Abstract The objective of the present study was to characterize the diversity of life forms and plant community structure along an altitudinal gradient of the Pinus hartwegii treeline ecotone on Nevado de Toluca, Mexico. Plant species in the tree boundary ecotone were sampled, identified and quantified based on plant morphology under adverse conditions (life forms). The diversity of life forms in the ecotone was calculated using Shannon's diversity index and the structure was evaluated in terms of density and abundance of plant species. A total of 43 plant species belonging to 30 genera and 18 families were identified. Chamaefites were the most abundant life form (>50 %); as altitude increased, life form diversity increased, while abundance decreased. Species diversity was proportionally and significantly (p<0.05) related to increasing altitude along the treeline ecotone. The tree height and density of the Pinus hartwegii treeline ecotone diminished gradually along the treeline ecotone (diffuse form), which was characterized by more pronounced abiotic stress conditions at higher altitudes due to the altitudinal range sampled and because this ecotone represents the distribution limit of forest species and the beginning of grassland distribution. The diversity and distribution of life forms present in the P. hartwegii treeline ecotone may modify microenvironmental conditions or processes and, therefore, they regulate the response of other species associated with climate change.

Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio fue caracterizar la diversidad de las formas de vida y la estructura de la comunidad vegetal a lo largo de un gradiente altitudinal del ecotono del límite arbóreo de Pinus hartwegii en el Nevado de Toluca, México. Se muestrearon, identificaron y cuantificaron las especies vegetales con base en la morfología de la planta en condiciones adversas (formas de vida). La diversidad de formas de vida se calculó con el Índice de Diversidad de Shannon, y la estructura se evaluó en función de la densidad y abundancia de los taxa de plantas. Se identificaron 43 taxones pertenecientes a 30 géneros y 18 familias botánicas. Los caméfitos fueron la forma de vida más abundante (>50 %). La diversidad de las formas de vida fue mayor a medida que aumentó la altitud, pero su abundancia disminuyó. La diversidad de especies se relacionó proporcional y significativamente (p<0.05) con una altitud creciente a lo largo del ecotono del límite arbóreo. La altura y la densidad de los árboles de P. hartwegii decreció gradualmente a lo largo del gradiente muestreado (forma difusa), el cual se caracterizó por sus condiciones de más estrés abiótico a mayores altitudes, ya que este ecotono representa el límite de distribución de las especies forestales y el inicio de los pastizales. La diversidad y distribución de las formas de vida en el ecotono del límite arbóreo de P. hartwegii pueden modificar las condiciones o los procesos microambientales; por lo tanto, regulan la respuesta al cambio climático de otras especies asociadas.

Resumo O crescimento das plantas é severamente reduzido devido ao estresse hídrico, afetando a fotossíntese, incluindo a atividade do fotossistema II (PSII) e o transporte de elétrons. Este estudo enfatizou as mudanças comparativas e prioritárias na atividade do PSII devido à seca progressiva em sete populações de Panicum antidotale (P. antidotale) coletadas no Deserto do Cholistão e regiões fora do Cholistão. Perfilhos de igual crescimento de sete populações de P. antidotale cultivadas em vasos de plástico cheios de solo foram submetidos à seca progressiva, retendo a irrigação com água por três semanas. A seca progressiva reduziu o teor de umidade do solo, teor de água relativo nas folhas, pigmentos fotossintéticos e biomassa fresca e seca dos brotos em todas as sete populações. Populações de Dingarh Fort, Dingarh Grassland e Haiderwali tiveram maior crescimento do que as de outras populações. As populações de Cholistani, especialmente em Dingarh Grassland e Haiderwali, apresentaram maior capacidade de ajuste osmótico, refletido pelo potencial osmótico e maior acúmulo de proteínas solúveis totais. H2O2 máximo sob estresse hídrico foi observado em populações de Muzaffargarh e Khanewal, mas estas foram intermediárias no conteúdo de MDA. Sob estresse hídrico, as populações de Muzaffargarh e Dingarh Fort tiveram maior acúmulo de K+ em suas folhas. Durante a seca progressiva, as populações não cholistanesas mostraram rolagem completa das folhas após 23 dias de seca, e essas populações não conseguiram suportar mais condições de estresse hídrico, enquanto as populações cholistani toleraram mais condições de estresse hídrico por 31 dias. Além disso, a seca progressiva causou danos ao PSII após 19 dias e tornou-se severa após 23 dias em populações não cholistanesas de P. antidotale do que em populações cholistanesas.

Abstract Growth of plants is severely reduced due to water stress by affecting photosynthesis including photosystem II (PSII) activity and electron transport. This study emphasised on comparative and priority targeted changes in PSII activity due to progressive drought in seven populations of Panicum antidotale (P. antidotale) collected from Cholistan Desert and non-Cholistan regions. Tillers of equal growth of seven populations of P. antidotale grown in plastic pots filled with soil were subjected progressive drought by withholding water irrigation for three weeks. Progressive drought reduced the soil moisture content, leaf relative water content, photosynthetic pigments and fresh and dry biomass of shoots in all seven populations. Populations from Dingarh Fort, Dingarh Grassland and Haiderwali had higher growth than those of other populations. Cholistani populations especially in Dingarh Grassland and Haiderwali had greater ability of osmotic adjustment as reflected by osmotic potential and greater accumulation of total soluble proteins. Maximum H2O2 under water stress was observed in populations from Muzaffargarh and Khanewal but these were intermediate in MDA content. Under water stress, populations from Muzaffargarh and Dingarh Fort had greater K+ accumulation in their leaves. During progressive drought, non-Cholistani populations showed complete leaf rolling after 23 days of drought, and these populations could not withstand with more water stress condition while Cholistani populations tolerated more water stress condition for 31 days. Moreover, progressive drought caused PSII damages after 19 days and it became severe after 23 days in non-Cholistani populations of P. antidotale than in Cholistani populations.

ABSTRACT: The current study assessed the association of eucalyptus-tree spacing with forest growth and yield, as well as with the floristic composition, diversity and yield of natural grassland grown in silvopastoral systems in Pampa biome. Data were collected in six family cattle-ranching area in Bagé County (RS). The effect of two different genetic materials (seminal-origin Eucalyptus dunnii plant and one Eucalyptus grandis clone) on shading features of plants grown in 3 planting-spacing dimensions(625, 312 and 208 trees ha-1) was assessed, as well as their association with herbaceous extract (bare soil; green cover; forage dry matter; floristic composition; species richness; and grass, legumes and winter - and summer-growth species rates) and forestry (litter accumulation, diameter at breast height, total height and volume per hectare) variables. Planting carried out at the highest tree density (625 trees ha-1) has increased forest yield. However, it reduced green cover, herbaceous extract dry-matter yield and species richness, mainly in grasses and legumeswith greater forage potential. Conversely, it is possible combining forestry and animal yield to the preservation of native forage species at low tree densities (204 to 312 trees ha-1). ABSTRACT eucalyptustree eucalyptus composition biome cattleranching cattle ranching RS. RS . (RS) seminalorigin seminal origin clone plantingspacing planting dimensions625, dimensions625 dimensions 625, 625 dimensions(625 31 20 ha1 ha 1 ha-1 bare soil cover matter richness grass summergrowth summer rates litter accumulation hectare variables (62 However drymatter potential Conversely 204 (20 ha1. (RS dimensions62 62 dimensions(62 2 ha- (6 (2 dimensions6 6 dimensions(6 ( dimensions(

RESUMO: O trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar as relações entre o espaçamento de árvores de eucalipto com o crescimento, produção florestal e a composição florística, diversidade e produção de pastagens nativas em sistemas silvipastoris no bioma Pampa. Os dados foram coletados em seis unidades de referência tecnológicas instaladas em área de pecuaristas familiares no município de Bagé (RS) e foi avaliado o efeito de dois materiais genéticos (Eucalyptus dunnii de origem seminal e um clone de Eucalyptus grandis) em três densidades arbóreas (625, 312 e 208 árvores ha-1) sobre o sombreamento e suas relações com variáveis do extrato herbáceo (solo descoberto, cobertura verde, massa seca de forragem, composição florística, riqueza de espécies e o percentual de gramíneas, leguminosas e espécies de crescimento hibernal e estival) e florestais (acúmulo de serapilheira, diâmetro a altura do peito, altura total e volume por hectare). Concluiu-se que o plantio em maior densidade arbórea (625 árvores ha-1) promoveu o aumento na produção florestal, mas reduziu a cobertura verde, a produção de matéria seca do extrato herbáceo e a riqueza de espécies, especialmente, as gramíneas e leguminosas de maior potencial forrageiro. Em baixas densidades arbóreas (204 a 312 árvores ha-1) é possível conciliar a produção florestal com a preservação de espécies forrageiras nativas. RESUMO florística Pampa RS (RS grandis 625, 625 31 20 ha1 ha 1 ha-1 solo descoberto verde forragem estival acúmulo serapilheira peito hectare. hectare . hectare) Concluiuse Concluiu se (62 especialmente forrageiro 204 (20 62 3 2 ha- (6 (2 6 (

Resumo A partir de 2005, o Instituto Nacional de Colonização (INC) gerou uma mudança no foco das políticas públicas; focando suas ações na promoção do associativismo nas suas mais diversas formas, de forma a promover a integração social e económica dos produtores familiares. Através do levantamento da trajetória de dois grupos de colonos, pecuaristas familiares do litoral uruguaio, procurou-se compreender os processos internos de autogestão coletiva das terras do INC; em particular, nos aspectos da gestão do campo natural como recurso de uso comum. A metodologia baseou-se em entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas a extensionistas e produtores dos grupos analisados. A análise das informações mostra que, nesse tipo de empreendimento, a confiança entre os integrantes é fator fundamental para atingir os objetivos traçados pelo grupo. Do funcionamento, destaca-se o estabelecimento e evolução por aprendizagem, das regras operativas e coletivas, que tem uma incidência relevante na gestão do bem comum. A interação social e o envolvimento dos membros nas ações do coletivo é o que sustenta a continuidade do empreendimento em comum. 2005 INC (INC públicas formas colonos uruguaio procurouse procurou se particular comum baseouse baseou analisados grupo funcionamento destacase destaca aprendizagem coletivas 200 20 2

Abstract Starting in 2005, the National Colonization Institute (INC) generated a change in the focus of public policy; focusing its actions on the promotion of associative efforts in its most diverse forms, to promote social and economic integration of family farmers. By surveying of the trajectory of two groups of settlers, family cattle in Uruguayan coast, we sought to understand the internal processes of collective self-management of INC lands; particularly, in aspects to the management of the natural grassland as a resource of common use. The methodology was based on semi-structured interviews carried out with extension technicians and the farmers of the analysed groups. The analysis of the information shows that, in this type of venture, trust between the members is a key factor to achieve the objectives set by the group. Of the operation, the establishment and evolution from learning, of the operative and collective rules, which have a relevant incidence in the management of the common good, stand out. The social interaction and the involvement of the members in the actions of the collective is what sustains the continuity of the venture in common. 2005 (INC policy forms settlers coast selfmanagement self lands particularly use semistructured semi structured that group operation learning rules good 200 20 2

Resumen A partir de 2005, en el Instituto Nacional de Colonización (INC) se genera un cambio en el enfoque de la política pública; centrando sus acciones en el impulso de esfuerzos asociativos en sus formas más diversas, con el fin de promover la integración social y económica de los productores familiares. Mediante el relevamiento de la trayectoria de dos grupos de colonos, ganaderos familiares del litoral uruguayo, se buscó comprender los procesos internos de la autogestión colectiva de las tierras del INC; particularmente, en aspectos de manejo del campo natural como recurso de uso común. La metodología estuvo basada en entrevistas semi-estructuradas realizadas a técnicos extensionistas y productores de los grupos analizados. El análisis de la información evidencia que, en este tipo de emprendimientos, la confianza entre los integrantes es un factor clave para alcanzar los objetivos planteados por el colectivo. Del funcionamiento se destaca el establecimiento y evolución a partir de aprendizajes, de las reglas operativas y colectivas, las que tienen incidencia relevante en el manejo del bien común. La interacción social y el involucramiento de los integrantes en las acciones del colectivo es lo que sostiene la continuidad del emprendimiento en común. 2005 INC (INC pública diversas colonos uruguayo particularmente común semiestructuradas semi estructuradas analizados emprendimientos aprendizajes colectivas 200 20 2

RESUMO Campinarana é um tipo de vegetação restrita a solos de areia branca oligotróficos e altamente lixiviados no domínio fitogeográfico amazônico, que inclui fitofisionomias campestres a florestais. Campinaranas cobrem aproximadamente 5% deste domínio fitogeográfico e estão sujeitas ao impacto de várias atividades antrópicas que colocam em risco as espécies vegetais, especialmente as endêmicas. Myrtaceae possui uma representatividade significativa em ambientes edáficos oligotróficos, mas estudos florísticos e taxonômicos sobre a família em campinaranas ainda são escassos e geograficamente limitados. Nós apresentamos um checklist de espécies de Myrtaceae em campinaranas da Amazônia Brasileira, com base no levantamento de espécimes de herbários e dados de literatura, com o objetivo de verificar o nível de endemismo dessas espécies para este tipo de vegetação. Nós compilamos registros de ocorrência de 72 espécies e seis gêneros. Myrcia e Eugenia foram os gêneros com maior riqueza específica. Do total de espécies, 38 (53%) ocorreram somente na Amazônia e duas foram endêmicas das campinaranas (Eugenia campina e Myrcia psammophila). Quatro espécies constituem novos registros para a Amazônia brasileira: Blepharocalyx salicifolius, Eugenia hatschbachii, Myrcia anceps e Myrcia racemosa. A riqueza específica de Myrtaceae nas campinaranas brasileiras provavelmente está subestimada, pois extensas áreas, especialmente aquelas mais distantes dos rios nos estados de Amazonas e Roraima, ainda não foram intensamente amostradas. amazônico florestais 5 vegetais limitados Brasileira literatura 7 3 53% 53 (53% psammophila. psammophila . psammophila) brasileira salicifolius hatschbachii racemosa subestimada áreas Roraima amostradas (53 (5 (

ABSTRACT White-sand vegetation (campinarana) is a type of vegetation restricted to oligotrophic and highly leached white sand soils in the Amazon phytogeographic domain that includes grassland to forest phytophysiognomies. Campinaranas cover about 5% of this phytogeographic domain and are impacted by various anthropic activities that put plant species, especially endemic ones, at risk. Myrtaceae has significant representativeness in oligotrophic edaphic environments, but floristic and taxonomic studies on the family in campinaranas are still few and geographically limited. We present a checklist of Myrtaceae species known from campinaranas of the Brazilian Amazon based on the survey of herbarium specimens and literature data in order to assess the level of endemism of these species for this vegetation type. We compiled occurrence records of 72 species and six genera. Myrcia and Eugenia were the genera with the highest number of species. Overall, 38 species (53%) occurred only in the Amazon and two were endemic to campinaranas (Eugenia campina and Myrcia psammophila). Four species are new records for the Brazilian Amazon: Blepharocalyx salicifolius, Eugenia hatschbachii, Myrcia anceps and Myrcia racemosa. The specific richness of Myrtaceae in Brazilian campinaranas is likely to be underestimated since extensive areas, especially those farther from the riverbanks, in the states of Amazonas and Roraima, have not yet been intensively surveyed. Whitesand White campinarana (campinarana phytophysiognomies 5 ones risk environments limited 7 Overall 3 53% 53 (53% psammophila. psammophila . psammophila) salicifolius hatschbachii racemosa areas riverbanks Roraima surveyed (53 (5 (

Abstract The demand for low-cost and time-efficient biomonitoring and ecological assessment strategies has increased due to threats to biodiversity. We evaluated the ability of surrogates (genera and biovolume classes) to access information provided by diatom species. Moreover, we investigated whether the relative importance of spatial and environment on diatom communities identified at the genus or classified at biovolume classes reflects the ecological responses at the species. We used biotic, environmental, and spatial data from Pampa streams. We employed Procrustes analysis to detect whether the spatial variation of communities at the species level was represented by the surrogates and variation partitioning to evaluate the relative importance of spatial and environment. We found high congruence between the surrogates and diatom species communities. Furthermore, whilst both spatial and environment were important to explain species composition, only the environment was important for both surrogates. We suggest that the use of genus-level determinations can provide information about the environmental relationships of species, whereas biovolume classes may be useful to detect changes in diatom communities. These results are a first step to seek for strategies aiming to simplify biological monitoring and assessments at pampean streams, especially considering the demand for the identification of organisms at the species. lowcost low cost timeefficient time efficient biodiversity genera Moreover biotic streams Furthermore composition genuslevel

ABSTRACT Land-use changes from native pastures to forest plantations in humid temperate areas have raised concerns about their potential impact on the environment. This study aimed to assess the effects of such changes on soil water properties, focusing on the impact of the forest species planted and their relationship with changes in soil C content. Specifically, we aimed to identify the development of surficial soil hydrophobicity and changes in soil water holding capacity. A long-term forest experiment with variable planting densities (816, 1111, and 2066 trees ha-1) of Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden and Pinus taeda L. was established in 2004 on native pasture vegetation. Undisturbed soil samples (0.00-0.03 m soil layer) were extracted from the experiment and surrounding pastures and soil water repellency was determined by the water drop penetration time (WDPT) method at three soil matric potential levels (SMP). Bootstrapping was used to test if the sample size was sufficient to obtain robust results. Replacing native pastures with forest plantations significantly increased surficial soil hydrophobicity, which was more pronounced under Eucalyptus grandis than under Pinus taeda. Soil water repellency increased with decreasing SMP, particularly in land-uses that generated higher initial hydrophobicity. Additionally, the soils under forest cover had less water retention capacity than those under pastures at each SMP, with larger differences when the soil was dried to more negative SMP. More research is necessary to determine if soil alterations from converting native pastures to forest plantations in temperate climates will lead to a significant decrease in soil water holding capacity and an increase in hydrophobicity at deeper depths. Landuse Land use environment properties content Specifically longterm long term 816, 816 (816 1111 206 ha1 ha 1 ha-1 L 200 vegetation 0.000.03 000003 0.00 0.03 0 00 03 (0.00-0.0 layer WDPT (WDPT SMP . (SMP) results landuses land uses Additionally depths 81 (81 111 20 ha- 000 0.000.0 00000 0.0 003 (0.00-0. (SMP 8 (8 11 2 0.000. 0000 0. (0.00-0 ( 0.000 (0.00- (0.00 (0.0 (0. (0

ABSTRACT: Malus is an important ornamental plant around the world and widely used in commercial production due to its diversity and wide adaptability. ‘Zi Dieer’ crabapple has good adaptability to a wide temperature range (high and low), disease resistance, and high commercial value. To satisfy the market demand, we established ‘Zi Dieer’ crabapple micro-regeneration system for large-scale reproduction. Induced buds were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with various concentrations of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP: 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 mg/L) and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA: 0.05, 0.1, 0.3 mg/L) for 35 days. The highest bud induction rate (93.3%) was observed on MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/L BAP and 0.1 mg/L NAA, with average micro-shoot length of 1.32 cm. The germinated buds (1 cm in length) were propagated and cultured on MS medium supplemented with BAP (1.0, 1.5, 2.0 mg/L) and NAA (0.1, 0.3, 0.5 mg/L), after 35 days, on the MS basal medium supplemented with 1.5 mg/L BAP and 0.3 mg/L NAA, the best average number of new shoots is 8.56±0.13 (P<0.05) and good shoot length (4.94±0.09 cm), reproduction coefficient higher than MS medium (0) without PGRs. In order to induce rooting, the shoots (length 2 cm) are inserted in half strength MS (1/2 MS) medium containing 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 mg/L of 3-indole butyric acid (IBA) or NAA, and 1 g/L activated carbon (AC) was added on the basis of NAA 0.3 mg/L to study the effect of activated carbon on the rooting of crabapple. After 38 days of culture, compared with other treatments, among the explants treated with IBA, the rooting rate was higher in the 1/2 MS medium containing 0.1 mg/L (82.1%), and the highest root number (11.29±0.52) was observed, and the root length was the other treatments 2-3 times. Although, the highest rooting rate was observed on 1/2 MS medium containing 0.1mg/L NAA (87.8 %), but the bottom of these buds formed large callus, which was not conducive to survival, and the root length was short. In summary, a feasible and complete rapid propagation program for ‘Zi Dieer’ crabapple has been developed. ABSTRACT Zi Dieer low, low , low) resistance value demand microregeneration micro regeneration largescale scale (MS 6benzylaminopurine benzylaminopurine 6 (BAP 05 0 5 10 15 1. mgL mg L 1naphthaleneacetic naphthaleneacetic (NAA 005 0.05 01 03 3 0. 93.3% 933 93 (93.3% microshoot 132 32 1.3 ( (1.0 20 2. (0.1 mg/L, 856013 8 56 13 8.56±0.1 P<0.05 P005 P (P<0.05 4.94±0.09 494009 4 94 09 (4.94±0.0 cm, (0 PGRs 12 (1/ 3indole indole IBA (IBA gL g AC (AC culture 1/ 82.1%, 821 82.1% 82 (82.1%) 11.29±0.52 1129052 11 29 52 (11.29±0.52 23 2- times Although 01mgL 1mg 87.8 878 87 (87. %, % %) callus survival short summary developed 00 0.0 93.3 9 (93.3 (1. (0. 85601 8.56±0. P<0.0 P00 (P<0.0 4.94±0.0 49400 (4.94±0. 82.1 (82.1% 11.29±0.5 112905 (11.29±0.5 87. (87 93. (93. 8560 8.56±0 P<0. P0 (P<0. 4.94±0. 4940 (4.94±0 82. (82.1 11.29±0. 11290 (11.29±0. (8 (93 856 8.56± P<0 (P<0 4.94±0 494 (4.94± (82. 11.29±0 1129 (11.29±0 (9 85 8.56 P< (P< 4.94± 49 (4.94 (82 11.29± 112 (11.29± 8.5 (P 4.94 (4.9 11.29 (11.29 8. 4.9 (4. 11.2 (11.2 4. (4 11. (11. (11

RESUMO: Malus é uma planta ornamental importante no mundo e muito utilizada na produção comercial devido à sua diversidade e ampla adaptabilidade. A maçã silvestre ‘Zi Dieer’ apresentou boa adaptabilidade a altas e baixas temperaturas, resistência a doenças e maior valor comercial. Para satisfazer a demanda do mercado, estabelecemos o sistema de microrregeneração de maçã silvestre ‘Zi Dieer’ para reprodução em larga escala. Os botões induzidos foram cultivados em meio Murashige e Skoog (MS) suplementado com 6-benzilaminopurina (BAP) 0,5, 1,0, 1,5 mg/L e ácido 1-naftalenoacético (NAA) 0,05, 0,1, 0,3 mg/L por 35 dias. A maior taxa de indução de gemas foi em meio MS suplementado com 1,0 mg/L de BAP e 0,1 mg/L de NAA, que foi de 93,3% e o comprimento médio dos microbrotos foi de 1,32 cm. Os botões germinados (comprimento 1 cm) foram propagados e cultivados em meio MS suplementado com BAP e NAA de 1,0, 1,5, 2,0 e 0,1, 0,3, 0,5 mg/L, após 35 dias, em meio MS basal suplementado com 1,5 mg/L. L BAP e 0,3 mg/L ANA, o melhor número médio de brotos novos é 8,56±0,13 (P<0,05) e bom comprimento de brotos (4,94±0,09 cm), coeficiente de reprodução superior ao meio MS (0) sem PGRs. Para induzir o enraizamento, os brotos (comprimento 2 cm) são inseridos em meio MS de meia concentração (1/2 MS) contendo 0,1, 0,3 e 0,5 mg/L de ácido 3-indol butírico (IBA) ou ANA, e 1 g /L carvão ativado (CA) foi adicionado com base em ANA 0,3 mg/L para estudar o efeito do carvão ativado no enraizamento da maçã silvestre. Duas semanas depois, observando a geração de raízes. Após 38 dias de cultivo, comparado aos demais tratamentos, entre os explantes tratados com AIB, a taxa de enraizamento foi maior no meio 1/2 MS contendo 0,1 mg/L (82,1%) e o maior número de raízes (11,29±0,52) foi observado, e o comprimento da raiz foi igual aos demais tratamentos 2 a 3 vezes. Embora a maior taxa de enraizamento tenha sido observada em meio MS 1/2 contendo 0,1mg/L de NAA (87,8%), mas a parte inferior dessas gemas forma um grande calo, que não é propício à sobrevivência, e o comprimento da raiz é curto. Em resumo, foi desenvolvido um programa de propagação rápida viável e completo para a maçã silvestre ‘Zi Dieer’. RESUMO Zi Dieer temperaturas mercado escala (MS 6benzilaminopurina benzilaminopurina 6 (BAP 05 0 5 10 15 1, mgL mg 1naftalenoacético naftalenoacético (NAA 005 0,05 01 03 0, 933 93 93,3 132 32 1,3 cm 20 2, 856013 8 56 13 8,56±0,1 P<0,05 P005 P (P<0,05 4,94±0,09 494009 4 94 09 (4,94±0,0 cm, , (0 PGRs 12 (1/ 3indol indol IBA (IBA CA (CA depois cultivo AIB 1/ 82,1% 821 82 (82,1% 11,29±0,52 1129052 11 29 52 (11,29±0,52 observado vezes 01mgL 1mg 87,8%, 878 87,8% 87 (87,8%) calo sobrevivência curto resumo Dieer. . 00 0,0 9 93, 85601 8,56±0, P<0,0 P00 (P<0,0 4,94±0,0 49400 (4,94±0, ( (1 82,1 (82,1 11,29±0,5 112905 (11,29±0,5 87,8 (87,8% 8560 8,56±0 P<0, P0 (P<0, 4,94±0, 4940 (4,94±0 82, (82, 11,29±0, 11290 (11,29±0, 87, (87,8 856 8,56± P<0 (P<0 4,94±0 494 (4,94± (82 11,29±0 1129 (11,29±0 (87, 85 8,56 P< (P< 4,94± 49 (4,94 (8 11,29± 112 (11,29± (87 8,5 (P 4,94 (4,9 11,29 (11,29 8, 4,9 (4, 11,2 (11,2 4, (4 11, (11, (11

ABSTRACT The Brazilian Pampa constitutes a grassland-forest vegetation mosaic, home to a high richness of species, including vascular plants dispersed by spores. Our aim was to conduct an inventory of ferns and lycophytes in a fragment of Pampa, located at Fazenda Estância da Quinta in the municipality of Rio Pardo, Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. The species were collected and deposited in the Herbarium of the University of Caxias do Sul (HUCS). Ecological, geographic and conservation attributes of the species were recorded in the field and through bibliographic searches. The inventory resulted in the recognition of 46 species of ferns and one lycophyte (Isoetes weberi Herter), belonging to 13 families. The terrestrial habit (51%) was predominant, as well as the preferential occurrence within forest fragments (66%). Two species are on the Red List of Threatened Species. Our data reinforce the importance of preserving the Pampa landscape mosaic to maintain the diversity of ferns and lycophytes in RS. grasslandforest grassland spores Pardo HUCS. HUCS . (HUCS) Ecological searches 4 Isoetes Herter, Herter , Herter) 1 families 51% 51 (51% predominant 66%. 66 66% (66%) Species RS (HUCS 5 (51 6 (66% (5 (66 ( (6

RESUMO O domínio Pampeano constitui um mosaico vegetacional de campo-floresta, que abriga uma alta riqueza de espécies, incluindo as plantas vasculares dispersas por esporos. O objetivo deste estudo foi inventariar as samambaias e licófitas em um fragmento do Pampa, localizado na Fazenda Estância da Quinta, no município de Rio Pardo, Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. A amostragem ocorreu através do método de caminhamento expedito, realizada em 15 viagens de campo. O material coletado foi identificado através de bibliografia especializada, com posterior incorporação no Herbário da Universidade de Caxias do Sul (HUCS). Atributos ecológicos, geográficos e de conservação das espécies foram registrados em campo e através de busca bibliográfica. O inventário resultou no reconhecimento de 46 espécies de samambaias e uma licófita (Isoetes weberi Herter), pertencentes a 13 famílias. O hábito terrestre (51%) foi predominante, bem como a ocorrência preferencial no interior dos fragmentos florestais (66%). Duas espécies constam em listas de espécies ameaçadas de extinção. Nossos dados reforçam a importância da preservação do mosaico paisagístico do Pampa para manutenção da diversidade deste grupo de plantas do RS. campofloresta, campofloresta floresta, floresta campo-floresta esporos Quinta Pardo expedito 1 especializada HUCS. HUCS . (HUCS) ecológicos bibliográfica 4 Isoetes Herter, Herter , Herter) famílias 51% 51 (51% predominante 66%. 66 66% (66%) extinção RS (HUCS 5 (51 6 (66% (5 (66 ( (6

Abstract The Sierra de Guadalupe is the last forest redoubt north of Mexico City. In order to restore its vegetation cover, or at least manage it, it is necessary to understand its development. It is a system with unity through which energy transits in different forms depending on the vegetation, which is the most evident result of lithological, edaphological, climatic, geographical and historical conditions with different types of human intervention. The behaviour of vegetation cover in the Sierra de Guadalupe in recent decades is described by comparing the area and perimeter of the mosaics. Four landscape indices were also applied: a matrix-patch-corridor approach (Puyravaud, 2003), which expresses the change in vegetation cover based on the equation of compound interest (Mikels, 2003), the detection of fragmentation by the proximity between the centres of the mosaics of each vegetation type; the relationship of the dissection of a landscape, based on the similarity of the mosaics, with circles of the same area (Bowen and Burgess, 1981), expressed by the possibility of an organism encountering another of its species at random sites in the landscape (Jaeger, 2000). The Markov transition matrix analysis shows the ecological succession of some mosaics and also the change from forest to urban land use in most of the Sierra. Moran’s autocorrelation index allows us to assess how clustered the patches are, or, in other words, how constant the energy flow across the landscape is. To determine the mosaics, 1994 and 2019 images of the Sierra de Guadalupe were compared and the perimeter of each mosaic was drawn freehand. Field visits were made to the study area to relate the texture and position of each mosaic. The Sierra de Guadalupe was defined as a set of microwatersheds with an extension of 16 813 ha. In 1994, 8698 ha were urbanised, by 2019 concrete had covered a further 1741 ha. 540 ha of forest and plantations have been established, in addition to the 1670 ha that already existed. The oak forest has spread along the ravines over 74 ha. The most important plant community in terms of extent in 1994 was xerophytic scrub, when it represented 16.8% of the Sierra. In 2019, xerophytic scrub with grassland had an extension of 12.7% of the total. Closed or open oak woodland, the most conserved and mature growing ecosystem, covered 334 ha in 1994 and by 2019 it reached 410 ha. As for artificial forest stands, eucalyptus plantations have been the most widespread, accounting for 3.7% in 1994, but 5.2% in 2019. The Puyvaraud index (2003) revealed an increase in forest mass of 1.05% per year. Of course, the forest stand canopy does not actually increase at that rate, rather forest stands became established until they were visible on satellite imagery as established canopy. Jaeger’s (2000) cohesion index indicates zero probability (both in 1994 and 2019) of encountering two organisms of the same species hypothetically randomly arranged in the landscape. The dissection index (Bowen and Burgess, 1981) yields a value of 5.84% in 1994 and 8.42% in 2019, indicating that the landscape has become more sparse by 3.42% with respect to the similarity of a circle of the same area as all patches, i.e. it has become finer grained. The Markov matrix reveals the most representative transitions (discarding transitions to urbanisation). Grasslands became xerophytic scrubland; scrubland became heterogeneous forest and oak woodland; xerophytic scrubland became eucalyptus plantations, scrubland and grassland became stands of pirul, and scrubland and grassland became artificial copses of pine, casuarina and white cedar. A correlation of 0.5 was found for 1994 and 0.06 for 2019. In general, vegetation cover has been almost entirely affected by human causes, either with negative environmental impact, such as the construction of colonies, or positive impact, such as reforestations. Landscape indices indicate that, with the exception of eucalyptus plantations, most forest communities have become small, scattered mosaics with little core area, forming a fine-grained landscape, and the retraction of the forest frontier has promoted further fragmentation.

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ABSTRACT The “campos” of the Pampa are unique Brazilian ecosystems, which provide key environmental services, including C storage. These grassy ecosystems have been rapidly converted to intensive land-uses, mainly intensive grain crops (soybeans) and Eucalyptus silviculture. These new land-uses could decrease soil C stocks, depending on soil management. This study aimed to assess soil organic carbon (SOC) changes after the conversion of native grasslands to cropland (soybeans/cover crops under no-tillage) and forestry (Eucalyptus). Eight representative sites in this biome were selected for soil sampling (Alegrete-ALE, Aceguá-ACE, Jari-JAR, Jaguarão-JAG, Pinheiro Machado-PIM, Lavras-LAV, Santo Antônio das Missões-SAM, São Gabriel-SAG). Soil sampling was conducted in dug pits (0.30 m wide × 0.30 m long × 0.40 m depth) spaced by 50 m at each site, to 0.30 m depth. Soil bulk density and SOC were obtained by samples obtained with volumetric rings. Soil organic C was analyzed by dry combustion. Soil C stocks were calculated per layer and cumulatively (0.00-0.20 and 0.00-0.30 m). Soil C content was higher under grasslands in soils from sites with finer, clayey texture (ACE, JAG), and lower in soils at sites with sandier topsoil. Land-use conversion to silviculture and cropland minimally affected SOC stocks. The same pattern was observed with soil N, because of the tight connection between C and N cycles. Soil bulk density was similar across sites and layers, but higher values were measured in sites with coarser texture. Mean SOC stock of the grassland sites was 62 ± 24.6 Mg ha-1, similar to 66 Mg ha-1 reported for grasslands soils of Rio Grande do Sul State, and higher than that reported by IPCC for this region (55 ± 4.4 Mg ha-1). Adopting these default values would lead to underestimation of baseline SOC stocks in the region. Land-use conversion to cropland did not affect SOC stocks significantly, probably because of the adoption of no-tillage system with winter cover crops. Soil C stocks were lower in Eucalyptus stands in the 0.00-0.30 m soil layer, which could be attributed to intensive soil management at planting and lower soil fertility in some sites. This lack of effect of conversion on soil C was attributed to the short time since conversion and adoption of soil conservation practices (no-tillage) in cropland. The study contributed to reduce existing soil data gaps in the region and supports Brazilian public initiatives like the ABC Program and National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. campos “campos services storage landuses, landuses land uses, uses soybeans (soybeans (SOC soybeans/cover soybeanscover notillage no tillage Eucalyptus. . (Eucalyptus) AlegreteALE, AlegreteALE Alegrete ALE, ALE (Alegrete-ALE AceguáACE, AceguáACE Aceguá ACE, ACE Aceguá-ACE JariJAR, JariJAR Jari JAR, JAR Jari-JAR JaguarãoJAG, JaguarãoJAG Jaguarão JAG, JAG Jaguarão-JAG MachadoPIM, MachadoPIM Machado PIM, PIM Machado-PIM LavrasLAV, LavrasLAV Lavras LAV, LAV Lavras-LAV MissõesSAM, MissõesSAM Missões SAM, SAM Missões-SAM GabrielSAG. GabrielSAG Gabriel SAG Gabriel-SAG) 030 0 30 (0.3 0.3 040 40 0.4 depth 5 site rings combustion 0.000.20 000020 0.00 0.20 00 20 (0.00-0.2 0.000.30 000030 0.00-0.3 m. m) finer (ACE , JAG) topsoil Landuse Land use cycles layers 6 246 24 24. ha1, ha1 ha 1, 1 ha- State 55 (5 44 4 4. ha1. ha-1) significantly (no-tillage Inventories (Eucalyptus Gabriel-SAG 03 3 (0. 0. 04 000 0.000.2 00002 0.0 020 0.2 2 (0.00-0. 0.000.3 00003 0.00-0. ( (0 0.000. 0000 02 (0.00-0 0.00-0 0.000 (0.00- 0.00- (0.00 (0.0

ABSTRACT Water quality in watersheds depends on several factors and in Ecuador many rivers are polluted by anthropogenic impact. This study evaluated the influence of different land uses and landscape fragmentation on the physical and chemical characteristics of the Teaone river, Ecuador. Eight sampling points were located by land use (livestock, agroforestry systems, forests, and urban areas) where temperature, turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen (DO), salinity, vegetation type, flow width, substrate, and water depth were measured. Digital circular plots were created to calculate indicators of landscape structure and fragmentation (edge index, dominance, and fragmentation index), and spectral indicators through vegetation indices such as the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), enhanced vegetation index (EVI), and near infrared (NIR), red, and blue bands. Several physical and chemical parameters were within allowable limits (turbidity = -38.7 UNT, pH = 8.1, electrical conductivity = 365 μS/cm, temperature = 26.0 ºC, salinity = 0.15 UPS). However, OD and SDT were outside the limits in all land uses (OD = 4.04, SDT = 186.1 mg/L). Grassland had the highest number of fragments (12.1), followed by settlements (9.4). For NIR, EVI and NDVI high values were observed in native forest, agroforestry, and livestock and lowest values in the urban area. The parameters show that agroforestry systems and native forests maintain good water quality, while in livestock and urban areas water quality decreases.

RESUMEN La calidad del agua en las cuencas hídricas depende de varios factores y en Ecuador muchos ríos se encuentran contaminados por impacto antrópico. Este estudio evaluó la influencia de diferentes usos de suelo y la fragmentación del paisaje sobre las características físicas y químicas del río Teaone, Ecuador. Se ubicaron ocho puntos de muestreo por uso de suelo (ganadería, sistemas agroforestales, bosques y zonas urbanas) donde se midieron temperatura, turbiedad, sólidos disueltos totales (SDT), pH, conductividad eléctrica, oxígeno disuelto (OD) y salinidad. Se registró el tipo de vegetación, ancho del caudal, sustrato y profundidad del agua. Se crearon parcelas circulares digitales para calcular indicadores de la estructura y fragmentación del paisaje (índice de bordes, dominancia e índice de fragmentación), e indicadores espectrales a través de índices de vegetación como el índice de vegetación de diferencia normalizada (NDVI, por su sigla en inglés), el índice de vegetación mejorado (EVI), y bandas del infrarrojo cercano (NIR), del rojo y azul. Varios parámetros físicos y químicos estuvieron dentro de los límites permisibles (turbidez = -38.7 UNT, pH = 8.1, conductividad eléctrica = 365 μS/cm, temperatura = 26.0 ºC, salinidad = 0.15 UPS). Sin embargo, el OD y los SDT quedaron fuera de los límites en todos los usos de suelo (OD = 4.04, SDT = 186.1 mg/L). El pastizal tuvo mayor número de fragmentos (12.1), seguido de los poblados (9.4). Para el NIR, el EVI y el NDVI se observaron valores altos en bosque nativo, agroforestal y ganadería y el menor valor en la zona urbana. Los parámetros demuestran que los sistemas agroforestales y bosques nativos mantienen una buena calidad de agua, mientras que en la zona ganadera y urbana la calidad decrece.

Abstract The transformation of the existing agrifood system towards more sustainable systems requires sociotechnical strategies that can boost radical changes. In Uruguay there is a community of practice committed to the sustainable development of family livestock farming which has developed alternative production practices, that improve the sustainability of farms based on ecological intensification, for more than fifteen years. Co-innovation as a modality of intervention was a fundamental aspect in the results achieved, being the work on farms a key factor, with a very special bond between extensionist and family. Taking this community of practice as a case study, this text characterizes co-innovation as a modality of intervention for farm technical assistance, offering a vision to enhance the scaling of the interventions and contribute to the sustainable transformation of livestock farming. Results are presented on: 1) general characteristics of the intervention modality, 2) stages of work and practices on farms, 3) characteristics of the family-extensionist bond and 4) lessons learned. Finally, key aspects are pointed out to scale co-innovation, in order to contribute to a sustainability transition of Uruguayan family livestock farming. changes intensification years Coinnovation Co innovation achieved factor study coinnovation co assistance 1 2 3 familyextensionist 4 learned Finally coinnovation, innovation,

Resumen: La transformación del sistema agroalimentario actual hacia sistemas más sostenibles requiere estrategias sociotécnicas que puedan impulsar cambios radicales. En Uruguay existe una comunidad de práctica comprometida con el desarrollo sostenible de la ganadería familiar que ha desarrollado prácticas productivas alternativas, que mejoran la sostenibilidad de los establecimientos con base en la intensificación ecológica, durante más de quince años. La coinnovación como modalidad de intervención fue un aspecto fundamental en los resultados alcanzados, fue clave el trabajo situado en los predios, con un vínculo muy especial entre extensionistas y familias. Tomando la comunidad de práctica como un estudio de caso, este texto caracteriza a la coinnovación como modalidad de intervención para la asistencia técnica predial, ofreciendo una visión para potenciar el escalamiento de las intervenciones y contribuir a la transformación sostenible de la ganadería. Se presentan resultados sobre: 1) características generales de la modalidad de intervención, 2) etapas de trabajo y prácticas en predios, 3) características del vínculo familia-extensionista y 4) lecciones aprendidas. Finalmente, se señalan aspectos clave para escalar la coinnovación, de manera de contribuir a una transición sostenible de la ganadería familiar uruguaya. Resumen radicales alternativas ecológica años alcanzados predios familias caso predial sobre 1 2 3 familiaextensionista familia extensionista 4 aprendidas Finalmente uruguaya

The appropriate management of the habitat of the endangered and endemic White-spotted Ketsi Blue butterfly, Lepidochrysops ketsi leucomacula Henning & Henning, 1994, is necessary for its survival. Much of the life history and ecology of this butterfly are unknown. The oviposition plant was found to be Selago tarach-odes Hilliard and the plants that were observed to be visited by L. k. leucomacula for nectar all had pink flowers. Monitoring of two populations of L. k. leucomacula in protected areas commenced in March 2022. Surveillance and walked transects were the monitoring methods used. Observed threats to this endangered butterfly in protected areas were uncontrolled grazing by domestic livestock and mowing of its grassland habitat. Fencing of its grassland habitat may be a way to control these threats.

Resumen (Introducción): La restauración ecológica es una prioridad global para recuperar la biodiversidad y alcanzar los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible. Desde su creación en el año 2000, la Reserva Natural Madre Verde en Costa Rica ha sido un modelo en este sentido. En 2005 se realizó una caracterización de las comunidades vegetales presentes: pastizal, charral, cultivo abandonado, área dominada por burío, bosque secundario denso, bosque secundario ralo y dos remanentes de bosque maduro. (Objetivo): En 2020 se repitió el estudio, excluyendo los remanentes de bosque maduro, con el fin de evaluar los cambios en la vegetación después de 15 años de restauración. (Metodología): Se identificaron las especies de árboles, se calcularon índices de riqueza y diversidad y se elaboraron perfiles de vegetación en cada tipo de comunidad. (Resultados): Los mayores cambios en los índices de riqueza y diversidad, composición y estructura vertical de la vegetación se observaron en las zonas de pastizal que fueron sometidas a reforestación activa. Además, se registraron cambios importantes en el charral y en la zona dominada por burío. Los menores cambios se dieron donde ya existía algún tipo de bosque secundario relativamente maduro debido a la sombra creada por los árboles. (Conclusiones): En todos los sitios predominan las especies pioneras nativas de esta zona de vida, lo que garantiza el proceso natural de regeneración. Estos resultados permiten conocer los avances en la restauración y saber cuáles son las especies más adecuadas para reforestar otras áreas similares y asegurar la recuperación del bosque secundario de manera más rápida y efectiva.

Abstract (Introduction): Ecological restoration is a global priority for recovering biodiversity and achieving Sustainable Development Goals. Since its creation in 2000, the Madre Verde Natural Reserve in Costa Rica has been a model in this regard. In 2005, a characterization of the present vegetation communities was conducted, including grassland, shrubland, abandoned crop, area dominated by burío, dense secondary forest, sparse secondary forest, and two remnants of mature forest. (Objective): In 2020, the study was repeated, excluding the remnants of mature forest, to evaluate changes in vegetation after 15 years of restoration. (Methodology): Tree species were identified, richness and diversity indices were calculated, and vegetation profiles were developed for each community type. (Results): The greatest changes in vegetation richness and diversity indices, composition, and vertical structure were observed in grassland areas that underwent active reforestation. Additionally, significant changes were recorded in shrubland, and the area dominated by burío. The least changes were observed where some type of relatively mature secondary forest already existed due to the shade created by the trees. (Conclusions): Pioneering native species from this life zone predominate in all sites, ensuring the natural regeneration process. These results allow us to know the advances in restoration and which species are most suitable for reforesting other similar areas and ensuring the recovery of secondary forest more quickly and effectively.