The present work focused on the screening process of different inorganic oxides and different temperatures for the epoxidation reaction of macaw palm vegetable oil without using solvent, a promising Brazilian biomass that can substitute other vegetable oils (e.g., soybean oil) in technological applications. This oil has an iodine value of 108.48 g of I2 per 100 g being categorized as a semi-dry oil. The epoxidized vegetable oil can be applied in manifold areas in polymer science. The epoxidation reaction here presented avoided organic solvents and organic acids and aimed to produce a greener route using metal oxides or niobium phosphate as a peroxide-activating catalyst. The experimental parameters were maintained as 10 mol% of catalyst loading and a time of 24 h; however, the temperature for some catalysts was changed to improve the epoxide conversion. Experiments were measured by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR). Experiments using titanium oxide (TiO2) as a catalyst reached a conversion greater than 84.7%, while experiments using aluminium oxide (Al2O3) or lanthanum oxide (La2O3) achieved conversions of 22.6 and 30.1%, respectively. Furthermore, it was observed that both niobium compounds instantly react with hydrogen peroxide to form peroxy derivatives. solvent e.g., eg e (e.g. applications 10848 108 48 108.4 I semidry semi dry science peroxideactivating activating 1 mol 2 h however 1H H NMR. NMR . NMR) TiO2 TiO (TiO2 847 84 7 84.7% Al2O3 AlO Al O (Al2O3 La2O3 LaO La (La2O3 226 22 6 22. 301 30 30.1% respectively Furthermore derivatives e.g. (e.g 1084 4 108. (TiO 8 84.7 Al2O (Al2O La2O (La2O 3 30.1 e.g 84. 30.

RESUMO: Os padrões paisagísticos em zonas montanhosas com rápido desenvolvimento económico são fortemente afetados por múltiplas atividades humanas. No entanto, as mudanças nas alterações da paisagem nas áreas montanhosas cársticas atribuídas a atividades humanas complexas permanecem obscuras. A investigação sobre o grau de alteração da paisagem em zonas montanhosas sob a influência das atividades humanas é de grande importância para a conservação e gestão científica das paisagens montanhosas. Selecionamos zonas rurais com quatro tipos típicos de acidentes geográficos de pequena escala em áreas montanhosas como objetos de pesquisa e analisamos a resposta das mudanças na perturbação da paisagem rural à atividade humana nessas áreas. Nossos resultados revelam que o grau de alteração da paisagem e a atividade humana influenciam o aumento do índice na maioria das áreas montanhosas. As mudanças na atividade humana e nas perturbações paisagísticas são geralmente observadas na região de baixo relevo do terreno. A utilização intensiva do solo associada ao rápido desenvolvimento econômico tem um sério impacto negativo no grau de perturbação da paisagem, enquanto os projetos de restauração ecológica exercem um impacto positivo. Acelerar a implementação dos projetos para área “verde” e regular a expansão não regulamentada da produção e da terra viva são medidas cruciais para a gestão ecológica em áreas montanhosas cársticas. As futuras estratégias de gestão ecológica deverão centrar-se em áreas de terreno relativamente planas. Nossas descobertas contribuem para a gestão da paisagem e a regulação da atividade humana de diferentes tipos de relevo de pequena escala em áreas montanhosas cársticas. RESUMO entanto obscuras positivo verde “verde centrarse centrar se planas

ABSTRACT: Landscape patterns in mountainous areas with rapid economic development are strongly affected by multiple human activities. However, the changes in landscape disturbances across karst mountainous areas attributed to complex human activities remain unclear. Research on the degree of landscape disturbance in mountainous areas under the influence of human activities is of great significance to the conservation and scientific management of mountainous landscapes. We selected rural zones with four typical small-scale landform types in karst mountainous areas as the research objects and analyzed the response of changes in rural landscape disturbance to human activity in these areas. Our results revealed that the landscape disturbance degree and human activity influence index increase in the majority of karst mountainous areas. The changes in human activity and landscape disturbances are generally observed in the low terrain relief region. High-intensity land use associated with rapid economic development has a serious negative impact on the degree of landscape disturbance, while ecological restoration projects exert a positive impact. Accelerating the implementation of the grain for green project and regulating the unregulated expansion of production and living land are crucial measures for the ecological management in karst mountainous areas. Future ecological management strategies should focus on relatively flat terrain areas. Our findings contributed to the landscape management and human activity regulation of different small-scale landform types in karst mountainous areas. ABSTRACT However unclear landscapes smallscale small scale region Highintensity High intensity

Abstract Introduction: The creation of protected natural areas within urban environments has played an essential role in providing small reservoirs of native vegetation and refuges for endemic species. However, knowledge of how land management and landscape design can influence the different community structures of urban parks is scarce. Objective: To analyze, through ant communities, the influence of urbanization in a protected natural area (PNA) located in an urban zone. Methods: From April to July 2022, using bait traps and pitfall traps along 100 m transects, the presence of ant species was recorded in the El Refugio State Park Natural Area in Tamaulipas, Mexico. Alpha diversity was assessed using Hill numbers, while beta diversity was evaluated using the Jaccard index. Additionally, indicator species were identified through the indicator value (IndVal). Multiple correspondence analysis was conducted to associate the presence of species with environmental variables and vegetation types, and contingency tables were created to relate ant presence to vegetation cover size. Results: In total 18 565 individuals were captured (five subfamilies, 22 genera, and 29 species). Species richness and diversity decreased in sites with low vegetation cover, such as in Tamaulipan thornscrub; secondary vegetation retained greater species richness. Indicator species found in secondary vegetation and grassland areas were mainly composed of species that tolerate high temperatures and generalists such as Forelius mccooki and Tetramorium spinosum. The presence of these species is primarily associated with temperature, humidity, and vegetation cover. A relationship between the presence of ant species and vegetation cover size was evident. Conclusion: The structure and composition of ant communities vary according to the type of vegetation structure, particularly in areas that have undergone greater anthropogenic damage. Therefore, the conservation of landscapes, as well as monitoring of these areas, should be considered in future research.

Resumen Introducción: La creación de espacios naturales protegidos en entornos urbanos desempeñan un papel esencial, proporcionando reservorios de vegetación autóctona y refugios de fauna endémica. Sin embargo, es escaso el conocimiento sobre cómo la gestión del suelo y el diseño del paisaje influye en las diferentes estructuras comunitarias de parques urbanos. Objetivo: Analizar a través de comunidades de hormigas la influencia de la urbanización en un área natural protegida en zona urbana. Métodos: De abril a julio de 2022, en transectos de 100 m se colocaron trampas de cebo y Pitfall, se registró la presencia de especies de hormigas del Parque Estatal “El Refugio” (PER), Tamaulipas, México. La diversidad Alfa se evaluó mediante números de Hill y la diversidad Beta con el índice de Jaccard. Se identificaron especies indicadoras con el Valor Indicador (IndVal). Se realizó un análisis de correspondencia múltiple asociando la presencia de especies con variables ambientales y tipos de vegetación. Se realizó una tabla de contingencia para relacionar la presencia de hormigas con el tamaño de cobertura vegetal. Resultados: En total, se capturaron 18 565 individuos (cinco subfamilias, 22 géneros y 29 especies). La riqueza y diversidad de especies disminuyó en sitios con baja cobertura vegetal, como en matorral espinoso tamaulipeco; la vegetación secundaria conservó mayor riqueza de especies. Áreas de vegetación secundaria y pastizal registraron especies indicadoras, principalmente especies generalistas y tolerantes a las altas temperaturas como Forelius mccooki y Tetramorium spinosum. La presencia de especies está asociada con la temperatura, humedad y cobertura vegetal. Se evidenció una relación entre presencia de especies de hormigas y tamaño de cobertura vegetal. Conclusiones: La estructura y composición de las comunidades de hormigas varía de acuerdo con la estructura vegetal, principalmente en áreas que han sufrido mayor daño antropogénico. La conservación de los paisajes y el monitoreo de estas áreas, deben ser considerados en futuras investigaciones.

Resumen El sector turístico en la actualidad está marcado por las concepciones de gestión, los espacios y la visión económica de las regiones, territorios y ciudades. Además, se aprecia que, como industria y como campo, debe contribuir al desarrollo social y comunitario sostenible en función de elevar la calidad de vida de los habitantes. El objetivo de la investigación estuvo encaminado en analizar la producción científica sobre turismo sostenible en la base de datos SCOPUS en el período 2022-2024. Para ello se implementó un diseño mixto en dos etapas, con un estudio bibliométrico como principal y una revisión hermenéutica de la literatura adaptada a los intereses cognoscitivos y metas de la investigación. Los resultados de la primera etapa evidenciaron un ligero incremento de la producción del año 2022 al año 2023, siendo las áreas más representativas las ciencias sociales y las ciencias ambientales. En la segunda etapa se examinó la relación entre sostenibilidad y turismo en el marco de los objetivos del desarrollo sostenible, así como las principales tendencias y retos.

Abstract The tourism sector today is marked by management concepts, spaces and the economic vision of regions, territories and cities. Furthermore, it is appreciated that, as an industry and as a field, it must contribute to sustainable social and community development in order to raise the quality of life of the inhabitants. The objective of the research was aimed at analyzing the scientific production on sustainable tourism in the SCOPUS database in the period 2022-2024. To achieve this, a mixed design was implemented in two stages, with a bibliometric study as the main one and a hermeneutical review of the literature adapted to the cognitive interests and goals of the research. The results of the first stage showed a slight increase in production from 2022 to 2023,0 with the most representative areas being social sciences and environmental sciences. In the second stage, the relationship between sustainability and tourism was examined within the framework of the sustainable development objectives, as well as the main trends and challenges.

Abstract Background: Hechtia is characterized by its terrestrial, succulent rosettes, dioecy, and unisexual, dimorphic flowers, mainly fragrant. The paucity and fragmentary herbarium material limit the species recognition but living material reveals diagnostic characters to delimitate them. Hypothesis: Hechtia species are circumscribed by a combination of vegetative and floral characters of both sexes. If the new taxon does not share morphological characters with other species, it will be described as new. Taxon: Hechtia. Study site and dates: Chamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve, Jalisco, 1985-2023. Methods: Field collected, cultivated as well as herbarium material of the new taxon were analyzed and compared to other species from the Pacific Lowlands and adjacent areas, particularly flowers of both sexes, fruits, and seeds. Conservation status using IUCN criteria is reported for the new species. Results: Specimens of Hechtia chamelensis have been misidentified as H. laevis and H. reticulata (both described from fruiting, fragmentary specimens) but the fruit and seed features of both taxa do not match those of the new species. H. chamelensis is known from the Chamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve and it is characterized by strict sympodial growth pattern, green leaves with red hues, shiny and glabrous above, white lepidote below, panicles usually simple to (rarely staminate ones) 2-divided, staminate flowers pinkish to pale white, pistillate with pale green to white petals. Conclusions: Vegetative and reproductive features as well as geographical distribution allow the recognition of H. chamelensis as a new species native from Jalisco, Mexico.

Resumen Antecedentes: Hechtia está caracterizado por sus rosetas suculentas, terrestres, dioicismo y flores unisexuales, dimórficas, generalmente fragantes. El escaso y fragmentario material de herbario, dificulta la delimitación de especies, pero el material vivo revela caracteres diagnósticos para delimitarlas. Hipótesis: Especies de Hechtia están circunscritas por una combinación de caracteres vegetativos y florales de ambos sexos. Si un taxón no comparte caracteres morfológicos y vegetativos con otras especies del género será descrito como nuevo. Taxón: Hechtia. Sitio y fechas de estudio: Reserva de la Biósfera Chamela-Cuixmala, Jalisco, 1985-2023. Métodos: Se analizó material recolectado, cultivado y herborizado del nuevo taxón y se comparó con el de otras especies de las Tierras Bajas del Pacífico y de áreas adyacentes, se analizaron y caracterizaron flores de ambos sexos, frutos y semillas. Se reporta el estado de conservación de la nueva especie utilizando los criterios de la UICN. Resultados: Ejemplares de Hechtia chamelensis se han identificado erróneamente como H. laevis y H. reticulata (descritas de especímenes con frutos), pero características de frutos y semillas de ambos taxones no coinciden con los del nuevo taxón. H. chamelensis es conocida hasta ahora de la Reserva de la Biósfera Chamela-Cuixmala, se caracteriza por crecimiento simpodial, hojas verdes con tintes rojizos, glabras y brillantes adaxialmente, blanco lepidotas abaxialmente, panículas simples a (raramente las estaminadas) 2 divididas, flores estaminadas con pétalos rosado a blanco pálido, en pistiladas verde pálido a blanco. Conclusiones: Características vegetativas y reproductivas, y la distribución geográfica, permiten reconocer a H. chamelensis como una nueva especie nativa de Jalisco, México.

Summary Background and aims: The demand for native ornamentáis species has increased and the utilization of novel ornamental crops is a way of promoting their use and care by the community. Considering the high richness of the Tandilia hills, the objective of this study was to survey native plants with potential ornamental value and to propose suggestions for their use in landscaping. M&M: From the floristic survey carried out in a hill area of the south of Tandilia, a list of native species with potential ornamental value was made. For each species, it was recorded: growth habit; ornamental morphological attributes; flowering season and, depending on the environment's characteristics where they thrive, at least one suggestion for landscaping use was made. Results: A total of 47 species were proposed as ornamental, with predominance of perennial herbs (34), shrubs (11) and spring flowering. Foliage was the most frequent ornamental attribute. The main suggestion use category was: full-sun beds in shallow soils, followed in decreasing order by full-sun beds in deep soils; rock gardens, green roofs or full-sun vertical gardens; partial shadow beds in deep soils; partial shadow beds in shallow soils; shadow beds or shadow vertical gardens ponds. Conclusions: The southern hill areas of Tandilia have native flora of potential ornamental value that could be used in landscaping integrating different plantations, enhancing their cultural and patrimonial value.

Resumen Introducción y objetivos: La demanda de especies nativas con fines ornamentales ha aumentado y su uso representa una estrategia de valoración y conservación de las mismas por parte de la comunidad. Considerando la riqueza de las sierras de Tandilia, el objetivo de este trabajo fue relevar nativas de valor ornamental potencial y proponer sugerencias de uso de las mismas en espacios verdes. M&M: Del relevamiento florístico de un área del sur de Tandilia se elaboró un listado de especies nativas de uso ornamental potencial. Para cada especie se registró: hábito de crecimiento; atributos morfológicos ornamentales; época de floración y, según las características de los ambientales donde prosperan, se le adjudicó al menos una sugerencia de uso. Resultados: Se proponen 47 especies ornamentales, predominando las hierbas perennes (34) y los arbustos (11) y las floraciones primaverales. El follaje fue el atributo ornamental más frecuente. La principal sugerencia de uso fue la categoría macizos y/o canteros a pleno sol en suelos poco profundos, seguida de: macizos y/o canteros a pleno sol en suelos profundos; jardines de rocallas, techos verdes y/o jardines verticales a pleno sol; macizos y/o canteros a media sombra con suelos profundos; macizos y/o canteros a media sombra con suelos poco profundos; macizos, canteros y/o jardines verticales a la sombra; estanques. Conclusiones: Las áreas del sur de Tandilia poseen flora nativa de potencial valor ornamental que podrían emplearse en el diseño de espacios verdes integrando distintas plantaciones, realzando su valor cultural y patrimonial.

Resumen La vegetación es una parte vital de la infraestructura urbana por los servicios ambientales y los beneficios que provee a la población, por lo que es importante conocer su diversidad y estructura. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar la estructura y composición florística de árboles, palmas y arbustos ubicados en áreas urbanas públicas de la ciudad de Tapachula, en el estado de Chiapas. Se recabó información dasométrica de ocho parques públicos, cinco áreas verdes públicas, cuatro camellones o jardineras y 38 calles, con una superficie total de 27.32 ha. Se registró el diámetro normal (1.30 m de la base del suelo) y la altura total. Se calculó la densidad de especies por área verde. La diversidad fue evaluada mediante los índices de Shannon-Weiner y de Margalef. Taxonómicamente, se identificaron 130 especies, 109 géneros y 44 familias. De los taxa registrados, 65 pertenecen a especies nativas (550 individuos) y 65 a exóticas (1 927 individuos). Ficus microcarpa es el taxón exótico preponderante con un Índice de Valor de Importancia (IVI) de 6.14. De las especies nativas, Roseodendron donnell-smithii destaca como el elemento más representativo (IVI=1.45). El Índice de Shannon-Weiner calculado para diferentes áreas verdes registró 2.7≤H’≤3.3 y el Índice de Margalef 5.2≤D Mg ≤15.2, lo cual evidencia que las calles poseen una gran diversidad de especies.

Abstract Urban vegetation is a vital part of urban infrastructure due to the environmental services it provides and the benefits to the population; therefore, it is important to know its diversity and structure. The objective of this work was to assess the structure and floristic composition of trees, palms and shrubs located in public urban areas of the city of Tapachula, state of Chiapas. Mensuration information was collected from eight public parks; five public green areas, four medians and 38 streets, with a total area of 27.32 ha. Normal diameter (1.30 m base from the ground) and total height were recorded. The density of species per urban green area was calculated. Diversity was evaluated using the Shannon-Weiner and Margalef indexes. Taxonomically, 130 species, 109 genera and 44 families were identified. Of the 130 specific taxa recorded, 65 belong to native species and 65 exotic. The total number of individuals was 1 927 exotic and 550 native. Ficus microcarpa is the predominant exotic with 6.14 Importance Value Index (IVI). Of the native species, Roseodendron donnell-smithii stands out as the most representative (IVI=1.45). The Shannon-Weiner Index calculated for different green areas registered 2.7≤H'≤3.3 and the Margalef Index 5.2≤D Mg ≤15.2, showing that the streets have a great species diversity.

Abstract Urban trees play an important role within cities due to the environmental services they provide and their contribution to mitigating the current climate crisis. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the tree vegetation of five public parks in the Texcoco de Mora municipality in order to estimate the environmental services they provide. A census was carried out per park and the data were processed through the i-Tree® Eco v6 software. 1 325 individuals from 23 families and 37 genera were recorded with a richness of 55 species in the five parks, an average density of 157 trees ha-1 and a total of 242.6 megagrams of carbon storage with a carbon capture of 10.5 Mg year-1. The avoided rain runoff was 481 m3 year-1 and the value represented by these environmental services is MXN $894 514.93 for carbon storage, MXN $38 650 annually for carbon capture, and MXN $481.93 for runoff. The replacement value of the trees reaches MXN $24 408 534. A tree cover of 30 485 m2 was estimated, which represents a factor of 0.86 m2 inhabitant-1. It is concluded that Texcoco is below the recommended factor of trees per inhabitant proposed by the UN. It is necessary to study the green areas, medians, alignment trees and community parks, to achieve a more complete panorama of the municipality.

Resumen El arbolado urbano desempeña un papel importante dentro de las ciudades por los servicios ambientales que provee y por su contribución a la mitigación de la actual crisis climática. En ese contexto, el objetivo del presente estudio consistió en evaluar la vegetación arbórea de cinco parques públicos del municipio Texcoco de Mora a fin de estimar los servicios ambientales que proporcionan. Se realizó un censo por parque y se procesaron los datos a través del software i-Tree ® Eco V6. Se registraron 1 325 individuos de 23 familias y 37 géneros con una riqueza de 55 especies en los cinco parques, una densidad promedio de 157 árboles ha-1 y un total de 242.6 megagramos de almacenamiento de carbono con una captura de 10.5 Mg año-1. El escurrimiento de lluvia evitado fue de 481 m3 año-1 y el valor que representan estos servicios ambientales en pesos es de MXN $894 514.93 para el almacenamiento de carbono, MXN $38 650 anuales para la captura del mismo y MXN $481.93 para el escurrimiento. El valor de sustitución del arbolado es de MXN $24 408 534.00. Se estimó una cobertura arbórea de 30 485 m2, lo cual representa un factor de 0.86 m2 habitante-1. Se concluye que Texcoco está por debajo del factor recomendado de arbolado por habitante propuesto por la ONU. Es necesario estudiar las áreas verdes, camellones, árboles de alineamiento y parques comunitarios para tener un panorama del municipio más completo.

Abstract Faced with the challenges posed by the need for fertilizers to maintain agricultural production, a biological process of atmospheric nitrogen fixation occurs naturally, which is carried out by a group of symbiotic bacteria that form a very close association with plants of the legume group, among which is the sweet clover (Melilotus spp.). From an ecological point of view, this plant has an essential function due to its good ability to associate with native nitrogen-fixing bacteria of the genus Sinorhizobium. A fundamental aspect is that this plant species can grow normally in alkaline soils, which doubles its importance since, on the one hand, it fixes nitrogen, and on the other hand, it can be incorporated as green manure. With this, the physicochemical properties of the soil are improved, and the levels of organic matter, which is in extremely poor condition in arid zone areas, are increased. Additionally, this species can withstand low temperatures and grow satisfactorily in winter. This paper presents a synthesis of the genus Melilotus and its symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti and its importance as a potential natural soil improver.

Resumen Ante los retos por la necesidad de fertilizantes para mantener la producción agrícola, ocurre naturalmente un proceso biológico de fijación de nitrógeno atmosférico por parte de un grupo de bacterias simbióticas que forman una asociación muy estrecha con plantas del grupo de las leguminosas, entre las que se encuentran las alfalfillas o tréboles silvestres (Melilotus spp.). Desde el punto de vista ecológico esta planta tiene una función muy importante por la buena capacidad de asociarse a bacterias nativas del suelo fijadoras de nitrógeno del género Sinorhizobium. Un aspecto fundamental es que esta especie vegetal puede crecer normalmente en suelos alcalinos, lo que le convierte aún más como doble importante, ya que, por un lado, fija nitrógeno y por el otro puede incorporarse como abono verde. Con ello, se mejoran las propiedades físico-químicas del suelo y, se incrementan los niveles de materia orgánica, condición que es muy pobre en las áreas de zonas áridas. Adicionalmente, esta especie puede resistir bajas temperaturas y crecer satisfactoriamente en invierno. Este documento presenta una síntesis del género Melilotus y su simbionte Sinorhizobium meliloti, así como su importancia como posible mejorador natural del suelo.

Abstract Mature, leafy trees are characterized by their large size and longevity. They provide many ecosystem services and sometimes are part of the cultural and historical heritage of cities. The objective of this research was to analyze the economic, social, and ecological value of mature, leafy trees in the city of Durango, Mexico. Through satellite images and field inventories, 83 trees were identified with the characteristics of size and longevity. Diameter at breast height, height, diameter and crown condition were measured, as well as temperature and solar radiation. A survey was administered to residents and park visitors to learn about their perceptions of the importance of these trees. The inventory data were analyzed in the i-Tree Eco v6 platform to determine the quantity and economic value of the ecosystem services. Mature, leafy trees in this city store about 1.3 CO2 tons per year, intercept 375 kg of particles smaller than 10 µm, and their substitution value was estimated at MXN $23.6 million. From data taken under and outside the canopy, a difference between 400 and 1 200 Wm2 of intercepted solar radiation and between 6 and 20 °C of temperature was calculated. Derived from the factor analysis, the questionnaires revealed three latent variables, in this order: "disservices", "benefits" and "existential values". No significant differences in the factor scores were found among these variables. This information will allow city managers to define plans for the management and conservation of these type of trees.

Resumen Los árboles frondosos se caracterizan por su gran tamaño y longevidad, la cantidad de servicios ecosistémicos que proveen y, en ocasiones, destacan por su contribución al acervo cultural e histórico de las ciudades. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar el valor económico, social y ecológico que representan los árboles frondosos en la ciudad de Durango, México. A través de imágenes satelitales e inventarios de campo, se identificaron 83 árboles frondosos. Se midió el diámetro a la altura del pecho, altura, diámetro y estado de la copa, además de la temperatura y la radiación solar. Se aplicó una encuesta para conocer las percepciones sociales de la importancia de estos individuos. Los datos del inventario se analizaron en la plataforma i-Tree Eco v6 para determinar la cantidad y valor económico de los servicios ecosistémicos. Los árboles frondosos de esta ciudad secuestran alrededor de 1.3 t de CO2 por año, interceptan alrededor de 375 kg de partículas menores a 10 µm y su valor de sustitución se estimó en MXN $23.6 millones. A partir de datos tomados bajo y fuera del dosel, se calculó una diferencia de entre 400 y 1 200 Wm2 de radiación solar interceptada y de 6 a 20 °C de temperatura. Derivado del análisis factorial, las encuestas revelaron tres variables latentes: “perjuicios”, “beneficios” y “valores existenciales”. No se obtuvieron diferencias significativas en las puntuaciones factoriales de las variables. La información generada permitirá definir planes para el manejo y conservación de este tipo de ejemplares.

Abstract The green areas in urban areas have provided a variety of ecosystem services which influence the quality of life of the inhabitants. The objective of this work was to analyze the effect of green areas on the Land Surface Temperature (LST) recorded by remote sensors in the city of Durango, Durango. The existing public and private green areas in the city were differentiated and the area in square meters per inhabitant was calculated. A classification by land use (urban, body of water, bare soil and green area) was carried out in order to analyze the ST derived from Landsat 8 satellite images and geographic information systems (QGIS), in addition a comparison of ST in three types of green areas (parks, squares and gardens, and ridges). The behavior of the ST was analyzed in two seasons of the year, in winter 2021 and spring 2022, identifying the areas with the highest incidence of temperature in two periods. The results indicate a lower ST in green areas compared to urban areas (concrete, construction and asphalt areas), as well as a regulatory trend in larger green areas (parks). The ST satellite product allowed to evaluate the temperature in spaces with vegetation within an urban area and it is shown that the larger the green area, the more thermal regulation exists in urban areas.

Resumen Las áreas verdes de las zonas urbanas contribuyen a la regulación térmica y por lo tanto al confort de la población. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue analizar el efecto de las áreas verdes en la temperatura superficial (TS) registrada mediante sensores remotos en la ciudad de Durango, Durango. Se diferenciaron las áreas verdes públicas y privadas existentes en la ciudad y se calculó la superficie en metros cuadrados por habitante. Se realizó una clasificación por uso de suelo (urbano, cuerpo de agua, suelo desnudo y área verde) con el fin de analizar la TS derivada de imágenes del satélite Landsat 8 y sistemas de información geográfica (QGIS); además, se hizo una comparación de TS en tres tipos de áreas verdes (parques, plazas, jardines y camellones). Se analizó el comportamiento de la TS en dos estaciones del año, en invierno de 2021 y primavera de 2022; a partir de lo cual se identificaron las zonas con mayor incidencia de temperatura en dos periodos. Los resultados indicaron una TS menor en las áreas verdes comparada con el uso de suelo urbano (zonas de concreto, construcción y asfalto), así como una tendencia regulatoria en las áreas verdes de mayor extensión (parques). El producto satelital TS permitió evaluar la temperatura en espacios con vegetación dentro de una zona urbana, y se demuestra que entre mayor es el área verde, más regulación térmica existe en las zonas urbanas.

Abstract At present more than 50% of the human population of Planet Earth, live in urban areas. The natural environment is changed considerably by cities: increase of population, productions of tons of waste, daily, change of biodiversity. The relationships human-nature were disrupted in cities due to the artificial construction of infrastructure. In order to protect biodiversity and recover nature in cities, Urban Forest Parks, as part of green infrastructure are a very important action. At the same time the psycology of urban populations can be improved. The use of Urban Forest Parks to improve social relations, education, physical activities in older adults can improve their cognitive ability and performance. 50 Earth areas waste daily humannature action improved relations education performance 5

Resumo Atualmente, mais de 50% da população humana do Planeta Terra, vive em áreas urbanas. O ambiente natural é extremamente alterado pelas cidades: aumento da poluição do ar, produção diária de toneladas de lixo, resíduos sólidos e líquidos, perda da biodiversidade. Devido ao sistema totalmente artificial das cidades, houve uma disrupção da interação espécie humana-natureza. Parques Florestais Urbanos são uma das iniciativas mais importantes para recuperar a biodiversidade das áreas urbanas, e são parte da infraestrutura verde. Ao mesmo tempo, a psicologia das populações urbanas pode ser muito melhorada, se o uso dos Parque Florestais Urbanos pelos adultos, mais velhos, for estimulado. Relações sociais, educação, atividades físicas, são estimuladores da capacidade cognitiva e podem melhorar a performance de cidadãos de maior idade. Atualmente 50 Terra cidades ar lixo líquidos humananatureza. humananatureza natureza. natureza humana-natureza verde tempo melhorada adultos velhos estimulado sociais educação físicas idade 5

Abstract Silver nanoparticles are opted to have various applications in different fields ranging from traditional medicines to culinary items. It is toxic and most effective against bacteria, fungi viruses, parasites, parasite carrying vectors such as mosquitoes and their larvae and other eukaryotic microorganisms at low concentration without any side effects and toxicity to humans. In view of these data, the present research has been investigated by synthesizing silver nanoparticles using 1mM silver nitrate and aqueous extract of Passiflora foetida. The variation of nanoparticles in size and shape concerning the concentration of extract prepared were analysed. The formation of silver nanoparticles was confirmed by colour changing from yellowish green to reddish-brown implicating the surface plasmon resonance. Further, it was concluded by obtaining an absorbance peak at 420 nm using UV-Visible spectrophotometer analysis. FTIR analysis was used to identify the capping ligands, which included alkanes, aromatic groups and nitro compounds. The average grain size of ~12 nm to 14 nm with crystalline phase was revealed by X-ray Diffraction studies. The SEM images depicted the surface morphology with agglomeration; TEM studies showed the shape of nanoparticles as spherical and hexagonal with sizes ranging from 40 nm to 100 nm and EDAX analysis confirmed the presence of elemental silver as the principal constituent. The characterized silver nanoparticles were then tested for synergistic antibacterial effects with tetracycline, and the results show that they are more active against E. coli and S. aureus, but moderately effective against B. cereus and K. pneumoniae . It also had a strong larval and pupal toxic effects on the dengue vector, Aedes aegypti with the highest mortality. As a result, silver nanoparticles could be a viable alternative for a variety of applications. items bacteria viruses parasites humans data mM foetida analysed reddishbrown reddish brown resonance Further 42 UVVisible UV Visible ligands alkanes compounds 12 ~1 1 Xray X ray agglomeration 4 10 constituent tetracycline E S aureus B K vector mortality result ~

Resumo Os nanopartículos de prata são optados por ter várias aplicações em diferentes áreas que variam de medicamentos tradicionais a itens culinários. É tóxico e mais eficaz contra bactérias, vírus de fungos, parasitas, parasitas que transportam vetores como mosquitos e suas larvas e outros microorganismos eucarióticos em baixa concentração, sem efeitos colaterais e toxicidade para os seres humanos. Em vista desses dados, a presente pesquisa foi investigada sintetizando nanopartículas de prata usando nitrato de prata de 1 mm e extrato aquoso de Passiflora foetida. Foi analisada a variação de nanopartículas em tamanho e forma relativa à concentração de extrato preparado. A formação de nanopartículas de prata foi confirmada pela mudança de cor de verde amarelado para marrom-avermelhado, implicando a ressonância plasmônica da superfície. Além disso, foi concluído pela obtenção de um pico de absorvância a 420 nm usando análise do espectrofotômetro visível por UV. A análise do FTIR foi usada para identificar os ligantes de captura, que incluíam alcanes, grupos aromáticos e compostos nitro. O tamanho médio dos grãos de ~ 12 nm a 14 nm com fase cristalina foi revelado por estudos de difração de raios-X. As imagens SEM retratavam a morfologia da superfície com aglomeração; Os estudos de TEM mostraram a forma das nanopartículas como esféricas e hexagonais, com tamanhos variando de 40 nm a 100 nm e a análise EDAX confirmou a presença de prata elementar como constituinte principal. As nanopartículas de prata caracterizadas foram então testadas quanto a efeitos antibacterianos sinérgicos com tetraciclina, e os resultados mostram que são mais ativos contra E. coli e S. aureus, mas moderadamente eficazes contra B. cereus e K. pneumoniae. Ele também teve um forte efeito tóxico larval e pupal no vetor de dengue, Aedes aegypti com a maior mortalidade. Como resultado, as nanopartículas de prata podem ser uma alternativa viável para uma variedade de aplicações. culinários bactérias fungos humanos dados foetida preparado marromavermelhado, marromavermelhado marrom avermelhado, avermelhado marrom-avermelhado disso 42 UV captura alcanes nitro raiosX. raiosX raios X. X raios-X aglomeração hexagonais 4 10 principal tetraciclina E S aureus B K pneumoniae dengue mortalidade resultado

Resumo O uso e as mudanças na cobertura da terra estão afetando o meio ambiente global e os ecossistemas das diferentes biosferas. O monitoramento, relatório e verificação (MRV) dessas mudanças são de extrema importância, pois muitas vezes resultam em várias consequências ambientais globais, como degradação da terra, erosão em massa, deterioração do hábitat, bem como micro e macroclima das regiões. As tecnologias avançadas, como sensoriamento remoto (RS) e sistema de informações geográficas (SIG), são úteis para determinar / identificar essas mudanças. Na área de estudo atual, as mudanças nos estoques de carbono, principalmente em áreas florestais, estão resultando em uma dinâmica considerável dos estoques de carbono como resultado das mudanças climáticas e do sequestro de carbono. Este estudo foi realizado no distrito de Diamer de Gilgit Baltistan (GB), Paquistão, para investigar a mudança na mudança de cobertura / mudança de uso da terra (particularmente uso de terras florestais), bem como o potencial de sequestro de carbono das florestas no distrito durante quase os últimos 25 anos. A cobertura da terra, os dados temporais do Landsat (nível 1, LIT), foram baixados do USGS EROS (2016), para 1979-1989, 1990-2000 e 2001-2012. Mudanças nos usos da terra, particularmente na cobertura florestal, foram investigadas usando técnicas de SIG. O inventário florestal foi realizado por meio de técnicas de amostragem aleatória. Um lote padrão de 0,1 ha (n = 80) foi estabelecido para determinar a densidade das árvores, volume, biomassa e estoques de C. A simulação dos estoques de C foi realizada pela aplicação do modelo CO2FIX com a entrada de dados do inventário. Os resultados mostraram uma diminuição na cobertura florestal e de neve na região de 1979 a 2012. Da mesma forma, diminuição foi observada no volume da árvore, biomassa das árvores, dinâmica dos estoques de C e diminuição na densidade das árvores, respectivamente. É recomendado que precisemos de mais projetos como o BTAP (Billion Tree Afforestation Project) e o projeto Green Pakistan para aumentar a cobertura florestal, controlar as mudanças no uso da terra, proteger o ecossistema florestal e proteger a cobertura de neve.

Abstract Land use and land cover change are affecting the global environment and ecosystems of the different biospheres. Monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) of these changes is of utmost importance as they often results in several global environmental consequences such as land degradation, mass erosion, habitat deterioration as well as micro and macro climate of the regions. The advance technologies like remote sensing (RS) and geographical information system (GIS) are helpful in determining/ identifying these changes. In the current study area, changes in carbon stocks, notably in forest areas, are resulting in considerable dynamics of carbon stocks as a result of climate change and carbon sequestration. This study was carried out in the Diamer district of the Gilgit Baltistan (GB) Pakistan to investigate the change in cover change/land use change (particularly Forest Land use) as well as carbon sequestration potential of the forests in the district during almost last 25years. The land cover, temporal Landsat data (level 1, LIT) were downloaded from the USGS EROS (2016), for 1979-1989, 1990-2000 and 2001-2012. Change in land uses, particularly forest cover was investigated using GIS techniques. Forest inventory was carried out using random sampling techniques. A standard plot of size 0.1 ha (n=80) was laid out to determine the tree density, volume, biomass and C stocks. Simulation of C stocks was accomplished by application of the CO2FIX model with the data input from inventory. Results showed a decrease in both forest and snow cover in the region from 1979-2012. Similarly decrease was seen in tree volume, tree Biomass, dynamics of C Stocks and decrease was in occur tree density respectively. It is recommended we need further more like project such as BTAP (Billion Tree Afforestation Project) and green Pakistan project to increase the forest cover, to control on land use change, protect forest ecosystem and to protect snow cover.

ABSTRACT: Surface contamination by pathogenic and deteriorating microorganisms is a constant concern in the food industry. Therefore, in this study we evaluated the antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), produced using the essential oil of Lippia origanoides Kunth and ethanolic extract of Hymenaea martiana Hayne, against bacteria used in milk processing. For this, AgNPs were synthesized and their antimicrobial activity was evaluated for minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations, time-kill, interference on the biofilm, and application on the surfaces of different materials. AgNPs showed bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 33591), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Choleraesuis (ATCC 10708), Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp.,andPseudomonas aeruginosa,and interfered with biofilm formation more than with consolidated biofilms. A 1hour period was sufficient to reduce the bacterial cells, whereas a Minimum Duration for Killing (MDK) of 99% was reached after approximately 30 min. AgNPs were effective against bacteria attached to stainless steel and polyethylene, but ineffective on tile surfaces. Thus, owing to the growing microbial resistance and the need to develop new products based on the concepts of green chemistry, these AgNPs are presented as a new possibility for cleaning processes in the food industry. ABSTRACT industry Therefore AgNPs, , (AgNPs) Hayne processing concentrations timekill, timekill time kill, kill time-kill materials ATCC 25923, 25923 25923) 33591, 33591 33591) 25922, 25922 25922) subsp 10708, 10708 10708) monocytogenes sppandPseudomonas spp andPseudomonas aeruginosaand aeruginosa biofilms hour cells MDK (MDK 99 3 min polyethylene Thus chemistry (AgNPs 2592 3359 1070 9 259 335 107 25 33 10 2 1

RESUMO: A contaminação de superfícies por micro-organismos patogênicos e deteriorantes é uma preocupação constante na indústria de alimentos. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana de nanopartículas de prata (AgNPs) produzidas utilizando óleo essencial de Lippia origanoides Kunth e extrato etanólico da Hymenaea martiana Hayne, frente a bactérias de importância na contaminação em áreas de processamento do leite. Para isso, as AgNPs foram sintetizadas e sua atividade antimicrobiana foi avaliada através das concentrações inibitória e bactericida mínimas, tempo de morte, interferência sobre o biofilme, e por fim, a sua aplicação sobre superfícies de diferentes materiais. As AgNPs apresentaram atividade bacteriostática e/ou bactericida frente à Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 33591), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Choleraesuis (ATCC 10708), Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. e Pseudomonas aeruginosa, e interferiram na formação do biofilme mais do que sobre o biofilme consolidado. O tempo de uma hora foi o suficiente para reduzir as populações bacterianas, enquanto o Minimum Duration for Killing MDK 99% foi atingido próximo a 30 minutos. As AgNPs foram eficientes contra bactérias aderidas ao inox e ao polietileno. Assim, tendo em vista a crescente resistência microbiana e o desenvolvimento de novos produtos baseados nos conceitos da química verde, essas nanopartículas de prata apresentam-se como uma nova possibilidade de uso nos processos de higienização da indústria de alimentos. RESUMO microorganismos micro organismos alimentos forma (AgNPs Hayne leite isso mínimas morte fim materiais eou ou ATCC 25923, 25923 , 25923) 33591, 33591 33591) 25922, 25922 25922) subsp 10708, 10708 10708) monocytogenes spp aeruginosa consolidado bacterianas 99 3 minutos polietileno Assim verde apresentamse apresentam se 2592 3359 1070 9 259 335 107 25 33 10 2 1