.93 for carbon storage, MXN $38 650 annually for carbon capture, and MXN $481.93 for runoff. The replacement value of the trees reaches MXN $24 408 534. A tree cover of 30 485 m2 was estimated, which represents a factor of 0.86 m2 inhabitant-1. It is concluded that Texcoco is below the recommended factor of trees per inhabitant proposed by the UN. It is necessary to study the green areas, medians, alignment trees and community parks, to achieve a more complete panorama of the municipality.

Resumen El arbolado urbano desempeña un papel importante dentro de las ciudades por los servicios ambientales que provee y por su contribución a la mitigación de la actual crisis climática. En ese contexto, el objetivo del presente estudio consistió en evaluar la vegetación arbórea de cinco parques públicos del municipio Texcoco de Mora a fin de estimar los servicios ambientales que proporcionan. Se realizó un censo por parque y se procesaron los datos a través del software i-Tree ® Eco V6. Se registraron 1 325 individuos de 23 familias y 37 géneros con una riqueza de 55 especies en los cinco parques, una densidad promedio de 157 árboles ha-1 y un total de 242.6 megagramos de almacenamiento de carbono con una captura de 10.5 Mg año-1. El escurrimiento de lluvia evitado fue de 481 m3 año-1 y el valor que representan estos servicios ambientales en pesos es de MXN $894 514.93 para el almacenamiento de carbono, MXN $38 650 anuales para la captura del mismo y MXN $481.93 para el escurrimiento. El valor de sustitución del arbolado es de MXN $24 408 534.00. Se estimó una cobertura arbórea de 30 485 m2, lo cual representa un factor de 0.86 m2 habitante-1. Se concluye que Texcoco está por debajo del factor recomendado de arbolado por habitante propuesto por la ONU. Es necesario estudiar las áreas verdes, camellones, árboles de alineamiento y parques comunitarios para tener un panorama del municipio más completo.

Abstract Faced with the challenges posed by the need for fertilizers to maintain agricultural production, a biological process of atmospheric nitrogen fixation occurs naturally, which is carried out by a group of symbiotic bacteria that form a very close association with plants of the legume group, among which is the sweet clover (Melilotus spp.). From an ecological point of view, this plant has an essential function due to its good ability to associate with native nitrogen-fixing bacteria of the genus Sinorhizobium. A fundamental aspect is that this plant species can grow normally in alkaline soils, which doubles its importance since, on the one hand, it fixes nitrogen, and on the other hand, it can be incorporated as green manure. With this, the physicochemical properties of the soil are improved, and the levels of organic matter, which is in extremely poor condition in arid zone areas, are increased. Additionally, this species can withstand low temperatures and grow satisfactorily in winter. This paper presents a synthesis of the genus Melilotus and its symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti and its importance as a potential natural soil improver.

Resumen Ante los retos por la necesidad de fertilizantes para mantener la producción agrícola, ocurre naturalmente un proceso biológico de fijación de nitrógeno atmosférico por parte de un grupo de bacterias simbióticas que forman una asociación muy estrecha con plantas del grupo de las leguminosas, entre las que se encuentran las alfalfillas o tréboles silvestres (Melilotus spp.). Desde el punto de vista ecológico esta planta tiene una función muy importante por la buena capacidad de asociarse a bacterias nativas del suelo fijadoras de nitrógeno del género Sinorhizobium. Un aspecto fundamental es que esta especie vegetal puede crecer normalmente en suelos alcalinos, lo que le convierte aún más como doble importante, ya que, por un lado, fija nitrógeno y por el otro puede incorporarse como abono verde. Con ello, se mejoran las propiedades físico-químicas del suelo y, se incrementan los niveles de materia orgánica, condición que es muy pobre en las áreas de zonas áridas. Adicionalmente, esta especie puede resistir bajas temperaturas y crecer satisfactoriamente en invierno. Este documento presenta una síntesis del género Melilotus y su simbionte Sinorhizobium meliloti, así como su importancia como posible mejorador natural del suelo.

Abstract Mature, leafy trees are characterized by their large size and longevity. They provide many ecosystem services and sometimes are part of the cultural and historical heritage of cities. The objective of this research was to analyze the economic, social, and ecological value of mature, leafy trees in the city of Durango, Mexico. Through satellite images and field inventories, 83 trees were identified with the characteristics of size and longevity. Diameter at breast height, height, diameter and crown condition were measured, as well as temperature and solar radiation. A survey was administered to residents and park visitors to learn about their perceptions of the importance of these trees. The inventory data were analyzed in the i-Tree Eco v6 platform to determine the quantity and economic value of the ecosystem services. Mature, leafy trees in this city store about 1.3 CO2 tons per year, intercept 375 kg of particles smaller than 10 µm, and their substitution value was estimated at MXN $23.6 million. From data taken under and outside the canopy, a difference between 400 and 1 200 Wm2 of intercepted solar radiation and between 6 and 20 °C of temperature was calculated. Derived from the factor analysis, the questionnaires revealed three latent variables, in this order: "disservices", "benefits" and "existential values". No significant differences in the factor scores were found among these variables. This information will allow city managers to define plans for the management and conservation of these type of trees.

Resumen Los árboles frondosos se caracterizan por su gran tamaño y longevidad, la cantidad de servicios ecosistémicos que proveen y, en ocasiones, destacan por su contribución al acervo cultural e histórico de las ciudades. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar el valor económico, social y ecológico que representan los árboles frondosos en la ciudad de Durango, México. A través de imágenes satelitales e inventarios de campo, se identificaron 83 árboles frondosos. Se midió el diámetro a la altura del pecho, altura, diámetro y estado de la copa, además de la temperatura y la radiación solar. Se aplicó una encuesta para conocer las percepciones sociales de la importancia de estos individuos. Los datos del inventario se analizaron en la plataforma i-Tree Eco v6 para determinar la cantidad y valor económico de los servicios ecosistémicos. Los árboles frondosos de esta ciudad secuestran alrededor de 1.3 t de CO2 por año, interceptan alrededor de 375 kg de partículas menores a 10 µm y su valor de sustitución se estimó en MXN $23.6 millones. A partir de datos tomados bajo y fuera del dosel, se calculó una diferencia de entre 400 y 1 200 Wm2 de radiación solar interceptada y de 6 a 20 °C de temperatura. Derivado del análisis factorial, las encuestas revelaron tres variables latentes: “perjuicios”, “beneficios” y “valores existenciales”. No se obtuvieron diferencias significativas en las puntuaciones factoriales de las variables. La información generada permitirá definir planes para el manejo y conservación de este tipo de ejemplares.

Abstract The green areas in urban areas have provided a variety of ecosystem services which influence the quality of life of the inhabitants. The objective of this work was to analyze the effect of green areas on the Land Surface Temperature (LST) recorded by remote sensors in the city of Durango, Durango. The existing public and private green areas in the city were differentiated and the area in square meters per inhabitant was calculated. A classification by land use (urban, body of water, bare soil and green area) was carried out in order to analyze the ST derived from Landsat 8 satellite images and geographic information systems (QGIS), in addition a comparison of ST in three types of green areas (parks, squares and gardens, and ridges). The behavior of the ST was analyzed in two seasons of the year, in winter 2021 and spring 2022, identifying the areas with the highest incidence of temperature in two periods. The results indicate a lower ST in green areas compared to urban areas (concrete, construction and asphalt areas), as well as a regulatory trend in larger green areas (parks). The ST satellite product allowed to evaluate the temperature in spaces with vegetation within an urban area and it is shown that the larger the green area, the more thermal regulation exists in urban areas.

Resumen Las áreas verdes de las zonas urbanas contribuyen a la regulación térmica y por lo tanto al confort de la población. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue analizar el efecto de las áreas verdes en la temperatura superficial (TS) registrada mediante sensores remotos en la ciudad de Durango, Durango. Se diferenciaron las áreas verdes públicas y privadas existentes en la ciudad y se calculó la superficie en metros cuadrados por habitante. Se realizó una clasificación por uso de suelo (urbano, cuerpo de agua, suelo desnudo y área verde) con el fin de analizar la TS derivada de imágenes del satélite Landsat 8 y sistemas de información geográfica (QGIS); además, se hizo una comparación de TS en tres tipos de áreas verdes (parques, plazas, jardines y camellones). Se analizó el comportamiento de la TS en dos estaciones del año, en invierno de 2021 y primavera de 2022; a partir de lo cual se identificaron las zonas con mayor incidencia de temperatura en dos periodos. Los resultados indicaron una TS menor en las áreas verdes comparada con el uso de suelo urbano (zonas de concreto, construcción y asfalto), así como una tendencia regulatoria en las áreas verdes de mayor extensión (parques). El producto satelital TS permitió evaluar la temperatura en espacios con vegetación dentro de una zona urbana, y se demuestra que entre mayor es el área verde, más regulación térmica existe en las zonas urbanas.

Resumo O uso e as mudanças na cobertura da terra estão afetando o meio ambiente global e os ecossistemas das diferentes biosferas. O monitoramento, relatório e verificação (MRV) dessas mudanças são de extrema importância, pois muitas vezes resultam em várias consequências ambientais globais, como degradação da terra, erosão em massa, deterioração do hábitat, bem como micro e macroclima das regiões. As tecnologias avançadas, como sensoriamento remoto (RS) e sistema de informações geográficas (SIG), são úteis para determinar / identificar essas mudanças. Na área de estudo atual, as mudanças nos estoques de carbono, principalmente em áreas florestais, estão resultando em uma dinâmica considerável dos estoques de carbono como resultado das mudanças climáticas e do sequestro de carbono. Este estudo foi realizado no distrito de Diamer de Gilgit Baltistan (GB), Paquistão, para investigar a mudança na mudança de cobertura / mudança de uso da terra (particularmente uso de terras florestais), bem como o potencial de sequestro de carbono das florestas no distrito durante quase os últimos 25 anos. A cobertura da terra, os dados temporais do Landsat (nível 1, LIT), foram baixados do USGS EROS (2016), para 1979-1989, 1990-2000 e 2001-2012. Mudanças nos usos da terra, particularmente na cobertura florestal, foram investigadas usando técnicas de SIG. O inventário florestal foi realizado por meio de técnicas de amostragem aleatória. Um lote padrão de 0,1 ha (n = 80) foi estabelecido para determinar a densidade das árvores, volume, biomassa e estoques de C. A simulação dos estoques de C foi realizada pela aplicação do modelo CO2FIX com a entrada de dados do inventário. Os resultados mostraram uma diminuição na cobertura florestal e de neve na região de 1979 a 2012. Da mesma forma, diminuição foi observada no volume da árvore, biomassa das árvores, dinâmica dos estoques de C e diminuição na densidade das árvores, respectivamente. É recomendado que precisemos de mais projetos como o BTAP (Billion Tree Afforestation Project) e o projeto Green Pakistan para aumentar a cobertura florestal, controlar as mudanças no uso da terra, proteger o ecossistema florestal e proteger a cobertura de neve.

Abstract Land use and land cover change are affecting the global environment and ecosystems of the different biospheres. Monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) of these changes is of utmost importance as they often results in several global environmental consequences such as land degradation, mass erosion, habitat deterioration as well as micro and macro climate of the regions. The advance technologies like remote sensing (RS) and geographical information system (GIS) are helpful in determining/ identifying these changes. In the current study area, changes in carbon stocks, notably in forest areas, are resulting in considerable dynamics of carbon stocks as a result of climate change and carbon sequestration. This study was carried out in the Diamer district of the Gilgit Baltistan (GB) Pakistan to investigate the change in cover change/land use change (particularly Forest Land use) as well as carbon sequestration potential of the forests in the district during almost last 25years. The land cover, temporal Landsat data (level 1, LIT) were downloaded from the USGS EROS (2016), for 1979-1989, 1990-2000 and 2001-2012. Change in land uses, particularly forest cover was investigated using GIS techniques. Forest inventory was carried out using random sampling techniques. A standard plot of size 0.1 ha (n=80) was laid out to determine the tree density, volume, biomass and C stocks. Simulation of C stocks was accomplished by application of the CO2FIX model with the data input from inventory. Results showed a decrease in both forest and snow cover in the region from 1979-2012. Similarly decrease was seen in tree volume, tree Biomass, dynamics of C Stocks and decrease was in occur tree density respectively. It is recommended we need further more like project such as BTAP (Billion Tree Afforestation Project) and green Pakistan project to increase the forest cover, to control on land use change, protect forest ecosystem and to protect snow cover.

ABSTRACT: Surface contamination by pathogenic and deteriorating microorganisms is a constant concern in the food industry. Therefore, in this study we evaluated the antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), produced using the essential oil of Lippia origanoides Kunth and ethanolic extract of Hymenaea martiana Hayne, against bacteria used in milk processing. For this, AgNPs were synthesized and their antimicrobial activity was evaluated for minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations, time-kill, interference on the biofilm, and application on the surfaces of different materials. AgNPs showed bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 33591), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Choleraesuis (ATCC 10708), Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp.,andPseudomonas aeruginosa,and interfered with biofilm formation more than with consolidated biofilms. A 1hour period was sufficient to reduce the bacterial cells, whereas a Minimum Duration for Killing (MDK) of 99% was reached after approximately 30 min. AgNPs were effective against bacteria attached to stainless steel and polyethylene, but ineffective on tile surfaces. Thus, owing to the growing microbial resistance and the need to develop new products based on the concepts of green chemistry, these AgNPs are presented as a new possibility for cleaning processes in the food industry. ABSTRACT industry Therefore AgNPs, , (AgNPs) Hayne processing concentrations timekill, timekill time kill, kill time-kill materials ATCC 25923, 25923 25923) 33591, 33591 33591) 25922, 25922 25922) subsp 10708, 10708 10708) monocytogenes sppandPseudomonas spp andPseudomonas aeruginosaand aeruginosa biofilms hour cells MDK (MDK 99 3 min polyethylene Thus chemistry (AgNPs 2592 3359 1070 9 259 335 107 25 33 10 2 1

RESUMO: A contaminação de superfícies por micro-organismos patogênicos e deteriorantes é uma preocupação constante na indústria de alimentos. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana de nanopartículas de prata (AgNPs) produzidas utilizando óleo essencial de Lippia origanoides Kunth e extrato etanólico da Hymenaea martiana Hayne, frente a bactérias de importância na contaminação em áreas de processamento do leite. Para isso, as AgNPs foram sintetizadas e sua atividade antimicrobiana foi avaliada através das concentrações inibitória e bactericida mínimas, tempo de morte, interferência sobre o biofilme, e por fim, a sua aplicação sobre superfícies de diferentes materiais. As AgNPs apresentaram atividade bacteriostática e/ou bactericida frente à Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 33591), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Choleraesuis (ATCC 10708), Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. e Pseudomonas aeruginosa, e interferiram na formação do biofilme mais do que sobre o biofilme consolidado. O tempo de uma hora foi o suficiente para reduzir as populações bacterianas, enquanto o Minimum Duration for Killing MDK 99% foi atingido próximo a 30 minutos. As AgNPs foram eficientes contra bactérias aderidas ao inox e ao polietileno. Assim, tendo em vista a crescente resistência microbiana e o desenvolvimento de novos produtos baseados nos conceitos da química verde, essas nanopartículas de prata apresentam-se como uma nova possibilidade de uso nos processos de higienização da indústria de alimentos. RESUMO microorganismos micro organismos alimentos forma (AgNPs Hayne leite isso mínimas morte fim materiais eou ou ATCC 25923, 25923 , 25923) 33591, 33591 33591) 25922, 25922 25922) subsp 10708, 10708 10708) monocytogenes spp aeruginosa consolidado bacterianas 99 3 minutos polietileno Assim verde apresentamse apresentam se 2592 3359 1070 9 259 335 107 25 33 10 2 1

Summary: Given the fragmentary and uneven development of Mercosur, the adoption of the Mercosur Socio-Labour Declaration has been a bold attempt to protect workers’ fundamental rights within a regional trade bloc. It was first adopted in 1998 and then substantially revisited in 2015. This article explores how Mercosur bodies and, particularly, national judges and their activism have circumvented the current intergovernmental institutional framework to consider the Socio-Labour Declaration as a justiciable instrument. This has allowed workers and citizens to rely upon it to challenge domestic legislations and protect their fundamental rights in the workplace. This piece concludes that an already overdue revision should not only reform the legal nature of the Socio-Labour, which should become a protocol to the Treaty of Asuncion, but should also regulate two crucial areas that are already shaping the Mercosur Member States’ labour markets, namely: platform work, and climate change with a particular focus on green jobs and just transition policies.

Résumé: Étant donné le développement fragmentaire et inégal du Mercosur, l›adoption de la Déclaration Socio-Laboral du Mercosur a été une tentative courageuse de protéger les droits fondamentaux des travailleurs au sein d’un bloc régional de libre-échange. Elle a été adoptée en 1998, puis largement révisée en 2015. Cet article étudie comment les instances du Mercosur et, en particulier, les juges nationaux et leur activisme judiciaire, ont contourné le cadre institutionnel intergouvernemental actuel pour considérer la Déclaration Socio-Laboral comme un instrument juridique justiciable. Cela a permis aux travailleurs et aux citoyens de s’appuyer sur la Déclaration pour contester les législations nationales et protéger leurs droits fondamentaux. Cet article conclut qu’une révision déjà nécessaire ne devrait pas seulement réformer la nature juridique de la Déclaration Socio-Laboral, qui devrait devenir un protocole du Traité d’Asunción, mais devrait également réglementer deux domaines cruciaux qui façonnent déjà les marchés du travail des États membres du Mercosur, à savoir: le travail des plateformes numériques, et le changement climatique, en mettant particulièrement l’accent sur les emplois verts et les politiques de transition juste.

Resumo: Considerando a natureza fragmentada e desigual do desenvolvimento do Mercosul, a adoção da Declaração Socio-Laboral do Mercosul foi uma tentativa audaciosa de proteger os direitos fundamentais dos trabalhadores dentro de um bloco comercial regional. O documento foi inicialmente adotado em 1998 e posteriormente revisado de forma substancial em 2015. Este artigo explora como os órgãos do Mercosul e, em particular, os juízes nacionais e seu ativismo, contornaram o atual quadro institucional intergovernamental para considerar a Declaração Socio-Laboral como um instrumento passível para a utilização em decisões judiciais. Isso permitiu que trabalhadores e cidadãos a utilizassem para contestar legislações domésticas e proteger seus direitos fundamentais no ambiente de trabalho. Este artigo conclui que uma revisão já atrasada não só deve reformar a natureza legal da Declaração Socio-Laboral, que deveria se tornar um protocolo para o Tratado de Assunção, mas também regulamentar duas áreas cruciais que já estão moldando os mercados de trabalho dos Estados Membros do Mercosul, a saber: trabalho em plataformas e mudanças climáticas, com um foco especial em empregos verdes e políticas de transição justa.

Resumen: En el marco de un desarrollo fragmentado e irregular a lo largo de la historia del Mercosur, la Declaración Sociolaboral ha sido un intento ambicioso de consagrar y proteger los derechos fundamentales de los trabajadores y, en cierta medida, de regular las relaciones laborales dentro de un proceso de integración regional. Originalmente adoptada en 1998, la declaración fue luego reformada y substancialmente mejorada en 2015. Este artículo explora cómo los organismos del Mercosur y, especialmente, los jueces nacionales a través de su activismo judicial han sorteado los obstáculos impuestos por la arquitectura institucional intergubernamental para utilizar a la Declaración Sociolaboral como un documento justiciable. Ello ha permitido que tanto los trabajadores como los ciudadanos en general puedan utilizarla para proteger sus derechos fundamentales en el marco de las relaciones laborales. Este artículo concluye que la revisión Declaración, que ya debería haber tenido lugar, debe reformar no sólo su naturaleza jurídica - a través del reconocimiento del mencionado instrumento como un protocolo adicional al Tratado de Asunción, sino que debe incluir nuevos derechos vinculados al trabajo de plataformas, y al cambio climático con especial énfasis en materia de empleo verde y políticas de transición justa.

Abstract Silver nanoparticles are opted to have various applications in different fields ranging from traditional medicines to culinary items. It is toxic and most effective against bacteria, fungi viruses, parasites, parasite carrying vectors such as mosquitoes and their larvae and other eukaryotic microorganisms at low concentration without any side effects and toxicity to humans. In view of these data, the present research has been investigated by synthesizing silver nanoparticles using 1mM silver nitrate and aqueous extract of Passiflora foetida. The variation of nanoparticles in size and shape concerning the concentration of extract prepared were analysed. The formation of silver nanoparticles was confirmed by colour changing from yellowish green to reddish-brown implicating the surface plasmon resonance. Further, it was concluded by obtaining an absorbance peak at 420 nm using UV-Visible spectrophotometer analysis. FTIR analysis was used to identify the capping ligands, which included alkanes, aromatic groups and nitro compounds. The average grain size of ~12 nm to 14 nm with crystalline phase was revealed by X-ray Diffraction studies. The SEM images depicted the surface morphology with agglomeration; TEM studies showed the shape of nanoparticles as spherical and hexagonal with sizes ranging from 40 nm to 100 nm and EDAX analysis confirmed the presence of elemental silver as the principal constituent. The characterized silver nanoparticles were then tested for synergistic antibacterial effects with tetracycline, and the results show that they are more active against E. coli and S. aureus, but moderately effective against B. cereus and K. pneumoniae . It also had a strong larval and pupal toxic effects on the dengue vector, Aedes aegypti with the highest mortality. As a result, silver nanoparticles could be a viable alternative for a variety of applications. items bacteria viruses parasites humans data mM foetida analysed reddishbrown reddish brown resonance Further 42 UVVisible UV Visible ligands alkanes compounds 12 ~1 1 Xray X ray agglomeration 4 10 constituent tetracycline E S aureus B K vector mortality result ~

Resumo Os nanopartículos de prata são optados por ter várias aplicações em diferentes áreas que variam de medicamentos tradicionais a itens culinários. É tóxico e mais eficaz contra bactérias, vírus de fungos, parasitas, parasitas que transportam vetores como mosquitos e suas larvas e outros microorganismos eucarióticos em baixa concentração, sem efeitos colaterais e toxicidade para os seres humanos. Em vista desses dados, a presente pesquisa foi investigada sintetizando nanopartículas de prata usando nitrato de prata de 1 mm e extrato aquoso de Passiflora foetida. Foi analisada a variação de nanopartículas em tamanho e forma relativa à concentração de extrato preparado. A formação de nanopartículas de prata foi confirmada pela mudança de cor de verde amarelado para marrom-avermelhado, implicando a ressonância plasmônica da superfície. Além disso, foi concluído pela obtenção de um pico de absorvância a 420 nm usando análise do espectrofotômetro visível por UV. A análise do FTIR foi usada para identificar os ligantes de captura, que incluíam alcanes, grupos aromáticos e compostos nitro. O tamanho médio dos grãos de ~ 12 nm a 14 nm com fase cristalina foi revelado por estudos de difração de raios-X. As imagens SEM retratavam a morfologia da superfície com aglomeração; Os estudos de TEM mostraram a forma das nanopartículas como esféricas e hexagonais, com tamanhos variando de 40 nm a 100 nm e a análise EDAX confirmou a presença de prata elementar como constituinte principal. As nanopartículas de prata caracterizadas foram então testadas quanto a efeitos antibacterianos sinérgicos com tetraciclina, e os resultados mostram que são mais ativos contra E. coli e S. aureus, mas moderadamente eficazes contra B. cereus e K. pneumoniae. Ele também teve um forte efeito tóxico larval e pupal no vetor de dengue, Aedes aegypti com a maior mortalidade. Como resultado, as nanopartículas de prata podem ser uma alternativa viável para uma variedade de aplicações. culinários bactérias fungos humanos dados foetida preparado marromavermelhado, marromavermelhado marrom avermelhado, avermelhado marrom-avermelhado disso 42 UV captura alcanes nitro raiosX. raiosX raios X. X raios-X aglomeração hexagonais 4 10 principal tetraciclina E S aureus B K pneumoniae dengue mortalidade resultado

Abstract At present more than 50% of the human population of Planet Earth, live in urban areas. The natural environment is changed considerably by cities: increase of population, productions of tons of waste, daily, change of biodiversity. The relationships human-nature were disrupted in cities due to the artificial construction of infrastructure. In order to protect biodiversity and recover nature in cities, Urban Forest Parks, as part of green infrastructure are a very important action. At the same time the psycology of urban populations can be improved. The use of Urban Forest Parks to improve social relations, education, physical activities in older adults can improve their cognitive ability and performance. 50 Earth areas waste daily humannature action improved relations education performance 5

Resumo Atualmente, mais de 50% da população humana do Planeta Terra, vive em áreas urbanas. O ambiente natural é extremamente alterado pelas cidades: aumento da poluição do ar, produção diária de toneladas de lixo, resíduos sólidos e líquidos, perda da biodiversidade. Devido ao sistema totalmente artificial das cidades, houve uma disrupção da interação espécie humana-natureza. Parques Florestais Urbanos são uma das iniciativas mais importantes para recuperar a biodiversidade das áreas urbanas, e são parte da infraestrutura verde. Ao mesmo tempo, a psicologia das populações urbanas pode ser muito melhorada, se o uso dos Parque Florestais Urbanos pelos adultos, mais velhos, for estimulado. Relações sociais, educação, atividades físicas, são estimuladores da capacidade cognitiva e podem melhorar a performance de cidadãos de maior idade. Atualmente 50 Terra cidades ar lixo líquidos humananatureza. humananatureza natureza. natureza humana-natureza verde tempo melhorada adultos velhos estimulado sociais educação físicas idade 5

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between gestational age and green areas, urban built areas, and the concentration of particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) in the city of São Paulo, analyzing the irregular distribution of these areas and pollution levels above the recommended level. METHODS The study population consisted of a cohort of live births from 2012, and data from the Live Birth Information System (Sinasc) of the city of São Paulo were used. Using satellite images and supervised classification, the distribution and quantity of green areas and built areas in the city of São Paulo was obtained, as well as the concentrations of PM2.5. Logistic regressions were used to obtain possible associations. RESULTS The results of the study show that a lower percentage of green areas is significantly associated with a higher chance of preterm births. A higher building density was positively associated with the odds ratio for preterm birth. We did not find any significant associations between air pollution (PM2.5) and preterm births. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study show that greener areas are less associated with preterm births when compared with less green areas. 25 2 5 2. PM2.5 PM25 PM PM2 (PM2.5 level 2012 Sinasc (Sinasc classification obtained birth PM2. (PM2. 201 (PM2 20 (PM

RESUMO OBJETIVO Avaliar a associação entre a idade gestacional e as áreas verdes, áreas construídas urbanas e a concentração de material particulado 2,5 (MP2,5) em São Paulo, analisando a distribuição irregular dessas áreas e os níveis de poluição acima do recomendado. MÉTODOS A população utilizada no estudo foi a dos nascidos vivos no ano de 2012, com os dados do Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivo (Sinasc) na cidade de São Paulo. Por meio de imagens de satélites e realizando a classificação supervisionada, obtivemos a distribuição e quantidade de áreas verdes e de áreas construídas, na cidade de São Paulo, assim como as concentrações de MP2,5. Regressões logísticas foram utilizadas para obter possíveis associações. RESULTADOS Os resultados do estudo mostram que menor percentual de áreas verdes está associado significativamente com maior chance de prematuridade. Maior densidade de construção foi associada positivamente com a razão de chance de nascimento prematuro. Não encontramos resultados significativos entre a poluição do ar (MP2,5) e prematuridade. CONCLUSÕES Os resultados deste estudo demostraram que áreas mais verdes em relação às áreas menos verdes são menos associadas a nascimentos prematuros. 25 2 5 2, MP2,5 MP25 MP MP2 (MP2,5 Paulo recomendado 2012 Sinasc (Sinasc supervisionada associações prematuridade prematuro prematuros MP2, (MP2, 201 (MP2 20 (MP

Ho bohlokoa ho sireletsa libaka tsa tikoloho tse hlokometsoeng joalo ka masimo a arotsoeng bakeng sa meaho ea litoropo le libaka tsa polokelo ea meru, molemong oa lits'ebeletso tsa tikoloho, moruo, sechaba le setso. Leha ho le joalo, libaka tse joalo li tlokotsing ka lebaka la ts'ebeliso ea batho ka ho fapana, ho akarelletsa le matla a naha a litoropong. Ka hona, boithuto bona bo ikemiselitse ho sebelisa mekhoa e bonts'ang maemo a tikoloho esale pele, le ho lekola litlamorao tse ka bang teng nakong e tlang litoropong tse sa tsotelleng tikoloho ho ts'ehetsa mantlha a Leano la Tekolo ea Tikoloho bakeng sa moralo le leano la ntlafatso ea litoropo le libaka. Boithuto bona bo sebelisitse Geographic Information Systems, limmapa tse seng li ntse li le teng tsa ts'ebeliso ea mobu, merero ea ts'ebeliso ea mobu, mohlala o netefalitsoeng oa ts'ebeliso ea mobu, le mekhoa e meng ea maemo ho bolela esale pele maemo a kamoso a lefats'e litoropong ka mohlala oa Markov. Ho sebelisitsoe maikutlo a litsebi a ipapisitseng le mokhoa oa boholo ba tsusumetso ea tikoloho le kutloelo-bohloko ea eona, ele ho hlalosa bohlokoa ba phello ea tikoloho. Ka ho etsa joalo, boholo ba tsusumetso ea tikoloho sebakeng se amehileng sa tikoloho bo arotsoe ka bo tlaase haholo (> 0% <5%), bo tlaase (>5% <10%), bo mahareng (>10% <15%), bo holimo (> 15% <20%), le bo holimo ka ho fetisisa (>20%). Liphuputso li fumane tsusumetso e kholo le e seng ea bohlokoa ea tikoloho litoropong haholo-holo libakeng tse hlokometsoeng tse amanang le litloahelo le maemo a mang. Molemo oa tlhahisoleseling e tsoang phuputsong ena ke ho tshehetsa ba etsang liqeto ho sebetsana le mathata a amanang le tshebetso ea Tekolo ea Tikoloho le moralo oa tshebeliso ea mobu Afrika e ka borwa ho Sahara le likarolong tse ling.

Environmentally sensitive areas such as lands demarcated for urban green infrastructure and regional forest reserves by urban and regional plans are crucial to be protected, due to the environmental, economic, social, and cultural services they provide. However, such environmentally sensitive areas are threatened by various human activities, including urban land dynamics. This study, therefore, aims to deploy scenario alternatives to predict and evaluate the environmental impacts of the possible future urban land dynamics in environmentally sensitive areas to support the core of the Strategic Environmental Assessment process for sustainable urban and regional development planning and policy. The study deployed Geographic Information Systems, existing land-cover maps, land-use plans, calibrated and validated land-use/land-cover model, and scenario alternatives to predict the possible future urban and regional land dynamics using the Markov model. Experts' judgement, based on a matrix method of environmental impact magnitude and environmental sensitivity, was used to define environmental impact significance. In so doing, the environmental impact magnitude in the environmentally sensitive area is categorised into very low (>0% <5%), low (>5% <10%), medium (>10% <15%), high (>15% <20%), and very high (>20%). Key findings showed a significant and non-significant environmental impact of the possible future urban dynamics in environmentally sensitive areas associated with the business-as-usual scenario and alternative scenarios, respectively. The information from this study is useful to support decision makers in addressing problems associated with the applied Strategic Environmental Assessment process and land-use planning in sub-Saharan Africa and other parts of the Global South.

Omgewingsensitiewe gebiede soos lande wat vir stedelike groen infrastruktuur en streeksbosreservate deur stedelike en streeksplanne afgebaken is, is van kardinale belang om beskerm te word weens die omgewings-, ekonomiese, sosiale en kulturele dienste wat hulle verskaf. Sulke omgewingsensitiewe ge-biede word egter bedreig deur verskeie menslike aktiwiteite, insluitend stedelike gronddinamika. Hierdie studie het ten doel om scenario-alternatiewe te ontplooi om die omgewingsimpakte van die moontlike toekomstige stedelike grond-dinamika in omgewingsensitiewe ge-biede te voorspel en te evalueer om die kern van die Strategiese Omgewings-evalueringsproses vir volhoubare stede-like en streeksontwikkelingsbeplanning en -beleid te ondersteun. Die studie het Geografiese Inligtingstelsels, bestaande grondbedekkingskaarte, grondgebruik-planne, gekalibreerde en bekragtigde grondgebruik/grondbedekkingsmodel, en scenario-alternatiewe ontplooi om die moontlike toekomstige stedelike en streeksgronddinamika met behulp van die Markov-model te voorspel. Kenners se oordeel gebaseer op 'n matriksme-tode van omgewingsimpakgrootte en omgewingsensitiwiteit is gebruik om omgewingsimpakbetekenis te definieer. Sodoende word die omgewingsimpa-kgrootte in die omgewingsensitiewe gebied gekategoriseer in baie laag (>0% <5%), laag (>5% <10%), medium (>10% <15%), hoog (>15% <20%), en baie hoog (>20%). Sleutelbevindinge het 'n beduidende en nie-beduidende omgewingsimpak van die moontlike toekomstige stedelike dinamika in omgew-ingsensitiewe gebiede geassosieer met onderskeidelik die "business-as-usual"-scenario asook alternatiewe scenario's getoon. Die inligting uit hierdie studie is nuttig om besluitnemers te ondersteun in die aanspreek van probleme wat verband hou met die toegepaste Strategiese Omgewingsbeoordelingsproses en grondgebruikbeplanning in Afrika suid van die Sahara en ander dele van die Globale Suide.