RESUMO: O estudo das relações genotípicas entre índices de tolerância à seca e caracteres agronômicos de interesse no melhoramento de trigo é útil para traçar estratégias de seleção. Objetivou-se com este trabalho investigar as relações de causa e efeito entre características agronômicas e índices de tolerância à seca via análise de correlações canônicas. Dois ensaios (controle e estresse) foram conduzidos no inverno de 2020 em Viçosa, MG, Brasil. Foram avaliados os caracteres (dias para o espigamento, altura da planta, massa e número de grãos por espiga, massa de cem grãos e rendimento de grãos). Os dados de produtividade dos ensaios de controle e estresse foram utilizados para construir cinco índices de tolerância à seca. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de modelos mistos para estimação dos parâmetros genéticos e predição dos valores genotípicos (REML/BLUP), em seguida, os valores genotípicos foram utilizados para calcular os coeficientes de correlação entre os caracteres. Dois grupos de caracteres foram estabelecidos para o estudo das correlações canônicas, sendo o primeiro grupo constituído pelas variáveis agronômicas e o segundo pelos índices de tolerância à seca. Houve efeito significativo de genótipo para todas as características avaliadas. Os pares canônicos foram significativos, o que indicou a existência de dependência entre os grupos. O caráter dias para o espigamento pode ser utilizado na seleção indireta de genótipos de trigo para tolerância à seca. RESUMO Objetivouse Objetivou se canônicas 202 Viçosa MG Brasil planta espiga grãos. . grãos) REML/BLUP, REMLBLUP REML/BLUP , REML BLUP (REML/BLUP) seguida avaliadas significativos 20 (REML/BLUP 2

ABSTRACT: The study of genotypic relationships between drought tolerance indices and agronomic traits of interest in wheat breeding is useful for designing selection strategies. The objective of this research was to investigate the cause-and-effect relationships between agronomic traits and drought tolerance indices through the analysis of canonical correlations. Two trials (control and stress) were conducted in winter 2020 in Viçosa, MG, Brazil. The traits evaluated were: (days for heading, plant height, mass and number of grains per spike, mass of one hundred grains, and grain yield). Grain yield data from the control and stress conditions were used to construct five drought tolerance indices. The data were subjected to mixed model analysis for estimation of genetic parameters and prediction of genotypic values (REML/BLUP), and then the genotypic values were used to calculate the correlation coefficients between the traits. Two groups of traits were established for the study of canonical correlations, the first group consisting of agronomic traits and the second by drought tolerance indices. There was a significant genotype effect for all evaluated traits. The canonical pairs were significant, which indicated the existence of dependence between the groups. Days to heading trait can be used in the indirect selection of wheat genotypes for drought tolerance. ABSTRACT strategies causeandeffect cause correlations 202 Viçosa MG Brazil days height spike yield. . yield) REML/BLUP, REMLBLUP REML/BLUP , REML BLUP (REML/BLUP) 20 (REML/BLUP 2

RESUMO: O estudo de adaptabilidade, estabilidade e produtividade é importante para selecionar e recomendar genótipos superiores. Esse fato é particularmente válido para a introdução de cultivares de feijão comum no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, cuja produção é ínfima e não atende a demanda interna. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo estimar parâmetros genéticos e ganhos de seleção e realizar uma seleção simultânea para adaptabilidade, estabilidade e produtividade de genótipos de feijão preto através de modelos mistos. O estudo foi realizado em três municípios do estado do Rio de Janeiro e em três anos agrícolas. Os ensaios foram instalados em delineamento de blocos casualizados com 11 genótipos e três repetições. Observou-se alta herdabilidade média (81%), acurácia seletiva (90%) e boas perspectivas de seleção. Também foram observados ganhos satisfatórios para a característica entre 1,03 e 9,49%. A seleção simultânea foi eficiente e permitiu selecionar duas linhagens de feijão preto CNFP (15290 e 15361) como sendo as mais produtivas, adaptáveis e estáveis e, portanto, têm potencial para serem lançadas como novas cultivares de feijão preto para o estado do Rio de Janeiro. RESUMO adaptabilidade superiores Brasil interna Assim mistos agrícolas 1 repetições Observouse Observou se 81%, 81 81% , (81%) 90% 90 (90% 103 03 1,0 949 9 49 9,49% 15290 (1529 15361 produtivas portanto 8 (81% (90 10 0 1, 94 4 9,49 1529 (152 1536 (81 (9 9,4 152 (15 153 (8 ( 9, 15 (1

ABSTRACT: The study of adaptability, stability, and productivity is essential for selecting and recommending superior genotypes. This fact is particularly the case for the introduction of common bean cultivars in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, whose production is negligible and does not meet the internal demand. Thus, this study estimated genetic parameters and selection gains and undertake a simultaneous selection for adaptability, stability, and productivity in black bean genotypes via mixed models. The investigation was carried out in three municipalities in the state of Rio de Janeiro during three crop years. The trials were set up in a randomized block design with 11 genotypes and three replications. High mean heritability (81%) and selection accuracy (90%), as well as good selection prospects, were observed. Gains between 1.03 and 9.49% were achieved for grain yield. Simultaneous selection was efficient, indicating two black bean lines (CNFP 15290 and CNFP 15361) as the most productive, adaptable, and stable. As such, these lines have the potential to be released as new black bean cultivars for the state of Rio de Janeiro. ABSTRACT adaptability stability Brazil demand Thus models years 1 replications 81% 81 (81% 90%, 90 90% , (90%) prospects observed 103 03 1.0 949 9 49 9.49 yield efficient 1529 15361 productive adaptable stable such 8 (81 (90% 10 0 1. 94 4 9.4 152 1536 (8 (90 9. 15 153 ( (9

SUMMARY: Drinking alcohol while pregnant can cause several diseases, belonging to an umbrella of disorders known as Fetal Alcohol spectrum disorders. Alcohol exposure during pregnancy is linked to reduced birth weights, shorter bones, delayed bone growth, decreased bone resilience, and delayed ossification of the bones. However, the specific effects on the craniofacial bones, particularly the mandible, remain less explored. This study aims to fill this gap by examining the impact of gestational alcohol consumption on mandibular structure. Time-mated pregnant Sprague Dawley dams were divided into an ethanol group (n=6) and a saline control group (n=6). The ethanol group was given 0.015ml/g of 25.2% ethanol, while the control group received 0.9% saline for the first 19 days of gestation. The presence of a vaginal plug indicated the first day of gestation. After birth, the pups were euthanized at three weeks of age, and their mandibles were harvested and analyzed using a 3D-mCT scanner to assess bone ratio, trabecular thickness, number, and spacing. Osteometric measurements for mandibular length and height were also taken. The study found no significant differences in trabecular morphometric parameters between the groups. However, one parameter for mandibular length (Cd-Bi) and two parameters for mandibular height (Cd-Ag and Cr-Ag) were significantly smaller in the ethanol group than in the controls. The study reveals that gestational alcohol consumption can significantly affect the development of the mandible, with potential implications for understanding the mechanisms behind alcohol-induced teratogenicity. The findings highlight the need for further research to explore the intricate interactions between embryological, biological, genetic, and epigenetic factors that contribute to the varied effects of alcohol exposure during pregnancy on different skeletal systems.

RESUMEN: Beber alcohol durante el embarazo puede causar varias enfermedades, pertenecientes a un conjunto de trastornos conocidos como trastornos del espectro alcohólico fetal. La exposición al alcohol durante el embarazo está relacionada con un peso reducido al nacer, huesos más cortos, retraso en el crecimiento óseo, disminución de la resistencia ósea y retraso en la osificación de los huesos. Sin embargo, los efectos específicos sobre los huesos craneofaciales, particularmente la mandíbula, siguen siendo menos analizados. Este estudio tiene como objetivo llenar este vacío examinando el impacto del consumo de alcohol gestacional en la estructura mandibular. Las madres preñadas Sprague Dawley apareadas en el tiempo, se dividieron en un grupo de etanol (n=6) y un grupo control de solución salina (n=6). El grupo de etanol recibió 0,015 ml/g de etanol al 25,2 %, mientras que el grupo control recibió solución salina al 0,9 % durante los primeros 19 días de gestación. La presencia de un tapón vaginal indicó el primer día de gestación. Después del nacimiento, las crías fueron sacrificadas a las tres semanas de edad, y sus mandíbulas fueron extraídas y analizadas utilizando un escáner 3D-mCT para evaluar la proporción ósea, el grosor trabecular, el número y el espaciado. También se tomaron medidas osteométricas de longitud y altura mandibular. El estudio no encontró diferencias significativas en los parámetros morfométricos trabeculares entre los grupos. Sin embargo, un parámetro para la longitud mandibular (Cd-Bi) y dos parámetros para la altura mandibular (Cd-Ag y Cr-Ag) fueron significativamente menores en el grupo de etanol que en los controles. El estudio revela que el consumo de alcohol gestacional puede afectar significativamente el desarrollo de la mandíbula, con implicaciones potenciales para comprender los mecanismos detrás de la teratogenicidad inducida por el alcohol. Los hallazgos resaltan la necesidad de realizar más investigaciones para explorar las intrincadas interacciones entre factores embriológicos, biológicos, genéticos y epigenéticos que contribuyen a los diversos efectos de la exposición al alcohol durante el embarazo en diferentes sistemas esqueléticos.

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo fue estimar los componentes de varianza y correlaciones genéticas para la producción de leche (PLe), el flujo medio (FMd), el flujo máximo (FMx) y la conductividad eléctrica (CE) de la leche, en un sistema de ordeño robotizado. Se analizaron 137 lactaciones de 110 vacas Holstein primíparas y multíparas, con 42,009 observaciones, desde el año 2018 hasta el 2020 en un hato lechero en el estado de Querétaro. Se realizó la evaluación genética utilizando un modelo animal de regresión mixta. Para estimar la heredabilidad (h2) se utilizó el algoritmo de máxima verosimilitud restringida para calcular los componentes de varianza, el estimador BLUE y el predictor BLUP, para cada una de las variables sujetas en la investigación. La h2 estimada para PLe (0.62) fue la más alta de las calculadas, de igual modo se estimó la h2 para FMd (0.44), FMx (0.33) y CE (0.28); se considera que uno de los aspectos que influyó en los valores obtenidos se debió a la variabilidad de cada observación diaria. Las correlaciones genéticas para la PLe fueron negativas para el FMd (-0.6117) y FMx (-0.7666); en contraste, para la característica de CE (-0.1669) la correlación fue baja. Las correlaciones genéticas estimadas para FMx fueron positivas para FMd (0.7422) y CE (0.5351), finalmente se estimó una correlación genética positiva para FMd y CE (0.3546). Los resultados presentados permiten entender las relaciones existentes entre flujo, conductividad y producción e indican la importancia de estas características para un programa de selección genética.

Abstract This work aimed to estimate the variance components and genetic correlations for milk yield (MiY), mean flow rate (MnF), maximum flow rate (MxF), and electrical conductivity (EC) of milk, in a robotic milking system. IT was analyzed a total of 137 lactations from 110 primiparous and multiparous Holstein cows, with 42,009 observations, from 2018 to 2020 in a dairy herd in the state of Querétaro. Genetic evaluation was performed using a mixed regression animal model. To estimate heritability (h2), the restricted maximum likelihood algorithm was used to calculate the variance components, the BLUE estimator and the BLIP predictor, for each of the variables subject to the research. The estimated h2 for MiY (0.62) was the highest of those calculated, and h2 was also estimated for MnF (0.44), MxF (0.33), and EC (0.28); it is considered that one of the aspects that influenced the values was the variability of each daily observation. Genetic correlations for MiY were negative for MnF (-0.6117) and MxF (-0.7666); in contrast, for the trait of EC (-0.1669), the correlation was low. The estimated genetic correlations for MxF were positive for MnF (0.7422) and EC (0.5351); finally, a positive genetic correlation was estimated for MnF and EC (0.3546). The results presented allow to understand the relationships between flow rate, conductivity, and yield, and they indicate the importance of these characteristics for a genetic selection program.

Resumen El conocimiento y modelación de curvas de lactación hacen posible identificar factores que ayuden a explicar las variaciones ambientales y genéticas, que permitan implementar un programa de selección. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar diferentes modelos para las curvas de producción de leche, grasa y proteína en ganado Holstein en México, así como evaluar algunos factores que las afectan. Se usó información de 125,982 lactaciones pertenecientes a 68,804 animales nacidos del año 2000 al 2020. Se evaluó el efecto del número de parto, época del año y hato. Con la paquetería Lactcurves de R, se ajustaron los 38 modelos que incluye, de los cuales se eligieron los cuatro mejores (Wood, Wilmink, Ali & Schaeffer y Pollot modificado) que posteriormente se usaron para modelar las curvas individuales a través de un modelo de regresión no lineal. Los parámetros calculados para cada modelo fueron estadísticamente diferentes entre el número de lactación (P<0.05), así como el número de parto, época de parto y hato (P<0.01). Las curvas modeladas tienen formas similares a las reportadas en otros estudios, a excepción de las obtenidas para proteína en el tercer y cuarto o más partos con el modelo de Pollot modificado. La ecuación propuesta por Wilmink fue la que presentó mejor ajuste para la población de estudio según los diferentes criterios de evaluación. El emplear el modelo que mejor se adapte a los datos dará predicciones más cercanas a la realidad, y poder aplicarlo a distintos ámbitos como el mejoramiento genético.

Abstract The knowledge and modeling of lactation curves make it possible to identify factors that help explain environmental and genetic variations that allow the implementation of a selection program. This work aimed to evaluate different models for milk production, fat, and protein curves in Holstein cattle in Mexico and some factors that affect them. The information used was from 125,982 lactations belonging to 68,804 animals born from 2000 to 2020. The effect of calving number, season of the year, and herd was evaluated. R’s Lactcurves package was employed to fit the 38 models included in the package, of which the best four (Wood, Wilmink, Ali & Schaeffer, and modified Pollot) were chosen and then used to model the individual curves through a nonlinear regression model. The parameters calculated for each model were statistically different among the number of lactations (P<0.05), as well as the number of calving, calving season, and herd (P<0.01). The modeled curves have similar shapes to those reported in other studies, except those obtained for protein in the third and fourth or more calvings with the modified Pollot model. The equation proposed by Wilmink was the one that presented the best fit for the study population according to the different evaluation criteria. Using the model that best suits the data will give a closer predictions to reality, and it can be applied to different areas, such as genetic improvement.

ABSTRACT Research on genetic improvement for the cultivation of lulo (Solanum quitoense Lam.) in Colombia is limited. Specifically, research related to genotype-by-environment interaction (GEI) and stability in agronomic traits is scarce. This study aimed to identify superior genotypes by evaluating GEI and the stability of fruit weight (FW), ascorbic acid (AA), and yield among 10 half-sib families (HSF). Four trials were established at San Pedro de Cartago, Arboleda, Tangua and La Union of the department of Nariño (Colombia), using the randomized complete block design with four repetitions. To analyze GEI, the additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model and some AMMI stability parameters were used. In Tangua, HSF7 and the control exhibited specific adaptation with yields of 12.82 and 13.41 t ha-1, respectively, and FW greater than 100 g. In Arboleda, HSF29 obtained the highest yield (16.14 t ha-1) with an FW of 100.53 g. HSF4, HSF28 and HSF49 reached yields above 9.0 t ha-1 and a FW greater than 100 g, indicating their stability and suitability for any of the environments evaluated. HSF25 in AA and HSF29 in yield presented specific adaptation in Arboleda. Stable families across environments with good yield were HSF4, HSF28, and HSF49, with HSF4 and HSF28 showing higher values in two of the three traits, and HSF49 excelling in all three variables. These families can be used in plant breeding programs as parents or distributed to farmers as improved varieties.

RESUMEN La investigación sobre mejoramiento genético para el cultivo de lulo (Solanum quitoense Lam.) en Colombia es limitada. Especificamente, la investigación relacionada con la interacción genotipo-ambiente (IGA) y la estabilidad en caracteres agronómicos es escasa. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar genotipos sobresalientes mediante la evaluación de la IGA y la estabilidad del peso del fruto (PF), ácido ascórbico (AA) y rendimiento de 10 familias de medio hermanos (FMH). Se establecieron cuatro ensayos en San Pedro de Cartago, Arboleda, Tangua y La Unión del departamento de Nariño (Colombia), utilizando el diseño de bloques completos al azar con cuatro repeticiones. Para analizar el IGA se utilizó el modelo aditivo de efectos principales e interacción multiplicativa (AMMI) y algunos parámetros de estabilidad AMMI. En Tangua, FMH7 y el control presentaron adaptación específica con rendimientos de 12,82 y 13,41 t ha-1, respectivamente y PF mayor a 100 g. En Arboleda, la FMH29 obtuvo el mayor rendimiento (16,14 t ha-1) con un PF de 100,53 g. FMH4, FMH28 y FMH49 alcanzaron rendimientos superiores a 9,0 t ha-1 y un PF mayor a 100 g, lo que indica su estabilidad e idoneidad para cualquiera de los ambientes evaluados. FMH25 en AA y FMH29 en rendimiento presentaron adaptación específica en Arboleda. Las familias estables en ambientes con buen rendimiento fueron FMH4, FMH28 y FMH49, donde FMH4 y FMH28 mostraron valores superiores en dos de los tres caracteres, y FMH49 destacó en las tres variables. Estas familias pueden utilizarse en programas de fitomejoramiento como parentales o entregarse a los agricultores como variedades mejoradas.

Resumo Fundamento: A síndrome do PRKAG2 tipicamente se manifesta na adolescência e início da idade adulta, cursando com hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, arritmias e risco de morte súbita. O achado de marcadores ecocardiográficos antes da manifestação clínica nos filhos de pais acometidos pela doença pode facilitar a estratégia de prevenção e planejamento terapêutico para esse grupo de pacientes. Objetivo: Identificar a existência de achados ecocardiográficos que se manifestem precocemente nos filhos de pais acometidos por síndrome do PRKAG2, enquanto ainda assintomáticos. Métodos: Estudo observacional transversal em que sete participantes, filhos de pais com diagnóstico estabelecido de síndrome do PRKAG2, com idades entre 9 meses e 12 anos e diagnóstico genético comprovado, foram submetidos à ecocardiografia convencional e por técnicas avançadas, tendo seus achados comparados aos de grupo controle composto por sete voluntários pareados por sexo e idade, hígidos do ponto de vista cardiovascular. Um valor de p < 0,05 foi considerado significante. Resultados: A ecocardiografia convencional mostrou valores aumentados com significância estatística no grupo caso para átrio esquerdo, septo interventricular, parede posterior do ventrículo esquerdo, massa ventricular indexada e espessura relativa da parede (p < 0,05). O strain sistólico longitudinal global obtido pelo ecocardiograma bidimensional não mostrou diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos caso e controle. Nenhum dos parâmetros ao ecocardiograma tridimensional apresentou significância estatística entre os grupos. Conclusão: Crianças diagnosticadas com PRKAG2 demonstraram achados ecocardiográficos indicativos de tendência à hipertrofia cardíaca. A ecocardiografia pode ser uma ferramenta útil na avaliação e seguimento desse grupo de pacientes, antes do início de manifestações clínicas. Fundamento PRKAG adulta esquerda súbita pacientes Objetivo assintomáticos Métodos participantes 1 comprovado avançadas cardiovascular 005 0 05 0,0 significante Resultados esquerdo interventricular 0,05. . 0,05) Conclusão cardíaca clínicas 00 0,

Abstract Background: PRKAG2 syndrome typically manifests in adolescence and early adulthood, progressing with left ventricular hypertrophy, arrhythmias, and risk of sudden death. Findings of echocardiographic markers before clinical manifestation in children of patients affected by the disease can facilitate prevention strategies and therapeutic planning for this patient group. Objective: To identify the existence of echocardiographic findings that manifest early in children of parents affected by PRKAG2 syndrome, while they are still asymptomatic. Methods: In this cross-sectional observational study, 7 participants who were children of parents with established diagnosis of PRKAG2 syndrome, between the ages of 9 months and 12 years, with proven genetic diagnosis, underwent conventional and advanced echocardiography. Their findings were compared to those of a control group composed of 7 age- and sex-matched volunteers who were healthy from a cardiovascular point of view. P values < 0.05 were considered significant. Results: Conventional echocardiography showed statistically significantly higher values in the case group for left atrium, interventricular septum, left ventricular posterior wall, indexed ventricular mass, and relative wall thickness (p < 0.05). Global longitudinal systolic strain on 2-dimensional echocardiography did not show statistical significance between the case and control groups. None of the parameters on 3-dimensional echocardiography showed statistical significance between groups. Conclusion: Children diagnosed with PRKAG2 showed echocardiographic findings indicative of a tendency toward cardiac hypertrophy. Echocardiography can be a useful tool in the evaluation and follow-up of this patient group before the onset of clinical manifestations. Background PRKAG adulthood hypertrophy arrhythmias death Objective asymptomatic Methods crosssectional cross sectional study 1 years age sexmatched sex matched view 005 0 05 0.0 significant Results atrium septum mass p 0.05. . 0.05) 2dimensional dimensional 2 groups 3dimensional 3 Conclusion followup follow up manifestations 00 0.

Abstract The speed of growth in height of Swietenia macrophylla stands out in terms of resistance to attack by the Hypsipyla grandella borer and the selection of fast-growing families can make commercial plantings viable. The characters height, diameter, number of leaves and stem form of trees from 4 families of S. macrophylla, aged 47.5 months, planted in Ucayali, Peru, were used to investigate the possibility of selecting fast-growing genotypes. The average heritability (h2m) and selective accuracy (Acprog) between families were moderate for total height (Ht: h2m: 0.407; Acprog: 0.638) and commercial height (Hc: h2m: 0.472; Acprog: 0.687), in addition to Hc positively correlating with susceptibility to the drill attack. The stem form showed statistical differences between families and great h2m (0.984) and Acprog (0.921). The genetic (r g ) and phenotypic (r f ) correlations between traits showed that a selection of individuals with greater heights will generally result in greater growth in diameter, number of leaves and better stem form. The study highlights the importance of selecting families with fast growth in height and straight stems to enable, improve the quality and increase the productivity of commercial plantations with the species.

Resumen La velocidad de crecimiento en altura de Swietenia macrophylla destaca en términos de resistencia al ataque del barrenador Hypsipyla grandella y la selección de familias de rápido crecimiento puede viabilizar las plantaciones comerciales. Los caracteres altura, diámetro, número de hojas y forma del tronco de árboles de 4 familias de S. macrophylla, de 47,5 meses de edad, plantados en Ucayali, Perú, se utilizaron para investigar la posibilidad de seleccionar genotipos de rápido crecimiento. La heredabilidad promedio (h2m) y la precisión selectiva (Acprog) entre familias fueron moderadas para la altura total (Ht: h2m: 0,407; Acprog: 0,638) y la altura comercial (Hc: h2m: 0.472; Acprog: 0.687), además de que Hc correlacionó positivamente con la susceptibilidad a el ataque del taladro. La forma del fuste mostró diferencias importantes entre las familias y alta h2m (0,984) y Acprog (0,921). Las correlaciones genéticas (r g ) y fenotípicas (r f ) entre rasgos mostraron que una selección de individuos con mayores alturas generalmente resultará en un mayor crecimiento en diámetro, número de hojas y mejor forma del tallo. El estudio destaca la importancia de seleccionar familias con rápido crecimiento en altura y tallos rectos para posibilitar, mejorar la calidad y aumentar la productividad de las plantaciones comerciales con la especie.

Abstract The objective was to know the population structure of Holstein animals in the family dairy system, to identify possible origins of the genetic material, to know the degree of inbreeding and to identify possible traces of selection in the genome, which allow glimpses of the traits that have been improved over the years. The study included 270 animals genotyped with the GGP-50K® chip. After genotype quality control, 43,548 autosomal SNPs were included. To know the population structure, analyses of mixtures and principal components (PCs) were performed. To know genomic inbreeding and detect traces of selection, information on runs of homozygosity (ROH) was used. Mixture analysis was performed with the Admixture software, and PC, ROH and inbreeding analyses were performed with SVS-v7.6.8. Mixture analysis showed evidence of six components, all linked to Holstein bulls families with different country of origin. The PCs did not show stratification of the population by herd. The mean inbreeding coefficient was 0.59 ± 0.53 %. In the regions of the genome with ROHs most frequent in the population (≥20 animals), numerous associations, QTLs and genes related to milk production and composition, fertility parameters, susceptibility to diseases, body conformation, feed efficiency and some characteristics of carcass composition have been reported. The results reflect the existence of a wide genetic diversity in this population and the possibility of carrying out genetic improvement work through selection without affecting inbreeding levels.

Resumen El objetivo fue conocer la estructura poblacional de los animales Holstein del sistema de lechería familiar, identificar posibles orígenes del material genético, conocer el grado de consanguinidad e identificar posibles huellas de selección en el genoma, que permitan vislumbrar las características que se han mejorado a través de los años. El estudio incluyó 270 animales genotipados con el chip GGP-50K®. Después del control de calidad de genotipos, se incluyeron 43,548 SNP autosómicos. Para conocer la estructura poblacional se realizaron análisis de mezclas y componentes principales (CP). Para conocer la consanguinidad genómica y detectar huellas de selección, se usó información de corridas de homocigosidad (ROH). El análisis de mezclas se realizó con el software Admixture, y los de CP, ROH y consanguinidad se realizaron con SVS-v7.6.8. El análisis de mezclas mostró evidencia de seis componentes, todos ligados a familias de sementales Holstein con diferente país de origen. Los CP no evidenciaron estratificación de la población por hato. El coeficiente de consanguinidad promedio fue de 0.59 ± 0.53 %. En las regiones del genoma con ROH más frecuentes en la población (≥20 animales), se han reportado numerosas asociaciones, QTL y genes relacionados con producción y composición de la leche, parámetros de fertilidad, susceptibilidad a enfermedades, conformación corporal, eficiencia alimenticia y algunas características de composición de la canal. Los resultados reflejan la existencia de una amplia diversidad genética en esta población y la posibilidad de realizar trabajos de mejoramiento genético a través de selección sin afectar los niveles de consanguinidad.

Abstract: The main contribution of this paper is the implementation of a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm based on decomposition with adaptive adjustment of control parameters applied to the bi-objective problem of Internet shopping (MOEA/D-AACPBIShOP). For this variant of the IShOP, the minimization of the cost and shipping time of the shopping list is considered. The proposed MOEA/D-AACPBIShOP algorithm produces an approximate Pareto set on a total of nine of instances with real-world data classified as small, medium, and large. The instances are obtained using the Web Scraping technique, extracting some information attributes of technological products from the Amazon site. This optimization problem is a very little studied variant of the Internet Shopping Problem (IShOP). The proposed algorithm is compared with two multi-objective algorithms: A Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) and the basic MOEA/D version. The results demonstrate that the three algorithms studied have a similar statistical performance with respect to the quality of the solutions they provide. To make a comparison, these algorithms are evaluated using three metrics: Hypervolume, Generalized Dispersion, and Inverted Generational Distance. On the other hand, the Wilcoxon and Friedman non-parametric tests validate the obtained results with a 5% significance level.

Summary Background and aims: In the Atacama Desert certain plant species can be found in small and isolated areas, limited to regions with water availability. The degree of connectivity within and between these natural populations depends on their pollen and seed dispersal abilities, as well as on the barriers imposed by the landscape. Prosopis flexuosa is a species of high economic and ecological importance included in the algarrobo Conservation and Management program. The main objective of this work is to analyze the genetic variability and mating system of P. flexuosa in the Atacama Desert. M&M: Genetic diversity parameters as well as the mating system were evaluated in a natural population (Quillagua) based on microsatellite molecular markers. The hierarchical distribution of genetic variance and kinship coefficients were analyzed. Results: The results indicate high levels of genetic diversity (HE = 0.67-0.65; Ar = 3.83.7), high outcrossing rates (tm = 0.97, ts = 0.85), low biparental inbreeding (11.6%) and multiple paternity. The proportion of full sibs decreases when considering seeds from the same or different pods (89[PRESERVECIRC]16%). Only the variance between families is significant (p < 0.001) and mean kinships estimated show that progenies within families are not only constituted by half sibs. Conclusions: The results are discussed and related to the limited pollen and seed dispersal and their implication for the management of this resource. The study of the mating system parameters of this Chilean desert population suggests that the low population density and the environment fragmentation would not be influencing their mating capacity.

Resumen Introducción y Objetivos: En el desierto de Atacama ciertas plantas viven aisladas y acotadas a regiones con disponibilidad de agua. La conectividad dentro y entre poblaciones depende de las barreras impuestas por el paisaje y de su capacidad de dispersión. Prosopis flexuosa es una especie con alta importancia económica y ecológica incluida en el Programa de Conservación y Manejo del algarrobo. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la variabilidad genética y sistema de fecundación de P. flexuosa en el Desierto de Atacama. M&M: Se evaluó la diversidad genética y el sistema de fecundación sobre la base de marcadores moleculares microsatélites en una población natural (Quillagua). Se analizó la distribución jerárquica de la varianza genética y los niveles de las coancestrías. Resultados: Los resultados indican altos niveles de diversidad genética (HE = 0,67-0,65; Ar = 3,8-3,7), fecundación principalmente cruzada (tm = 0,97, ts = 0,85), baja endogamia biparental (11,6%) y paternidad múltiple. La proporción de hermanos completos disminuye cuando se consideran semillas del mismo o diferente fruto (89[PRESERVECIRC]16%). Solamente la varianza entre familias resulta significativa (p < 0,001) y las coancestrías promedio estimadas dan cuenta que las progenies familiares no están conformadas solamente por medios hermanos. Conclusiones: Los resultados son discutidos y relacionados con la dispersión limitada del polen y semillas y su implicancia para el manejo. El estudio del sistema de fecundación de esta población del desierto chileno sugiere que la baja densidad poblacional y la fragmentación del ambiente no influirían en su capacidad de apareamiento.

ABSTRACT Lessonia nigrescens and L. trabeculata are economically important kelp species in northern Chile. Despite their considerable value, the genetic diversity of these kelp has received limited attention in the Atacama region. This study aimed to analyze genetic diversity, establish genetic relationships, and identify diagnostic DNA markers in the Atacama region's L. nigrescens and L. trabeculata. Both species' Inter-sequence simple repeat (ISSR) band patterns showed high reproducibility and reliability. Among 17 ISSRs, 161 polymorphic bands were identified in Lessonia spp. Parameters, such as percentage polymorphism, number of alleles per locus, effective number of alleles, and Shannon information index, indicated that L. nigrescens had slightly higher genetic diversity than L. trabeculata. The Unweighted pair group method with arithmetic average (UPGMA) cluster analysis revealed two main clusters: one containing L. nigrescens and the other containing L. trabeculata. Additionally, four species diagnostic ISSR markers were identified for L. nigrescens and L. trabeculata. The ISSR markers proved valuable in detecting genetic diversity in L. nigrescens and L. trabeculata. This information is particularly important for marine management strategies and ensuring successful conservation.

Abstract L-ascorbic acid is a natural antioxidant produced by plants and their fruits. The abundance of this acid during the development and postharvest ripening of mangoes (Mangifera indica L.) depends on genetic and climatic factors. The mangoes undergo a quarantine hydrothermal treatment before being exported to control the fruit fly. A quarantine hydrothermal treatment consists of immersing mangoes in water at 46.1 °C (118 °F) for 60 to 120 min depending on the size, affecting the L-ascorbic acid content and other quality parameters of the fruit. This research aimed to evaluate the effect of QHT on L-ascorbic acid content, firmness, color, and expression of L-ascorbic acid biosynthesis and recycling genes during mango postharvest. ‘Ataulfo’ mangoes were harvested at physiological ripeness in Escuinapa, Sinaloa in 2019, subjected to QHT (46.1 °C, 75 min), hydrocooled (25 °C, 30 min) and stored at 20 °C for nine days. Mangoes subjected to QHT showed a reduction in L-ascorbic acid content (p≤ 0.05). The firmness of the pulp behaved similarly in fruits with QHT and in control fruits, while the external color of the fruits with a quarantine hydrothermal treatment indicated an advanced ripening process compared to the control fruits (p≤ 0.05). The levels of MiGME1, MiGME2, MiGGP2, and MiMDHAR transcripts increased in response to treatment, suggesting activation of the synthesis and recycling pathway to counteract the abiotic stress caused by the heat to which the mangoes were subjected.

Resumen El ácido L-ascórbico, es un antioxidante natural producido por las plantas y sus frutos. La abundancia de este ácido durante el desarrollo y la maduración poscosecha del mango (Mangifera indica L.) depende de factores genéticos y climáticos. Los mangos se someten a un tratamiento hidrotérmico cuarentenario, antes de su exportación para control de la mosca de la fruta. El un tratamiento hidrotérmico cuarentenario, consiste en sumergir los mangos en agua a 46.1 °C (118 °F) durante 60 a 120 min dependiendo del tamaño, afectando el contenido de ácido L-ascórbico y otros parámetros de calidad del fruto. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el efecto del THC en el contenido de ácido L-ascórbico, la firmeza, el color y la expresión de genes de biosíntesis y reciclaje de ácido L-ascórbico durante la postcosecha del mango. Los mangos ‘Ataulfo’ se cosecharon en madurez fisiológica en Escuinapa, Sinaloa en el año 2019, se sometieron a THC (46.1 °C, 75 min), hidroenfriado (25 °C, 30 min) y se almacenaron a 20 °C por nueve días. Los mangos sometidos al THC mostraron reducción en el contenido de ácido L-ascórbico (p≤ 0.05). La firmeza de la pulpa se comportó similar en frutos con THC y en frutos testigo, mientras que el color externo de los frutos con un tratamiento hidrotérmico cuarentenario e indicó un proceso de maduración adelantado respecto a los frutos testigo (p≤ 0.05). Los niveles de transcritos MiGME1, MiGME2, MiGGP2 y MiMDHAR aumentaron en respuesta al tratamiento, lo que sugiere la activación de la ruta de síntesis y reciclaje para contrarrestar el estrés abiótico ocasionado por el calor al que se sometieron los mangos.

RESUMEN Antecedentes: Las condiciones climáticas en los países tropicales, ejercen un efecto significativo, sobre la producción de leche. Objetivo: Analizar las condiciones climáticas en la Empresa Pecuaria Genética Los Naranjos y su posible relación con el comportamiento de la producción de leche a 305 días. Materiales y métodos: Se dispuso de una base de datos de 12 625 registros de producción de leche, de vacas que tuvieron sus partos entre los años 2002 -2020 que se correspondieron con 7 711 animales. Se contó con los registros mensuales de la temperatura mínima (Tmin), media (Tmed) y máxima (Tmáx) en 0C, humedad relativa (HR) en % y se generó el índice temperatura-humedad (ITH), y a partir de este se realizó el cálculo de la Carga Calórica Acumulada (CCA) de los tres meses antes del parto. Además, se estimaron las heredabilidades (h2) y las correlaciones genéticas (rg) para las diferentes CCA. Resultados: Las medias generales obtenidas fueron: PL305: 1 624,45 ± 360.40 (kg/lactancia), ITH 76,34± 18,70 y CCA 229,21± 128,5. Todas las fuentes de variación estudiadas influyeron en forma significativa en la producción de leche a 305 días. Las h2 variaron entre 0,25 y 0,38 y las rg fueron todas positivas y más altas para los grupos de CCA más próximos. Conclusiones: Hubo relación inversa entre el ITH y la CCA con la producción de leche. Se evidencia la variabilidad genética aditiva para los diferentes grupos de CCA y las rg fueron positivas denotando cierta variabilidad genética para la adaptación al stress climático.

ABSTRACT Background: Climatic conditions in tropical countries have a significant effect on milk production. Aim: Analyze the climatic conditions at the Los Naranjos Genetic Livestock Company and its possible relationship with the behavior of milk production at 305 days. Materials and methods: A database of 12,625 milk production records was available, from cows that gave birth between the years 2002 -2020, which corresponded to 7,711 animals. There were monthly records of the minimum temperature (Tmin), average (Tmed) and maximum (Tmax) at 0C, relative humidity (RH) in % and the temperature-humidity index (ITH) was generated, and from this the performed the calculation of the Accumulated Caloric Load (CCA) for the three months before delivery. In addition, heritabilities (h2) and genetic correlations (rg) were estimated for the different CCAs. Results: The general means obtained were: PL305: 1 624.45 ± 360.40 (kg/lactation), ITH 76.34 ± 18.70 and CCA 229.21 ± 128.5. All sources of variation studied significantly influenced milk production at 305 days. The h2 ranged between 0.25 and 0.38 and the rgs were all positive and higher for the closer CCA groups. Conclusions: There was an inverse relationship between ITH and CCA with milk production. Additive genetic variability is evident for the different CCA groups and the rg were positive denoting certain genetic variability for adaptation to climatic stress.

ABSTRACT Introduction: An opportunity for the local development of Placetas, a municipality in the central region of Cuba, is the use of biogas generated from the swine waste from its Genetic Center as an energy alternative for the drying of different materials available in the area. Objective: To present a technological proposal for a multipurpose dryer for grains, tubers, protein plants and organic fertilizer, using biogas generated from swine waste as an energy source. Materials and Methods: The physicochemical parameters of the streams involved were identified, appropriate technologies were selected, process demands were estimated, and a rotary dryer was designed using the high-temperature method. Results and Discussion: A direct drying scheme was selected in a rotary equipment, ensuring ease in the handling of non-adherent granular solids and using mixtures of air and gases from biogas combustion as an energetic alternative. The technological proposal allows the treatment of 300 kg/h of wet material. It satisfies the drying service provided to productive forms of the area and their own productive needs. For tubers and protein plants, according to their initial humidity, a semi-continuous drying scheme was proposed with two passes and a hopper for storage and recycling of the material. The rotary dryer requires 0.7 m in diameter and 3.0 m in length. Conclusions: The developed proposal satisfies the productive demands with safety, energy efficiency, productivity and sustainability, contributing to the reduction of environmental impact and to the increase of the technical-economic effectiveness.

RESUMEN Introducción: Una oportunidad para el desarrollo local de Placetas, un municipio en la región central de Cuba, es el aprovechamiento del biogás generado con los residuales porcinos de su Centro Genético como alternativa energética para el secado de diferentes materiales disponibles en la zona. Objetivo: Presentar una propuesta tecnológica de secadero multipropósito para granos, tubérculos, plantas proteicas y fertilizante orgánico, que utiliza biogás generado con residuales porcinos como fuente energética. Materiales y Métodos: Se identificaron los parámetros físico-químicos de las corrientes involucradas, se seleccionaron las tecnologías adecuadas, se estimaron las demandas del proceso y se diseñó un secador rotatorio por el método de alta temperatura. Resultados y Discusión: Se seleccionó un esquema de secado directo en un equipo rotatorio, garantizando facilidad en el manejo de los sólidos granulares no adherentes y utilizando mezclas de aire y gases de la combustión del biogás como alternativa energética. La propuesta tecnológica permite tratar 300 kg/h de material húmedo. Se satisface la prestación del servicio de secado a formas productivas de la zona y las necesidades productivas propias. Para tubérculos y plantas proteicas, atendiendo a su humedad inicial, se propuso un esquema de secado semicontinuo con dos pases y una tolva para el almacenamiento y reciclo del material. El secador rotatorio requiere 0,7 m de diámetro y de 3,0 m de longitud. Conclusiones: La propuesta desarrollada satisface las demandas productivas con seguridad, eficiencia energética, productividad y sostenibilidad, contribuyendo a la reducción del impacto ambiental y al incremento de la efectividad técnico económica.