ABSTRACT: With advancements in coffee cultivation, several traits may be considered in selection of plants, which must exhibit a set of favorable characteristics. The outturn index, defined as the relationship between the mass of mature fruit and processed beans, emerges as a key factor influencing productivity. This study characterized the outturn over two harvests of 57 clones marketed in the public domain and 10 registered cultivars. The analysis considers the effects of genotypes, measurements, and genetic progress achieved through plant selection. According to the maturation cycle of each clone, washed samples of cherry coffee were collected considering a completely randomized factorial design for characterization of the effects of genotypes, years, and the genotype × years (GY) interaction. The drying, peeling, and the outturn index were individually assessed. Despite the significant effects of the GY interaction, genotypes demonstrated minimal alterations in their ranking across measurements. Clones with higher outturn, including LB30, BRS1216, LB12, N7, LB10, LB20, BRS3220, and AS5, exhibited an average outturn of 25.51%, reflecting a gain of 12.17%. Conversely, clones with lower outturn, such as BG180, GJ30, GJ20, AS7, AS10, P42, N1, and P60, had an average of 19.15%, indicating a reduction of 14.02% compared to the general mean. Analyzing the distribution of the outturn values, 19.4%, 62.7%, and 17.9% of genotypes were classified as high, medium, and low outturn, respectively, providing valuable insights for optimal cultivation strategies. ABSTRACT plants characteristics beans productivity 5 1 cultivars measurements clone (GY interaction drying peeling assessed LB30 LB BRS1216 BRS LB12 N7 N LB10 LB20 BRS3220 AS5 AS 2551 25 51 25.51% 1217 12 17 12.17% Conversely BG180 BG GJ30 GJ GJ20 AS7 AS10 P42 P N1 P60 1915 19 15 19.15% 1402 14 02 14.02 mean values 194 4 19.4% 627 62 7 62.7% 179 9 17.9 high medium respectively strategies LB3 BRS121 LB1 LB2 BRS322 255 2 25.51 121 12.17 BG18 GJ3 GJ2 AS1 P4 P6 191 19.15 140 0 14.0 19.4 6 62.7 17. BRS12 BRS32 25.5 12.1 BG1 19.1 14. 19. 62. BRS1 BRS3 25. 12.

RESUMO: Com o avanço da cafeicultura, múltiplas características devem ser consideradas na seleção de plantas, que devem apresentar um conjunto de atributos favoráveis. O rendimento, definido como a relação de massas entre os frutos maduros e os grãos processados, é um importante componente da produtividade. Este estudo tem como objetivo caracterizar o rendimento ao longo de duas colheitas de 57 clones comercializados em domínio público e 10 cultivares registradas. A análise considera efeitos de genótipos, medições e estimativas de ganhos com a seleção. De acordo com o ciclo de maturação de cada clone, amostras de café cereja foram colhidas considerando um delineamento fatorial inteiramente ao acaso para a caracterização dos efeitos de genótipos, anos e interação genótipo × anos (GA). A secagem, o descascamento e o rendimento foram avaliados individualmente. Apesar dos efeitos significativos da interação GA, os genótipos apresentaram pequenas mudanças no ordenamento de uma medição para a outra. Clones com maior rendimento, entre eles, LB30, BRS1216, LB12, N7, LB10, LB20, BRS3220 e AS5 apresentaram rendimento médio de 25,51% associado a estimativas de ganho de 12,17%. Por outro lado, clones de menor rendimento, como BG180, GJ30, GJ20, AS7, AS10, P42, N1 e P60 tiveram uma média de 19,15% associada a uma redução de 14,02%. A partir da distribuição dos valores, 19,4, 62,7 e 17,9% dos genótipos apresentaram rendimento classificados como alto, médio e baixo, subsidiando o melhor cultivo dos genótipos avaliados. RESUMO cafeicultura plantas favoráveis processados produtividade 5 1 registradas clone GA. GA . (GA) secagem individualmente outra eles LB30 LB BRS1216 BRS LB12 N7 N LB10 LB20 BRS322 AS 2551 25 51 25,51 1217 12 17 12,17% lado BG180 BG GJ30 GJ GJ20 AS7 AS10 P42 P P6 1915 19 15 19,15 1402 14 02 14,02% valores 194 4 19,4 627 62 7 62, 179 9 17,9 alto baixo (GA LB3 BRS121 LB1 LB2 BRS32 255 2 25,5 121 12,17 BG18 GJ3 GJ2 AS1 P4 191 19,1 140 0 14,02 19, 6 17, BRS12 BRS3 25, 12,1 BG1 14,0 BRS1 12, 14,

RESUMO As pimenteiras ornamentais apresentam variabilidade genética que pode ser acessada por meio de caracteres morfológicos e moleculares. A seleção de genótipos para formação de população base para o melhoramento pode ser realizada por meio de análise conjunta de vários tipos de dados, proporcionando maior precisão na seleção. Nessa perspectiva, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a diversidade entre acessos de pimenta com base na análise de características fenotípicas e marcadores moleculares e selecionar os melhores para serem utilizados como parentais em programas de melhoramento. O trabalho foi realizado no Centro de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Paraíba, Brasil. Foram utilizados 16 genótipos de pimenteiras ornamentais, e caracterizados quanto a oito caracteres quantitativos, nove qualitativos e 18 pares de iniciadores microssatélites. As análises simultâneas das variáveis foram realizadas usando o método de agrupamento de Tocher, agrupamento do algoritmo de Ward e a matriz de dissimilaridades. Os métodos de agrupamentos foram eficientes na separação dos genótipos, identificando variabilidade genética e precisão na seleção por meio da análise conjunta de dados quantitativos, qualitativos e moleculares. Diferentes grupos foram formados entre os genótipos pelo método de Tocher (seis grupos) e pelo método de Ward (três grupos). Existe variabilidade genética entre os genótipos de pimenteiras ornamentais, considerando análise conjunta de dados quantitativos, qualitativos e moleculares. Características qualitativas são importantes na identificação de divergência genética entre acessos de pimenteira ornamental. Os genótipos UFPB 46, 134, 137, 443 e 449, o mini pimentão Akamu e a cultivar Calypso são indicados para seleção, podem ser utilizados para realizar cruzamentos e dar continuidade ao programa de melhoramento genético. perspectiva Paraíba Brasil 1 quantitativos microssatélites dissimilaridades seis três grupos. . ornamental 46 134 137 44 449 genético 4 13

ABSTRACT Ornamental pepper plants have genetic variability, which can be accessed through morphological and molecular traits. Genotype selection to form the base population for breeding can be performed through the joint analysis of several types of data, providing greater selection accuracy. From this perspective, this study aimed to evaluate the diversity among pepper accessions based on analysis of phenotypic traits and molecular markers and to select the best ones to use as parents in breeding programs. The study was carried out at the Centro de Ciências Agrárias of the Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Paraíba, Brazil. Sixteen ornamental pepper genotypes were used and characterized for eight quantitative traits, nine qualitative traits, and 18 pairs of microsatellite primers. Simultaneous variable analyses were performed using Tocher’s clustering method, Ward’s clustering algorithm, and the dissimilarity matrix. The clustering methods were efficient in separating the genotypes, identifying genetic variability, and accuracy in the selection through the joint analysis of quantitative, qualitative, and molecular data. Different groups were formed among the genotypes by Tocher’s method (six groups) and Ward’s method (three groups). There is genetic variability among ornamental pepper genotypes considering the joint analysis of quantitative, qualitative, and molecular data. Qualitative traits are important in the identification of genetic divergence among ornamental pepper accessions. The UFPB genotypes 46, 134, 137, 443 and 449, the mini pepper Akamu, and the cultivar Calypso are indicated for selection and can be used to carry out crosses and continue the breeding program. data perspective programs Paraíba Brazil 1 primers Tochers Tocher s Wards Ward algorithm matrix six three groups. . 46 134 137 44 449 Akamu program 4 13

ABSTRACT: The structure of the root system of the conilon coffee tree has improved over the years through propagation, genetic, and agronomic studies in response to demands for improvements in plant development, production, and survival of the species. Scientific research plays an important role in generating technologies and the security of applications. However, there is a need to refine the content generated to analyze discoveries and trends on the subject. Therefore, the present study conduct a bibliometric review and analysis on the main contributions of relevant studies, researchers, organizations, and countries in academic research on the rooting of Coffea canephora in the Web of Science (WOS) database. Data from the WOS database published between 1982 and 2021 and systematized in the VOSviewer software showed a set of 92 articles, the majority of which originated in Brazil and France, with the main groups being the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, the Federal University of Viçosa, and CIRAD. The study was divided into five areas: genetic diversity, asexual propagation, nematology, tolerance to water stress, and micropropagation. However, in the context of climate changes and its impact on the production and longevity of Brazilian coffee farming, research focused on the root system has increased significantly, integrating it into lines that explore and integrate topics such as climate risk, water management, drought tolerance, and drip irrigation, including reflections on the performance of coffee agronomy. ABSTRACT propagation development species applications However subject Therefore researchers organizations (WOS 198 202 9 articles France Corporation Viçosa CIRAD areas diversity nematology stress micropropagation farming significantly risk management irrigation agronomy 19 20 1 2

RESUMO: A estrutura do sistema radicular do cafeeiro Conilon tem sido aprimorada ao longo dos anos por meio de propagação e estudos genéticos e agronômicos em resposta às demandas por melhorias no desenvolvimento vegetal, na produção e na sobrevivência da espécie. Entende-se que a pesquisa científica desempenha um papel importante na geração de tecnologias e também na segurança das aplicações. Porém, há necessidade de refinar o código gerado para descobrir descobertas e tendências sobre o assunto. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo tem como objetivo realizar uma revisão bibliométrica e análise na base de dados Web of Science (WOS) sobre as principais contribuições de estudos, pesquisadores, organizações e países relevantes nas pesquisas acadêmicas sobre o enraizamento de Coffea canephora. Dados da base de dados WOS publicados entre 1982 e 2021 e sistematizados no software VOSviewer, mostraram um conjunto de 92 artigos, em que a maioria teve origem no Brasil e na França, tendo como principais grupos a Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, a Universidade Federal de Viçosa e o CIRAD. O estudo está dividido em quatro áreas: diversidade genética, propagação assexuada, nematologia, tolerância ao estresse hídrico e micropropagação, porém, destaca-se que no contexto das mudanças climáticas e seu impacto na produção e longevidade da cafeicultura brasileira, podemos ver o surgimento de pesquisas focadas no sistema radicular, integrando-o em linhas que exploram e integram temas como risco climático, gestão hídrica, tolerância à seca e irrigação por gotejamento, incluindo reflexões sobre o desempenho da agronomia cafeeira. RESUMO vegetal espécie Entendese Entende se aplicações Porém assunto sentido (WOS pesquisadores canephora 198 202 VOSviewer 9 artigos França Agropecuária CIRAD áreas genética assexuada nematologia micropropagação porém destacase destaca brasileira integrandoo integrando climático hídrica gotejamento cafeeira 19 20 1 2

Abstract Introduction. Chickpea has been considered a restricted host species for nodulation, although recent studies describe a greater bacterial diversity associated with the crop to increase the knowledge about this symbiosis in orden to obtain efficient isolates in its contribution. Objective. To characterize and identify an isolate obtained from chickpea plant nodules and evaluate its effectiveness under field conditions. Materials and methods. The research was conducted in the laboratories of two centers: the Institute of Fundamental Research in Tropical Agriculture “Alejandro de Humboldt,” Cuba, and the National Center for Genetic Resources, Mexico, as well as under field conditions in two campaigns during the years 2018 and 2020 to demonstrate its effectiveness in crop interaction in the first center. The isolate R3 was taxonomically identified through the sequencing of four genes. For laboratory experiments, a completely randomized design was used, while plant trials were conducted under a randomized block design. The results were subjected to analysis of variance, and means were compared using the Tukey test (p<0.05). Results. The isolate R3 showed variability in terms of its morpho-physiological and biochemical characteristics. Furthermore, it exhibited significant differences compared to the other treatments in the growth and yield indicators evaluated in chickpea. Conclusions. Rhizobium pusense associated with chickpea nodules was identified for the first time in Cuba. The strain demonstrates growth at pH levels between 5.5 and 9.0 and temperature ranges from 29 °C to 38 °C, indicating its tolerance to these factors. Its inoculation in chickpea stimulates nodule formation and increased yield-related variables.

Resumen Introducción. El garbanzo se consideró durante muchos años una especie de hospedero restringido para la nodulación, aunque estudios recientes describen una mayor diversidad bacteriana asociada al cultivo que permita incrementar los conocimientos acerca de esta simbiosis para obtener aislados eficientes en su contribución. Objetivo. Caracterizar e identificar un aislado obtenido a partir de nódulos de plantas de garbanzo y evaluar su efectividad en condiciones de campo. Materiales y métodos. La investigación se desarrolló en los laboratorios de dos centros: Instituto de Investigaciones Fundamentales en Agricultura Tropical “Alejandro de Humboldt”, Cuba y en el Centro Nacional de Recursos Genéticos, México, así como en condiciones campo en dos campañas durante los años 2018 y 2020, para demostrar su efectividad en la interacción del cultivo en el primer centro. El aislado R3 se identificó a nivel taxonómico mediante la secuenciación de cuatro genes. Para los experimentos en condiciones de laboratorio se utilizó un diseño completamente aleatorizado, mientras que los ensayos con plantas se realizaron bajo un diseño de bloques al azar. Los resultados fueron sometidos a un análisis de varianza y las medias se compararon según el test de Tukey (p < 0,05). Resultados. El aislado R3 mostró variabilidad en cuanto a sus características morfo-fisiológico y bioquímicas. Además, tuvo respuesta con diferencias significativas con respecto al resto de los tratamientos en los indicadores de crecimiento y rendimiento evaluados en el garbanzo. Conclusión. Se identificó por primera vez en Cuba Rhizobium pusense asociado a nódulos de garbanzo. La cepa mostró un crecimiento positivo a pH entre 5,5 y 9,0 y rangos de temperatura desde 29 ºC hasta 38 ºC, lo que evidencia su tolerancia a estos factores. Su inoculación en garbanzo estimuló la formación de nódulos e incrementó variables del rendimiento.

Abstract Introduction. Evaluating onion cultivars (Allium cepa L.) in different environments to understand their adaptation is important due to the crop’s relevance in food supply across various countries, the reduction in its genetic diversity, the loss of beneficial traits, and resistance to diseases and pests. Objective. To assess the agronomic performance of onion cultivars under different environments to identify the best ones in terms of adaptation, yield, and interaction. Materials and methods. From November 2017 to August 2018, at the La Selva Research Center of the Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (AGROSAVIA), Rionegro, Antioquia, Colombia, twenty-one onion cultivars plus two controls were evaluated: Peruana of the Aggregatum group and Yellow Granex of the Cepa, under open-field and protected conditions with plastic roofing, using multilocation trials in a randomized complete block design and four replications. Evaluations were consucted on categories such as bulb weight, number, length, and diameter, along with the interaction of cultivars and environments. Results. In othe open field, due to lower temperatures compared to those recorded under protected conditions resulted in higher yields of weight and number of bulbs. Under protected environments, Aggregatum group cultivars behaved as if they were from the Cepa group, producing fewer large-size bulbs. The adaptation of cultivars varied by environment: in the open field, L55 and L63 cultivars exhibited the best yields, while under protected conditions, RPT20 and RPT11 showed the best adaptation. Conclusion. Environments significantly influenced the behavior of Aggregatum group cultivars, with higher production of extra-large bulbs. Temperature contrasts in protected enviroments with plastic roofing affected cultivars yields, while open-field conditions were more favorable.

Resumen Introducción. La evaluación de cultivares de cebolla (Allium cepa L.) en diferentes ambientes para conocer su adaptación es importante debido a la relevancia del cultivo en la alimentación en diferentes países, la reducción de su diversidad genética, la perdida de sus rasgos benéficos y la resistencia a enfermedades y plagas. Objetivo. Evaluar el comportamiento agronómico de cultivares de cebolla bajo diferentes ambientes, para identificar los mejores en adaptación, rendimiento e interacción. Materiales y métodos. De noviembre 2017 a agosto de 2018, en el Centro de Investigación La Selva de la Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (AGROSAVIA), Rionegro, Antioquia, Colombia, se evaluaron veintún cultivares más dos testigos de cebolla: Peruana del grupo Aggregatum y Yellow Granex del Cepa, bajo condiciones de campo abierto y protegido con techo plástico, con ensayos multilocacionales en un diseño de bloques completos al azar y cuatro repeticiones. Se evaluó por categorías: peso, número, longitud y diámetro de los bulbos; junto con la interacción de los cultivares y los ambientes. Resultados. En campo abierto, por presentar temperaturas menores a las registradas en las condiciones protegidas, se obtuvieron los mayores rendimientos de peso y número de bulbos. En ambientes protegidos, los cultivares del grupo Aggregatum, se comportaron como si fueran del grupo Cepa, al producir pocos bulbos de gran tamaño. La adaptación de los cultivares fue diferente en los ambientes: en campo abierto los cultivares L55 y L63 presentaron los mejores rendimientos, mientras que bajo condiciones protegidas, RPT20 y RPT11 fueron los que mejor se adaptaron. Conclusión. Los ambientes influyeron significativamente en el comportamiento de los cultivares del grupo Aggregatum con una mayor producción de bulbos extragrandes. Los contrastes de temperaturas que se presentaron en los ambientes protegidos con techo plástico, afectaron los rendimientos de los cultivares, mientras que las condiciones ambientales a campo abierto fueron favorables.

Abstract Background: Lobelia villaregalis is an endemic and endangered species in Jalisco, Mexico. Knowing the structure and genetic diversity of populations of species at risk can contribute to improving strategies for their conservation. This information has not been generated for L. villaregalis. Questions: 1) Does L. villaregalis present low levels of genetic diversity?, 2) Are there genetic differences between its populations?. Studied species: Lobelia villaregalis T.J. Ayers (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae), herbaceous perennial. Study site and dates: During 2018-2020, field work was carried out in El Bosque La Primavera Natural Protected Area, in Zapopan, Jalisco, in order to locate new populations of the species and collect leaf material. Methods: The diversity and genetic structure of 87 individuals in five populations were evaluated using ISSR molecular markers. Results: The average genetic diversity of L. villaregalis is low (He = 0.057, P = 48.17 %, I = 0.110) as well as the total diversity (HT = 0.069). Molecular analysis of variance showed that most of the genetic variation (92 %) occurred within populations. The Mantel test indicates that there is no correlation between the genetic distances and the geographical distances for the five populations of the species (R = 0.64, P = 0.18). With the genetic assignment analysis, 4 groups were identified, however there is no genetic structure (GST = 0.060). Conclusions: Lobelia villaregalis requires urgent actions of conservation to maintain the genetic diversity present in all its populations, giving the highest priority to three of them.

Resumen Antecedentes: Lobelia villaregalis es una especie endémica y en peligro de extinción en Jalisco, México. Conocer la estructura y diversidad genética de las poblaciones de especies en riesgo puede contribuir a mejorar las estrategias para su conservación. Esta información no se ha generado para L. villaregalis. Preguntas: 1) ¿Presenta L. villaregalis niveles bajos de diversidad genética?, 2) ¿Existen diferencias genéticas entre sus poblaciones? Especies de estudio: Lobelia villaregalis T.J. Ayers (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae), herbácea perenne. Sitio y años de estudio: Durante 2018-2020 se realizó trabajo de campo en el Área Natural Protegida Bosque La Primavera, Zapopan, Jalisco, para localizar nuevas poblaciones de la especie y recolectar material foliar. Métodos: Se evaluó la diversidad y estructura genética de 87 individuos en cinco poblaciones utilizando marcadores moleculares ISSR. Resultados: La diversidad genética promedio de L. villaregalis es baja (He = 0.057, P = 48.17 %, I = 0.110) así como la diversidad total (HT = 0.069). El análisis de varianza molecular mostró que la mayor parte de la variación genética (92 %) ocurrió dentro de las poblaciones. La prueba de Mantel indica que no hay correlación entre las distancias genéticas y las distancias geográficas para las cinco poblaciones estudiadas (R = 0.64, P = 0.18). Con el análisis de asignación genética se identificaron 4 grupos, sin embargo, no existe estructura genética (GST = 0.060). Conclusiones: Lobelia villaregalis requiere acciones urgentes de conservación para mantener la diversidad genética de todas sus poblaciones, dando máxima prioridad a tres de ellas.

ABSTRACT. A study determining microsatellite markers was conducted to compare similarities among three different populations of Macrobrachium tenellum prawns from three different hydrological basins in Oaxaca, Mexico. In total, nine different markers in the population were used, of which six coded for the three populations and three did not. Although different, the three populations are closely genetically related, with an average allele richness from 6.845 to 16.754 and a heterozygosity of 0.166 to 0.264. However, the relationship could be much closer, particularly between them. The possible applications and scope of this knowledge are commented on and discussed.

Resumen Las orquídeas son un grupo diverso de plantas, manifestado además en su gran diversidad de flores. A pesar de esto, las orquídeas son polinizadas ya sea mediante autogamia o alogamia (geitonogamia y xenogamia). Si bien existen algunas orquídeas autógamas, la mayoría son alógamas, principalmente polinizadas por xenogamia, ya que presentan barreras físicas o genéticas que evitan la autopolinización. Además, las orquídeas son conocidas por su capacidad de polinización interespecífica, la cual podría influenciar la producción de frutos (metaxenia) y de semillas (xenia). Su capacidad de hibridación representa una oportunidad para producir organismos tolerantes a estrés biótico o abiótico, además de exhibir nuevas formas, colores y fragancias; esto sería importante en horticultura, donde la selección adecuada de los parentales proporciona esas ventajas a los híbridos descendientes. En esta revisión se abordan las características de cada tipo de sistema de reproducción en orquídeas, así como sus ventajas y desventajas. A su vez, se propone el estudio del efecto de inducción de metaxenia y xenia en esta familia. Finalmente, se contextualiza la producción de híbridos de orquídeas, y las oportunidades de este enfoque en el futuro próximo.

Abstract Orchids are a diverse group of plants, also manifested in their great diversity of flowers. Despite this, orchids are pollinated either through autogamy or allogamy (geitonogamy and xenogamy). Although there are some autogamous orchids, the majority are allogamous, mainly pollinated by xenogamy since they present physical or genetic barriers that prevent self-pollination. In addition, orchids are known for their capacity for interspecific pollination, which could influence fruits (metaxenia) and seeds (xenia) production. Its capacity for hybridization represents an opportunity to produce organisms tolerant to biotic or abiotic stress, in addition to exhibiting new shapes, colors and fragrances; this would be important in horticulture, where the proper selection of parents provides those advantages to the descendant hybrids. This review addresses the characteristics of each type of reproduction systems in orchids, as well as their advantages and disadvantages. At the same time, the study of the induction effect of metaxenia and xenia in this family is proposed. Finally, the production of orchid hybrids is contextualized and the opportunities of this approach in the near future.

Abstract It is feasible to approach the study of pre-Hispanic mortuary practices from genetic studies, given that ancient DNA allows biological kinship relationships to be analyzed. From microsatellite markers of eight individuals from the sites of Sarahuaico, Juella and Pucará de Tilcara in the Quebrada de Humahuaca, Jujuy, ascribed to Periods 2, 3 and 4, respectively, the kinship coefficient (r) and the posterior probability by pedigree between individuals from the same site were calculated. The results indicate that, in the case of Sarahuaico, the two individuals found in the same burial had no genetic/biological linkage. Similarly, the three Juella samples analyzed that came from different burial sites were also unrelated. In contrast, two of the skeletal remains recovered from Pucará de Tilcara, which came from different burial sites, showed evidence of second-degree filial relationship. These results differ from previous studies of sites in the Quebrada de Humahuaca for the same periods, so provide new insights into the diversity of mortuary practices in the region. Given that the number of samples per site is still low, it is necessary to be cautious about the results and their interpretation, while continuing to deepen the analysis and increasing the number of individuals analyzed to corroborate the patterns found.

Resumen El estudio de las prácticas mortuorias prehispánicas es factible de abordar desde los estudios genéticos, debido a que el ADN antiguo permite analizar relaciones de parentesco biológico. A partir de marcadores microsatélites de ocho individuos de los sitios Sarahuaico, Juella y Pucará de Tilcara (Quebrada de Humahuaca, Jujuy), adscriptos a los Períodos 2, 3 y 4 respectivamente, se calculó el coeficiente de parentesco (r) y la probabilidad posterior por pedigrí entre individuos de un mismo sitio. Los resultados indican que para el caso de Sarahuaico, los dos individuos provenientes del mismo entierro no presentan vínculo genético. De manera similar, las tres muestras de Juella procedentes de diferentes espacios de entierro, tampoco exhibieron parentesco. Por el contrario, dos de los individuos del Pucará de Tilcara, que provienen de diferentes recintos, evidencian relación filial de segundo grado. Estos resultados difieren de estudios previos de los mismos periodos en sitios de la región, lo cual propicia nuevos panoramas sobre la diversidad de prácticas mortuorias prehispánicas. Dado que el número de muestras es bajo, es necesario ser cautelosos en la interpretación de los resultados, a la vez que continuar profundizando el análisis y aumentando el número de individuos analizados para corroborar los patrones hallados.

RESUMEN El establecimiento de nuevas Áreas Protegidas (AP) representa un paso inicial crucial para contrarrestar la pérdida y fragmentación de hábitats naturales, con el fin de conservar ecosistemas de vital importancia para la biodiversidad y preservar las culturas tradicionales. La gestión efectiva de una AP puede generar beneficios significativos tanto para la diversidad biológica que la habita como para la sociedad en general, asegurando la continuidad de los ecosistemas productivos. Este estudio se propone describir de manera exhaustiva las políticas nacionales relacionadas con las AP en Ecuador y las estrategias clave para la conservación de la biodiversidad. Se llevó a cabo una revisión bibliográfica de enfoque descriptivo, cualitativo y exploratorio, que incluyó la consulta de artículos científicos, libros, informes técnicos y documentos gubernamentales pertinentes. Los resultados resaltan el papel fundamental de las AP como refugios esenciales para la vida silvestre, así como su función protectora ante los efectos del cambio climático, permitiendo la evolución de la diversidad genética en respuesta a las presiones de la selección natural. Las principales amenazas a la biodiversidad comprenden cambios en el uso de la tierra debido a la agricultura y la urbanización, la propagación de especies invasoras, la explotación excesiva de recursos y la contaminación ambiental.

ABSTRACT The establishment of new Protected Areas (PAs) represents a crucial initial step to counteract the loss and fragmentation of natural habitats, in order to conserve ecosystems of vital importance for biodiversity and preserve traditional cultures. The effective management of a PA can generate significant benefits for both the biological diversity that inhabits it and for society in general, ensuring the continuity of productive ecosystems. This study aims to comprehensively describe national policies related to PAs in Ecuador and key strategies for biodiversity conservation. A descriptive, qualitative and exploratory literature review was carried out, including consultation of scientific articles, books, technical reports and relevant government documents. The results highlight the fundamental role of PAs as essential refuges for wildlife, as well as their protective function in the face of the effects of climate change, allowing the evolution of genetic diversity in response to the pressures of natural selection. The main threats to biodiversity include changes in land use due to agriculture and urbanization, the spread of invasive species, overexploitation of resources, and environmental pollution.

Abstract The city of Parras de la Fuente, Coahuila is characterized by having criollo avocado trees with different morphological properties. However, very little information is available on their fruit nutritional and sensory characteristics. The objective of this work was to perform the bromatological, mineral, phytochemical and sensory characterization of 7 avocado landraces. The proximal analysis was carried out using standardized tests by the AOAC (2019), while the phytochemical content was determined using HPLC/MS equipment. Subsequently, the samples were evaluated using a hedonic test. The bromatological analysis showed significant differences in the total of the samples for the different response variables, which indicates the great genetic diversity among the sampled trees. The mineral that were determined in the highest concentration were Potassium, Magnesium and Calcium. Thirty-eight different phytochemical compounds were identified in the fruits, with a greater presence of flavones. While the sensory analysis showed a significant difference among the avocado landraces for the evaluated attributes. The flavor and texture attributes were the most important for the consumer preference. Different environmental factors (soil, climate, altitude, latitude, maturity) modify the nutritional composition of the avocado and its organoleptic characteristics. The results of this work may help propagation, fruit diversification and development of companies focused on this fruit in Parras de la Fuente, Coahuila.

Resumen La ciudad de Parras de la Fuente, Coahuila, se caracteriza por tener árboles de aguacate criollo con diferentes propiedades morfológicas. Sin embargo, es muy poca la información que se tiene sobre las características nutrimentales y sensoriales de los frutos de estos árboles. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue caracterizar bromatológica, mineral, fitoquímica y sensorial 7 aguacates criollos, obtenidos de diferentes árboles. El análisis proximal se realizó mediante pruebas estandarizadas por la AOAC (2019), mientras que el contenido de fitoquímicos se determinó en un equipo HPLC/MS. Posteriormente, las muestras se evaluaron mediante una prueba hedónica. El análisis bromatológico arrojó diferencias significativas en el total de las muestras para las diferentes variables de respuesta, lo que indica la gran diversidad genética entre los árboles muestreados. Los minerales que se determinaron en mayor concentración fueron Potasio, Magnesio y Calcio. Se identificaron 38 compuestos fitoquímicos diferentes en los frutos, con mayor presencia de flavonas, mientras que el análisis sensorial arrojó una diferencia significativa entre los criollos en las variables evaluadas. Los atributos de sabor y textura resultaron los más importantes para la preferencia del consumidor. Diferentes factores ambientales (suelo, clima, altitud, latitud, madurez) modifican la composición nutrimental del aguacate y sus características organolépticas. Los resultados de este trabajo pudieran ayudar a la propagación, diversificación frutícola y desarrollo de empresas enfocadas en este fruto en Parras de la Fuente, Coahuila.

SUMMARY: Owing to extensive overexploitation and continuous habitat loss in recent decades, Dalbergia stevensonii has become endangered in Central America and its place of origin. Genetic diversity is essential for ensuring the long-term survival of the species and is vital in breeding programs. However, knowledge of the genetic diversity of D. stevensonii is limited, as no study has been conducted to estimate the population variability in Guatemala. This study is the first to determine the genetic diversity and structure of wild populations of D. stevensonii in Guatemala using molecular markers. The genetic diversity of 90 wild D. stevensonii trees from six populations located in their natural range is currently being evaluated. Genetic diversity was moderate, with an average of 5.83 alleles per locus, a mean Shannon index value of 1.42, and observed and expected heterozygosity of 0.32 and 0.37, respectively. AMOVA indicated that only 6 % of the genetic variation was between populations, and genetic distance values (pairwise FST) suggested moderate differentiation between populations. STRUCTURE and DAPC analyses revealed the existence of three clusters for the 90 samples, while the genetic differentiation among populations is attributed more to genetics than to geographic distance. Conservation of the genetic diversity of D. stevensonii is critical to ensure its long-term survival, and the success of breeding programs focused on improving the traits and characteristics of the species, such as growth rate, wood quality, and resistance to pests and diseases. These findings provide a crucial genetic basis for conservation, management, and restoration of this endemic species.

RESUMEN: Debido a la sobreexplotación y continua pérdida de hábitats en las últimas décadas, Dalbergia stevensonii está en peligro de extinción en América Central, su lugar de origen. La diversidad genética es un factor esencial para garantizar la supervivencia de la especie a largo plazo y es vital en los programas de mejoramiento. Sin embargo, el conocimiento sobre la diversidad genética de D. stevensonii es limitado, ya que no se ha realizado ningún estudio para estimar la variabilidad de las poblaciones en Guatemala. Este es el primer estudio realizado en Guatemala para determinar la diversidad genética y la estructura de las poblaciones silvestres de D. stevensonii utilizando marcadores moleculares. Actualmente, se está evaluando la diversidad genética de 90 árboles silvestres de D. stevensonii procedentes de seis poblaciones situadas en su área de distribución natural. La diversidad genética es moderada, con una media de 5,83 alelos por locus, un valor medio del índice de Shannon de 1,42 y una heterocigosidad observada y esperada de 0,32 y 0,37 respectivamente. El análisis AMOVA mostró que solamente el 6 % de la variación genética se presenta entre poblaciones, y los valores de distancia genética (FST por pares) sugieren una diferenciación moderada entre poblaciones. Los análisis STRUCTURE y DAPC revelaron la existencia de tres conglomerados para las 90 muestras, mientras que las diferenciaciones genéticas entre poblaciones se atribuyeron más a la distancia genética que a la geográfica. La conservación de la diversidad genética de D. stevensonii es fundamental para garantizar su supervivencia a largo plazo y el éxito de los programas de mejoramiento centrados en la mejora de los rasgos y características de la especie, como la tasa de crecimiento, la calidad de la madera y la resistencia a plagas y enfermedades. Estos hallazgos proporcionan una base genética crucial para la conservación, gestión y restauración de esta especie endémica.

ABSTRACT Sugarcane-duck symbiosis (SDS) is an ecological breeding production method wherein meat ducks are released in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) fields during the middle and late stages of sugarcane growth. The effects of SDS on sugarcane rhizobacterial diversity remain poorly understood. We conducted field experiments with sugarcane monoculture (SC) and SDS and performed genetic analyses on the rhizobacterial communities based on 16S rRNA across different growth stages of sugarcane. The effects of soil physicochemical factors on the bacterial community structure were analyzed via redundancy analysis. We found that soil organic matter (SOM), total N (TN), nitrate N (NN), and ammonium N (AN) contents of sugarcane rhizosphere soils increased during different growth periods in SDS. During the perennial root stages, the Shannon-, Ace-, and Chao1 indices increased, whereas the available P (AP) content decreased. The soil pH was more balanced and its effect on the soil bacterial community was insignificant. The dominant sugarcane rhizosphere flora were Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Acidobacteria, Firmicutes, norank_f__norank_o__Gaiellales, Sphingomonas, norank_f__Roseiflexaceae, Bacillus, and norank_f__Xanthobacteraceae, but with significant inter-annual variations. Redundancy analysis showed that SOM, TN, NN, AN, AP, catalase (CAT) and invertase (INV) activity were closely associated with the diversity of the soil bacterial communities, and TN and INV activity were the main drivers of sugarcane rhizobacterial communities in the SDS groups. In conclusion, SDS improves the fertilizer supply capacity and soil quality of sugarcane soils by regulating major soil nutrient content, available nutrients, and microbial diversity. This study provides a theoretical basis for scientifically managing SDS and the screening of biocontrol bacteria.

Resumen La diversidad genética es importante para la adaptación de una especie a los cambios ambientales, por lo que el conocimiento del nivel y distribución de la diversidad es útil para elaborar estrategias de conservación y manejo de una especie; sin embargo, la información sobre diversidad genética es escasa para especies arbóreas que habitan en el bosque tropical caducifolio, como es el caso de lináloe [Bursera linanoe (La Llave) Rzed., Calderón & Medina], una especie que crece en dos subprovincias bióticas en el bosque tropical seco de los estados de Guerrero, Morelos, Puebla y Oaxaca en México. Por lo anterior, el objetivo del presente estudio fue estimar la diversidad y estructura genética de Bursera linanoe en poblaciones naturales en dos subprovincias bióticas. En 2019 se recolectó follaje de 92 árboles de lináloe en cuatro poblaciones en las subprovincias bióticas Balsasana y Cañadiana. Posteriormente, el ADN se extrajo del follaje con el protocolo CTAB. Cinco intermicrosatélites (ISSR) se utilizaron, y los fragmentos fueron separados en geles de agarosa. Los siguientes estimadores de diversidad genética se calcularon: porcentaje de loci polimórficos (P), heterocigosidad esperada (He), número efectivo de alelos por locus (Ne) e índice de Shannon (IS); además, se estimó el FST de Wright y se realizó un análisis de varianza molecular (AMOVA). También, la estructura genética se evaluó con el software STRUCTURE. Los valores de los estimadores de la diversidad genética para lináloe fueron: P = 100 %, He = 0.352, Ne = 1.618 e IS = 0.522, el valor de FST fue 0.160. La partición de la diversidad genética fue de 74 % dentro de poblaciones, 21 % entre poblaciones y 5 % entre subprovincias. Cuatro grupos (K) se formaron con los árboles de lináloe de las cuatro poblaciones. El número de migrantes fue 1.3 por generación. Se encontró una diversidad genética alta y una diferenciación alta entre poblaciones de Bursera linanoe.

Summary Genetic diversity is important for the adaptation of a species to environmental changes, thus knowledge of the level and distribution of diversity is useful for developing conservation and management strategies for a species; however, information on genetic diversity is scarce for tree species that habit in the tropical deciduous forest as is case of linaloe [Bursera linanoe (La Llave) Rzed., Calderón & Medina], a species that grows in two biotic subprovinces in the dry tropical forest of the states of Guerrero, Morelos, Puebla and Oaxaca in Mexico. Therefore, the objective of this study was to estimate the genetic diversity and structure of Bursera linanoe in natural populations at two biotic subprovinces. In 2019, foliage was collected from 92 linaloe trees in four populations of the biotic subprovinces Balsasana and Cañadiana. Subsequently, the DNA was extracted from the foliage with the CTAB protocol. Five inter-microsatellites (ISSR) were used, and the fragments were separated on agarose gels. The following estimators of genetic diversity were calculated: percentage of polymorphic loci (P), expected heterozygosity (He), effective number of alleles per locus (Ne) and Shannon index (SI). In addition, the Wright’s FST was estimated, and an analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) was performed. Also, the genetic structure was evaluated with the STRUCTURE software. The values of the genetic diversity estimators were P = 100 %, He = 0.352, Ne = 1.618 and SI = 0.522, the FST value was 0.160. The partition of genetic diversity was 74 % within populations, 21 % between populations and 5 % between subprovinces. Four groups (K) were formed with the linaloe trees of the four populations. The number of migrants was 1.3 per generation. High genetic diversity and high genetic differentiation between population of Bursera linanoe were found.

Resumen El pasto banderita [Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr.] cuenta con gran variabilidad morfológica y genética en los pastizales del norte de México, lo cual sugiere que existe la posibilidad de selección de genotipos resistentes a condiciones de zonas áridas; sin embargo, la información sobre su eficiencia fotosintética y características estomáticas es escasa. El objetivo del presente estudio fue relacionar la eficiencia fotosintética, características estomáticas y producción forrajera en poblaciones de pasto banderita. Se utilizó un diseño de bloques completos al azar con cuatro repeticiones. Se establecieron 216 macetas en invernadero donde se evaluaron como tratamientos 51 poblaciones de pasto banderita del estado de Chihuahua, México y tres variedades comerciales como testigos. Se evalúo la eficiencia fotosintética y las propiedades estomáticas; además, se cuantificó la acumulación de forraje. Se realizaron análisis estadísticos descriptivos, análisis de correlación, componentes principales, análisis de agrupamiento y análisis multivariado de la varianza. Las medias para disipación de calor no regulada (YNO, 0.223) y disipación de calor regulada (YNPQ, 0.447) indicaron que estas variables son proporcionales a la eficiencia fotoquímica del fotosistema II (YII, 0.330). Los valores máximos y mínimos en producción de forraje fueron 9.8 y 17.92 g por planta y altura de planta de 7.3 y 23 cm, respectivamente. Existe correlación positiva entre área estomática (AE) y disipación de calor regulada con altura de planta y producción de forraje. En el análisis de componentes principales los dos primeros explicaron el 58.8 % de la variación total. Se encontraron 11 poblaciones sobresalientes en disipación de la energía regulada controlando la fotoinhibición, sin poner en riesgo la producción de la planta.

Summary Sideoats grama [Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr.] has great morphological and genetic variability present in the grassland of Northern Mexico, suggesting the possibility of selection of genotypes resistant to arid zone conditions; however, information on its photosynthetic efficiency and stomatal characteristics is scarce. The objective of this study swas to relate photosynthetic efficiency, stomatal characteristics and forage production in sideoats grama populations. A randomized complete block design with four replications was used. Two hundred and sixteen pots were established in a greenhouse where 51 populations of sideoats grama from the state of Chihuahua, Mexico were evaluated as treatments along with three commercial varieties as controls. Photosynthetic efficiency and stomatal properties were evaluated, and forage accumulation was quantified. Descriptive statistical analyses, correlation analysis, principal component, cluster and multivariate analysis of variance were performed. Means for unregulated heat dissipation (YNO, 0.223) and regulated heat dissipation (YNPQ, 0.447) indicated that those variables are proportional to the photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (YII, 0.330). The maximum and minimum values in forage production were 9.8 and 17.92 g per plant, and those values for plant height were 7.3 and 23 cm, respectively. Positive correlation exists between stomatal area and regulated heat dissipation with plant height and forage production. In the principal component analysis the first two principal components explained 58.8 % of the total variation. Eleven outstanding populations were found in regulated energy dissipation, controlling photoinhibition without jeopardizing plant production.