ABSTRACT Gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium (Jacq) Kunth ex Walp) is a legume that has been used in agroforestry systems, for animal feed and contribution to soil fertility. During the cultivation of the crop, it is necessary to carry out weed management, as these can interfere with the growth and development of gliricidia, and it is essential to know the competitive ability of the crop with weeds. In view of the above, the objective was to evaluate the competitiveness of gliricidia coexisting with the weeds Senna obtusifolia(sicklepod), Commelina benghalensis(benghal dayflower), Bidens subalternans(beggarticks), Ipomoea triloba(morning glory) and Urochloa brizantha(signalgrass). The experiment was set up in a greenhouse, in a completely randomized design, with four replications. Each experimental unit consisted of a pot containing a gliricidia seedling in coexistence with three weeds of each species, in addition to the monoculture of the six species, as a comparison standard. The initial growth of gliricidia seedlings and weeds was evaluated through stem diameter, plant height, counting the number of leaves; root volume; and dry matter of leaves, stem and root. The data were submitted to analysis of variance (p<0.05) and when significant, the means were compared using the Tukey test. The competition of gliricidia with weeds resulted in a reduction in the increment of all analyzed variables. The results obtained showed that all weeds, with the exception of C. benghalensis, interfered negatively in the growth of the tree species. Jacq (Jacq Walp systems fertility management above obtusifoliasicklepod, obtusifoliasicklepod obtusifolia sicklepod , obtusifolia(sicklepod) benghalensisbenghal benghalensis benghal dayflower, dayflower dayflower) subalternansbeggarticks, subalternansbeggarticks subalternans beggarticks subalternans(beggarticks) trilobamorning triloba morning glory brizanthasignalgrass. brizanthasignalgrass brizantha signalgrass . brizantha(signalgrass) greenhouse design replications species standard diameter height leaves volume p<0.05 p005 p 0 05 (p<0.05 significant test variables C obtusifolia(sicklepod subalternans(beggarticks brizantha(signalgrass p<0.0 p00 (p<0.0 p<0. p0 (p<0. p<0 (p<0 p< (p< (p

RESUMO A gliricídia (Gliricidia sepium(Jacq) Kunth ex Walp) é uma leguminosa que vem sendo utilizada em sistemas agroflorestais, visando alimentação animal e contribuição na fertilidade do solo. Durante o seu cultivo é necessária a realização do manejo de plantas daninhas, pois essas podem interferir no crescimento e no desenvolvimento da gliricídia, sendo fundamental conhecer a habilidade competitiva da cultura com as plantas daninhas. Diante do exposto, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a competitividade da gliricídia convivendo com as plantas daninhas Senna obtusifolia(fedegoso), Commelina benghalensis (trapoeraba), Bidens subalternans (picão-preto), Ipomoea triloba(corda-de-viola) e Urochloa brizantha(braquiária). O experimento foi montado em casa de vegetação, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Cada unidade experimental foi composta por um vaso contendo uma muda de gliricídia em convivência com três plantas daninhas de cada espécie, e o monocultivo das seis espécies, como padrão de comparação. Foi avaliado o crescimento inicial das mudas de gliricídia e das plantas daninhas através do diâmetro do caule, altura da planta e contagem do número de folhas; volume de raiz; massa da matéria seca das folhas, do caule e da raiz. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância (p<0,05) e quando significativas, as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey. A competição da gliricídia com as plantas daninhas resultou na redução de todas as variáveis analisadas. Os resultados obtidos comprovaram que todas as plantas daninhas, com exceção de C. benghalensis, interferiram negativamente no crescimento da espécie arbórea. Gliricidia sepiumJacq sepium Jacq sepium(Jacq Walp agroflorestais solo exposto obtusifoliafedegoso, obtusifoliafedegoso obtusifolia fedegoso , obtusifolia(fedegoso) trapoeraba, trapoeraba (trapoeraba) picãopreto, picãopreto picão preto (picão-preto) trilobacordadeviola triloba corda viola triloba(corda-de-viola brizanthabraquiária. brizanthabraquiária brizantha braquiária . brizantha(braquiária) vegetação casualizado repetições espécies comparação folhas raiz p<0,05 p005 p 0 05 (p<0,05 significativas Tukey analisadas C arbórea obtusifolia(fedegoso (trapoeraba (picão-preto brizantha(braquiária p<0,0 p00 (p<0,0 p<0, p0 (p<0, p<0 (p<0 p< (p< (p

ABSTRACT: Different types of supplied roughage may cause losses in the chemical composition and digestibility of gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium [Jacq.] Kunth ex Walp.) depending on their making and fed-out management. This study has summarized data from scientific studies on gliricidia and compared its nutritional value in various fed forms using a systematic review approach and principal component analysis (PCA). A robust survey of scientific papers was realized on web indexes of periodicals and databases from 1990 to 2023. Data from 100 scientific researches has been compiled and analyzed. In 40% of the trials, the gliricidia nutritional value was determined as fresh leaves, while 30% was in the form of ‘leaves + thin stems’. Gliricidia was evaluated as silage in 11% of the opportunities, followed by 10% as leaf meal and 9% as hay. Non-fiber carbohydrates, crude protein (CP), and organic matter digestibility (OM) had negative correlations with neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and lignin. Only NDF, ADF, and CP contents could explain 71% of the total data variation (PC1 and PC2). There was no discrimination among fed forms, so they showed similar nutrient compositions. Eventual nutrient losses reported in the scientific researches owing to ensilage, haymaking, and leaf meal-making processes do not mischaracterize the gliricidia nutritional value. The assorted manners of roughage making, and fed-out management traditionally performed by farmers can conserve the excellent nutritional quality of gliricidia. ABSTRACT Jacq. Jacq [Jacq. Walp. Walp fedout out PCA. PCA . (PCA) 199 2023 10 analyzed 40 trials leaves 30 stems. stems stems’ 11 opportunities 9 hay Nonfiber Non carbohydrates CP, , (CP) OM (OM NDF (NDF) ADF (ADF) lignin 71 PC1 PC (PC PC2. PC2 PC2) compositions ensilage haymaking mealmaking [Jacq (PCA 19 202 1 4 3 (CP (NDF (ADF 7 20 2

RESUMO: Diferentes tipos de volumosos podem causar perdas na composição química e digestibilidade da gliricídia (Gliricidia sepium [Jacq.] Kunth ex Walp.) dependendo de sua confecção e do manejo da alimentação. O objetivo deste estudo foi sumarizar dados de trabalhos científicos com gliricídia e comparar seu valor nutritivo em diferentes formas de alimentação, sob uma abordagem de revisão sistemática e análise de componentes principais (ACP). Realizou-se um levantamento robusto de trabalhos científicos em web indexadores de periódicos, e em base de dados, de 1990 a 2023. Dados de 100 trabalhos foram sumarizados e analisados. Em 40% dos trabalhos, o valor nutricional da gliricídia foi determinado como folhas in natura, enquanto 30% foi na forma de ‘folhas + caules finos’, em 11% das oportunidades, a gliricídia foi avaliada na forma de silagem, seguido por 10% como farelo de folhas, e 9% como feno. Carboidratos não-fibrosos, proteína bruta (PB) e digestibilidade da matéria orgânica (MO) tiveram correlações negativas com fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) e lignina. Os teores de FDN, FDA e PB foram capazes de explicar 71,00% da variação total dos dados no CP 1 e 2. Além disso, não houve discriminação entre as formas de alimentação, que tiveram composições semelhantes. Eventuais perdas de nutrientes relatadas em trabalhos científicos devido aos processos de ensilagem, fenação ou fabricação de farelo de folhas não descaracterizam o valor nutritivo da gliricídia. As diversas maneiras de confecção de volumosos e manejo da alimentação tradicionalmente utilizadas por agricultores são capazes de conservar a excelente qualidade nutricional da gliricídia. RESUMO Gliricidia Jacq. Jacq [Jacq. Walp. Walp ACP. ACP . (ACP) Realizouse Realizou se periódicos 199 2023 10 analisados 40 natura 30 finos, finos , finos’ 11 oportunidades silagem 9 feno nãofibrosos, nãofibrosos fibrosos, fibrosos não-fibrosos (PB MO (MO FDN (FDN) (FDA lignina 7100 71 00 71,00 2 disso semelhantes ensilagem [Jacq (ACP 19 202 4 3 (FDN 710 7 0 71,0 20 71,

Resumen: El objetivo de esta investigación es realizar la estimación del contenido de metabolitos secundarios en Gliricidia Sepium a partir de la edad y contenido de compuestos primarios (nitrógeno, fructosa, glucosa y sacarosa). Se desarrolló el presente estudio siguiendo un diseño en bloques al azar con tres tratamientos (60, 120 y 180 días) y 6 repeticiones. Para validar la información se evaluó el contenido de nitrógeno (N), glucosa (Glu), fructosa (Frut) y sacarosa (Sac). Además, se validaron modelos matemáticos para la estimación de metabolitos secundarios a partir de los primarios y edad de rebrote. Para establecer relación funcional entre edad y metabolitos primarios se analizaron las ecuaciones de regresión. Reportándose disminución para -N, Glu, Frut y Sac con mayores valores a los 60 días, asimismo se ajustaron ecuaciones cuadráticas con R2 superiores 0.91. La edad de rebrote tuvo efecto marcado sobre los contenidos de metabolitos primarios (N, Glu, Frut y Sac), lo que explica la estrecha relación a través de las ecuaciones de regresión establecidas. Quedó evidenciado que la validación de modelos para predecir metabolitos secundarios en ambos períodos del año puede ser aplicada por la dependencia de estos compuestos de sus precursores (nitrógeno y azúcares).

Abstract: The objective is to estimate the content of secondary metabolites in Gliricidia Sepium from the age and content of primary compounds (nitrogen, fructose, glucose, and sucrose). The present study was developed following a randomized block design, with three treatments (60, 120 and 180 days) and n repetitions. Nitrogen (N), glucose (Glu), fructose (Frut) and sucrose (Suc) content were evaluated for validation. In addition, mathematical models were validated for the estimation of secondary metabolites from the primary ones and regrowth age. To establish the functional relationship between age and primary metabolites, regression equations were analyzed. Reporting a decrease for N, Glu, Frut and Suc with the highest values at 60 days, and quadratic equations with R2 greater than 0.91 were adjusted. The regrowth age had a marked effect on the contents of primary metabolites (N, Glu, Frut and Suc), which explains the close relationship through the established regression equations. As well as it was evidenced that the validation of the models for the prediction of secondary metabolites in both periods of the year, can be applied due to the dependence of these compounds on their precursors (nitrogen and sugars).

Abstract The tree composition in cocoa agroforestry systems (CAFS) in Guatemala is valued for providing a number of ecosystem services. Despite the importance of the trees in these systems, little is known about the tree species richness and its contribution to the conservation of diversity. We studied the botanical composition of CAFS of different ages in the Alta Verapaz department of Guatemala. In total, 70 survey plots with a size of 2500 m2 were established. An inventory was carried out in each sampling unit, recording the tree species present and measuring the diameter at breast height (DBH 1.30 m) and the height of each tree. The Importance Value Index (IVI) was calculated and species richness and the similarity between sites were evaluated. A total of 2519 trees, belonging to 59 species and 34 families were identified. The species with the highest IVI was Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth. The CAFSs with the highest and lowest species richness were those of 9-12 and 27 years old, respectively (H´=1.99, H´=0.34). This behavior can be explained by the fact that growers work to enrich the agroforestry systems with a broad diversity of species in the first years which they then begin to harvest at around 16 years of age. A discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) and the Jaccard Similarity Index were used to show that several AFS were similar in terms of composition and botanical diversity. Given the tree diversity within the CAFS, these can be acknowledged as areas with good potential for the conservation of overall biodiversity. We recommend education programs for local growers about the benefits of shade management during the production cycle of cocoa to preserve the botanical composition and structural complexity of the AFS.

ABSTRACT The functioning of ecosystems or agroecosystems is mainly dependent on the soil-litterfall interaction. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different soil use and management systems on the dynamics of decomposition of plant residues of Azadirachta indica (neem) and Gliricidia sepium (gliricidia). The study was conducted in four land occupation systems, namely: remaining forest, agroforestry, agricultural mandala, and pasture. The decomposition rate was estimated using nylon bags (litter bags), containing 20 g of leaves of A. indica and G. sepium, which were arranged on the soil surface of each area for 18, 36, 54, 72, 90, and 108 days. A completely randomized design was used for each species, considering each area as one treatment, with four replications for each collection. The data were subjected to regression analysis and the means were compared by the Tukey's test (p<0.05). More than 85% and 90% of A. indica and G. sepium plant matters, respectively, had been decomposed after 108 days, regardless of the system evaluated, denoting that these species present high decomposition rates. The phytomass half-life time varied from 16 to 23 days for G. sepium and from 25 to 37 days for A. indica, depending on the land use system. Edaphic temperature, soil water content, and leaf physical and chemical characteristics are weight loss predictors. The results provide important information to enable forest management practices. soillitterfall litterfall interaction Thus neem (neem gliricidia. gliricidia . (gliricidia) namely agroforestry mandala pasture litter bags, , bags) 2 G 18 36 54 72 90 10 treatment collection Tukeys Tukey s p<0.05. p005 p p<0.05 0 05 (p<0.05) 85 matters respectively evaluated rates halflife half life 1 3 temperature content predictors practices (gliricidia 5 7 9 p00 p<0.0 (p<0.05 8 p0 p<0. (p<0.0 p<0 (p<0. p< (p<0 (p< (p

RESUMO O funcionamento dos ecossistemas ou agroecossistemas depende, sobretudo, da interação solo-serapilheira. Assim, objetivouse avaliar a influência de diferentes sistemas de uso e manejo do solo sobre a dinâmica de decomposição dos resíduos vegetais de Azadirachta indica e Gliricidia sepium. O estudo foi conduzido em quatro sistemas de ocupação da terra, sendo eles: remanescente florestal, sistema agroflorestal (SAF), mandala agrícola e pastagem. A taxa de decomposição foi estimada com o uso de sacolas de nylon (litter bags), contendo 20 g de folhas de A. indica e G. sepium, que foram dispostas na superfície do solo de cada área por um período de 18, 36, 54, 72, 90 e 108 dias. Adotou-se um DIC, considerando cada área como um tratamento e quatro repetições a cada coleta, para ambas as espécies. Os dados foram submetidos a uma análise de regressão e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste Tukey (p<0,05). Após 108 dias, mais de 85 e 90% da fitomassa de A. indica e G. sepium, respectivamente, havia sido decomposta, independente do sistema avaliado, indicando que estas espécies apresentam rápida taxa de decomposição. O tempo de meia-vida (T½) do material vegetal variou de 16 a 23 dias no caso da G. sepium e de 25 a 37 dias no caso da A. indica, dependendo do sistema de uso da terra. A temperatura edáfica, o conteúdo de água do solo e as características físico-químicas da fração foliar são preditores da perda de massa. Esses conhecimentos podem fornecer importantes informações que viabilizem práticas de manejo florestal. depende sobretudo soloserapilheira. soloserapilheira serapilheira. serapilheira solo-serapilheira Assim terra eles florestal SAF, SAF , (SAF) pastagem litter bags, bags bags) 2 G 18 36 54 72 9 10 Adotouse Adotou se DIC coleta p<0,05. p005 p p<0,05 . 0 05 (p<0,05) 8 respectivamente decomposta avaliado meiavida meia vida T½ T (T½ 1 3 edáfica físicoquímicas físico químicas massa (SAF 5 7 p00 p<0,0 (p<0,05 (T p0 p<0, (p<0,0 p<0 (p<0, p< (p<0 (p< (p

ABSTRACT This work aimed to evaluate the agronomic efficiency of fermented composts formulated with brewery waste (RC) with castor bean bran (FM) or Gliricidia sepium leaf bran (FG) in the fertilization of butterhead lettuce and green leaf lettuce grown in succession. The experimental design was in randomized blocks in a 2x5 factorial scheme, consisting of two fermented composts and five N doses (0, 50, 100, 200, and 400 kg/ha). The composts were formulated by combining 60 RC+40 FM and 60 RC+40 FG considering the % of dry matter after moisture correction. We verified that the phytotechnical performance of the butterhead lettuce, in relation to fertilization, is influenced by the applied dose; no difference regarding the composts was noticed, though. The doses of 272.2 and 248.71 kg/ha of N enabled the maximum yield of 78.01 and 87.79 t/ha, respectively, 60 RC+40 FM and 60 RC+40 FG. The fermented compost containing FM, in the range of the stipulated doses, showed a residual effect on the main phytotechnical traits of the green leaf lettuce, and the magnitude of the effect is directly proportional to the dose applied in the previous crop. RC (RC (FM (FG succession x 2x scheme 0, 0 (0 50 100 200 40 kg/ha. kgha . kg ha kg/ha) 6 RC40 RC+4 correction noticed though 2722 272 2 272. 24871 248 71 248.7 7801 78 01 78.0 8779 87 79 87.7 tha t t/ha respectively crop ( 5 10 20 4 RC4 RC+ 27 2487 24 7 248. 780 78. 877 8 87. 1

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar a eficiência agronômica de compostos fermentados formulados com o resíduo de cervejaria (RC) conjugado ao farelo de mamona (FM) ou ao farelo de folhas de Gliricidia sepium (FG) na fertilização de alfaces do tipo americana e crespa cultivada na sucessão. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 2x5, constando de dois compostos fermentados e cinco doses de N (0, 50, 100, 200 e 400 kg/ha). Os compostos foram formulados por meio da combinação de 60 RC+40 FM e 60 RC+40 FG considerando o percentual de matéria seca após a correção de umidade. Constatou-se que o desempenho fitotécnico da alface americana em função da fertilização é influenciado pela dose aplicada, todavia, não foram detectados efeitos diferenciados quanto aos compostos. As doses estimadas de 272,2 e 248,71 kg/ha de N possibilitaram o alcance máximo de produtividade de 78,01 e 87,79 t/ha, respectivamente, 60 RC+40 FM e 60 RC+40 FG. O composto fermentado contendo o FM, no intervalo das doses estipuladas, apresentou efeito residual nas principais características fitotécnicas da alface crespa, e a magnitude do efeito é diretamente proporcional à dose aplicada no cultivo antecessor. Objetivouse Objetivou se RC (RC (FM (FG sucessão 2x5 x 0, 0 (0 50 100 20 40 kg/ha. kgha . kg ha kg/ha) 6 RC40 RC+4 umidade Constatouse Constatou todavia 2722 272 2 272, 24871 248 71 248,7 7801 78 01 78,0 8779 87 79 87,7 tha t t/ha respectivamente estipuladas antecessor 2x ( 5 10 4 RC4 RC+ 27 2487 24 7 248, 780 78, 877 8 87, 1

Abstract Physiological and yield evaluation of perennial forage plants grown in intercropping in the semiarid region is indispensable in the search for higher efficiency of the agricultural and livestock production systems. In this context, an experiment was carried out at the Experimental Station of the National Institute of the Semiarid Region - INSA, in the municipality of Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil, to evaluate the physiological efficiency and yield of prickly pear and gliricidia in intercropping. Treatments were distributed in randomized blocks, with six replicates, being represented by four spacings between gliricidia plants: S1 (1.0 m), S2 (1.5 m), S3 (2.0 m) and S4 (3.0 m) x 2.30 m between rows. Prickly pear was planted in double rows of 1.5 m x 0.8 m x 0.5 m. The analyzed variables were initial, maximum and variable fluorescence chlorophyll a, variable/initial fluorescence ratio, potential quantum yield and the fresh matter yield of both crops. Density planting of gliricidia up to 4,348 plants ha-1 increases its photochemical efficiency and yield, but reduces light energy capture by prickly pear in intercropping, whereas its yield is not influenced by cultivation density. Regardless of gliricidia density, prickly pear yield was not influenced. systems context INSA Grande Paraíba Brazil blocks replicates S 1.0 10 1 0 (1. m, , 15 5 2.0 20 2 (2. 3.0 30 3 (3. 230 2.3 1. 08 8 0. 05 initial a variableinitial ratio crops 4348 4 348 4,34 ha1 ha ha- density (1 2. (2 3. (3 23 434 34 4,3 ( 43 4,

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate different pastures types on carbon footprint (CF). The cattle in the Piedmont zone, Cumaral, Meta, Colombia are principally Brahman, the pastures are formed with the tropical forage grasses Brachiaria decumbens for improved pastures (IP) and degraded pastures of B. brizantha (DP), also, various silvopastoral systems (SPSs) depending of planting trees on pasture at the same time and in the same space were evaluated. GHG emissions per kg of live weight (LW) were estimated to be reduced from 9.14, and 7.17 to 4.4 kgCO2eq.kgLW-1 in SPSs, and IP to DP, respectively. In all systems the largest GHG emission were enteric fermentation CH4, manure management N2O, feed animal management CO2. Soil C sequestration rates ranged from 2.46 to -1.72 tCO2.ha-1.yr-1 in DP to SPSs, respectively, IP account for -1.35tCO2eq.ha-1yr-1. CF were neutralized from 8.12 to -11.6 kg CO2eq.kg LW-1 in DP to IP. The beef production system with the lowest CF studied were that based on SPSs, mainly B. decumbens associated with Acacia mangium, accounting -60 kg CO2eq.kgLW-1. In our study, all other SPSs had a very large impact on negative CF, due to differences in C stored in biomass that would account for GHG neutralization of -15.3, -21.8, -24.31, -20.42 kg CO2eq.kgLW-1 in SPSs of B. decumbens + Gliricidia sepium, B. decumbens + Mangifera indica, B. decumbens + G. angustifolia and B. decumbens + citrus cinensis, respectively. It is possible to neutralize CF in beef cattle production through several SPSs in Piedmont’s case study. CF. . (CF) zone Cumaral Meta Brahman (IP B , (DP) also (SPSs evaluated LW (LW 914 9 14 9.14 717 7 17 7.1 44 4 4. kgCO2eq.kgLW1 kgCO2eqkgLW1 kgCOeqkgLW kgCO2eq.kgLW 1 kgCO2eq kgLW kgCO eq kgCO2eq.kgLW- respectively CH4 CH N2O NO N O CO2 CO 246 2 46 2.4 1.72 172 72 -1.7 tCO2.ha1.yr1 tCO2ha1yr1 tCOhayr tCO2.ha 1.yr tCO2 ha yr tCO tCO2.ha-1.yr- 1.35tCO2eq.ha1yr1. 135tCO2eqha1yr1 tCOeqhayr 1.35tCO2eq.ha 1yr 1. 35tCO2eq -1.35tCO2eq.ha-1yr-1 812 8 12 8.1 11.6 116 11 6 -11. CO2eqkg COeqkg CO2eq LW1 LW- mangium 60 -6 CO2eq.kgLW1. CO2eqkgLW1 COeqkgLW CO2eq.kgLW study 15.3, 153 15 3 -15.3 21.8, 218 21 -21.8 24.31, 2431 24 31 -24.31 20.42 2042 20 42 -20.4 CO2eq.kgLW1 CO2eq.kgLW- sepium indica G cinensis Piedmonts s (CF (DP 91 9.1 71 7. kgLW1 eqkgLW kgCO2eqkgLW kgCOeq 2. 1.7 -1. ha1 yr1 tCO2.ha1.yr tCO2ha1yr tCO2ha tCOha tCO2.ha-1.yr ha1yr1 1.35tCO2eq.ha1yr1 eqha 135tCO2eqha1yr 135tCO2eqha tCOeqha tCOeq -1.35tCO2eq.ha-1yr- 81 8. 11. -11 eqkg COeq - CO2eqkgLW 15.3 -15. 21.8 -21. 24.31 243 -24.3 20.4 204 -20. 9. -1 hayr ha1yr 1.35tCO2eq.ha1yr -1.35tCO2eq.ha-1yr 15. -15 21. -21 24.3 -24. 20. -20 -2 24. -24

Abstract The objective was to evaluate the repellent effect of ethanolic extracts of Azadirachta indica, Pachyrhizus erosus and Gliricidia sepium, on Capsicum chinense pests. A randomized complete block design was used with three treatments (T1 = A. indica; T2 = P. erosus; T3 = G. sepium) and a control, with 15 plants per treatment. The maceration-infusion method in EtOH was used for the extraction of the treatments. Applying every 7 days at a dose of 15 mL L-1/water. 12 diurnal samplings were carried out with a frequency of seven days. The incidence of 576 pest individuals was recorded, distributed in eight species. The species with the highest incidence was recorded in Bermisia tabaci, Epitrix spp. and Myzus persicae. Treatments T3 and T2 represent the extracts with the lowest incidence of fruit suckers and perforators. The repellent effect of the evaluated extracts will allow the integration of local botanical resources as part of sustainable management of agricultural phytosanitary.

Resumen El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto repelente de extractos etanólicos de Azadirachta indica, Pachyrhizus erosus y Gliricidia sepium, sobre plagas de Capsicum chinense. Se empleó un diseño de bloques completos al azar con tres tratamientos (T1 = A. indica; T2 = P. erosus; T3 = G. sepium) y un testigo, con 15 plantas por tratamiento. Se usó el método de maceración-infusión en EtOH para la extracción de los tratamientos. Aplacándose cada 7 días en dosis de 15 mL L-1/agua. Se realizaron 12 muestreos diurnos con frecuencia de siete días. Se contabilizó la incidencia de 576 individuos plaga, distribuidos en ocho especies. Las especies con mayor incidencia se registró en Bermisia tabaci, Epitrix spp. y Myzus persicae. Los tratamientos T3 y T2, representan los extractos con menor incidencia en succionadores y perforadores del fruto. El efecto repelente de los extractos evaluados, permitirá integrar recursos botánicos locales como parte de un manejo sustentable de la fitosanidad agrícola.

RESUMO A palma forrageira (Opuntia fícus-indica Mill) apresenta-se como forrageira importante para o Nordeste Brasileiro, devido a sua adaptação às condições edafoclimáticas da região, especialmente nos períodos de estiagens. O presente estudo teve objetivo de investigar os efeitos de dietas baseadas em palma forrageira associada a diferentes fontes de fibras no consumo (matéria seca e água), digestibilidade, produção de proteína microbiana, balanço de compostos nitrogenados e desempenho de vacas leiteiras sindi criadas em regiões semiáridas. As silagens utilizadas foram: atriplex (Atriplex nummularia Lindi.), sorgo (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench), gliricídia (Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp. ) e maniçoba (Manihot pseudoglaziovii Pax & K. Hoffm.), que foram incluídas nas dietas à base de palma forrageira (relação 58:42 volumoso: concentrado). As vacas foram distribuídas em delineamento Quadrado Latino duplo 4x4 com duração de 12 dias cada período. Para consumo de água houve diferenças (P<0,05) para dieta contendo silagem de atriplex (19,42 L/d). A dieta com silagem de sorgo apresentou menor coeficiente (P<0,05) digestibilidade da matéria seca (48,71 %) em relação ao tratamento de silagem de atriplex (68,46 %). A síntese microbiana foi maior (P<0,05) para a dieta com silagem de atriplex em relação ao tratamento que continha silagem de gliricídia (115,01 e 80,07 g de PBmic/kg de NDT), respectivamente. As silagens avaliadas associadas a palma forrageira podem ser utilizadas em dietas para vacas da raça Sindi em lactação sem influenciar o consumo diário de matéria seca, sem alterar a produção e gordura do leite, a síntese de proteína microbiana e o balanço de compostos nitrogenados.

ABSTRACT Forage cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica Mill) is an important forage resource in the Northeast region of Brazil due to its adaptation to the edaphoclimatic conditions of the region, mainly to the drought periods. The objective of this work was to assess the effects of diets with forage cactus combined with different sources of fibers on dry matter and water intakes, digestibility, microbial protein production, balance of nitrogen compounds, and performance of Red Sindhi cows in the Semiarid region of Brazil. The silages used were prepared from plants of Atriplex nummularia Lindi., Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp., and Manihot pseudoglaziovii Pax & K. Hoffm. They were included in forage cactus-based diets at a roughage to concentrate ratio of 58:42. The cows were distributed in a 4×4 double Latin square design with 12 days for each period. Water intake presented differences (p<0.05) when using the diet with A. nummularia silage (19.42 L d-1). The diet with S. bicolor silage resulted in lower (p<0.05) coefficient of digestibility of dry matter (48.71%) than the diet with A. nummularia silage (68.46%). The diet with A. nummularia silage resulted in higher (p<0.05) microbial synthesis than that with G. sepium silage, 115.01 and 80.07 g CPmic kg-1 TDN, respectively. The silages evaluated, combined with forage cactus, can be used as diets for lactating Red Sindhi cows without affecting the daily dry matter intake, milk production, fat content, microbial protein synthesis, and balance of nitrogen compounds.

ABSTRACT Understanding of N mineralization dynamics of frequently available organic amendments in the tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) ecosystem has greater importance in land restoration. Hence, this study focused on assessing the effects of organic amendments on N mineralization and soil quality improvement in tea growing soil. Garden compost (CMP), Gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.)) leaves (GLI), charged tea waste biochar (CBC), tea waste (TW), and tea waste biochar without charging (RBC) were incubated with soil at a rate of 186 mg N kg-1. Incubated soils were analyzed periodically for soil pH, available NO3 --N, NH4 +-N, soil P, and S for 120-d. Microbial biomass C (MBC), protease, urease, phosphatase, and dehydrogenase activities were determined at the end of the incubation. All amendments showed different N mineralization patterns. Gliricidia, CMP, and TW released N by 94%, 43%, and 24%, respectively. Gliricidia showed the highest peak of NH4 +-N after 21-d incubation, depicting rapid ammonification. Charged BC and RBC showed N immobilization throughout the incubation period, which finally amounted to 12% and 17%, respectively. Gliricidia showed 0.79 mg d-1 maximum N mineralization rate and 150 mg kg-1 total mineralizable N. The N mineralization was sequenced as GLI > CMP > TW > CBC > RBC. All amendments showed more than 45% increase in MBC, where Gliricidia gave the highest (146%) compared to the control. Application of CBC promotes all enzyme activities by > 90% over control. In conclusion, GLI meets the immediate plant N requirement, and CBC significantly improves the degraded soil quality.

ABSTRACT Background: Coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the infection with the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has affected the life and health of more than 222 million people. In the absence of any specific pharmacological treatment, the need to find new therapeutic alternatives is clear. Medicinal plants are widely used worldwide to treat different conditions, including COVID-19; however, in most cases, there are no specific studies to evaluate the efficacy of these treatments. Objective: This article evaluates the antiviral effect of six plant extracts used by indigenous and afro Colombian people against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro Methods: The antiviral effect of six extracts prepared from plants used in Colombian traditional medicine was evaluated against SARS-CoV-2 through a pre-post treatment strategy on the Vero E6 cell line. Once cytotoxicity was established through an MTT assay, the antiviral effect of the extracts was calculated based on the reduction in the viral titer determined by plaque assay. Results: Gliricidia sepium inhibited SARS-CoV-2 in a 75.6%, 56.8%, 62.5% and 40.0% at 10 mg/mL, 8 mg/mL, 6 mg/mL, and 2 mg/mL, respectively, while Piper tuberculatum treatment reduced viral titer in 33.3% at 6 mg/mL after 48h. Conclusion: G. sepium and P. tuberculatum extracts exhibit antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro.

RESUMEN Introducción: La enfermedad infecciosa causada por el coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) generada por la infección con el nuevo coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 ha afectado la vida y la salud de mas de 222 millones de personas. En ausencia de algún tratamiento farmacológico específico, la necesidad de encontrar nuevas alternativas terapéuticas es clara. Las plantas medicinales son utilizadas en todo el mundo para tratar diferentes condiciones, incluyendo el COVID-19; sin embargo, en la mayoría de los casos no existen estudios específicos que evalúen la eficacia de estos tratamientos. Objetivo: En este artículo, evaluamos el efecto antiviral de seis extractos de plantas usadas por pueblos indígenas y afrocolombianos contra el SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. Metodología: El efecto antiviral de seis extractos preparados a partir de plantas usadas en medicina tradicional colombiana fue evaluado contra SARS-CoV-2 por medio de una estrategia de pre-post tratamiento en células Vero E6. Una vez se estableció la citotoxicidad por un ensayo de MTT, el efecto antiviral de estos extractos fue calculado basado en la reducción del título viral determinado por ensayo de plaqueo. Resultados: G. sepium inhibió SARS-CoV-2 en un 75.6%, 56.8%, 62.5% y 40.0% a 10 mg/mL, 8 mg/mL, 6 mg/mL, and 2 mg/mL, respectivamente. Mientras el extracto de Piper tuberculatum redujo el título viral en un 33.3% a 6 mg/mL luego de 48h de tratamiento.

RESUMEN: En este trabajo se evaluó la actividad insecticida del aceite de Copaifera langsdorffii en el control de Aphis craccivora, en condiciones de laboratorio. Se utilizó un diseño completamente aleatorizado, con cinco concentraciones 2 %, 4 %, 6 %, 8 % y 10 %, tratamiento control (agua destilada + Tween®) y control (Orthene®). En la evaluación, se recolectaron adultos de Aphis craccivora en Gliricidia sepium, y se expusieron a la aplicación de 1 mL de la mezcla de agua con las diferentes concentraciones del aceite. La mortalidad (%) fue la variable utilizada para el análisis, realizado a las 4, 24, 48 y 72 horas después de la aplicación de los tratamientos, mediante análisis de varianza y determinación de la concentración letal mediana (CL50). Se observó que con el aumento de las concentraciones se produjo un incremento en la mortalidad de Aphis craccivora, presentándose una mayor mortalidad (88 % y 90 %) en la concentración del 10 % en los períodos de 4 y 24 horas y del 6 % con una mortalidad que varió de 80 a 94 % (después de 48 horas) y 92 a 98 % (después de 72 horas). La CL50 calculada a las 4, 24, 48 y 72 horas fue del 6,16 %, 4,65 %, 4,22 % y 2,99 %, respectivamente. El aceite de copaiba tiene actividad insecticida y una concentración del 6 % está indicado para el control de Aphis craccivora.

SUMMARY: In this study, the insecticide activity of Copaifera langsdorffii oil in the control of Aphis craccivora was evaluated under laboratory conditions. A completely randomized experimental design was used, with five concentrations of 2 %, 4 %, 6 %, 8 % and 10 %, blank test treatment (distilled water + Tween®) and control (Orthene®). In the evaluation, adults of Aphis craccivora and Gliricidia sepium were exposed to the application of 1 mL of the water mixture with different concentrations of oil. Mortality (%) was the variable used for the analysis, being evaluated at 4, 24, 48 and 72 hours after application of the treatments through the analysis of variance and determination of the median lethal concentration (LC50). It was observed that with the increase in concentrations there was increase in the mortality of Aphis craccivora, with higher mortality in the concentration of 10 % in the periods of 4 and 24 hours (88 % and 90 %) and from 6 %, with mortality ranging from 80 to 94 % (after 48 hours) and 92 to 98 % (after 72 hours). The LC50 calculated at times of 4, 24, 48 and 72 hours was: 6.16 %, 4.65 %, 4.22 % and 2.99 %, respectively. Copaiba oil has insecticidal activity and concentration of 6 % can be indicated for the control of Aphis craccivora.

ABSTRACT Silvopastoral systems based on tree legumes intercropped with forage grasses can harbor a high diversity of rhizobia, and these bacteria are good indicators of soil quality in several management systems. The objective of this work was to evaluate the morphophysiological, genetic and symbiotic diversity of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] rhizobia from soils under silvopastoral systems based on shrub-tree legumes. The experiment was performed in a randomized block design with three treatments and three replications, consisting of signalgrass (Urochloa decumbens Stapf.) intercropped with sabia (Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia); signalgrass intercropped with gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium) and single signalgrass. The samples were collected in the legume row (0 meter) and 4 and 8 meters away. Later, cowpea was used as a trap plant to capture the rhizobia. All strains were phenotypically characterized, authenticated, and genetically identified. Phenotypical characterization of the 431 isolates showed high diversity forming 69 groups at 100% similarity, of which 60 were able to nodulate cowpea during the authentication, and 36 presented relative efficiency superior or equal to the recommended bacteria for the crop. Most of the sequenced strains belonged to Bradyrhizobium (67%) and Methylobacterium (9%). Leifsonia (9%), Cohnella (6%), Rhizobium (3%), Burkholderia (3%), and Paenibacillus (3%) were also represented. Soils under silvopastoral systems harbor efficient rhizobia populations in cowpea with a high genetic diversity, which can be recommended for agronomic efficiency assays.

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the use of forage tree species in three animal husbandry farms in the Macanacú valley of the Guisa municipality, Granma province. Materials and Methods: In three animal husbandry farms (Macanacú, El Sao and La Gloria) three transects of 1 500 m2 were made, subdivided into plots of 20 x 25 m. All the species were collected and taxonomically identified and were organized in alphabetical order and by family. The inventory of the existing forage tree species was carried out. The species present were characterized, according to their use and services offered in the studied zone. Results: A total of 23 species that were used in the animal husbandry systems were recorded. The high representativeness of the family Fabaceae stands out, with 18 % of the total, for having legume and forage species, all of them of interest for animal husbandry. The forage tree species like Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr, Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit, Guazuma ulmifolia Lam and Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp, are the most widely used as feeding source for the livestock of the region. Conclusions: Twenty three tree species, with potential for silvopastoral use, were identified. The high representativeness of the family Fabaceae was proven, with 18 % of the total species. Nine tree species that are consumed by cattle were recorded, among which S. saman, A. lebbeck, L. leucocephala, G. ulmifolia, and G. sepium stand out.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar el uso de las especies arbóreas forrajeras en tres fincas pecuarias en el valle Macanacú del municipio Guisa, provincia Granma. Materiales y Métodos: En tres fincas ganaderas (Macanacú, El Sao y La Gloria) se realizaron tres transectos de 1 500 m2, subdivididos en parcelas de 20 x 25 m. Se colectaron e identificaron taxonómicamente todas las especies y se organizaron por orden alfabético y por familia. Se realizó el inventario de las especies arbóreas forrajeras existentes. Se caracterizaron las especies presentes, según su uso y servicios ofrecidos en la zona de estudio. Resultados: Se registraron un total de 23 especies que se utilizan en los sistemas ganaderos. Se destaca la gran representatividad de la familia Fabaceae, con 18 % del total, por tener especies leguminosas y forrajeras, todas de gran interés pecuario. Las especies arbóreas forrajeras como Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr, Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit, Guazuma ulmifolia Lam y Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp , son las más utilizadas como fuente alimenticia para el ganado de la región. Conclusiones: Se identificaron 23 especies arbóreas, con potencial para uso silvopastoril. Se evidenció la alta representatividad de la familia Fabaceae, con 18 % del total de especies. Se registraron nueve especies arbóreas forrajeras que consumen los bovinos, entre las que se destaca S. saman, A. lebbeck, L. leucocephala, G. ulmifolia, y G. sepium.