Abstract From a selected body of publications in English, this essay explores the GIS/technologies-vulnerability relationship in order to contribute to geographical research focused on the Andes. After a brief description of the space and climatic problematic that is related to it, the articulation of these with a concept of vulnerability that has been developed throughout the current century and the analysis of case studies that research the Andean geographical system are presented. The article concludes that, within the frame of the impacts that climate change has been generating, these advances pay the way and call for the execution of comprehensive studies on vulnerability on the Andes that consider simultaneously the social, the natural and the specific space of study being investigated. Resources in terms of geospatial, conceptual, of scales and outcomes here presented can help to guide and serve as inputs in research related with the treated topic.

Resumen Desde un cuerpo seleccionado de publicaciones en inglés, este ensayo explora la relación SIG tecnologías y vulnerabilidad con el fin de contribuir a la investigación geográfica enfocada en los Andes. Tras una breve descripción del espacio y problemática climática que se le relaciona, se presentan algunas tecnologías geoespaciales, la articulación de éstas con un concepto de vulnerabilidad que se ha venido desarrollando a lo largo del presente siglo y el análisis de estudios de caso que investigan el sistema geográfico andino. El documento concluye que, en el marco de los impactos que viene generando el cambio climático, estos avances allanan el camino y convocan a la ejecución de estudios integrales sobre vulnerabilidad en los Andes que consideren simultáneamente lo social, lo natural y el espacio específico de estudio que se investiga. Los recursos en términos de herramientas geoespaciales, conceptuales, de escalas, y de resultados aquí presentados pueden contribuir a orientar y servir como insumos en investigaciones relacionadas con el tópico tratado.

Abstract This article aims to delineate the role of innovation in the successful outcomes of Minas Artisanal Cheese (QMA) from Canastra. The methodological foundation is built upon literature review, documentary analysis, field research, and interviews. Our findings reveal the interplay between traditional and scientific knowledge as a pivotal element in the productive sophistication of Canastra’s QMA, facilitating work enhancement and striving to meet consumer market demands while maintaining local know-how and practices, which the society-nature relationship has historically shaped. The discussion is situated within the realm of empirical studies on natural resource-based innovation in Latin America and reflections on Territorial Innovation Systems (TIS), which consider a multiscale perspective of the innovation process prevalent in studies in the field of Knowledge and Innovation Geography. Despite advancements, we underscore that the establishment of Canastra’s QMA still faces challenges stemming from typical structural frailties of peripheral TIS. We aspire that these results not only contribute to comprehending the productive region of Canastra’s QMA but also serve as a supportive framework for innovation policies that acknowledge the necessity of contextual considerations in regional realities. (QMA Canastra review analysis research interviews Canastras s knowhow know how practices societynature society nature shaped resourcebased resource based TIS, TIS , (TIS) Geography advancements realities (TIS

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é reconhecer o papel da inovação nos resultados exitosos que a produção de Queijo Minas Artesanal (QMA) da Canastra. O alicerce metodológico se estruturou com revisão bibliográfica, levantamento documental, pesquisa de campo e entrevistas. Nossos resultados revelam a articulação entre conhecimento tradicional e científico como elemento chave na sofisticação produtiva do QMA da Canastra, promovendo a qualificação do trabalho e a busca pelo atendimento a padrões de exigência do mercado consumidor sem romper com laços e práticas do saber-fazer local, fruto de uma relação sociedade-natureza historicamente construída. A discussão proposta é situada no âmbito de estudos empíricos sobre inovação baseada em recursos naturais na América Latina e de reflexões em torno de sistemas territoriais de inovação (STI), que leva em consideração uma perspectiva multiescalar do processo inovativo que tem vigorado em estudos no campo da Geografia do Conhecimento e da Inovação. Apesar dos avanços constatados, salientamos que a estruturação do QMA da Canastra ainda enfrenta obstáculos com fragilidades estruturais típicas de STI periféricos. Almejamos que os resultados possam contribuir não apenas para a compreensão da região produtiva do QMA da Canastra, mas que possa ser um material de apoio para políticas de inovação que consideram a necessidade de um olhar para a realidade das regiões. (QMA bibliográfica documental entrevistas saberfazer saber fazer local sociedadenatureza sociedade natureza construída STI, , (STI) Inovação constatados periféricos regiões (STI

ABSTRACT The economic model based on the extraction and export of natural resources to countries that process raw materials, and the influence of the great powers or developed countries in this condition, has caused environmental deterioration. This research analyzes the data of the sanctioning procedures imposed by the Superintendence of the Environment of Chile between 2013 and 2019 to the holders of investment projects that failed to comply with current environmental regulations. It is found that the items with the highest number of charges filed correspond to export activities (mining, agriculture and livestock, manufacturing facilities, and fishing and aquaculture) whose fines for environmental non-compliance amount to almost 411,000,000 USD and are led, after Chile, by foreign investment capitals. It is argued that these companies from countries with better environmental standards do not apply the same operating conditions in Chile. This shows shortcomings in the implementation of state and business policies related to the country’s sustainable development discourse.

RESUMEN El modelo económico basado en la extracción y exportación de recursos naturales a países procesadores de materias primas, y la influencia de las grandes potencias o países desarrollados en esa condición, han provocado deterioro ambiental. En esta investigación se analiza los datos de los procedimientos sancionatorios impuestos por la Superintendencia del Medio Ambiente de Chile entre los años 2013 y 2019 a los titulares de los proyectos de inversión que incumplieron con la normativa ambiental vigente. Se comprueba que los rubros con mayor formulación de cargos corresponden a actividades de exportación (minería, agropecuario, instalaciones fabriles, y pesca y acuicultura), cuyas multas por incumplimientos ambientales ascienden a casi 411.000.000 USD y son liderados, después de Chile, por capitales de inversión extranjera. Se argumenta que estas compañías de países con mejores estándares ambientales no aplican las mismas condiciones de operación en Chile. Esto permite mostrar carencias en la implementación de políticas estatales y empresariales relacionadas con el discurso del desarrollo sostenible del país.

Abstract Successful policies seeking to promote rural entrepreneurship require a conceptual model consistent with the features of rural spaces and free of stereotypes of entrepreneurship as being only technologically sophisticated. The objective of this essay is, first, to argue that rural areas can be fertile ground for entrepreneurial activities in middle-income countries such as Chile and, second, to discuss policy options to achieve the goal of encouraging a more innovative entrepreneurship in rural areas. The scientific literature on entrepreneurship and the definitions, types and roles of entrepreneurship in development are reviewed. The literature on the location of entrepreneurship is summarized to understand the drivers of observed territorial differences in entrepreneurial activity. One conclusion is that rural areas face a (seemingly) adverse economic geography for entrepreneurship, although there is a recent tendency for amenities-led growth. We then present the geography of rural entrepreneurship in Chile. Contrary to conventional wisdom, the rates of entrepreneurship in Chilean rural areas are high, although presumably of a limited growth potential under current conditions. Nevertheless, this entrepreneurial base provides a stock of knowledge from which a greater sophistication could be reached, and we discuss potential policy approaches to stimulate more innovative rural entrepreneurship. In the case of Chile, available policy options are coherent with the recently enacted National Rural Development Policy. A systemic, amenity-based approach gives middle-income countries opportunities for the development of more innovative rural entrepreneurship through territorial policies that provide local public goods and improve living conditions.

Resumen Políticas exitosas para fomentar el emprendimiento rural requieren un modelo conceptual consistente con las características de los espacios rurales y libre de estereotipos sobre el emprendimiento solo como tecnológicamente sofisticado. El objetivo de este ensayo es, primero, argumentar que las zonas rurales pueden ser un suelo fértil para actividades emprendedoras en países de ingreso medio como Chile y, segundo, discutir opciones de políticas para alcanzar el objetivo de estimular un emprendimiento más innovador en zonas rurales. Se revisa la literatura científica sobre emprendimiento y las definiciones, tipos y roles del emprendimiento en el desarrollo. Se resume la literatura sobre localización del emprendimiento para entender los motores de las diferencias territoriales de actividad emprendedora observadas. Una conclusión es que las zonas rurales enfrentan una geografía económica (aparentemente) adversa para el emprendimiento, aunque existe una tendencia reciente a un crecimiento impulsado por amenidades. A continuación, presentamos la geografía del emprendimiento rural en Chile. Contrario a la noción común, las tasas de emprendimiento en las zonas rurales de Chile son altas, aunque presumiblemente de un limitado potencial de crecimiento en las condiciones actuales. No obstante, esta base emprendedora provee un stock de conocimiento desde el cual se puede alcanzar una mayor sofisticación, y se discuten enfoques de política para estimular un emprendimiento rural más innovador. En el caso de Chile, las opciones de política disponibles son coherentes con la Política Nacional de Desarrollo Rural promulgada recientemente. Un enfoque sistémico, basado en amenidades, da a los países de ingreso medio oportunidades para el desarrollo de un emprendimiento rural más innovador mediante políticas que provean bienes públicos locales y mejoren las condiciones de vida.

The socio-spatial studies of tourism have focused on the analysis of the material or the symbolic from positivist, critical or hermeneutic points of view. On material terms, they have focused on the analysis of the natural and cultural resources of a receiving destination, on the historical conformation of a tourist destination and the social, political, economic and environmental transformations that take place. Within the symbolic, both the perceptions and the valuations of the social actors of the destination stand out. The models that combine both types of analysis, the material and the symbolic, present a greater degree of theoretical complexity to conduct research. Therefore, with the aim of making a proposal that may integrate components for the study of the socio-spatial behavior of a tourist destination and from the critical perspective of the works of the trialectic of Lefebvre (2013) and of Harvey's model (1990), the relevant categories and units of analysis are identified to be applied to the tourist research. Such theoretical position is diachronic and integral, since it involves space, time and the social being.

Los estudios socioespaciales del turismo se han enfocado en el análisis de lo material o lo simbólico desde posturas positivistas, críticas o hermenéuticas. En lo material, se han centrado en el análisis de los recursos naturales y culturales de un destino receptor, en la conformación histórica de un destino turístico y las transformaciones sociales, políticas, económicas y ambientales que se producen. Dentro de lo simbólico destacan tanto las percepciones como las valoraciones de los actores sociales del destino. Los modelos que conjugan ambos tipos de análisis, el material y el simbólico, presentan un mayor grado de complejidad teórica para llevar a cabo una investigación, por ello, con la intención de aportar una propuesta que integre componentes para el estudio del comportamiento socioespacial de un destino turístico, desde la perspectiva crítica se retoman los trabajos de la trialéctica de Lefebvre (2013) y del modelo de Harvey (1990) y se identifican las categorías y unidades de análisis pertinentes para aplicarlas a la investigación turística. Tal postura teórica se manifiesta como diacrónica e integral, dado que involucra el espacio, el tiempo y el ser social.

Resumen Introducción: El artículo “Moluscos de la Isla del Coco” publicado en la Revista del Colegio Superior de Señoritas (1935) es la traducción al español de una de las últimas obras de Paul Biolley Matthey (1862-1908), naturalista suizo radicado en Costa Rica, producto de una investigación malacológica efectuada en el marco de una expedición científica organizada por el Instituto Físico-Geográfico Nacional de Costa Rica (IFGN) en 1902, en una época en que el país reivindicaba su soberanía tanto en este territorio como en las zonas periféricas fronterizas. Objetivo: Analizar los aportes del artículo “Moluscos de la Isla del Coco” desde el enfoque de la Historia Social de la Ciencia. Métodos: La mayor parte de las investigaciones que han aplicado este enfoque en Costa Rica analizan procesos de institucionalización de disciplinas científicas. La metodología empleada en estos trabajos fue de gran utilidad para el análisis del artículo de Biolley, junto con la información de datos históricos proporcionados por otros textos sobre la Isla del Coco y el desarrollo de la investigación científica en Costa Rica desde una perspectiva temporal. Además, se hicieron tablas que sintetizan la clasificación de las especies y géneros estudiados por Biolley en la Isla del Coco para identificar su procedencia y el hábitat en el que viven. Resultados: Este estudio de Biolley constituye un texto de interés desde el punto de vista de la Historia Social de la Ciencia, debido a las descripciones que ofrece de las condiciones físicas del territorio de la Isla del Coco, de las diferentes especies de moluscos localizadas en ellas y al intercambio de información con científicos nacionales y extranjeros que evidencian la participación de Biolley en redes científicas. Conclusiones: Al analizar la información proporcionada por el artículo con los trabajos basados en el enfoque de la Historia Social de la Ciencia, se llegó a la conclusión que la recopilación de los datos de flora y de fauna permitió tener un mayor conocimiento de los recursos naturales de los territorios explorados, con el fin de colonizarlos e integrarlos a la dinámica económica del Valle Central de Costa Rica, sin embargo, los intentos para efectuar una colonización efectiva de la Isla del Coco fracasaron dada la distancia entre esta y el continente, además de las condiciones topográficas que impiden el establecimiento permanente de poblaciones humanas y sus actividades productivas.

Abstract Introduction: The paper “Moluscos de la Isla del Coco” (Mollusks of Cocos Island) published in the Revista del Colegio Superior de Señoritas (1935) is the translation to Spanish of one of the last works of Paul Biolley Matthey (1862-1908), Swiss naturalist that lived in Costa Rica. This article was one product of a malacological research carried out during a scientific expedition organized by the ‘Instituto Físico-Geográfico Nacional de Costa Rica’ (IFGN) in 1902 to Cocos Island, at a time when the country claimed its sovereignty both in this territory. Objective: To analyze the contributions of the article “Moluscos de la Isla del Coco” from the Social History of Science approach. Methods: Most of the researches that have applied this approach in Costa Rica analyze processes of institutionalization of scientific disciplines. The methodology used in these works was very useful for the analysis of the Biolley article, together with the information of historical data provided by other texts about Cocos Island and the development of scientific research in Costa Rica from a temporal perspective. In addition, tables were made to synthesize the classification of the species and genera studied by Biolley in Cocos Island to identify their provenance and the habitat in which they lived. Results: This study of Biolley constitutes a text of interest from the point of view of the Social History of Science, due to the descriptions it offers of the physical conditions of the territory of Cocos Island, of the different species of mollusks located in them and to the exchange of information with national and foreign scientists that show the participation of Biolley in scientific networks. Conclusions: The analysis of the information with the Social History of Science approach, concludes that the compilation of the flora and fauna permits a greater knowledge of the natural resources of the explored territories, in order to colonize them and integrate them into the economic dynamics of the Central Valley of Costa Rica. However, attempts colonize Cocos Island failed given the distance between this and the continent, in addition to the topographic conditions that prevent the permanent establishment of human populations and their productive activities.

Abstract This article is an effort to define and characterize “important hydrologic zones” affected by mining concessions in the territory defined as mestizo, part of the parish El Chical in Carchi province in northwestern Ecuador. Facing a wave of concessions for industrial mining, many debates and uncertainties from the local populations that inhabit these territories, now defined as miners from the central state, have emerged. As these new concessions enter in a conflict for land use, it generates deterritorialization of local habitants, since their way of living and the natural resources to maintain them are threatened by state politics. Besides this, the materialization of this politics, including the presence of transnational mining companies, have already influenced changes in local relationships. This document is the first part of a wider investigation, whose objective is to analyze factors of deterritorialization and reterritorialization, from different actors perspectives, related to water, its use and conservation as a contestation to the imposition of mining territories, in El Chical parish. The document makes a characterization of the problematic between water and mining, and then analyzes from the critical geography perspective the processes of deterritorialization and reterritorialization, to finally make and overlap between mining concessions and important hydrologic zones in the study area.

Resumen Este artículo es un esfuerzo por definir y caracterizar las “zonas de importancia hídrica” afectadas por las concesiones mineras dentro del territorio establecido como área mestiza de la parroquia El Chical, en la provincia del Carchi. Frente a la ola de concesionamientos para minería industrial, surgen un sinnúmero de debates e incertidumbres por parte de las poblaciones locales que se encuentran en territorios definidos como mineros por el Estado central. Al estar las áreas concesionadas en conflicto con estas “zonas de importancia hídrica” se genera una competencia por los usos y manejo del territorio que, desde la perspectiva de esta investigación, implica una forma de desterritorializar a la población, por cuanto sus modos de vida y los recursos naturales para mantener los mismos se ven amenazados. Esta amenaza se materializa a través de la presencia, cada vez más visible, de empresas mineras trasnacionales, que van influyendo en las relaciones locales. Este artículo es la primera parte de una investigación más amplia, cuyo objetivo es analizar factores de desterritorialización y reterritorialización, desde los diversos actores, en relación con el recurso agua, sus usos y su conservación; como una respuesta a la imposición de territorios mineros, en la parroquia El Chical. En esta primera parte se realiza una caracterización de la problemática agua y minería; un análisis teórico de los procesos de des-rete- rritorialización desde el enfoque de la geografía crítica, para finalmente aterrizar con un análisis de la situación actual de concesiones y su solape con zonas de importancia hídrica en el área de estudio.

Resumen: Objetivo/contexto: Con esta presentación (y este dossier) buscamos propiciar la reflexión y el debate de nuevas perspectivas frente a las problematizadas pero, de algún modo, todavía predominantes narraciones de una historia de la ciencia basada en la Europa del norte y occidental. En particular buscamos propiciar la reflexión y el debate sobre el rol del mundo híbrido iberoamericano y el rol de los saberes indígenas en los procesos de emergencia de la ciencia moderna. Metodología: En el mundo del Atlántico de los siglos XVI al XIX se resolvieron problemas de comercio de larga distancia, de control de poblaciones, recursos y territorios, y de comunicación a través de prácticas e instituciones que enfatizaron lo empírico y la experiencia personal. A consecuencia de estas prácticas e instituciones, surgieron saberes científicos definitivos en la historia de la ciencia moderna. En ese contexto, los autores de los artículos incluidos en el dossier, desde múltiples perspectivas, métodos y evidencia empírica, analizan intercambios culturales que nos permiten entender mejor cómo los cristianos expandieron y corrigieron sus conocimientos de medicina, geografía e historia natural (para mencionar sólo unos áreas del saber) más allá de los conocimientos dominantes de la Antigüedad clásica y el cristianismo. Así, se hace evidente que de los saberes indígenas y sus relecturas emergieron prácticas epistemológicas nuevas. También, que el Atlántico de los siglos XVI al XIX fue un mundo donde los encuentros entre nativos americanos, africanos y europeos crearon, entre otras cosas, ciencias y tecnologías nuevas. Originalidad: Desde hace unos quince años, investigadores en Estados Unidos, América Latina y España han propuesto importantes argumentos para explicar las conexiones entre el mundo iberoamericano, los saberes indígenas y las nuevas prácticas de conocimiento que llamamos ciencia moderna. Con este dossier damos una muestra del estado de estas investigaciones, las cuales cuestionan las nociones de modernidad y globalidad europeas que todavía definen el trabajo académico sobre la ciencia en el mundo atlántico. Conclusiones: Si bien no se pretende ofrecer un estado del arte exhaustivo, el texto hace evidente la importancia de nuevas preguntas sobre la producción de conocimiento en el contexto de la exploración y conquista europeas del Nuevo Mundo. Se destaca la necesidad de una mejor comprensión de los encuentros de saberes europeos y americanos y se hace evidente la importancia de estas dinámicas de producción de conocimiento en la historia de la modernidad europea. El texto presenta de manera breve cada una de las contribuciones a este volumen.

Abstract: Objective/context: With this introduction (and this dossier) we seek to encourage reflection and debate around new perspectives in the face of the problematized but, in some way, still predominant narratives of a history of science centered on northern and western Europe. In particular, we seek to encourage reflection and debate on the role of the Ibero-American hybrid world and the role of indigenous knowledge in the rise of modern science. Methodology: In the Atlantic World, from the 16th to the 19th century, the solutions to problems related to long distance trade, communication, and control over populations, resources and territories, came through practices and institutions that emphasized empirical knowledge and personal experience. These practices and institutions produced definitive scientific knowledge for the history of modern science. In this context, the authors of the articles included in the dossier employ multiple perspectives, methods and empirical evidence to analyze cultural exchanges, and to better understand how Christians expanded and corrected their knowledge of medicine, geography and natural history (to mention only a few domains of knowledge) beyond the dominant knowledge of classical antiquity and Christianity. It became clear that indigenous knowledge and its re-readings gave rise to new epistemological practices. Also, that the Atlantic world from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries was a space where meetings between Native Americans, Africans and Europeans created, among other things, new sciences and technologies. Originality: For about fifteen years, researchers in the United States, Latin America and Spain have proposed major arguments that aim to explain the connections between the Ibero-American world, indigenous knowledge, and the new knowledge practices that we call modern science. With this dossier we offer a sample of the state of these investigations, which question the notions of European modernity and globality that still define academic works on science in the Atlantic world. Conclusions: Although we don't intended to offer an exhaustive state of the art, this work illustrates the importance of asking new questions about the production of knowledge in the context of the European exploration and conquest of the New World. We underscore the need for a better understanding of the encounters of European and American knowledge, and the importance of these knowledge production dynamics in the history of European modernity. This text briefly presents each of the contributions to this volume.

Resumo: Objetivo/contexto: Com esta apresentação (e este dossiê) buscamos propiciar a reflexão e o debate de novas perspectivas diante das problematizadas, mas, de algum modo, ainda predominantes narrações de uma história da ciência baseada na Europa do norte e ocidental. Em particular, buscamos propiciar a reflexão e o debate sobre o papel do mundo híbrido ibero-americano e o papel dos saberes indígenas nos processos de emergência da ciência moderna. Metodologia: No mundo do Atlântico dos séculos XVI ao XIX foram resolvidos problemas de comércio de longa distância, de controle de populações, recursos e territórios, e de comunicação por meio de práticas e instituições que enfatizaram o empírico e a experiência pessoal. Em consequência dessas práticas e instituições, surgiram saberes científicos definitivos na história da ciência moderna. Nesse contexto, os autores dos artigos incluídos no dossiê, a partir de múltiplas perspectivas, métodos e evidência empírica, analisam intercâmbios culturais que nos permitem entender melhor como os cristãos expandiram e corrigiram seus conhecimentos de medicina, geografia e história natural (para mencionar apenas algumas áreas do saber) mais além dos conhecimentos dominantes da Antiguidade clássica e do cristianismo. Assim, é evidente que novas práticas epistemológicas emergiram dos saberes indígenas e suas releituras. Também, que o Atlântico dos séculos XVI e XIX foi um mundo onde os encontros entre nativos americanos, africanos e europeus criaram, entre outras coisas, ciências e tecnologias novas. Originalidade: Há uns 15 anos, pesquisadores nos Estados Unidos, na América Latina e na Espanha vêm propondo importantes argumentos para explicar as conexões entre o mundo ibero-americano, os saberes indígenas e as novas práticas de conhecimento que chamamos de ciência moderna. Com este dossiê damos uma amostra do estado dessas pesquisas, que questionam as noções de modernidade e globalidade europeias que ainda definem o trabalho acadêmico sobre a ciência no mundo atlântico. Conclusões: Ainda que não pretenda oferecer um estado da arte exaustivo, o texto evidencia a importância de novas perguntas sobre a produção de conhecimento no contexto da exploração e da conquista europeias do Novo Mundo. Destaca-se a necessidade de uma melhor compreensão dos encontros de saberes europeus e americanos e evidencia-se a importância dessas dinâmicas de produção de conhecimento na história da modernidade europeia. O texto apresenta brevemente cada uma das contribuições para este volume.

ABSTRACT To verify the presence of the curse of natural resources (NR), and its regional effects in Colombia, this article is structured as follows: (i) Introduction; (ii) Framework; (iii) Analysis of the economic structures of the regions; (iv) Institutional context analysis; and v) conclusions. The literature review addressing the growing concern about the role of nr in the dynamic and economic structure, under names such as Dutch Disease (DD) or NR curse. Data analysis between the years 2000-2013, shows that in Colombia, DD existed based on the oil boom. DD has differentiated regional effects, although atypical effects in the region with nr boom: Orinoco. After an institutional analysis, it is concluded that the existence of DD will have long-term harmful effects in terms of growth, due to the collapse of oil prices.

RESUMEN Para verificar la existencia de maldición de recursos naturales (RN), y sus efectos regionales en Colombia, el texto se dispone como sigue: (i) introducción; (ii) marco teórico; (iii) análisis de las estructuras económicas de las regiones; (iv) análisis del marco institucional; y (v) conclusiones. La revisión bibliográfica aborda la creciente preocupación sobre el papel de los rn en la dinámica y estructura económica, bajo denominaciones como enfermedad holandesa (EH) o maldición de RN. El análisis de datos de Colombia en los años 2000-2013 evidencia que en el país existió eh basada en el auge del petróleo. Dicha eh tiene efectos regionales diferenciados, aunque atípicos en la región de auge de RN: la Orinoquía. Tras un análisis institucional, se concluye que, pese a las recientes reformas institucionales, la existencia de la EH tendrá efectos nocivos a largo plazo en términos de crecimiento, debido al choque de precios a la baja del petróleo.

Abstract: Tourism has become a highly relevant economic activity at a global level; over the past decades, both the number of tourist visits worldwide as well as tourism revenues have risen exponentially. In 2016, Mexico ranked eighth (with 35 million tourists) in the hierarchy published by the World Tourism Organization each year based on the international tourist arrivals to each country (OMT, 2017). That same year, tourism contributed 8.7% to the Gross Domestic Product, a figure greater than the respective global number, which is close to 3.0 %. In this context, this work aims to unveil the territorial structure of tourism in Santiago, Nuevo León, a municipality within the Monterrey Metropolitan Area (ZMM), one of the major urban areas of Mexico, characterized by vigorous industrial and commercial activities. Being located within the influence area of Monterrey city, which receives 2252 126 visitors each year, Santiago is part of the supplementary tourist offer to the local urban and business tourism. To explore the landscape effects of any economic activity in a given space, the concepts of structure and territorial organization proposed by the Soviet School of Geography and applied to research on the Geography of Tourism facilitate the analysis of the territorial arrangement the tourism economy, both throughout history (territorial organization) and today (territorial structure). Studies on territorial organization identify the physical-geographical foundations and the social structure that support the development of an economic activity, and the historical processes that have delineated it over a specific space. In the case of Santiago, the arrangement and articulation of tourism in the territory is explained from a geographical standpoint, based on the distribution of natural and cultural resources, as well as on infrastructure and services that sustain this economic activity. The geographical origin of visitors arriving in Santiago through the various transportation media is also examined, The methodology used in this study includes two parts: first, documentary research work to gather geographic and historical information on the study site, from a variety of bibliographical and cartographic sources, both in Mexico City and in Monterrey. Second, field work conducted in the municipality of Santiago between October 2014 and November 2017, with two purposes: on the one hand, conduct an in-situ verification and analysis of the spatial distribution of tourism resources and services and, on the other, investigate the reasons for traveling to and the mobility of tourists visiting Santiago, by administering questionnaires and conducting semi-structured interviews with residents and visitors. The results indicate that the study area offers a diversity of resources, particularly natural, that support its promotion as a tourist destination. However, the growth of tourism in this locality largely depends on the events in Monterrey, where a significant proportion of Santiago visitors spend the night, and from where tourism to this locality is promoted. The territorial tourism offer of Santiago includes the historical center of the municipal head, as core of the distribution and concentration of tourism and recreation. The geographical origin of visitors is dominated by Mexican tourists, particularly Monterrey residents (60% of total visitors surveyed); foreigners account for just 7%. The transportation media and services linked to the tourism economy, in addition to promoting Santiago as a target tourist destination in the state of Nuevo León, focus on the Monterrey metropolitan area; these resources facilitate a continued flow of visitors, mostly nationals and, in particular, local residents of the state capital. Santiago is home to three of the key sites promoted by the State government to be visited from Monterrey: the Cola de Caballo waterfall, the La Boca dam, and the Santiago historical center. The infrastructure of accommodation and restoration services in the municipality is scarce and unspecialized, a situation that is likely to result from its geographical proximity to Monterrey, a city that concentrates the offer of accommodation and tourism services of different categories. Currently, this circumstance restrains the expansion of Santiago as a tourist destination. This study illustrates an example of a tourist destination that is subordinated to a large metropolis in terms of accessibility, services and connectivity.

Resumen: Este trabajo tiene como finalidad revelar la estructura territorial del turismo en Santiago, Nuevo León, municipio perteneciente a la zona metropolitana de Monterrey. Se explica, desde un punto de vista geográfico, el arreglo y articulación del turismo en el territorio, y para ello se alude a la distribución de los recursos naturales y culturales, así como de la infraestructura y servicios que atienden a esta actividad económica, y se examina la procedencia geográfica de los visitantes, que transitan por distintos canales de comunicación hacia Santiago. Los resultados indican que la demarcación municipal posee una diversidad de recursos, en particular de índole natural, que soportan su promoción como destino turístico; sin embargo, el crecimiento del turismo en esta localidad depende, en gran medida, de lo que acontece en la ciudad de Monterrey, lugar de pernocta de una proporción importante de los visitantes que llegan a Santiago y desde donde se promociona la llegada de turistas a esta localidad. Se trata de un ejemplo de destino turístico supeditado a una gran metrópoli en términos de accesibilidad, servicios y conectividad.

Abstract He work was carried out in the states of Chihuahua, Durango, Jalisco, Michoacán, Guerrero, Oaxaca, Puebla, Estado de México, Chiapas, Quintana Roo, Veracruz and Campeche in order to generate a relational database to know who the forest producers are, the basic characteristics of their productive system: scale, level of vertical integration, quantity and characteristics of timber and non-timber harvesting, as well as obtaining pertinent information that contributes to the decision making of the government sector, social and private. A comprehensive review of the timber harvesting permits and non-timber harvesting notices granted by the Ministry of the Environment and Natural Resources (SEMARNAT) was carried out. The BD was supplemented by information from the National Forestry Commission (CONAFOR), the National Agrarian Registry (RAN), the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI), and other institutions that manage information related to the forest sector. As a result, the BD identifies for each of the 12 states of the republic, the number of authorizations of use by entity and type and the characterization of the producers: forest producers of timber raw materials, non-timber forest producers and potential producers with capacity of processing and marketing. A digital coverage was generated using ArcGIS©, that allows to know the geographical location of the estates with timber production in each state of the republic contemplated in the study.

Resumen El trabajo se realizó en los estados de Chihuahua, Durango, Jalisco, Michoacán, Guerrero, Oaxaca, Puebla, Estado de México, Chiapas, Quintana Roo, Veracruz y Campeche con el objetivo de generar una base de datos (BD) relacional con el objetivo de conocer quiénes son los productores forestales, las características básicas de su sistema productivo: escala, nivel de integración vertical, cantidad y características de los aprovechamientos maderables y no maderables, así como obtener información pertinente que contribuya a la toma de decisiones del sector gobierno, social y privado. Se realizó una revisión exhaustiva de los permisos de aprovechamiento forestal maderable y de los avisos de aprovechamiento no maderable otorgados por la Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (SEMARNAT). La BD se complementó con información de la Comisión Nacional Forestal (CONAFOR), el Registro Agrario Nacional (RAN), el Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI), y otras instituciones que administran información relativa al sector forestal. Como resultado la BD identifica para cada uno de los 12 estados de la república, el número de autorizaciones de aprovechamiento por entidad y tipo de los productores: productores forestales de materias primas maderables, no maderables y productores potenciales con capacidad de transformación y comercialización. Se generó una cobertura digital utilizando ArcGIS©, para la localización geográfica de los predios con producción maderable en cada estado de la república contemplados en el estudio.

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to ascertain the territorial dimension of the fishing economy in Guaymas, Mexico. The geographical studies addressing this economic activity in Mexico and published in the last decades are scarce. For this reason, this research work is particularly important, as it outlines the fishery activities in one of the most active sea-ports of northwest Mexico, from a territorial perspective. The first part of this article explains why and how Economic Geography addresses fishery activities and which methodology we pursued to carry out this investigation, based on studies carried out by geographers, particularly in France and Argentina. Then the paper describes the natural conditions prevailing in the Gulf of California (also known as Sea of Cortez), a large inlet of the eastern Pacific Ocean that is rich in marine resources and where most of the main national fisheries are located. Guaymas is one of the most important sea ports located along the Gulf of California for its long fishing history and the variety of fishing species captured. This port, located in the southern coast of the state of Sonora, is a mediumsized city with a little over 100 thousand inhabitants; a considerable proportion of the local labor force works in the fishery sector and associated industries. Today, the fishery sector in Guaymas is characterized by a large number of artisan fishermen, a prominent fleet preciand the regular practise of illegal catching. This port is the seat of large enterprises, such as Ocean Garden, involved in the industrialization of catches (basically fish oil and fish meal) and their further commercialization within and outside Mexico. Two commercially important species have played a key role in the evolution and outline of the current territorial structure of fisheries in Guaymas. One is shrimp, with a fishery that recorded a boom during 1970-1990, bringing along a number of benefits for local fishermen in Sonora. This fishery declined in subsequent years, mostly due to the overexploitation of shrimp banks and the incorporation of private capital investors to the local shrimp economy; the downward trend of this fishery in Guaymas is still evident. For its part, sardine, particularly Monterey sardine, is the other important species in the economy in this sea port. It is captured to meet the demand for oil and fish meal. Since the 1960s, Guaymas has become Mexico's sardine port, as this species is at the core of the territorial structure of fisheries in this city. A significant volume of sardine biomass has been captured in the last 50 years in Guaymas, resulting in the overexploitation of the resource which, along with water pollution, has led to the collapse of sardine populations. Nonetheless, stakeholders and authorities involved this fishery have obtained the international certification of local sardine catches. There are several enterprises located in Guaymas dedicated to the industrial processing of sardine. These are vertically integrated, so they can easily buy catches, process them and sell the manufactured products both in Mexico and abroad. Markets for these and other fishing products are located at a considerable distance from Guaymas, including Mexico City, Guadalajara, Mexicali and Chihuahua City, as well and several places in California, United States. The territorial structure of the fishing economy in this part of Mexico is arranged on a spatial platform constituted by high-volume and diverse annual catches, an integrated sea port that not only addresses the needs of this economy but also serves the robust industrial and agricultural sectors of Sonora. Shipyards, large enterprises (national and foreign) involved in the fishing industry, banks, academic research centers and government offices can be added to the local fishing infrastructure. The geographical reach of the commercialization of fishing products (processed or otherwise), including several markets located far from this port, is another factor that accounts for the central role of Guaymas in the fishing economy of Sonora and the Gulf of California.

Resumen: Esta investigación tiene como objetivo principal analizar la estructura territorial de la actividad pesquera en Guaymas, Sonora. El trabajo se divide en tres partes: en primer término, se exponen las posiciones teórico-metodológicas de la investigación, al tiempo que se contextualiza la situación de este sector económico en América Latina y México. En seguida, se revisan las condiciones geográficofísicas del Golfo de California, y se caracteriza la situación general de la actividad pesquera en esta región. En tercer lugar, se examina el escenario específico de Guaymas, observando la situación de los pescadores artesanales, las peculiaridades de la cadena de valor de la principal especie capturada y principal recurso pesquero local (la sardina), así como las características de la pesquería del camarón y de la acuicultura. En consideración de lo anterior se elaboró un mapa sintético que revela la dimensión territorial de la economía pesquera en esta parte de México, y que muestra a Guaymas como el nodo principal que articula los diversos eslabonamientos de la pesca sonorense, desde la captura a su comercialización internacional.

We analyse the transformations that occurred between 1960 and 2010 in the Metropolitan Area of Concepción, Chile, an emblematic city of national importance. This paper deals with the study of the imaginaries and discourses of development as a possibility of monitoring the changes in a given territory with emphasis on environmental assessment. We suggest a theoretical and methodological model that enables us to identify the partner trajectories from a discursive point of view in addition to the traditional perspective of the mutations in the economic, urban and demographic fields. For this purpose, we present the documentary analysis of official instruments of spatial planning at the community level and the regional (subnational level), emphasizing the environmental dimension, where we can suggest semantic development paths associated with environmental imaginaries, covering from natural resources to environmental degradation.

Se analizan las transformaciones ocurridas entre 1960 y 2010 en el Área Metropolitana de Concepción (AMC), Chile, ciudad emblemática por ser enclave económico de relevancia nacional. Este trabajo se ocupa del estudio de los imaginarios y de los discursos del desarrollo como posibilidad de observar las transformaciones en un territorio determinado con énfasis en su valoración ambiental, considerándose pertinente aportar con la proposición de un modelo teórico-metodológico que posibilite identificar las trayectorias socio-territoriales desde un punto de vista discursivo. Lo anterior en complemento a las tradicionales miradas de las mutaciones en el plano económico, urbano y demográfico. Para tales efectos se presenta el análisis documental de instrumentos oficiales de planificación territorial a nivel comunal y regional (nivel subnacional), haciendo énfasis en su dimensión ambiental, desde donde se sugieren los trayectos semánticos del desarrollo asociado a los imaginarios de ambiente, que abarcan desde los recursos naturales hasta el deterioro ambiental.

O fenômeno da globalização e o crescimento do neoextrativismo na periferia global intensificam a demanda por novos territórios e recursos naturais à economia, resultando em significativos impactos sobre os ecossistemas e a vida das populações vulnerabilizadas. Consideramos que a crise socioambiental impõe novos desafios e exige uma reatualização das bases teórico-metodológicas da saúde coletiva e dos determinantes sociais da saúde. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar aportes teóricos para a construção de um enfoque socioambiental crítico a partir de uma revisão bibliográfica orientada por experiências anteriores de mapeamento de conflitos ambientais e pela realização de estudos empíricos em áreas conflituosas. Apresentamos contribuições de disciplinas como a sociologia, a ecologia política, os estudos pós-coloniais e a geografia, para a discussão da determinação socioambiental da saúde, bem como experiências de construção de conhecimentos emancipatórios que integram sujeitos políticos, resistências e alternativas para a sociedade.

The phenomenon of globalization and the increase in neo-extractivism in the global periphery intensify the search for new territories and natural resources for the economy, resulting in significant impacts on ecosystems and on the lives of vulnerable populations. It is considered that the environmental crisis imposes new challenges and requires an updating of the theoretical and methodological foundations of collective health and the social determinants of health. The scope of this paper is to present theoretical contributions to the construction of a critical socio-environmental approach from a review of the literature structured around previous work on the mapping of environmental conflicts, and conducting empirical studies in conflicting areas. The contributions of sociology, political ecology, postcolonial studies and geography is summarized for the discussion of the socio-environmental determinants of health, as well as experiences that integrate emancipatory knowledge, political subjects, resistances and alternatives for society.

O fenômeno da globalização e o crescimento do neoextrativismo na periferia global intensificam a demanda por novos territórios e recursos naturais à economia, resultando em significativos impactos sobre os ecossistemas e a vida das populações vulnerabilizadas. Consideramos que a crise socioambiental impõe novos desafios e exige uma reatualização das bases teórico-metodológicas da saúde coletiva e dos determinantes sociais da saúde. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar aportes teóricos para a construção de um enfoque socioambiental crítico a partir de uma revisão bibliográfica orientada por experiências anteriores de mapeamento de conflitos ambientais e pela realização de estudos empíricos em áreas conflituosas. Apresentamos contribuições de disciplinas como a sociologia, a ecologia política, os estudos pós-coloniais e a geografia, para a discussão da determinação socioambiental da saúde, bem como experiências de construção de conhecimentos emancipatórios que integram sujeitos políticos, resistências e alternativas para a sociedade.

The phenomenon of globalization and the increase in neo-extractivism in the global periphery intensify the search for new territories and natural resources for the economy, resulting in significant impacts on ecosystems and on the lives of vulnerable populations. It is considered that the environmental crisis imposes new challenges and requires an updating of the theoretical and methodological foundations of collective health and the social determinants of health. The scope of this paper is to present theoretical contributions to the construction of a critical socio-environmental approach from a review of the literature structured around previous work on the mapping of environmental conflicts, and conducting empirical studies in conflicting areas. The contributions of sociology, political ecology, postcolonial studies and geography is summarized for the discussion of the socio-environmental determinants of health, as well as experiences that integrate emancipatory knowledge, political subjects, resistances and alternatives for society.