Resumen Introducción: En 1995, en el marco de la IV Conferencia Mundial sobre la Mujer, representantes de gobiernos de todo el mundo acordaron la Plataforma de Acción de Beijing. Los medios de comunicación aparecen, por primera vez, como una de las esferas de especial preocupación para lograr la igualdad de género en el mundo. Objetivo: Realizar un monitoreo crítico sobre las políticas de comunicación y género desarrolladas por el Estado argentino en torno al cumplimiento de los objetivos estratégicos planteados en el capítulo J: participación de las mujeres en la estructura laboral de los medios; y erradicación de contenido mediático sexista y estereotipado. Método y técnicas: Se desarrolló una investigación documental con enfoque cualitativo y se utilizó la técnica del análisis de contenido. A partir de esto, especialmente para la elaboración de conclusiones y recomendaciones, se tomó como referencia una metodología para el análisis de género del fenómeno legal. Resultados: La mayoría de las políticas impulsadas por el Estado argentino cumplen con el segundo objetivo estratégico de la Plataforma de Acción de Beijing. En el año 2021 se sancionó una ley de equidad de géneros en los medios que responde al primer objetivo estratégico, sin embargo, todavía no fue reglamentada. Conclusiones: Existen desafíos pendientes en relación con posibles reformas en la normativa vigente sobre violencia contra las mujeres; las tensiones entre regulación y libertad de expresión; el acceso a la justicia en casos de violencia mediática; y la necesidad de avanzar en el cumplimiento del objetivo estratégico uno.

Abstract Introduction: In 1995, at the Fourth World Conference on Women, government representatives from all over the world agreed on the Beijing Platform for Action. The media appeared, for the first time, as one of the areas of special concern for achieving gender equality in the world. Objective: To carry out a critical monitoring of the communication and gender policies developed by the Argentine State regarding the fulfillment of the strategic objectives set forth in Chapter J: women's participation in the labor structure of the media; and the eradication of sexist and stereotyped media content. Method and technique: A documentary research with a qualitative approach was developed and the technique of content analysis was used. From this, especially for the elaboration of conclusions and recommendations, a methodology for the gender analysis of the legal phenomenon was used as a reference. Results: Most of the policies promoted by the Argentine State comply with the second strategic objective of the Beijing Platform for Action. In the year 2021, a law on gender equity in the media was passed, which responds to the first strategic objective; however, it has not yet been regulated. Conclusions: There are pending challenges in relation to possible reforms in the current legislation on violence against women; the tensions between regulation and freedom of expression; access to justice in cases of media violence; and the need to advance in the fulfillment of strategic objective one.

Abstract The way in which a society manages and provides the necessary care for its survival and reproduction is not gender neutral. This organization works, for the most part, due to the large amount of unpaid work carried out by women in the family sphere, thus affecting their equality, freedom, and dignity. This document identifies, first, the components that make up the current social organization of care in Latin America based on three dimensions of analysis: (a) sociocultural; (b) political and (c) economic. And, secondly, it proposes a selection of mechanisms that could contribute to transforming the components of that organization. The theoretical proposal of “implosion of care regimes” by Juliana Martínez Franzoni (2021) is taken as a starting point to propose a series of strategies that would contribute to dismantling the current social organization of care in the region. The work finds that, in an articulated way, these three analytical categories show the way in which women are held responsible as primary caregivers; certain public policies contribute to crystallizing gender roles that specialize women in care work and relegate them to the domestic world; and finally, it shows that the logic of the labor market responds, mainly, to a male provider model without family responsibilities, which contributes to maintaining and reproducing inequality against women.

Resumen La forma en la cual una sociedad gestiona y provee los cuidados necesarios para su supervivencia y reproducción no es neutral al género. Dicha organización funciona, en gran parte, debido a la enorme cantidad de trabajo no remunerado que realizan las mujeres en el ámbito familiar, afectando así su igualdad, libertad y dignidad. Este documento identifica, en primer lugar, los componentes que conforman la organización social de los cuidados en América Latina a partir de tres dimensiones de análisis: (a) sociocultural; (b) política y (c) económica. Y, en segundo lugar, propone una selección de mecanismos que podrían contribuir a transformar los componentes que conforman esa organización. Se toma como punto de partida la propuesta teórica de “implosión de los regímenes de cuidados” de Juliana Martínez Franzoni (2021) para proponer una serie de estrategias que contribuirían a desmontar la actual organización social de los cuidados en la región. El trabajo encuentra que, en forma articulada, estas tres categorías analíticas evidencian la forma bajo la cual se responsabiliza a las mujeres como cuidadoras primarias; ciertas políticas públicas contribuyen a cristalizar roles de género que especializan a las mujeres en el trabajo de cuidados y las relega al mundo doméstico; y finalmente, pone en evidencia que la lógica del mercado laboral responde, principalmente, a un modelo de hombre proveedor sin responsabilidades familiares, lo que contribuye a mantener y reproducir la desigualdad en contra de las mujeres.

Abstract Currently, the work of universities for gender equality and inclusion is recognized as a necessity. The diversity of the university community, the need to advance in gender and the presence of various manifestations of violence are evident. The aim of this work is to analyze the main achievements, obstacles and challenges in the promotion of gender equality in higher education institutions in the south-southeast of Mexico. The meetings and disagreements when working on social inclusion and the challenges that joint work brings with it are highlighted. The methodology is phenomenology. The techniques were: semi-structured interviews with 5 institutional gender equality representatives from different mexican universities. Additionally, a content analysis of various institutional documents was developed. Various advances in gender equality are evident. The main challenges are linked to the need to ensure progress to mainstream and institutionalize the gender perspective. In relation to inclusion, it is evident that the advances are very incipient. The work has focused on attention to gender violence due to its severity and magnitude. Working on inclusion within universities, under the framework of human rights, is a relatively recent task. The conceptual deficiencies in relation to inclusion, the difficulties in meeting the needs and for the operability in the face of the diversity of problems to be addressed are discussed. Some challenges are posed to favor a comprehensive approach promoting the construction of spaces for reflection, analysis and decision-making.

Resumen En la actualidad, el trabajo de las universidades en materia de igualdad de género y de inclusión se reconoce como una necesidad ante la diversidad que caracteriza a la comunidad universitaria, ante la importancia de seguir avanzando en materia de género y ante la presencia de diversas manifestaciones de violencia. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar los principales logros, obstáculos y retos en la promoción de la igualdad de género en IES del sur-sureste mexicano, destacando los encuentros y desencuentros al trabajar la inclusión social y los retos que el trabajo conjunto trae consigo. La metodología es de corte fenomenológico con técnicas de entrevistas semiestructuradas a 5 responsables institucionales en materia de igualdad de género, de diferentes universidades de la Región sur-sureste mexicano. Adicionalmente, se desarrolló un análisis de contenido de diversos documentos institucionales. Se evidencian avances diversos en materia de igualdad de género, los retos principales se vinculan a la necesidad de asegurar avances para transversalizar e institucionalizar la perspectiva de género. Por su parte, en relación con la inclusión se evidencia que los avances son muy incipientes, debido a que el trabajo se ha centrado en la atención a la violencia de género por su gravedad y magnitud. Trabajar en la inclusión en las universidades, bajo el marco de los derechos humanos, es una labor relativamente reciente. Se discuten las carencias conceptuales en relación con la inclusión, las dificultades para la atención de las necesidades y para la operatividad ante la amplia gama de problemáticas a abordar. Se plantean algunas propuestas para favorecer un abordaje integral, promoviendo la construcción de espacios para la reflexión, el análisis y la toma de decisiones.

Abstract Promoting the empowerment and organization of rural women into collectives that generate income and contribute to the improvement of the living conditions in their communities, are necessary actions to achieve sustainable development. In Mexico, these strategies must be included in public policies and be in accordance with the Sustainable Development objectives issued in the 2030 Agenda of the United Nations Organization: gender equality and the end of poverty. In this article experiences of women in rural areas are described, the forms of organization, strategies for labor inclusion and progress in empowerment in the community of Chiquihuitlán, Jalisco. It is a qualitative, descriptive study, with the application of group interviews that allowed interaction with people obtaining important data for analysis and discussion. In the results, experiences, obstacles and challenges overcome are described, the institutional support received and the existing distance between the public policies outlined by the State and the reality perceived through the discourse of women.

Resumen Impulsar el empoderamiento y la organización de mujeres rurales en colectivos que les permitan allegarse ingresos y contribuir a mejorar las condiciones de vida en sus comunidades, deben ser acciones para propiciar el desarrollo. En México estas estrategias deben ser incluidas en las políticas públicas y ser acordes a los objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible emitidos en la Agenda 2030 de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas: igualdad de género y fin de la pobreza. En este artículo se relatan experiencias de mujeres en el ámbito rural, las formas de organización, estrategias para la inclusión laboral y un avance en el empoderamiento en la comunidad de Chiquihuitlán, Jalisco. Se trata de un estudio cualitativo, descriptivo, con la aplicación de entrevistas grupales que permitieron la interacción con las personas y la obtención de datos significativos para el análisis y discusión. En los resultados se describen las vivencias, barreras y retos superados, los apoyos institucionales recibidos y la distancia existente entre las políticas públicas delineadas por el Estado y la realidad percibida a través del discurso de las mujeres.

Abstract This article reports some findings that were identified in the first phase of a qualitative investigation, in which women who work as professors of the degrees in architecture and urbanism of the Faculty of Architecture of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (FA-UNAM) were interviewed. The research aims to identify practices in the teaching of architectural-urban disciplines that could strengthen gender stereotypes and make violence against women -teachers and/or students- invisible. Through the “feminist interview”, it seeks to know the specificity of the experiences of women as teachers in an academic and disciplinary space that still exhibits a strong patriarchal structure.

Resumen Este artículo consigna algunos hallazgos que se identificaron en la primera fase de una investigación cualitativa, en la que se entrevistó a mujeres que se desempeñan como docentes de las licenciaturas en arquitectura y urbanismo de la Facultad de Arquitectura de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (FA-UNAM). La investigación tiene el objetivo de identificar prácticas en la enseñanza de las disciplinas arquitectónico-urbanísticas que podrían fortalecer estereotipos de género e invisibilizar violencias en contra de las mujeres -profesoras y/o alumnas-. A través de la “entrevista feminista”, se busca conocer la especificidad de las experiencias de las mujeres como docentes en un espacio académico y disciplinar que aún exhibe una enérgica estructura patriarcal.

ABSTRACT This article analyzes the results of the first stage of a social innovation project whose main objective was to promote the employability of women victims of gender-based violence who finished a SernamEG programs in the Araucanía Region, southern Chile. Sixteen companies participated in a structured survey inspired on NCh3262-2012, which regulates the Gender Equality and Work-Life Balance Management System. The results suggest that the companies are led by men, are composed of personnel with little training and/or awareness of gender violence, tend to reproduce gender roles and have little interest in implementing gender equality policies in the organizational environment, including those aimed at the inclusion of women who have suffered violence by a partner or former intimate partner. The research show that it is necessary to continue working so that companies assume - within the integral approach - their role as multipliers of the right to a life free of gender violence.

RESUMEN En este artículo se analizan los resultados de la primera etapa de un proyecto de innovación social cuyo objetivo central consistió en favorecer la empleabilidad de las mujeres víctimas de violencia de género egresadas de los programas del Servicio Nacional de la Mujer y Equidad de Género (SernamEG) de la Región de la Araucanía, sur de Chile. Dieciséis empresas participaron de una encuesta estructurada e inspirada en la norma chilena NCh 3262-2012, que regula el Sistema de Gestión de Igualdad de Género y Conciliación de la Vida Laboral, Familiar y Personal. Los resultados sugieren que las empresas son lideradas por hombres, están integrada por personal que apenas cuenta con formación y/o sensibilización sobre violencia de género, suelen reproducir los roles de género y cuentan con ínfimo interés en implementar políticas de igualdad de género en el ámbito organizacional, incluidas aquí las direccionadas a la inserción de las mujeres víctimas de violencia por parte del compañero o ex compañero íntimo. La investigación demuestra que hay que seguir trabajando para que las empresas asuman - dentro del abordaje integral - su rol como multiplicadoras del derecho a una vida libre de violencia de género.

BACKGROUND: Robust results-based monitoring and evaluation (M) systems allow government to track the progress and impact of development programmes. This article focused on the current M system as adopted for the Child Support Grant (CSG) programme of the Ministry of Gender Equality, Poverty Eradication and Social Welfare (MGEPESW) in Namibia. OBJECTIVES: The article examined whether the adopted M processes and arrangements for the MGEPESW sufficiently track the outcomes for beneficiaries of the CSG programme to enable strategic decisions by the MGEPESW. METHOD: A desktop review of available literature on M systems was complemented by a review of strategic reports and programme documentation of the MGEPESW that sets out the current M arrangements. Further interviews with senior, middle and programme managers responsible for the implementation of the CSG programme assessed the suitability and gaps of these arrangements as well as the proposed recommendations to strengthen the existing M arrangements. RESULTS: The research found several gaps in current practice that hinders the MGEPESW and decision-makers in assessing the outcomes for child beneficiaries. CONCLUSION: Recommendations were offered to improve the current M system to better track the outcomes of the CSG programme. This included a refined theory of change, revised indicators and strengthened institutional arrangements. CONTRIBUTION: The improved results-based M system for the MGEPESW offers a comparative base for the implementation of results-based M systems for child-focused cash transfer programmes in similar contexts.

Abstract Although Mexican law provides norms that protect gender equality, actual gender equality has not yet been achieved, as shown by the so-called “salary gap,” which states that a woman in Mexico must work 51 days more than a man to earn the same. The objective of this paper is to show that the mere promulgation of regulations or the threat of sanctions for non-compliance does not necessarily lead to an immediate change in social reality, but rather that it is necessary for the state to take other measures that go beyond the creation of laws and penalties. In other words, it must work toward premium law. Through an analytical, historical, descriptive and comparative law study, it will be concluded that the public measures reviewed in our country on this matter are still insufficient, since gender inequality prevails, contrary to the constitutional and legal design that propagates the opposite, namely: equality. Therefore, it is necessary to propose a different type of measures that encourage employers to balance the working conditions and situations in companies so as to achieve the desired equality, such as: Tax incentives, credit incentives, requiring employment quotas, gender equality in hiring, or awarding badges that indicate egalitarian industries, among others.

Resumen Si bien es cierto que el Derecho mexicano contempla normas protectoras de la igualdad entre hombres y mujeres, aún no se consigue una igualdad sustantiva de género, lo cual se demuestra con la denominada “brecha salarial”, que implica que una mujer en México tiene que trabajar 51 días más que un hombre para ganar lo mismo. El objetivo del presente trabajo es evidenciar que la simple enunciación normativa o la amenaza de sanción ante el incumplimiento, no conduce necesariamente a un cambio inmediato de la realidad social, sino que es necesario que el Estado tome otra especie de acciones, más allá de la producción de leyes y el castigo. O sea, dirigirse hacia un derecho premial. A través de un estudio analítico, histórico, descriptivo y de derecho comparado, se llegará a la conclusión de que las políticas públicas que en esta materia se han verificado en nuestro país, aun son insuficientes, pues impera la desigualdad de género, contrario al diseño constitucional y legal que propugna por lo contrario; a saber: la igualdad. En esa virtud, se impone sugerir otra especie de medidas que incentiven a los empleadores a equilibrar en las empresas las condiciones y situaciones laborales que conduzcan a la igualdad deseada, como pudiesen ser: los beneficios fiscales, las ventajas crediticias, la exigencia de cuotas de género en la contratación o el otorgamiento de distintivos que destaquen a las industrias igualitarias, entre otros.

The suffering of womanhood and maltreatment are apparent when reading ancient writings. In Luke 13:10-17, it is possible to see how a number of women who suffered illnesses were treated in the hands of religious elites of the ancient world. However, the woman in Luke's encounter with the Lukan Jesus during her illness redefined how religious leaders should deal with the suffering of womanhood. The woman was healed and treated with dignity by the Lukan Jesus in the Gospel of Luke. Using socio-historical interpretation, the Lukan Jesus in the Gospel of Luke demonstrated that religion should be used to alleviate the suffering of women, not to exacerbate it. The lesson derived from the Lukan Jesus' action and words on the suffering woman in Luke 13:12 is significant for the African religious setting in an endeavour to alleviate women's suffering in Africa in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic era. CONTRIBUTION: This article adds to the ongoing discussion in biblical studies about gender equality, specifically in Africa where diseases such as COVID-19 have highlighted the need for change. It argues that African women should resist negative male dominance in society, similar to the woman in Luke, and work towards empowering women in Africa to achieve freedom and equality

Gender inequality has been pervasive in many aspects of society, including religious institutions. Christian missions often reinforce patriarchal structures that limit the participation of women in leadership and ministry roles. However, this does not reflect the true nature of Christianity, which embraces equality and inclusivity for all individuals. This article analyses the challenges of gender inequality within Christian missions in Northern Nigeria to propose ways of addressing the issue and focussing on addressing the challenges in Nigeria, Northern Nigeria especially. The article adopted the descriptive method employing an interview guide as an instrument to collect primary data from missionaries of the Nigerian Baptist Convention in Northern Nigeria. It employed content analysis to analyse data collected from the field. CONTRIBUTION: The contribution of this article is that it gives an overview of gender inequality in Northern Nigeria, examines the challenges of gender inequalities in Christian missions, highlights and explains the prospects of tackling the challenges, and concludes on the issues raised within the article

BACKGROUND: The participation of female labour is essential for promoting industrialisation. North African economies are plagued by low levels of female labour force participation (FLP) and high gender inequality gaps. Low levels of FLP are detrimental to the attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals, such as gender equality, decent work, and economic growth, as well as reduced inequalities AIM: This research aimed to establish the determinants of FLP in North Africa SETTING: North Africa METHOD: The research adopted the Panel Auto Regressive Distributed Lag. Data were sourced from the World Bank for the period 1991-2021 RESULTS: The empirical findings showed that the lack of gender-sensitive policies, limited investment in education and institutional barriers limit the capacity of women to participate in the labour market. Primary research findings depicted that the Human Development Index (HDI), fertility rate and life expectancy had a positive impact on FLP in the long run. Economic growth had a positive effect on FLP in the short run CONCLUSION: It was concluded that North African governments need to develop policies that advance the interests of women, as well as the implementation of women empowerment programmes CONTRIBUTION: The findings of the study imply that addressing FLP requires collaborative efforts from the governments and other stakeholders and this helps in reducing gender inequality

Upon previous research, the matrilineal system seems to oppose Islamic teaching. However, the matrilineal system practiced by the Minangkabau society in West Sumatra, Indonesia has its uniqueness. Thus, this study aims to examine the correlation between the Qur'an and gender roles within the context of Minangkabau customs, specifically focusing on the matrilineal aspect. The present study employs qualitative methods for conducting library research through critical analysis. This study discovered that the matrilineal system practiced by the Minangkabau society aligns with Qur'anic teachings that respect the position of women in Islam. In the matrilineal system of Minangkabau, women hold significant strength and play an influential role in cultural and traditional practices. The Minangkabau tribe's matrilineal system encompasses three key elements: marriage, inheritance and offspring. The marriage system is exogamous. Additionally, the practice of marriage is localised, with the husband typically residing in the wife's household. Their inheritance is divided into pusako tinggi [from ancestors from generation to generation] and pusako randah (from the efforts of married couple). Women get pusako tinggi as they serve as protectors and a symbol of their community. In comparison, men take the responsibility of overseeing its preservation to prevent any form of misuse. Pusako randah is distributed as Islamic teaching. Lineage determination is primarily based on paternal lineage, aligning with Islamic teaching. Upon comprehensive analysis, it becomes evident that there is no conflict between the matrilineal system and Islamic teachings, particularly concerning principles of gender equality. Both women and men have significant roles, as the Qur'an provides extensive explanations regarding gender equality. CONTRIBUTION: This research holds significant findings in establishing a great relation between Islamic teachings based on the Qur'an and the matrilineal principles practiced by the Minangkabau tribe.

The parables of Jesus are often susceptible to patriarchal, androcentric interpretations. By using a realistic reading and social-scientific criticism, this article will investigate the voices, roles, and presence of women in the parable of the Good Samaritan, and how the 1st-century audience of the parable would most likely have understood women to be present, even if not mentioned in the parable. Women played critical roles in terms of hospitality, travel, innkeeping, and healing. These roles and voices of women are often ignored by modern interpreters and exegetes. This article not only emphasises the valuable roles that women fulfilled in the time of Jesus but also critiques the lack, or absence, of women as a point of discussion, acknowledgement, and study in most biblical commentaries and books concerning the parable of the Good Samaritan. The aim of this research is to contribute to the unhiding of women voices in patriarchal, androcentric texts thereby reconstructing and deconstructing gender paradigms within biblical scholarship. INTRADISCIPLINARY AND/OR INTERDISCIPLINARY IMPLICATIONS: The interdisciplinary nature of this article contributes to the debate on the roles and importance of women in the church by investigating the value that women had in the parables of Jesus. By reading women as present in the text, emphasis is given to the voices of women in the Bible and the importance of their representation today. This research is also in line with the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 5: Gender equality and women empowerment

BACKGROUND: The scourge of malnutrition in Africa is a significant obstacle to children's education, impeding their learning ability and perpetuating poor health. AIM: In line with Millennium Development Goals (MDG) 1 and 2 and Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 1 and 4 objectives, the study examined the impact of malnutrition on education inequality before and during development goals, in some selected African countries, based on data availability. SETTING: The analysis covered the period of 1998-2020 and the data for the study were sourced from the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF), World Health Organization (WHO), and World Bank Online Data Base among other sources. METHOD: The authors employ a continuous wavelet coherence analytical tool that considers time-frequency variations in the co-movement to examine the correlation between the series in 28 African countries from 1998 to 2020. RESULTS: Results revealed a positive high-to-low-frequency co-movement between the two series, with malnutrition causing educational inequality from 1998 to 2010, and yet disappearing in subsequent periods. All in all, our findings indicate that malnutrition had a positive effect on educational inequality until the year 2010. CONCLUSION: The authors conclude that high malnutrition rates impeded educational equality in numerous African countries during the 1990s and 2000s. However, efforts to eradicate hunger, policy intervention in education, and other factors may have altered this narrative in the post-2010 era. CONTRIBUTION: While previous African studies focused on child growth, the gender gap in education, and the incidence of poverty, completely neglecting the malnutrition variables, in this study a more profound understanding of education inequality in Africa is provided and the correlation between malnutrition and education inequality is considered which was not covered by previous authors.

Abstract This article analyzes the relationships that can be established, from a quantitative sociological perspective, between ideological orientation and the positions, opinions, and values regarding equality, feminism, gender violence, and masculinity among urban men in the Valencian Community (Spain). Based on the results of a survey, it examines how aligning with right-wing politics is associated with a higher likelihood of identifying with discourses that deny or downplay advancements in equality. Thus, it quantifies the number of men holding such positions and explores the potential relationships between ideology and the narrative within the social base of misogynistic discourses.

Resumo Neste artigo, são analisadas as relações que podem ser estabelecidas, a partir de uma leitura sociológica quantitativa, entre o posicionamento ideológico e as posições, opiniões e valores em relação à igualdade, ao feminismo, à violência de género e à masculinidade por parte dos homens urbanos da Comunidade Valenciana (Espanha). Com base nos resultados de um inquérito, aborda-se como posicionar-se à direita política pode estar relacionado com uma maior probabilidade de identificação com discursos que negam ou relativizam os avanços em matéria de igualdade. Desta forma, procura-se identificar o número de homens que se encontra nessas posições e as possíveis relações entre o ideológico e esta narrativa na base social dos discursos misóginos.

Resumen En este artículo se analizan las relaciones que se pueden establecer, desde una lectura sociológica cuantitativa, entre la ubicación ideológica y los posicionamientos, opiniones y valores en relación con la igualdad, el feminismo, la violencia de género y la masculinidad por parte de los hombres urbanos de la Comunidad Valenciana (España). A partir de los resultados de una encuesta, se aborda cómo situarse en la derecha política se relaciona con mayor probabilidad de identificarse con discursos que niegan o relativizan los avances en materia de igualdad. De esta forma, se cuantifican qué volúmenes de hombres se encuentran en estas posiciones y las posibles relaciones entre lo ideológico y esta narrativa en la base social de los discursos misóginos.