Ana Rosa Kucinski Silva, lecturer in the Department of Chemistry at the University of São Paulo (São Paulo, Brazil), had her academic career violently interrupted in April 1974 when was kidnapped, tortured, and murdered by the repression forces of the military dictatorship (1964-1985). Since then, papers and books were written about her, emphasizing her political activities but much less is known on her academic activities. Fifty years after her disappearance, this work aims to contribute to fill this gap. Silva Brazil, Brazil , Brazil) 197 kidnapped tortured 19641985. 19641985 1964 1985 . (1964-1985) then disappearance gap 19 1964198 196 198 (1964-1985 1 196419 (1964-198 19641 (1964-19 (1964-1 (1964- (1964 (196 (19 (1 (

RESUMO A solução fundamental para o problema do entupimento do emissor é explorar o projeto ideal da estrutura do emissor e melhorar sua capacidade anti-entupimento. O objetivo da pesquisa foi selecionar a forma estrutural ideal do caminho de fluxo do emissor em sistemas de irrigação por gotejamento utilizando fontes de água de qualidade inferior, proporcionando suporte teórico para melhorar a capacidade anti-obstrução do próprio emissor e para o projeto de novos produtos de emissores. A seleção da estrutura do caminho do fluxo do emissor não tem sido conduzida com base na determinação do modelo de simulação apropriado com a condição complexa de qualidade da água. Para tanto, determinou-se o modelo de movimento interno do fluido adequado do emissor, e avaliou-se de forma abrangente o desempenho hidráulico e o desempenho anti-entupimento das cinco estruturas representativas da trajetória de fluxo no país e no exterior, e finalmente determinou-se a estrutura ótima da trajetória de fluxo do emissor. Os resultados da pesquisa indicaram que o modelo RNG k-ε foi o mais adequado para simular a área do fluxo no emissor por meio da análise abrangente da lacuna entre os valores simulados e os valores medidos, da precisão do cálculo e da eficiência computacional. A trajetória de fluxo fractal foi relativamente ótima para o desempenho hidráulico e para o desempenho anti-entupimento. Este estudo pode fornecer suporte teórico para melhorar a própria habilidade anti-obstrução do emissor e o projeto de novo produto de emissor. antientupimento. antientupimento anti entupimento. inferior antiobstrução obstrução emissores tanto determinouse determinou se avaliouse avaliou exterior kε k ε medidos computacional

ABSTRACT The fundamental solution to the problem of emitter clogging is to explore the optimal structure design of emitter and improve its anti-clogging ability. The research objective was to select the optimal structural form of the emitter flow path in drip irrigation systems using inferior water sources, which can provide theoretical support for improving the anti-clogging ability of the emitter itself and designing new emitter products. The selection of the flow path structure of the emitter has not been conducted on the basis of determining the appropriate simulation model with the condition of complex water quality. Therefore, the appropriate internal fluid movement model of the emitter was determined, the hydraulic performance and anti-clogging performance of the five nationally and internationally representative flow path structures were comprehensively evaluated, and finally the optimal structure of the emitter flow path was determined. The research results indicated that RNG k - ε model was the most suitable to simulate the flow field in the emitter by comprehensive analysis of the gap between simulated values and the measured values, the calculation accuracy and computational efficiency. The fractal flow path was relatively optimal for hydraulic performance and for anti-clogging performance. This study can provide theoretical support for improving the anti-clogging ability of the emitter itself and the design of the new emitter product. anticlogging anti sources products quality Therefore determined evaluated efficiency product

Abstract Purpose: To identify the main links between the Localized Agri-Food Systems (SYAL = Systemes Agroalimentaires Localisés) approach and agroecology and determine the elements of agroecology that could strengthen SYAL to promote territorial patrimonialization. Methodological design: Through the qualitative approach and based on the systematic review of documentary and multimedia sources in the period 2010-2023, a content analysis was carried out to propose a critical path for territorial patrimonialization. Results: Both approaches seek the reconnection of food with the territory and recognize a quality that results from processes and products according to bioregions; distinguishing the territory as an element of identity; valuating traditional know-how and promoting local, collective action. Research limitations: There is a gap of studies from the SYAL approach that delves into the application of agroecological practices as a strategy to strengthen the quality linked to the territory, address the environmental dimension, and promote territorial patrimonialization. Findings: The agroecological principles emphasize the quality linked to the territory, and the SYAL approach the bioregional patrimonialization.

Resumen Objetivo: Identificar los principales vínculos entre el enfoque de Sistemas Agroalimentarios Localizados (SIAL) y el agroecológico y determinar los elementos de la agroecología que podrían fortalecer al SIAL para promover la patrimonialización territorial. Diseño metodológico: A través del enfoque cualitativo y partiendo de la revisión sistemática de fuentes documentales y multimedia en el periodo 2010-2023, se llevó a cabo un análisis de contenido a fin de proponer una ruta crítica para la patrimonialización territorial. Resultados: Ambas aproximaciones buscan la reconexión de los alimentos con el territorio y reconocen una calidad que resulta de procesos y productos anclados a biorregiones; distinguen al territorio como elemento identitario; valorizan los saber-hacer tradicionales e impulsan la acción colectiva local. Limitaciones de la investigación: Existe un vacío de estudios desde el enfoque SIAL que profundicen en la aplicación de prácticas agroecológicas como estrategia para fortalecer la calidad ligada al territorio, atender la dimensión ambiental y promover la patrimonialización territorial. Hallazgos: Los principios agroecológicos enfatizan la calidad ligada al territorio y el enfoque SIAL la patrimonialización biorregional.

Abstract The influence of occupant behaviour in buildings is widely discussed as one of the causes for the gap between energy use estimated via computer simulation and during building operation. Knowing the main drivers for adjustments in building systems is essential to guide the development of mathematical models for such behaviours. The aim of this study is to evaluate the main motivating agents for adjusting windows, luminaires, and air-conditioning in offices. Two offices were monitored using sensors that collected data from the internal environment and user interaction with such systems. Rainfall and external and internal air temperatures were considered influential for the interaction with window systems. The increase in internal and external temperatures had even more influence on interactions with air-conditioners. The main conclusions were: there is influence of the layout of the offices in the sharing and control of windows and efficiency of passive strategies, such as the use of natural and cross ventilation; and there is an influence of the increase in internal temperature compared to external temperature in the predictability of opening windows and turning air-conditioning devices on. operation behaviours luminaires airconditioning conditioning airconditioners. airconditioners conditioners. conditioners air-conditioners strategies ventilation

Resumo Ainfluência do comportamento dos usuários em edificações é amplamente discutida como uma das causas para discrepâncias entre consumos energéticos esperados, durante a fase de projeto, e consumos durante a operação. Conhecer os principais motivadores para ajustes nos sistemas de edificações é imprescindível para aprimorar a modelagem desses comportamentos. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar os principais agentes motivadores para o ajuste das janelas, luminárias e aparelhos de ar-condicionado em escritórios. Dois escritórios foram monitorados por meio de sensores que coletaram dados de qualidade do ambiente interno e comportamento de usuário. Foram consideradas influentes para a interação com sistemas de janelas a pluviometria e as temperaturas do ar externo e interno. O aumento das temperaturas interna e externa apresentou ainda mais influência na interaçãocom aparelhos de ar-condicionado. Duas foram as principais conclusões: há influência do layout dos escritórios no compartilhamento e controle das janelas e eficiência de estratégias passivas, como o uso de ventilação natural e cruzada; e há influência do aumento da temperatura interna em comparação à externa na previsibilidade de abertura de janelas e acionamento de aparelhos de ar-condicionado. esperados projeto operação comportamentos arcondicionado condicionado usuário arcondicionado. condicionado. conclusões passivas cruzada

Abstract The NBR 7190-3 (ABNT, 2022) presents various methods to determine the wood's modulus of elasticity, allowing for the adoption of equivalence between the modulus of elasticity in compression (Ec0) and tension (Et0). However, it does not provide a way to estimate the modulus of elasticity in bending (EM0), and such estimates do not consider the variation in anatomical structures among species. Faced with this gap, it is necessary to evaluate whether these equations are valid for different species. This article evaluated the elastic properties of three species: Cumaru (Dipteryx odorata), Marupá (Simarouba amara Aubl., Simaroubaceae) and Roxinho (Peltogyne spp., Leguminosae). For this purpose, a non-destructive flexural test was initially conducted, followed by compression and tension tests. Microscopic images were compared to understand the influence of anatomical structures on stiffness properties. The results confirmed the equivalence between Ec0 and Et0. The higher concentration of parenchyma cells in Cumaru and Roxinho is responsible for statistically lower values of EM0 compared to Ec0 and Et0. 71903 7190 3 7190- ABNT, ABNT (ABNT 2022 woods wood s Ec (Ec0 Et0 Et . (Et0) However EM0, EM , (EM0) species gap Dipteryx odorata, odorata odorata) Simarouba Aubl Aubl. Simaroubaceae Peltogyne spp spp. Leguminosae. Leguminosae Leguminosae) purpose nondestructive non destructive conducted tests 719 202 (Ec (Et0 (EM0 71 20 (Et (EM 7 2

Resumo A NBR 7190-3 (ABNT, 2022) apresenta diferentes métodos para determinar o módulo de elasticidade da madeira, permitindo a adoção de equivalência entre o módulo de elasticidade na compressão (Ec0) e na tração (Et0). Por outro lado, não apresenta uma forma de estimar o módulo de elasticidade na flexão (EM0), e tais estimativas não consideram a variação das estruturas anatômicas das espécies. Diante dessa lacuna, é necessário avaliar se essas equações são válidas para diferentes espécies. O presente artigo avaliou as propriedades elásticas de três espécies: Cumaru (Dipteryxodorata), Marupá (Simarouba amara Aubl., Simaroubaceae) e Roxinho (Peltogyne spp., Leguminosa). Para isso, realizou-se o ensaio não destrutivo de flexão, seguido de ensaios à compressão e à tração. Imagens microscópicas foram comparadas, para compreender a influência das estruturas anatômicas nas propriedades de rigidez. Os resultados confirmaram a equivalência entre Ec0 e Et0. A maior concentração de parênquimas no Cumaru e no Roxinho é responsável pelos valores estatisticamente inferiores de EM0 em relação ao Ec0 e Et0. 71903 7190 3 7190- ABNT, ABNT (ABNT 2022 madeira Ec (Ec0 Et0 Et . (Et0) lado EM0, EM , (EM0) espécies lacuna Dipteryxodorata, Dipteryxodorata (Dipteryxodorata) Simarouba Aubl Aubl. Simaroubaceae Peltogyne spp spp. Leguminosa. Leguminosa Leguminosa) isso realizouse realizou comparadas rigidez 719 202 (Ec (Et0 (EM0 (Dipteryxodorata 71 20 (Et (EM 7 2

Abstract Purpose: To identify the main links between the Localized Agri-Food Systems (SYAL = Systemes Agroalimentaires Localisés) approach and agroecology and determine the elements of agroecology that could strengthen SYAL to promote territorial patrimonialization. Methodological design: Through the qualitative approach and based on the systematic review of documentary and multimedia sources in the period 2010-2023, a content analysis was carried out to propose a critical path for territorial patrimonialization. Results: Both approaches seek the reconnection of food with the territory and recognize a quality that results from processes and products according to bioregions; distinguishing the territory as an element of identity; valuating traditional know-how and promoting local, collective action. Research limitations: There is a gap of studies from the SYAL approach that delves into the application of agroecological practices as a strategy to strengthen the quality linked to the territory, address the environmental dimension, and promote territorial patrimonialization. Findings: The agroecological principles emphasize the quality linked to the territory, and the SYAL approach the bioregional patrimonialization.

Resumen Objetivo: Identificar los principales vínculos entre el enfoque de Sistemas Agroalimentarios Localizados (SIAL) y el agroecológico y determinar los elementos de la agroecología que podrían fortalecer al SIAL para promover la patrimonialización territorial. Diseño metodológico: A través del enfoque cualitativo y partiendo de la revisión sistemática de fuentes documentales y multimedia en el periodo 2010-2023, se llevó a cabo un análisis de contenido a fin de proponer una ruta crítica para la patrimonialización territorial. Resultados: Ambas aproximaciones buscan la reconexión de los alimentos con el territorio y reconocen una calidad que resulta de procesos y productos anclados a biorregiones; distinguen al territorio como elemento identitario; valorizan los saber-hacer tradicionales e impulsan la acción colectiva local. Limitaciones de la investigación: Existe un vacío de estudios desde el enfoque SIAL que profundicen en la aplicación de prácticas agroecológicas como estrategia para fortalecer la calidad ligada al territorio, atender la dimensión ambiental y promover la patrimonialización territorial. Hallazgos: Los principios agroecológicos enfatizan la calidad ligada al territorio y el enfoque SIAL la patrimonialización biorregional.

Abstract Purpose: To analyze the role of the community assembly as a determining instrument to exercise governance in local indigenous politics, because the various disputes between political factions erode the social fabric and increase the inequality gap. Methodological design: A qualitative, ethnographic study in the municipality of San Luis Amatlán, Oaxaca. Fifteen in-depth interviews were carried out with authorities throughout the municipality and with the adult population. The analysis was done with the analytical categories of governance in the Internal Regulatory Systems, in addition to the participants’ opinion on the performance of the municipal administrator. Results: It was found that the recovery of the municipal community assembly, as well as the assemblies in agencies and rancherías caused greater trust among the participants, together with an increase in the possibility of tracing a joint route to recover local governance through the election of the municipal council. Limitations of the study: Although the ethnographic approach sought to give voice to multiple community actors and social sectors, the research had a greater relationship with the authorities because they coexist more closely with the resource administration processes and their oversight. Findings: The community assembly is a fundamental element of the Internal Regulatory Systems which are consistent with the local customs and habits. The function of the assembly is not only to build consensus, it also acts as a means of control and administrative surveillance. Also, there is persistent conflict derived from the institutional design of indigenous municipalities, which have forms of resolution in their uses and customs such as the assembly, which is a space to address problems directly and without intermediaries.

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar el rol de la asamblea comunitaria como instrumento determinante para ejercer gobernanza en la política local indígena, ya que las diversas disputas entre facciones políticas erosionan el tejido social e incrementan la brecha de desigualdad. Diseño metodológico: Es de tipo cualitativo con una etnografía en el municipio de San Luis Amatlán, Oaxaca. Se realizaron 15 entrevistas a profundidad con autoridades en todo el municipio y con población adulta. El análisis se hizo con las categorías analíticas de gobernanza en los Sistemas Normativos Internos, además de la opinión sobre la figura de administrador municipal. Resultados: Se constató que la recuperación de la asamblea comunitaria municipal, así como las asambleas en agencias y rancherías, provocó mayor confianza entre las partes y la posibilidad de trazar una ruta conjunta para recobrar la gobernanza local a través de la elección del cabildo municipal. Limitaciones del estudio: Aunque la etnografía buscó dar voz a múltiples actores y sectores sociales comunitarios, la investigación tuvo mayor relación con las personas autoridades ya que éstas conviven con mayor cercanía con los procesos de administración de los recursos y su contraloría. Hallazgos: La asamblea comunitaria es un elemento fundamental en los Sistemas Normativos Internos, los cuales están insertos en los usos y costumbres indígenas y su función no sólo es construir consensos, sino que además actúa como medio de contraloría y vigilancia administrativa. También existe persistente conflictividad derivada del diseño institucional de los municipios indígenas, los cuales tienen formas de resolución en sus usos y costumbres como la asamblea, la cual es un espacio para abordar problemas de forma directa y sin intermediarios.

Resumen En este artículo se analiza un conjunto de noticias televisivas que, durante el segundo bienio del gobierno de Mauricio Macri (2018-2019) en Argentina, informaron sobre distintas medidas regresivas en materia de derechos migratorios a nivel nacional y provincial. Se indaga la mediatización de discursos oficiales y su legitimación para modificar la legislación vigente, así como la difusión de noticias que criminalizan a la población migrante para justificar la implementación de dichas políticas. Ante la escasez de estudios sobre representaciones de migrantes en la televisión, se examina cómo los/as funcionarios/as utilizan la pantalla para allanar el camino para sus decisiones políticas. A partir del análisis del discurso de un corpus de noticias se corrobora, entre otras cosas, una articulación entre discursos mediáticos y políticos, y una brecha informativa sobre los derechos migratorios, todo lo cual redunda en obstáculos para la construcción de una ciudadanía comunicacional de las personas migrantes.

Abstract This article analyzes a set of television news that reported on different regressive measures regarding migration rights at national and provincial levels, aired during the second biennium of Mauricio Macri’s government (2018-2019) in Argentina. Here we delve into the mediatization of official discourses, and their legitimization to modify current legislation, as well as into the dissemination of news that criminalize the migrant population, aimed at justifying the implementation of such policies. Given the scarcity of studies on the representation of migrants on television, this study examines how officials use the screen to pave the way for their political decisions. From the analysis of the discourse conveyed in this corpus of news, is revealed, among other things, an articulation between media and political discourses, and the existence of an information gap on migration rights, all of which results in hurdles for the construction of a communicational citizenship of migrants.

Abstract The presence of moisture in buildings can lead to pathological manifestations, and the behavior of materials when exposed to various conditions can be predicted through computational simulations. For this purpose, the hygrothermal characteristics of building elements are paramount. In Brazil, there is a gap in studies on the hygrothermal properties of materials, compromising simulations. This article discusses the possibilities of using European data in simulating moisture transport in ceramic brick walls in the southern region of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The results were generated by comparing hygrothermal simulations with WUFI Pro 6.5 using the simulation program database with data collected from laboratory tests on ceramic bricks from a southern Brazilian brickyard. Tests for water vapor diffusion resistance, water absorption, and hygroscopic curves were conducted. Although both situations led to the growth of filamentous fungi, experimental data led to3% lower values compared to database results. Regarding surface condensation, a likely higher occurrence was observed when using laboratory test data. manifestations purpose paramount Brazil Sul 65 6 5 6. brickyard resistance absorption conducted fungi to3 condensation

Resumo A presença de umidade nos edifícios pode gerar o aparecimento demanifestações patológicas. Pode-se prever o comportamento de materiais expostos a condições diversas através de simulações computacionais. Para isso, as características higrotérmicas dos elementos de construção são fundamentais. No Brasil, há uma lacuna nos estudos sobre as propriedades higrotérmicas dos materiais, comprometendo as simulações. Esse artigo discuteas possibilidades de utilização de dados europeus na simulação do transporte de umidade em paredes de tijolos cerâmicos na região Sul do Rio Grande do Sul. Os resultados foram gerados comparando-se simulações higrotérmicas com o software WUFI Pro 6.5 utilizando a base de dados do programa de simulação, com dados coletados em ensaios de laboratório para tijolo cerâmico de uma olaria do Sul do Brasil. Foram realizados ensaios de resistência à difusão de vapor de água, absorção de água e curvas higroscópicas. Embora ambas as situações conduziram ao crescimento de fungos filamentosos, os dados experimentais geraram resultados 3% inferiores à base de dados. Quanto à condensação superficial, observou-se provável maior ocorrência ao utilizar os dados dos ensaios. patológicas Podese Pode se computacionais isso fundamentais Brasil comparandose comparando 65 6 5 6. higroscópicas filamentosos 3 superficial observouse observou

Abstract: The urban-rural conflicts in the city of Santo Tomás have contributed to the disorderly growth of the population, due in part to the deficiencies of urban planning and especially due to the territorial conflict. The study has focused on the urban-rural relationship (district and provincial capital versus peasant community) that is framed in a scenario of rapid growth of the city towards the territory of the peasant community. The objective of this study was to identify deficiencies in territorial and urban management, as well as their relationship with regulatory mechanisms related to urban development. The work methodology consisted of the analysis of the legal instruments for urban management and territorial management by the peasant community; For this, interviews were carried out with key social actors. The results indicate a gap in these aspects in Peruvian legislation, as well as a complex network of interests that does not contribute to the resolution of urban management problems.

Resumen: Los conflictos urbano-rurales en la ciudad de Santo Tomás han contribuido al desordenado crecimiento de la población, debido en parte a las deficiencias de la planificación urbana y sobre todo por el conflicto territorial. El estudio se ha enfocado en la relación urbano-rural (capital distrital y provincial versus comunidad campesina) que se enmarca en un escenario de rápido crecimiento de la ciudad hacia el territorio de la comunidad campesina. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar las deficiencias en la gestión territorial y urbana, como su relación con los mecanismos normativos conexos con el desarrollo urbano. La metodología de trabajo consistió en el análisis de los instrumentos legales para la gestión urbana como de la gestión territorial por la comunidad campesina; para ello se realizó entrevistas a los actores sociales claves. Los resultados indican un vacío en estos aspectos en la legislación peruana, así como un complejo entramado de intereses que no contribuye a la resolución de los problemas de la gestión urbana.

ABSTRACT The 1991 constitutional reform created spaces for political participation through legal mobilization to make claims for identity-based rights that had previously remained hidden. In recent years, the High Courts in Latin America have begun presenting themselves as human rights defenders and intervening in significant political controversies. The National Gender Commission of the Colombian Judicial Branch seeks to promote the gender agenda in the judiciary by training judges who have been trying to introduce a gender perspective in their rulings. Whether or not this has contributed to eliminating the barrier to women's access to justice has yet to be determined. However, there seems to be an embarrassing gap between our commitments and daily practices regarding access to justice. Although the production of women academics in the law and gender field is extensive, most rulings do not cite it. In order to evaluate the impact of academic production on jurisprudence this research uses the methodological tools of bibliometric and dynamic analysis of rulings, revealing the jurisprudential doctrine with a gender perspective in the jurisprudential decisions of the Supreme Court of Justice between 1992 and 2022.

RESUMEN La reforma constitucional de 1991 creó espacios de participación política por medio de la movilización legal para hacer reclamos de derechos basados en la identidad que antes permanecían ocultos. En los años recientes las altas cortes en Latinoamérica han comenzado a presentarse como defensoras de los derechos humanos y a intervenir en controversias políticas significativas. La Comisión Nacional de Género de la Rama Judicial colombiana busca impulsar la agenda de género en las instancias judiciales por medio de formación a los jueces, quienes han venido realizado un esfuerzo por introducir la perspectiva de género en sus fallos. Si esto ha contribuido o no a eliminar la barrera de acceso de las mujeres a la justicia está aún por determinarse. Sin embargo, pareciera que existe una vergonzosa brecha entre nuestros compromisos y nuestras prácticas cotidianas en torno al acceso a la justicia. Aunque la producción de las académicas en el campo del derecho y género es amplia, los fallos en su mayoría no la citan. Con el objetivo de evaluar el impacto de la producción académica en la jurisprudencia, la presente investigación utiliza las herramientas metodológicas del análisis bibliométrico y dinámico de sentencias para revelar la doctrina jurisprudencial con perspectiva de género en las decisiones jurisprudenciales de la Corte Suprema de Justicia entre los años 1992 a 2022.

Abstract This research aims to investigate the syntactic representation of the perfect aspect. More specifically, we intend to verify the morphosyntactic realizations of universal perfect (UP), resultative perfect (ResP) and experiential perfect (ExP) associated to the past and to the indicative mood in Brazilian Portuguese (BP). For this purpose, five hours of spontaneous speech were analyzed and a gap-filling task was applied to 62 native speakers of BP. The results evidenced that UP is conveyed by the imperfective past and the auxiliary verb “estar” (‘to be’) in the imperfective past + gerund; ResP is conveyed by past perfect (with the auxiliary verbs “ter” (‘to have’) and “haver” (‘there to be’), simple past, past perfect simple and “acabar” (‘to finish’) in the past perfect compound with the auxiliary verb “ter” (‘to have’) + ‘de’ (‘of’) + infinitive; and ExP is conveyed by the past perfect compound with the auxiliary verbs “ter” (‘to have’) and “haver” (‘there to be’), simple past and past perfect simple. We discussed that the results corroborate Rodrigues and Martins’s (2019) proposal that there are three perfect phrases in the syntactic tree: Universal Perfect Phrase (UPerfP) to UP, Resultative Perfect Phrase (ResPerfP) to ResP, and Experiential Perfect Phrase (ExPerfP) to ExP.

Resumo Objetiva-se, nesta pesquisa, investigar a representação sintática do aspecto perfect. Mais especificamente, pretende-se verificar as realizações morfossintáticas de perfect universal (PU), resultativo (PRes) e experiencial (PEx) associados ao tempo passado e ao modo indicativo no português brasileiro (PB). Para tanto, foram analisadas cinco horas de fala espontânea e foi aplicado um teste de preenchimento de lacunas a 62 falantes nativos do PB. Os resultados evidenciam que o PU é veiculado por meio de pretérito imperfeito e “estar” no pretérito imperfeito + gerúndio; o PRes é veiculado por meio de pretérito mais-que-perfeito composto (com auxiliares “ter” e “haver”), pretérito perfeito, pretérito mais-que-perfeito simples e “acabar” no pretérito mais-que-perfeito composto com auxiliar “ter” + preposição “de” + infinitivo; e o PEx é veiculado por meio de pretérito mais-que-perfeito composto (com auxiliares “ter” e “haver”), pretérito perfeito e pretérito mais-que-perfeito simples. Os resultados corroboram a proposta de Rodrigues e Martins (2019) de que há três sintagmas de perfect na árvore sintática: o Sintagma de Perfect Universal (UPerfP) para o PU, o Sintagma de Perfect Resultativo (ResPerfP) para o PRes e o Sintagma de Perfect Experiencial (ExPerfP) para o PEx.

Abstract Neoliberalism goes beyond a simple economic program or political ideology; it is a global civilizing project of a practical normative logic that defines the norms of life and social relations. But perhaps the greatest novelty offered by neoliberalism with respect to classical liberalism is the general principle of generalized competition that forces the rejection of cooperation as a basic principle of coexistence, equality and social development. This principle of generalized competition has been incorporated in all social organizations, including academia, as a reference of scientific knowledge. In the last 20 years, Higher Education Institutions have undergone a change of model under the protection of a deep economic and ethical crisis in Spain and the influence of globalization. In this sense, this paper focuses mainly on two issues: generalized competition and changes in higher education institutions in Spain. On the one hand, generalized competition has replaced cooperation as a basic principle in coexistence and social development and, on the other hand, higher education institutions in Spain have undergone changes that have increased inequality and the gender gap, leading to the consolidation of an elitist and patriarchal university.

Resumen El neoliberalismo va más allá de un simple programa económico o una ideología política, se trata de un proyecto civilizatorio global de una lógica normativa práctica que define las normas de vida y las relaciones sociales. Pero quizás, la mayor novedad que ofrece el neoliberalismo con respecto al liberalismo clásico es el principio general de la competencia generalizada que obliga a rechazar la cooperación como principio básico de la convivencia, la igualdad y el desarrollo social. Ese principio de la competencia generalizada se ha incorporado en todas las organizaciones sociales, incluida la Academia como referente del conocimiento científico. Y es que, en estos últimos 20 años, las Instituciones de Educación Superior, han sufrido un cambio de modelo al amparo de una profunda crisis económica y ética en España y la influencia de la globalización. En este sentido desde este trabajo se centran principalmente dos temas: la competencia generalizada y los cambios en las instituciones de educación superior en España. Por un lado, que la competencia generalizada ha reemplazado a la cooperación como principio básico en la convivencia y desarrollo social y, por otro, que las instituciones de educación superior en España han experimentado cambios que han incrementado la desigualdad y la brecha de género, llevando a la consolidación de una universidad elitista y patriarcal.

Abstract The study will focus on diagnosing the problem of students in the Bachelor of Intercultural Bilingual Education at the Bolívar State University struggling with the use of collaborative tools. The study will take place between October 2023 and February 2024. It is crucial to bridge the digital divide and foster digital inclusion in multicultural and bilingual settings through the use of collaborative tools and interactive methodologies in the learning process. This will enable the implementation of educational strategies based on Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). The study was conducted using a quantitative approach, with a validated survey using a Likert scale to gather data on students' perceptions of ICT, collaborative tools and interactive methodologies. Additionally, the bibliographic review employed the analytical synthesis method. The data was processed using IBM SPSS 25.0 to analyse student satisfaction with the interactive methodologies and collaborative tools employed in the educational process. The results demonstrated a predominantly positive perception of these methodologies and tools, as well as their perceived utility and effectiveness by the respondents. This will enable the development of new innovative learning strategies for diverse intercultural and bilingual environments.

Resumen El estudio se enfoca en diagnosticar la problemática relacionada con el manejo de herramientas colaborativas por parte de los estudiantes de la carrera de Educación Intercultural Bilingüe en la Universidad Estatal de Bolívar, durante el periodo de octubre de 2023 a febrero de 2024. Se destaca la importancia de cerrar la brecha digital y fomentar la inclusión digital en entornos interculturales y bilingües mediante el uso de herramientas colaborativas y metodologías interactivas en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje, con el fin de implementar estrategias educativas basadas en Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación (TIC). El estudio se realizó utilizando un enfoque cuantitativo, utilizando una encuesta validada por un experto con escala Likert para recopilar datos sobre la percepción de los estudiantes hacia las TIC, herramientas colaborativas y metodologías interactivas. Además, se empleó el método de análisis-síntesis en la revisión bibliográfica. Los datos recopilados fueron procesados a través de IBM SPSS 25.0 para analizar la satisfacción de los estudiantes con las metodologías interactivas y las herramientas colaborativas utilizadas en el proceso educativo. Los resultados revelaron una percepción mayoritariamente positiva hacia estas metodologías y herramientas, así como su utilidad y efectividad percibida por los encuestados, lo que nos permitirá construir nuevas estrategias innovadoras de aprendizaje para entornos interculturales y bilingües diversos.

Abstract By the year of two thousand and nineteen, the private medical service industry growth was concentrated in the border cities of the Sonora state due to the large number of foreign patients and around six hundred thousand Sonora residents or descendants living in the state of Arizona (López, 2019). Hermosillo stands out among the border municipalities, thanks to its internationally certified private hospital infrastructure. However, the absence of post-operative-care as well as external services promoters in Mexico and internationally, combined with a fragmented value chain, have slowed down the growth of the medical industry in the capital (López, 2019). Our society is still in the first stages of digitalization therefore a universally accepted concept of digital economy has yet to be established. There's a gap between the available tools and the implementation in order to optimize the value chain and the customer experience. The current document contextualizes the private medical service industry in Hermosillo, Sonora within the digital economy through documentary research on digital resources, in the matters of politics, economics, social and technological context. In addition, the health crisis forced the digitalization of the commercialization processes in order to accomplish established objectives, thereby positioning the medical service industry as a participant in the digital economy.

Resumen Para el año dos mil diecinueve el crecimiento de la industria médica privada se daba más en las ciudades fronterizas del estado de sonora debido a la afluencia de pacientes extranjeros y unos seiscientos mil sonorenses o descendientes radicados en el estado de Arizona (López, 2019). Hermosillo destaca de los municipios fronterizos, gracias a la infraestructura privada hospitalaria certificada internacionalmente. Sin embargo, la ausencia de servicio postoperatorio al igual que agentes externos promotores de los servicios en el extranjero como en la república mexicana y una desconexión en la cadena de valor, han frenado el crecimiento de la industria médica en la capital (López, 2019). El concepto de economía digital no cuenta con una definición ampliamente aceptada, debido a que la sociedad se encuentra en las primeras etapas de digitalización. Existe una brecha entre las herramientas y su instrumentación para eficientar la cadena de valor y la experiencia del cliente. El presente documento contextualiza la industria privada de servicios médicos de Hermosillo, Sonora en la economía digital mediante una investigación documental de recursos digitales, esto en materia política, económica, social y tecnológica. Aunado a lo anterior la crisis sanitaria forzó a la digitalización de los procesos comerciales para lograr los objetivos planteados, por lo que la industria médica se convirtió en un actor de la economía digital.