ABSTRACT Inadequate grassland management has resulted in the degradation of extensive areas, loss of productivity and sustainability of many of them, reflecting a common reality among livestock farmers in Colombia. Therefore, at the Paysandú Agricultural Station of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia, located in the Santa Elena township of the city of Medellín, a study was carried out to determine a soil quality index (SQI) by evaluating the physical and chemical indicators that were most related to the deterioration and dry matter production of kikuyu grass (Cenchrus clandestinus). A minimum data set (MDS) was established for the most sensitive indicators, selected by principal component analysis (PCA), and a nonlinear scoring function was used to obtain the SQI. Statistical differences were found between all the treatments in relation to dry matter production (P<0.05: 1.91x10-32). The most sensitive indicators were bulk density BD > total porosity TP > macropores MAC > micropores MIC > penetration resistance PR > effective cation exchange capacity ECEC > pH. As a result, the following formula was obtained: SQI = (0.225×BD) + (0.224×TP) + (0.220×MAC) + (0.218×MIC) + (0.113×PR) + (0.0879×ECEC) + (0.0877×pH). This index should be tested in kikuyu grass-dominated pastures located in the Colombian high tropics. The baseline is critical at values > 0.58 Mg m-3 for BD and > 2.25 MPa for PR. In addition, the optimum pH range for kikuyu grass development was between 5.4 and 6.4.

RESUMEN El manejo inadecuado de los pastizales ha provocado la degradación de extensas áreas, la pérdida de productividad y sostenibilidad de muchas de ellas, reflejando una realidad común entre los ganaderos de Colombia. Por ello, en la Estación Agraria Paysandú de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, ubicada en el corregimiento de Santa Elena de la ciudad de Medellín, se realizó una investigación para determinar un índice de calidad del suelo (SQI) mediante la evaluación de los indicadores físicos y químicos más relacionados con el deterioro y producción de materia seca del pasto kikuyo (Cenchrus clandestinus). Se estableció un conjunto mínimo de datos (MDS) para los indicadores más sensibles, elegidos mediante el análisis de componentes principales PCA, y se utilizó una función de puntuación no lineal para obtener el SQI. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticas entre todos los tratamientos y la producción de materia seca (P<0,05: 1,91x10-32). Los indicadores más sensibles fueron: densidad aparente DR > porosidad total TP > macroporos MAC > microporos MIC > resistencia a la penetración PR > capacidad de intercambio catiónico efectiva ECEC > pH. Como resultado, se obtuvo el siguiente SQI = (0,225×BD) + (0,224×TP) + (0,220×MAC) + (0,218×MIC) + (0,113×PR) + (0,0879×ECEC) + (0,0877×pH). Se sugiere probar el índice en praderas dominadas por pasto kikuyo ubicadas en el trópico alto colombiano. La línea de base es crítica a valores > 0,58 Mg m-3 para BD y > 2,25 MPa para PR. Además, el intervalo de pH óptimo para el desarrollo del pasto kikuyo se situó entre 5,4 y 6,4.

Abstract Introduction: The creation of protected natural areas within urban environments has played an essential role in providing small reservoirs of native vegetation and refuges for endemic species. However, knowledge of how land management and landscape design can influence the different community structures of urban parks is scarce. Objective: To analyze, through ant communities, the influence of urbanization in a protected natural area (PNA) located in an urban zone. Methods: From April to July 2022, using bait traps and pitfall traps along 100 m transects, the presence of ant species was recorded in the El Refugio State Park Natural Area in Tamaulipas, Mexico. Alpha diversity was assessed using Hill numbers, while beta diversity was evaluated using the Jaccard index. Additionally, indicator species were identified through the indicator value (IndVal). Multiple correspondence analysis was conducted to associate the presence of species with environmental variables and vegetation types, and contingency tables were created to relate ant presence to vegetation cover size. Results: In total 18 565 individuals were captured (five subfamilies, 22 genera, and 29 species). Species richness and diversity decreased in sites with low vegetation cover, such as in Tamaulipan thornscrub; secondary vegetation retained greater species richness. Indicator species found in secondary vegetation and grassland areas were mainly composed of species that tolerate high temperatures and generalists such as Forelius mccooki and Tetramorium spinosum. The presence of these species is primarily associated with temperature, humidity, and vegetation cover. A relationship between the presence of ant species and vegetation cover size was evident. Conclusion: The structure and composition of ant communities vary according to the type of vegetation structure, particularly in areas that have undergone greater anthropogenic damage. Therefore, the conservation of landscapes, as well as monitoring of these areas, should be considered in future research.

Resumen Introducción: La creación de espacios naturales protegidos en entornos urbanos desempeñan un papel esencial, proporcionando reservorios de vegetación autóctona y refugios de fauna endémica. Sin embargo, es escaso el conocimiento sobre cómo la gestión del suelo y el diseño del paisaje influye en las diferentes estructuras comunitarias de parques urbanos. Objetivo: Analizar a través de comunidades de hormigas la influencia de la urbanización en un área natural protegida en zona urbana. Métodos: De abril a julio de 2022, en transectos de 100 m se colocaron trampas de cebo y Pitfall, se registró la presencia de especies de hormigas del Parque Estatal “El Refugio” (PER), Tamaulipas, México. La diversidad Alfa se evaluó mediante números de Hill y la diversidad Beta con el índice de Jaccard. Se identificaron especies indicadoras con el Valor Indicador (IndVal). Se realizó un análisis de correspondencia múltiple asociando la presencia de especies con variables ambientales y tipos de vegetación. Se realizó una tabla de contingencia para relacionar la presencia de hormigas con el tamaño de cobertura vegetal. Resultados: En total, se capturaron 18 565 individuos (cinco subfamilias, 22 géneros y 29 especies). La riqueza y diversidad de especies disminuyó en sitios con baja cobertura vegetal, como en matorral espinoso tamaulipeco; la vegetación secundaria conservó mayor riqueza de especies. Áreas de vegetación secundaria y pastizal registraron especies indicadoras, principalmente especies generalistas y tolerantes a las altas temperaturas como Forelius mccooki y Tetramorium spinosum. La presencia de especies está asociada con la temperatura, humedad y cobertura vegetal. Se evidenció una relación entre presencia de especies de hormigas y tamaño de cobertura vegetal. Conclusiones: La estructura y composición de las comunidades de hormigas varía de acuerdo con la estructura vegetal, principalmente en áreas que han sufrido mayor daño antropogénico. La conservación de los paisajes y el monitoreo de estas áreas, deben ser considerados en futuras investigaciones.

Resumen El pasto banderita [Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr.] cuenta con gran variabilidad morfológica y genética en los pastizales del norte de México, lo cual sugiere que existe la posibilidad de selección de genotipos resistentes a condiciones de zonas áridas; sin embargo, la información sobre su eficiencia fotosintética y características estomáticas es escasa. El objetivo del presente estudio fue relacionar la eficiencia fotosintética, características estomáticas y producción forrajera en poblaciones de pasto banderita. Se utilizó un diseño de bloques completos al azar con cuatro repeticiones. Se establecieron 216 macetas en invernadero donde se evaluaron como tratamientos 51 poblaciones de pasto banderita del estado de Chihuahua, México y tres variedades comerciales como testigos. Se evalúo la eficiencia fotosintética y las propiedades estomáticas; además, se cuantificó la acumulación de forraje. Se realizaron análisis estadísticos descriptivos, análisis de correlación, componentes principales, análisis de agrupamiento y análisis multivariado de la varianza. Las medias para disipación de calor no regulada (YNO, 0.223) y disipación de calor regulada (YNPQ, 0.447) indicaron que estas variables son proporcionales a la eficiencia fotoquímica del fotosistema II (YII, 0.330). Los valores máximos y mínimos en producción de forraje fueron 9.8 y 17.92 g por planta y altura de planta de 7.3 y 23 cm, respectivamente. Existe correlación positiva entre área estomática (AE) y disipación de calor regulada con altura de planta y producción de forraje. En el análisis de componentes principales los dos primeros explicaron el 58.8 % de la variación total. Se encontraron 11 poblaciones sobresalientes en disipación de la energía regulada controlando la fotoinhibición, sin poner en riesgo la producción de la planta.

Summary Sideoats grama [Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr.] has great morphological and genetic variability present in the grassland of Northern Mexico, suggesting the possibility of selection of genotypes resistant to arid zone conditions; however, information on its photosynthetic efficiency and stomatal characteristics is scarce. The objective of this study swas to relate photosynthetic efficiency, stomatal characteristics and forage production in sideoats grama populations. A randomized complete block design with four replications was used. Two hundred and sixteen pots were established in a greenhouse where 51 populations of sideoats grama from the state of Chihuahua, Mexico were evaluated as treatments along with three commercial varieties as controls. Photosynthetic efficiency and stomatal properties were evaluated, and forage accumulation was quantified. Descriptive statistical analyses, correlation analysis, principal component, cluster and multivariate analysis of variance were performed. Means for unregulated heat dissipation (YNO, 0.223) and regulated heat dissipation (YNPQ, 0.447) indicated that those variables are proportional to the photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (YII, 0.330). The maximum and minimum values in forage production were 9.8 and 17.92 g per plant, and those values for plant height were 7.3 and 23 cm, respectively. Positive correlation exists between stomatal area and regulated heat dissipation with plant height and forage production. In the principal component analysis the first two principal components explained 58.8 % of the total variation. Eleven outstanding populations were found in regulated energy dissipation, controlling photoinhibition without jeopardizing plant production.

Abstract In order to establish the incidence and distribution of termite populations on native grassland (Paspalum notatum L.) production, cattle farms and their surroundings were examined in Itacurubi del Rosario, department of San Pedro, Paraguay; using the GPS nest location method (Garmin Map 76 CSx), drones, capture of aerial photographs and then the evaluation of the incidence and distribution of termite nests per hectare. Maps of incidence and distribution of nests were made for a surface of seven hectares. From the data generated, a map with the distribution of active termite nests was prepared using the QGIS software version 3.18. The formation of termite mounds represented an average area of 12 m² and an intensity of 13.5% per hectare, distributed in an average of 96.2 nests per hectare, totaling some 8,085 termite nests within the study area for a total area of 7 ha. Examples of species were represented by the family: Termitidae (Cornitermes cumulans, Nasutitermes nigriceps and Termes sp.) of wide distribution in the study area. The presence of termite mounds negatively affects the useful productive area due to the occupied area and a significant loss of pasture per day to feed the animals in each season of the year.

Resumen Con el fin de evaluar la incidencia y distribución de las poblaciones de termitas sobre la producción del pastizal nativo (Paspalum notatumL.), se muestrearon fincas ganaderas y su entorno en Itacurubi del Rosario - Departamento de San Pedro - Paraguay. Los termiteros fueron localizados utilizando un GPS de la marca Garmin Map 76 CSx y drones equipados con cámaras fotográficas para las capturas de fotografías aéreas. Se realizaron mapas de incidencia y distribución de termiteros para la superficie de uno y 7,4 hectáreas. A partir de los datos generados, se elaboró un mapa con la distribución de los termiteros activos mediante el software QGIS versión 3.18. La formación de los termiteros representó una superficie promedio de 12 m² en promedio y una intensidad de 13,5% por hectárea, distribuidos en un promedio de 96,2 nidos por hectárea, totalizando unos 711,88 termiteros dentro del área de estudio para una superficie total de 7,4 ha. La familia Termitidae estuvo representadas por las siguientes especies: (Cornitermes cumulans,Nasutitermes nigricepsyTermessp.) de amplia distribución en el área de estudio. La cantidad de termiteros encontrados afecta la superficie útil productiva del pastizal, así como a la disponibilidad de pastos para la alimentación animal en las distintas épocas del año.

Abstract The objective of the present study was to characterize the diversity of life forms and plant community structure along an altitudinal gradient of the Pinus hartwegii treeline ecotone on Nevado de Toluca, Mexico. Plant species in the tree boundary ecotone were sampled, identified and quantified based on plant morphology under adverse conditions (life forms). The diversity of life forms in the ecotone was calculated using Shannon's diversity index and the structure was evaluated in terms of density and abundance of plant species. A total of 43 plant species belonging to 30 genera and 18 families were identified. Chamaefites were the most abundant life form (>50 %); as altitude increased, life form diversity increased, while abundance decreased. Species diversity was proportionally and significantly (p<0.05) related to increasing altitude along the treeline ecotone. The tree height and density of the Pinus hartwegii treeline ecotone diminished gradually along the treeline ecotone (diffuse form), which was characterized by more pronounced abiotic stress conditions at higher altitudes due to the altitudinal range sampled and because this ecotone represents the distribution limit of forest species and the beginning of grassland distribution. The diversity and distribution of life forms present in the P. hartwegii treeline ecotone may modify microenvironmental conditions or processes and, therefore, they regulate the response of other species associated with climate change.

Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio fue caracterizar la diversidad de las formas de vida y la estructura de la comunidad vegetal a lo largo de un gradiente altitudinal del ecotono del límite arbóreo de Pinus hartwegii en el Nevado de Toluca, México. Se muestrearon, identificaron y cuantificaron las especies vegetales con base en la morfología de la planta en condiciones adversas (formas de vida). La diversidad de formas de vida se calculó con el Índice de Diversidad de Shannon, y la estructura se evaluó en función de la densidad y abundancia de los taxa de plantas. Se identificaron 43 taxones pertenecientes a 30 géneros y 18 familias botánicas. Los caméfitos fueron la forma de vida más abundante (>50 %). La diversidad de las formas de vida fue mayor a medida que aumentó la altitud, pero su abundancia disminuyó. La diversidad de especies se relacionó proporcional y significativamente (p<0.05) con una altitud creciente a lo largo del ecotono del límite arbóreo. La altura y la densidad de los árboles de P. hartwegii decreció gradualmente a lo largo del gradiente muestreado (forma difusa), el cual se caracterizó por sus condiciones de más estrés abiótico a mayores altitudes, ya que este ecotono representa el límite de distribución de las especies forestales y el inicio de los pastizales. La diversidad y distribución de las formas de vida en el ecotono del límite arbóreo de P. hartwegii pueden modificar las condiciones o los procesos microambientales; por lo tanto, regulan la respuesta al cambio climático de otras especies asociadas.

Resumo O crescimento das plantas é severamente reduzido devido ao estresse hídrico, afetando a fotossíntese, incluindo a atividade do fotossistema II (PSII) e o transporte de elétrons. Este estudo enfatizou as mudanças comparativas e prioritárias na atividade do PSII devido à seca progressiva em sete populações de Panicum antidotale (P. antidotale) coletadas no Deserto do Cholistão e regiões fora do Cholistão. Perfilhos de igual crescimento de sete populações de P. antidotale cultivadas em vasos de plástico cheios de solo foram submetidos à seca progressiva, retendo a irrigação com água por três semanas. A seca progressiva reduziu o teor de umidade do solo, teor de água relativo nas folhas, pigmentos fotossintéticos e biomassa fresca e seca dos brotos em todas as sete populações. Populações de Dingarh Fort, Dingarh Grassland e Haiderwali tiveram maior crescimento do que as de outras populações. As populações de Cholistani, especialmente em Dingarh Grassland e Haiderwali, apresentaram maior capacidade de ajuste osmótico, refletido pelo potencial osmótico e maior acúmulo de proteínas solúveis totais. H2O2 máximo sob estresse hídrico foi observado em populações de Muzaffargarh e Khanewal, mas estas foram intermediárias no conteúdo de MDA. Sob estresse hídrico, as populações de Muzaffargarh e Dingarh Fort tiveram maior acúmulo de K+ em suas folhas. Durante a seca progressiva, as populações não cholistanesas mostraram rolagem completa das folhas após 23 dias de seca, e essas populações não conseguiram suportar mais condições de estresse hídrico, enquanto as populações cholistani toleraram mais condições de estresse hídrico por 31 dias. Além disso, a seca progressiva causou danos ao PSII após 19 dias e tornou-se severa após 23 dias em populações não cholistanesas de P. antidotale do que em populações cholistanesas.

Abstract Growth of plants is severely reduced due to water stress by affecting photosynthesis including photosystem II (PSII) activity and electron transport. This study emphasised on comparative and priority targeted changes in PSII activity due to progressive drought in seven populations of Panicum antidotale (P. antidotale) collected from Cholistan Desert and non-Cholistan regions. Tillers of equal growth of seven populations of P. antidotale grown in plastic pots filled with soil were subjected progressive drought by withholding water irrigation for three weeks. Progressive drought reduced the soil moisture content, leaf relative water content, photosynthetic pigments and fresh and dry biomass of shoots in all seven populations. Populations from Dingarh Fort, Dingarh Grassland and Haiderwali had higher growth than those of other populations. Cholistani populations especially in Dingarh Grassland and Haiderwali had greater ability of osmotic adjustment as reflected by osmotic potential and greater accumulation of total soluble proteins. Maximum H2O2 under water stress was observed in populations from Muzaffargarh and Khanewal but these were intermediate in MDA content. Under water stress, populations from Muzaffargarh and Dingarh Fort had greater K+ accumulation in their leaves. During progressive drought, non-Cholistani populations showed complete leaf rolling after 23 days of drought, and these populations could not withstand with more water stress condition while Cholistani populations tolerated more water stress condition for 31 days. Moreover, progressive drought caused PSII damages after 19 days and it became severe after 23 days in non-Cholistani populations of P. antidotale than in Cholistani populations.

ABSTRACT: The current study assessed the association of eucalyptus-tree spacing with forest growth and yield, as well as with the floristic composition, diversity and yield of natural grassland grown in silvopastoral systems in Pampa biome. Data were collected in six family cattle-ranching area in Bagé County (RS). The effect of two different genetic materials (seminal-origin Eucalyptus dunnii plant and one Eucalyptus grandis clone) on shading features of plants grown in 3 planting-spacing dimensions(625, 312 and 208 trees ha-1) was assessed, as well as their association with herbaceous extract (bare soil; green cover; forage dry matter; floristic composition; species richness; and grass, legumes and winter - and summer-growth species rates) and forestry (litter accumulation, diameter at breast height, total height and volume per hectare) variables. Planting carried out at the highest tree density (625 trees ha-1) has increased forest yield. However, it reduced green cover, herbaceous extract dry-matter yield and species richness, mainly in grasses and legumeswith greater forage potential. Conversely, it is possible combining forestry and animal yield to the preservation of native forage species at low tree densities (204 to 312 trees ha-1). ABSTRACT eucalyptustree eucalyptus composition biome cattleranching cattle ranching RS. RS . (RS) seminalorigin seminal origin clone plantingspacing planting dimensions625, dimensions625 dimensions 625, 625 dimensions(625 31 20 ha1 ha 1 ha-1 bare soil cover matter richness grass summergrowth summer rates litter accumulation hectare variables (62 However drymatter potential Conversely 204 (20 ha1. (RS dimensions62 62 dimensions(62 2 ha- (6 (2 dimensions6 6 dimensions(6 ( dimensions(

RESUMO: O trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar as relações entre o espaçamento de árvores de eucalipto com o crescimento, produção florestal e a composição florística, diversidade e produção de pastagens nativas em sistemas silvipastoris no bioma Pampa. Os dados foram coletados em seis unidades de referência tecnológicas instaladas em área de pecuaristas familiares no município de Bagé (RS) e foi avaliado o efeito de dois materiais genéticos (Eucalyptus dunnii de origem seminal e um clone de Eucalyptus grandis) em três densidades arbóreas (625, 312 e 208 árvores ha-1) sobre o sombreamento e suas relações com variáveis do extrato herbáceo (solo descoberto, cobertura verde, massa seca de forragem, composição florística, riqueza de espécies e o percentual de gramíneas, leguminosas e espécies de crescimento hibernal e estival) e florestais (acúmulo de serapilheira, diâmetro a altura do peito, altura total e volume por hectare). Concluiu-se que o plantio em maior densidade arbórea (625 árvores ha-1) promoveu o aumento na produção florestal, mas reduziu a cobertura verde, a produção de matéria seca do extrato herbáceo e a riqueza de espécies, especialmente, as gramíneas e leguminosas de maior potencial forrageiro. Em baixas densidades arbóreas (204 a 312 árvores ha-1) é possível conciliar a produção florestal com a preservação de espécies forrageiras nativas. RESUMO florística Pampa RS (RS grandis 625, 625 31 20 ha1 ha 1 ha-1 solo descoberto verde forragem estival acúmulo serapilheira peito hectare. hectare . hectare) Concluiuse Concluiu se (62 especialmente forrageiro 204 (20 62 3 2 ha- (6 (2 6 (

ABSTRACT: Malus is an important ornamental plant around the world and widely used in commercial production due to its diversity and wide adaptability. ‘Zi Dieer’ crabapple has good adaptability to a wide temperature range (high and low), disease resistance, and high commercial value. To satisfy the market demand, we established ‘Zi Dieer’ crabapple micro-regeneration system for large-scale reproduction. Induced buds were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with various concentrations of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP: 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 mg/L) and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA: 0.05, 0.1, 0.3 mg/L) for 35 days. The highest bud induction rate (93.3%) was observed on MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/L BAP and 0.1 mg/L NAA, with average micro-shoot length of 1.32 cm. The germinated buds (1 cm in length) were propagated and cultured on MS medium supplemented with BAP (1.0, 1.5, 2.0 mg/L) and NAA (0.1, 0.3, 0.5 mg/L), after 35 days, on the MS basal medium supplemented with 1.5 mg/L BAP and 0.3 mg/L NAA, the best average number of new shoots is 8.56±0.13 (P<0.05) and good shoot length (4.94±0.09 cm), reproduction coefficient higher than MS medium (0) without PGRs. In order to induce rooting, the shoots (length 2 cm) are inserted in half strength MS (1/2 MS) medium containing 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 mg/L of 3-indole butyric acid (IBA) or NAA, and 1 g/L activated carbon (AC) was added on the basis of NAA 0.3 mg/L to study the effect of activated carbon on the rooting of crabapple. After 38 days of culture, compared with other treatments, among the explants treated with IBA, the rooting rate was higher in the 1/2 MS medium containing 0.1 mg/L (82.1%), and the highest root number (11.29±0.52) was observed, and the root length was the other treatments 2-3 times. Although, the highest rooting rate was observed on 1/2 MS medium containing 0.1mg/L NAA (87.8 %), but the bottom of these buds formed large callus, which was not conducive to survival, and the root length was short. In summary, a feasible and complete rapid propagation program for ‘Zi Dieer’ crabapple has been developed. ABSTRACT Zi Dieer low, low , low) resistance value demand microregeneration micro regeneration largescale scale (MS 6benzylaminopurine benzylaminopurine 6 (BAP 05 0 5 10 15 1. mgL mg L 1naphthaleneacetic naphthaleneacetic (NAA 005 0.05 01 03 3 0. 93.3% 933 93 (93.3% microshoot 132 32 1.3 ( (1.0 20 2. (0.1 mg/L, 856013 8 56 13 8.56±0.1 P<0.05 P005 P (P<0.05 4.94±0.09 494009 4 94 09 (4.94±0.0 cm, (0 PGRs 12 (1/ 3indole indole IBA (IBA gL g AC (AC culture 1/ 82.1%, 821 82.1% 82 (82.1%) 11.29±0.52 1129052 11 29 52 (11.29±0.52 23 2- times Although 01mgL 1mg 87.8 878 87 (87. %, % %) callus survival short summary developed 00 0.0 93.3 9 (93.3 (1. (0. 85601 8.56±0. P<0.0 P00 (P<0.0 4.94±0.0 49400 (4.94±0. 82.1 (82.1% 11.29±0.5 112905 (11.29±0.5 87. (87 93. (93. 8560 8.56±0 P<0. P0 (P<0. 4.94±0. 4940 (4.94±0 82. (82.1 11.29±0. 11290 (11.29±0. (8 (93 856 8.56± P<0 (P<0 4.94±0 494 (4.94± (82. 11.29±0 1129 (11.29±0 (9 85 8.56 P< (P< 4.94± 49 (4.94 (82 11.29± 112 (11.29± 8.5 (P 4.94 (4.9 11.29 (11.29 8. 4.9 (4. 11.2 (11.2 4. (4 11. (11. (11

RESUMO: Malus é uma planta ornamental importante no mundo e muito utilizada na produção comercial devido à sua diversidade e ampla adaptabilidade. A maçã silvestre ‘Zi Dieer’ apresentou boa adaptabilidade a altas e baixas temperaturas, resistência a doenças e maior valor comercial. Para satisfazer a demanda do mercado, estabelecemos o sistema de microrregeneração de maçã silvestre ‘Zi Dieer’ para reprodução em larga escala. Os botões induzidos foram cultivados em meio Murashige e Skoog (MS) suplementado com 6-benzilaminopurina (BAP) 0,5, 1,0, 1,5 mg/L e ácido 1-naftalenoacético (NAA) 0,05, 0,1, 0,3 mg/L por 35 dias. A maior taxa de indução de gemas foi em meio MS suplementado com 1,0 mg/L de BAP e 0,1 mg/L de NAA, que foi de 93,3% e o comprimento médio dos microbrotos foi de 1,32 cm. Os botões germinados (comprimento 1 cm) foram propagados e cultivados em meio MS suplementado com BAP e NAA de 1,0, 1,5, 2,0 e 0,1, 0,3, 0,5 mg/L, após 35 dias, em meio MS basal suplementado com 1,5 mg/L. L BAP e 0,3 mg/L ANA, o melhor número médio de brotos novos é 8,56±0,13 (P<0,05) e bom comprimento de brotos (4,94±0,09 cm), coeficiente de reprodução superior ao meio MS (0) sem PGRs. Para induzir o enraizamento, os brotos (comprimento 2 cm) são inseridos em meio MS de meia concentração (1/2 MS) contendo 0,1, 0,3 e 0,5 mg/L de ácido 3-indol butírico (IBA) ou ANA, e 1 g /L carvão ativado (CA) foi adicionado com base em ANA 0,3 mg/L para estudar o efeito do carvão ativado no enraizamento da maçã silvestre. Duas semanas depois, observando a geração de raízes. Após 38 dias de cultivo, comparado aos demais tratamentos, entre os explantes tratados com AIB, a taxa de enraizamento foi maior no meio 1/2 MS contendo 0,1 mg/L (82,1%) e o maior número de raízes (11,29±0,52) foi observado, e o comprimento da raiz foi igual aos demais tratamentos 2 a 3 vezes. Embora a maior taxa de enraizamento tenha sido observada em meio MS 1/2 contendo 0,1mg/L de NAA (87,8%), mas a parte inferior dessas gemas forma um grande calo, que não é propício à sobrevivência, e o comprimento da raiz é curto. Em resumo, foi desenvolvido um programa de propagação rápida viável e completo para a maçã silvestre ‘Zi Dieer’. RESUMO Zi Dieer temperaturas mercado escala (MS 6benzilaminopurina benzilaminopurina 6 (BAP 05 0 5 10 15 1, mgL mg 1naftalenoacético naftalenoacético (NAA 005 0,05 01 03 0, 933 93 93,3 132 32 1,3 cm 20 2, 856013 8 56 13 8,56±0,1 P<0,05 P005 P (P<0,05 4,94±0,09 494009 4 94 09 (4,94±0,0 cm, , (0 PGRs 12 (1/ 3indol indol IBA (IBA CA (CA depois cultivo AIB 1/ 82,1% 821 82 (82,1% 11,29±0,52 1129052 11 29 52 (11,29±0,52 observado vezes 01mgL 1mg 87,8%, 878 87,8% 87 (87,8%) calo sobrevivência curto resumo Dieer. . 00 0,0 9 93, 85601 8,56±0, P<0,0 P00 (P<0,0 4,94±0,0 49400 (4,94±0, ( (1 82,1 (82,1 11,29±0,5 112905 (11,29±0,5 87,8 (87,8% 8560 8,56±0 P<0, P0 (P<0, 4,94±0, 4940 (4,94±0 82, (82, 11,29±0, 11290 (11,29±0, 87, (87,8 856 8,56± P<0 (P<0 4,94±0 494 (4,94± (82 11,29±0 1129 (11,29±0 (87, 85 8,56 P< (P< 4,94± 49 (4,94 (8 11,29± 112 (11,29± (87 8,5 (P 4,94 (4,9 11,29 (11,29 8, 4,9 (4, 11,2 (11,2 4, (4 11, (11, (11

ABSTRACT Land-use changes from native pastures to forest plantations in humid temperate areas have raised concerns about their potential impact on the environment. This study aimed to assess the effects of such changes on soil water properties, focusing on the impact of the forest species planted and their relationship with changes in soil C content. Specifically, we aimed to identify the development of surficial soil hydrophobicity and changes in soil water holding capacity. A long-term forest experiment with variable planting densities (816, 1111, and 2066 trees ha-1) of Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden and Pinus taeda L. was established in 2004 on native pasture vegetation. Undisturbed soil samples (0.00-0.03 m soil layer) were extracted from the experiment and surrounding pastures and soil water repellency was determined by the water drop penetration time (WDPT) method at three soil matric potential levels (SMP). Bootstrapping was used to test if the sample size was sufficient to obtain robust results. Replacing native pastures with forest plantations significantly increased surficial soil hydrophobicity, which was more pronounced under Eucalyptus grandis than under Pinus taeda. Soil water repellency increased with decreasing SMP, particularly in land-uses that generated higher initial hydrophobicity. Additionally, the soils under forest cover had less water retention capacity than those under pastures at each SMP, with larger differences when the soil was dried to more negative SMP. More research is necessary to determine if soil alterations from converting native pastures to forest plantations in temperate climates will lead to a significant decrease in soil water holding capacity and an increase in hydrophobicity at deeper depths. Landuse Land use environment properties content Specifically longterm long term 816, 816 (816 1111 206 ha1 ha 1 ha-1 L 200 vegetation 0.000.03 000003 0.00 0.03 0 00 03 (0.00-0.0 layer WDPT (WDPT SMP . (SMP) results landuses land uses Additionally depths 81 (81 111 20 ha- 000 0.000.0 00000 0.0 003 (0.00-0. (SMP 8 (8 11 2 0.000. 0000 0. (0.00-0 ( 0.000 (0.00- (0.00 (0.0 (0. (0

Resumo A partir de 2005, o Instituto Nacional de Colonização (INC) gerou uma mudança no foco das políticas públicas; focando suas ações na promoção do associativismo nas suas mais diversas formas, de forma a promover a integração social e económica dos produtores familiares. Através do levantamento da trajetória de dois grupos de colonos, pecuaristas familiares do litoral uruguaio, procurou-se compreender os processos internos de autogestão coletiva das terras do INC; em particular, nos aspectos da gestão do campo natural como recurso de uso comum. A metodologia baseou-se em entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas a extensionistas e produtores dos grupos analisados. A análise das informações mostra que, nesse tipo de empreendimento, a confiança entre os integrantes é fator fundamental para atingir os objetivos traçados pelo grupo. Do funcionamento, destaca-se o estabelecimento e evolução por aprendizagem, das regras operativas e coletivas, que tem uma incidência relevante na gestão do bem comum. A interação social e o envolvimento dos membros nas ações do coletivo é o que sustenta a continuidade do empreendimento em comum. 2005 INC (INC públicas formas colonos uruguaio procurouse procurou se particular comum baseouse baseou analisados grupo funcionamento destacase destaca aprendizagem coletivas 200 20 2

Abstract Starting in 2005, the National Colonization Institute (INC) generated a change in the focus of public policy; focusing its actions on the promotion of associative efforts in its most diverse forms, to promote social and economic integration of family farmers. By surveying of the trajectory of two groups of settlers, family cattle in Uruguayan coast, we sought to understand the internal processes of collective self-management of INC lands; particularly, in aspects to the management of the natural grassland as a resource of common use. The methodology was based on semi-structured interviews carried out with extension technicians and the farmers of the analysed groups. The analysis of the information shows that, in this type of venture, trust between the members is a key factor to achieve the objectives set by the group. Of the operation, the establishment and evolution from learning, of the operative and collective rules, which have a relevant incidence in the management of the common good, stand out. The social interaction and the involvement of the members in the actions of the collective is what sustains the continuity of the venture in common. 2005 (INC policy forms settlers coast selfmanagement self lands particularly use semistructured semi structured that group operation learning rules good 200 20 2

Resumen A partir de 2005, en el Instituto Nacional de Colonización (INC) se genera un cambio en el enfoque de la política pública; centrando sus acciones en el impulso de esfuerzos asociativos en sus formas más diversas, con el fin de promover la integración social y económica de los productores familiares. Mediante el relevamiento de la trayectoria de dos grupos de colonos, ganaderos familiares del litoral uruguayo, se buscó comprender los procesos internos de la autogestión colectiva de las tierras del INC; particularmente, en aspectos de manejo del campo natural como recurso de uso común. La metodología estuvo basada en entrevistas semi-estructuradas realizadas a técnicos extensionistas y productores de los grupos analizados. El análisis de la información evidencia que, en este tipo de emprendimientos, la confianza entre los integrantes es un factor clave para alcanzar los objetivos planteados por el colectivo. Del funcionamiento se destaca el establecimiento y evolución a partir de aprendizajes, de las reglas operativas y colectivas, las que tienen incidencia relevante en el manejo del bien común. La interacción social y el involucramiento de los integrantes en las acciones del colectivo es lo que sostiene la continuidad del emprendimiento en común. 2005 INC (INC pública diversas colonos uruguayo particularmente común semiestructuradas semi estructuradas analizados emprendimientos aprendizajes colectivas 200 20 2

RESUMO Campinarana é um tipo de vegetação restrita a solos de areia branca oligotróficos e altamente lixiviados no domínio fitogeográfico amazônico, que inclui fitofisionomias campestres a florestais. Campinaranas cobrem aproximadamente 5% deste domínio fitogeográfico e estão sujeitas ao impacto de várias atividades antrópicas que colocam em risco as espécies vegetais, especialmente as endêmicas. Myrtaceae possui uma representatividade significativa em ambientes edáficos oligotróficos, mas estudos florísticos e taxonômicos sobre a família em campinaranas ainda são escassos e geograficamente limitados. Nós apresentamos um checklist de espécies de Myrtaceae em campinaranas da Amazônia Brasileira, com base no levantamento de espécimes de herbários e dados de literatura, com o objetivo de verificar o nível de endemismo dessas espécies para este tipo de vegetação. Nós compilamos registros de ocorrência de 72 espécies e seis gêneros. Myrcia e Eugenia foram os gêneros com maior riqueza específica. Do total de espécies, 38 (53%) ocorreram somente na Amazônia e duas foram endêmicas das campinaranas (Eugenia campina e Myrcia psammophila). Quatro espécies constituem novos registros para a Amazônia brasileira: Blepharocalyx salicifolius, Eugenia hatschbachii, Myrcia anceps e Myrcia racemosa. A riqueza específica de Myrtaceae nas campinaranas brasileiras provavelmente está subestimada, pois extensas áreas, especialmente aquelas mais distantes dos rios nos estados de Amazonas e Roraima, ainda não foram intensamente amostradas. amazônico florestais 5 vegetais limitados Brasileira literatura 7 3 53% 53 (53% psammophila. psammophila . psammophila) brasileira salicifolius hatschbachii racemosa subestimada áreas Roraima amostradas (53 (5 (

ABSTRACT White-sand vegetation (campinarana) is a type of vegetation restricted to oligotrophic and highly leached white sand soils in the Amazon phytogeographic domain that includes grassland to forest phytophysiognomies. Campinaranas cover about 5% of this phytogeographic domain and are impacted by various anthropic activities that put plant species, especially endemic ones, at risk. Myrtaceae has significant representativeness in oligotrophic edaphic environments, but floristic and taxonomic studies on the family in campinaranas are still few and geographically limited. We present a checklist of Myrtaceae species known from campinaranas of the Brazilian Amazon based on the survey of herbarium specimens and literature data in order to assess the level of endemism of these species for this vegetation type. We compiled occurrence records of 72 species and six genera. Myrcia and Eugenia were the genera with the highest number of species. Overall, 38 species (53%) occurred only in the Amazon and two were endemic to campinaranas (Eugenia campina and Myrcia psammophila). Four species are new records for the Brazilian Amazon: Blepharocalyx salicifolius, Eugenia hatschbachii, Myrcia anceps and Myrcia racemosa. The specific richness of Myrtaceae in Brazilian campinaranas is likely to be underestimated since extensive areas, especially those farther from the riverbanks, in the states of Amazonas and Roraima, have not yet been intensively surveyed. Whitesand White campinarana (campinarana phytophysiognomies 5 ones risk environments limited 7 Overall 3 53% 53 (53% psammophila. psammophila . psammophila) salicifolius hatschbachii racemosa areas riverbanks Roraima surveyed (53 (5 (

Abstract The demand for low-cost and time-efficient biomonitoring and ecological assessment strategies has increased due to threats to biodiversity. We evaluated the ability of surrogates (genera and biovolume classes) to access information provided by diatom species. Moreover, we investigated whether the relative importance of spatial and environment on diatom communities identified at the genus or classified at biovolume classes reflects the ecological responses at the species. We used biotic, environmental, and spatial data from Pampa streams. We employed Procrustes analysis to detect whether the spatial variation of communities at the species level was represented by the surrogates and variation partitioning to evaluate the relative importance of spatial and environment. We found high congruence between the surrogates and diatom species communities. Furthermore, whilst both spatial and environment were important to explain species composition, only the environment was important for both surrogates. We suggest that the use of genus-level determinations can provide information about the environmental relationships of species, whereas biovolume classes may be useful to detect changes in diatom communities. These results are a first step to seek for strategies aiming to simplify biological monitoring and assessments at pampean streams, especially considering the demand for the identification of organisms at the species. lowcost low cost timeefficient time efficient biodiversity genera Moreover biotic streams Furthermore composition genuslevel

ABSTRACT The Brazilian Pampa constitutes a grassland-forest vegetation mosaic, home to a high richness of species, including vascular plants dispersed by spores. Our aim was to conduct an inventory of ferns and lycophytes in a fragment of Pampa, located at Fazenda Estância da Quinta in the municipality of Rio Pardo, Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. The species were collected and deposited in the Herbarium of the University of Caxias do Sul (HUCS). Ecological, geographic and conservation attributes of the species were recorded in the field and through bibliographic searches. The inventory resulted in the recognition of 46 species of ferns and one lycophyte (Isoetes weberi Herter), belonging to 13 families. The terrestrial habit (51%) was predominant, as well as the preferential occurrence within forest fragments (66%). Two species are on the Red List of Threatened Species. Our data reinforce the importance of preserving the Pampa landscape mosaic to maintain the diversity of ferns and lycophytes in RS. grasslandforest grassland spores Pardo HUCS. HUCS . (HUCS) Ecological searches 4 Isoetes Herter, Herter , Herter) 1 families 51% 51 (51% predominant 66%. 66 66% (66%) Species RS (HUCS 5 (51 6 (66% (5 (66 ( (6

RESUMO O domínio Pampeano constitui um mosaico vegetacional de campo-floresta, que abriga uma alta riqueza de espécies, incluindo as plantas vasculares dispersas por esporos. O objetivo deste estudo foi inventariar as samambaias e licófitas em um fragmento do Pampa, localizado na Fazenda Estância da Quinta, no município de Rio Pardo, Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. A amostragem ocorreu através do método de caminhamento expedito, realizada em 15 viagens de campo. O material coletado foi identificado através de bibliografia especializada, com posterior incorporação no Herbário da Universidade de Caxias do Sul (HUCS). Atributos ecológicos, geográficos e de conservação das espécies foram registrados em campo e através de busca bibliográfica. O inventário resultou no reconhecimento de 46 espécies de samambaias e uma licófita (Isoetes weberi Herter), pertencentes a 13 famílias. O hábito terrestre (51%) foi predominante, bem como a ocorrência preferencial no interior dos fragmentos florestais (66%). Duas espécies constam em listas de espécies ameaçadas de extinção. Nossos dados reforçam a importância da preservação do mosaico paisagístico do Pampa para manutenção da diversidade deste grupo de plantas do RS. campofloresta, campofloresta floresta, floresta campo-floresta esporos Quinta Pardo expedito 1 especializada HUCS. HUCS . (HUCS) ecológicos bibliográfica 4 Isoetes Herter, Herter , Herter) famílias 51% 51 (51% predominante 66%. 66 66% (66%) extinção RS (HUCS 5 (51 6 (66% (5 (66 ( (6

Abstract Legal reserve areas (LRAs) are a fundamental part of the Brazilian conservation strategy, together with permanent preservation areas. The LRAs are intended to maintain biodiversity and can be managed sustainably. When these areas are home to ecosystems that depend on fire and grazing, such as native grasslands and savannas, management practices that are suitable for their conservation and for dealing with the effects of global climate change should be adopted. However, this subject is still poorly discussed in Brazil, and public policies are not clear on this matter. This review article describes the grassland and savanna ecosystems in Brazil, the legal aspects related to the management of LRAs, the current and future climate scenarios, and the relationship between climate and fire risk. It also presents a review about the use of fire and grazing in grassland and savanna ecosystems, the legal challenges related to their application in LRAs, and the use of geotechnologies to monitor these practices. The conclusion is that grazing and fire, as management tools, are adequate for LRA functions, as long as they are practiced in accordance with legal and scientifically based standards to avoid the negative effects of their incorrect use. (LRAs strategy sustainably savannas adopted However Brazil matter scenarios risk tools functions

Resumo As áreas de reserva legal (ARLs) são parte fundamental da estratégia brasileira de conservação, juntamente com as áreas de preservação permanente. As ARLs são destinadas à manutenção da biodiversidade e podem ser manejadas de forma sustentável. Quando essas áreas abrigam ecossistemas dependentes de fogo e pastejo, como os campos nativos e as savanas, devem ser adotadas práticas de manejo adequadas à sua conservação e ao enfrentamento dos efeitos das mudanças climáticas globais. No entanto, esse assunto ainda é pouco discutido no Brasil, e as políticas públicas não são claras a esse respeito. Este artigo de revisão descreve os ecossistemas campestres e savânicos no Brasil, os aspectos legais relacionados com o manejo das ARLs, os cenários climáticos atuais e futuros, e a relação entre clima e risco de incêndios. Também apresenta uma revisão sobre o uso do fogo e do pastejo em ecossistemas campestres e savânicos, os desafios legais relativos à sua aplicação nas ARLs e o uso de geotecnologias no monitoramento destas práticas. Conclui-se que o pastejo e o fogo, como instrumentos de manejo, são adequados às funções das ARLs, desde que praticados segundo normas legais e cientificamente embasadas para evitar os efeitos negativos do seu uso equivocado. (ARLs permanente sustentável savanas globais entanto Brasil respeito futuros incêndios Concluise Conclui se equivocado

Abstract Allagoptera campestris is an acaulescent, rhizomatous palm tree that occurs in grassland and savanna areas (Cerrado). In the Santa Bárbara Ecological Station (Águas de Santa Bárbara, São Paulo, Brazil) the species is found growing in three distinct conditions: 1) in the understory of Pinus species plantations introduced in the 1970s in formerly open savanna, 2) in an area where Pinus species cultivated in the 1970s were later removed and the remaining material burned, and 3) in an open, undisturbed savanna area without the interference of pines. Anatomical studies carried out with A. campestris leaves collected in the same three areas indicated leaf plasticity in response to growth conditions. To verify whether there are differences in vessel element morphology in belowground organs, light, and scanning electron microscopy analyses were conducted on portions just below the crown, in the middle of the rhizome, and the median portions of three longer adventitious roots sampled from three plants in each area. The study reveals significant variations in vessel element characteristics of A. campestris, with roots consistently displaying longer and larger elements than rhizomes, and environmental conditions, especially in pine understory, influence vessel dimensions, and hydraulic conductivity in a negative manner. acaulescent Cerrado. Cerrado . (Cerrado) Águas Paulo Brazil conditions 1 s 2 burned 3 pines A organs light crown rhizome rhizomes dimensions manner (Cerrado