Summary Background and aims: The false-root knot nematode (Nacobbus spp.) comprises polyphagous species, with pepper (Capsicum annuum) being one of the most affected crops. Due to the lack of resistant pepper genotypes, we compared the responses of different commercial cultivars to identify possible plant defence mechanisms against N. celatus. M&M: Nematodes from Río Cuarto (Córdoba Province) and Lisandro Olmos (Buenos Aires Province) were inoculated on pepper cultivars: California Wonder (control), Fyuco INTA, Yatasto, and Fenomeno RZ. Plants were grown under a greenhouse and galls were analysed by histopathological techniques. Results: The roots of the commercial cultivars showed the typical morpho-anatomical alterations induced by N. celatus: gall formation, hyperplasia reactions, development of syncytia in the central cylinder and disorganisation of vascular tissues. Syncytial cells in contact with females of nematodes from Lisandro Olmos showed a defence reaction by Fyuco INTA, whereas feeding sites in Fenomeno RZ did not denote high metabolic activity in nematodes of both origins. Conclusions: The different responses observed between populations and/or hosts demonstrate the importance of considering nematodes from different geographical origins when testing plant material for tolerance and/or resistance to N. celatus. Studies of this nature are necessary since they facilitate a more in-depth understanding of the parasite-plant interaction.

Resumen Introducción y objetivos: El falso nematodo de la agalla (Nacobbus spp.) comprende especies polífagas, siendo el pimiento (Capsicum annuum) uno de los cultivos más afectados. Debido a la falta de genotipos resistentes del pimiento, comparamos las respuestas de diferentes cultivares comerciales para identificar posibles mecanismos de defensa contra N. celatus. M&M: Nematodos provenientes de Río Cuarto (provincia de Córdoba) y Lisandro Olmos (provincia de Buenos Aires) se inocularon en cultivares de pimiento: California Wonder, Fyuco INTA, Yatasto y Fenomeno RZ. Las plantas se desarrollaron en invernadero y las agallas se analizaron mediante técnicas histopatológicas. Resultados: Las raíces de los cultivares analizados mostraron las alteraciones morfo-anatómicas típicas inducidas por N. celatus: formación de agallas, reacciones de hiperplasia, desarrollo de sincitios en el cilindro central y desorganización de los tejidos vasculares. Las células sincitiales en contacto con hembras de Lisandro Olmos mostraron una reacción de defensa por parte de Fyuco INTA, mientras que los sincitios en Fenomeno RZ denotaron baja actividad metabólica en nematodos de ambas procedencias. Conclusiones: Las diferencias observadas entre las poblaciones y/o hospedadores demuestran la importancia de considerar nematodos de diferentes orígenes geográficos al analizar material vegetal para determinar su tolerancia y/o resistencia a N. celatus. Estudios de esta naturaleza son necesarios ya que facilitan una comprensión más profunda de la interacción parásito-planta.

Resumo O nematoide-das-galhas Meloidogyne incognita está entre os fatores bióticos que afetaram enormemente a produção e a qualidade da cultura do tomate. O nematoide parasita de ovos, Purpureocillium lilacinum (Pl), é considerado um dos mais promissores agentes no controle e superação desse fitopatógeno. O efeito nematicida do isolado nativo Pl AUMC 10149 na sobrevivência de juvenis de segundo estágio e na eclosão dos ovos de M. incognita em diferentes momentos de exposição foi testado in vitro. Os dados obtidos mostraram que o Pl deu um percentual máximo de mortalidade de J2 (97.6%) e inibição da eclosão dos ovos (79.8%) após 72 horas de exposição. A potencialidade de Pl e de Bio-Nematon para controlar M. incognita infectando tomate foi conduzida em diferentes tempos de aplicação in vivo. Nove tratamentos com cinco repetições foram usados para tais bioagentes em comparação com o nematicida Oxamyl. Cada muda foi inoculada com 1.000 J2s de nematoide / vaso e 10 mL de Pl (1×1010 CFU/mL). Ou suspensão de esporos Bio-Nematon (1×108 CFU/mL) 10mL/pot. Os resultados indicaram que os tratamentos mais eficazes na redução da população de nematoides, número de galhas e desovas de M. incognita nas raízes das plantas foram realizados com Pl pré-plantio e pós-infecção com Pl (Rf 1.9), dando um aumento significativo no comprimento da planta (64.9%), massa fresca (72.52%) e massa seca da parte aérea (163.41%) sem impactar negativamente o meio ambiente. Portanto, o presente estudo confirmou que o uso de P. lilacinum AUMC 10149 pode ser usado como um suplemento prático para o manejo ecologicamente correto de nematoides-das-galhas no Egito.

Abstract Root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita is among the biotic factors which has greatly affected both the yield and the quality of the tomato crop. The egg parasitic nematode, Purpureocillium lilacinum (Pl) is considered as one of the most promising agents in controlling and overcoming this plant pathogen. The nematicidal effect of the native isolate Pl AUMC 10149 on second stage juvenile’s survival and egg hatching of M. incognita at different times of exposure was tested in vitro. The obtained data showed that Pl gave a maximum percentage of J2 mortality (97.6%) and egg hatching inhibition (79.8%) after 72 hours of exposure. The potentiality of Pl as well as Bio-Nematon to control M. incognita infecting tomato was conducted using different times of application in vivo. Nine treatments with five replicates were used for such bioagents compared with the nematicide Oxamyl. Each seedling was inoculated with 1000 J2s of nematode/pot and 10 mL of Pl (1x1010 CFU/mL) or Bio-Nematon spore suspension (1x108 CFU/mL) 10mL/pot. The results indicated that the most effective treatments in reducing nematode population, number of galls and egg masses of M. incognita in plant roots was performed with treatment by Pl pre-planting and post-infection with Pl (Rf 1.9) giving a significant enhancement in plant length (64.9%), fresh weight (72.52%) and shoot dry weight (163.41%) without negatively impacting environment. Therefore, the present study confirmed that using P. lilacinum AUMC 10149 can be used as a practical supplement to environmentally friendly disease management of root-knot nematodes in Egypt.

ABSTRACT Yerba mate ampoule, Gyropsylla spegazziniana (Lizer and Trelles, 1919) is one of the main pests of yerba mate crops. This insect attacks sprouts leading to gall formation and defoliation. The nymph’s habit of living inside galls makes them difficult to access with chemical insecticides, hampering the effectiveness of chemical control. This study aimed to evaluate the systemic and contact activity of the azadirachtin-based product (via irrigation and spraying) on nymph and adult stages of the ampoule, both in laboratory and field conditions. In vitro interaction of the product with the fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balls.-Criv.) Vuill. (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) was also evaluated. After the exposure of nymphs to plants treated with azadirachtin, a reduction in adult emergence was recorded (65–99% depending on the concentration applied). It was observed 80% of adult mortality in plants previously treated with the product (residual effect) and 90% of mortality after direct pulverization of the product on the insects. The product did not affect B. bassiana fungal growth, conidial viability, and conidial production on culture media. A synergistic interaction was observed between the azadirachtin insecticide and the fungus in laboratory. In the field trial, after three applications by irrigation of azadirachtin, 67.9% reduction in the number of galls was achieved five weeks after the first application. No phytotoxic effect was observed on yerba mate plants treated with the product. The results of our study demonstrate that the azadirachtin-based product and its association with the fungus B. bassiana have potential in controlling G. spegazziniana. ampoule Lizer Trelles 1919 crops defoliation s insecticides control azadirachtinbased based via spraying conditions Balls.Criv. BallsCriv Balls. Criv. Balls Criv (Balls.-Criv. Vuill Hypocreales (Hypocreales Cordycipitaceae evaluated 65–99% 6599 65 99 (65–99 applied. applied . applied) 80 residual 90 insects B growth viability media trial 679 67 9 67.9 application G 191 Balls.Criv (Balls.-Criv 65–99 659 6 (65–9 8 67. 19 65–9 (65– 1 65– (65 (6 (

RESUMO A ampola-da-erva-mate, Gyropsylla spegazziniana (Lizer e Trelles, 1919) é uma das pragas mais importantes da erva-mate. O inseto ataca as brotações, levando à formação de galhas e desfolhação. As ninfas vivem no interior das galhas, o que dificulta o contato com inseticidas químicos, reduzindo a eficiência dessa tática de controle. Este estudo visou avaliar a atividade sistêmica e de contato de um produto à base de azadiractina (via irrigação e pulverização) sobre ninfas e adultos da ampola, em condições de laboratório e campo. A interação in vitro do produto com o fungo Beauveria bassiana (Balls.-Criv.) Vuill. (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) também foi avaliada. Após a exposição de ninfas a plantas tratadas com azadiractina, houve redução na emergência de adultos (65–99% variando conforme a concentração utilizada). A mortalidade de adultos foi de 80% quando mantidos em plantas previamente pulverizadas com o produto (efeito residual) e de 90% quando receberam a pulverização diretamente de azadiractina. O produto não afetou o crescimento, viabilidade e a produção de conídios em meio de cultura. Foi observado sinergismo entre o produto e o fungo em condições de laboratório. Em condições de campo, após três aplicações de azadiractina via irrigação, houve redução de 67,9% na formação de galhas, após cinco semanas do início do experimento. Nenhum sintoma de fitotoxicidade foi observado nas plantas de erva-mate tratadas com o produto. Conclui-se que a o produto à base de azadiractina associado ao fungo B. bassiana tem potencial para controle de G. spegazziniana. ampoladaervamate, ampoladaervamate ampola erva mate, mate ampola-da-erva-mate Lizer Trelles 1919 ervamate. ervamate mate. brotações desfolhação químicos campo Balls.Criv. BallsCriv Balls. Criv. Balls Criv (Balls.-Criv. Vuill Hypocreales (Hypocreales Cordycipitaceae avaliada 65–99% 6599 65 99 (65–99 utilizada. utilizada . utilizada) 80 efeito residual 90 crescimento cultura 679 67 9 67,9 experimento Concluise Conclui se B G 191 Balls.Criv (Balls.-Criv 65–99 659 6 (65–9 8 67, 19 65–9 (65– 1 65– (65 (6 (

Abstract Plant anatomists perceive the plant body as the dynamic result of complex developmental processes which may deviate during gall development. Gall development involves local responses forming a morphophysiological continuum with the host plant organ, which can be addressed by anatomical studies. We revisited the history of galls in Brazil, as well as their morphogenetical potentialities and integration with entomological, chemical, physiological, and ecological approaches. The Fabaceae, Myrtaceae, Melastomataceae, and Asteraceae are the main hosts of the Brazilian gall morphotyes, which can be classified according to their three-dimensional shapess. Anatomical tools have been used to map cell and tissue fates in gall morphotypes, revealing the potential of plant tissue systems to overexpress or inhibit standard plant development. In-depth anatomical, cytological, histochemical, and immunocytochemical techniques have greatly expanded the knowledge of gall traits and plant cell responses. The new structures of galls hosted on leaves, stems, roots, and reproductive organs show consistent tissue specialization regarding the dermal and ground tissue systems, with the gall’s vascular system being connected to preexisting or newly formed bundles of the host plant. Due to the diverse stressors imposed on plant tissues, gall anatomy reveals adaptive responses that can be addressed from several perspectives, including citizen science initiatives. organ studies Brazil entomological chemical physiological approaches Fabaceae Myrtaceae Melastomataceae morphotyes threedimensional three dimensional shapess morphotypes Indepth In depth cytological histochemical leaves stems roots s tissues perspectives initiatives

Resumo Anatomistas vegetais percebem o corpo da planta como resultado de processos dinâmicos e complexos que podem ser desviados ao longo do desenvolvimento da galha. Este desenvolvimento envolve respostas locais, mas em um continuum morfofisiológico com o órgão hospedeiro, o que pode ser estudado do ponto de vista anatômico. Revisitamos a história das galhas no Brasil, suas potencialidades morfogenéticas e integração com abordagens entomológicas, químicas, fisiológicas e ecológicas. No Brasil, espécies de Fabaceae, Myrtaceae, Melastomataceae e Asteraceae são as principais hospedeiras de diversos morfotipos de galhas classificados com base em suas formas tridimensionais. Ferramentas anatômicas usadas para mapear o destino de células e tecidos nas galhas revelam o potencial dos sistemas de tecidos vegetais para superexpressar ou inibir o desenvolvimento vegetal padrão. Técnicas anatômicas, citológicas, histoquímicas e imunocitoquímicas aprofundadas expandiram o conhecimento das características das galhas e das respostas das células vegetais. As galhas hospedadas em folhas, caules, raízes e órgãos reprodutivos têm especialização tecidual consistente nos sistemas de tecido dérmico e fundamental, com o sistema vascular das galhas conectado àqueles da planta hospedeira. Devido a diversos estressores impostos aos tecidos vegetais, a anatomia das galhas revela respostas adaptativas que podem ser abordadas por diversas perspectivas, incluindo iniciativas de ciência cidadã. galha locais hospedeiro anatômico Brasil entomológicas químicas ecológicas Fabaceae Myrtaceae tridimensionais padrão citológicas folhas caules fundamental hospedeira perspectivas cidadã

ABSTRACT The Maricá Environmental Protection Area (RJ, Southeastern Brazil) is predominantly occupied by the restinga ecosystem. Two broad inventories of insect galls and several contributions to the taxonomical knowledge of the local gall-inducing fauna have been done since 1992. The present study aims to compile literature data, compare them with data from recent collections and evaluate the similarity between the gall-inducing insects from this area and those from other restingas, using the Sorensen’s index. Field work was carried out from April 2021 to March 2022, in a total of 14 expeditions. All voucher material was deposited in the Entomological Collection of Museu Nacional/UFRJ. According to literature compilation, the Environmental Protection Area of Maricá (MEPA) hosts 108 gall-inducing species, 83.3% were collected again. Twenty-three gall morphotypes were found for the first time in the study area as well as two host plants, Schwartzia brasiliensis (Marcgraviaceae) and Lantana fucata (Verbenaceae). All Brazilian restingas have low similarity with MEPA, which shows that this restinga is unique in the composition of the gall-inducers. MEPA includes 63 endemic species and morphospecies of cecidogenous insects. Nyctaginaceae, Boraginaceae, and Erythroxylaceae showed the greatest average of inducers by plant species. However, these taxa are not the best represented in MEPA, but they include super hosts, which explains their highest value. The family Myrtaceae shelters the greatest richness of gall-inducing insects and the greatest richness of host plant species. A new case of inquilinism was observed in galls on Neomitranthes obscura (Myrtaceae). RJ, RJ (RJ Brazil ecosystem gallinducing inducing 1992 Sorensens Sorensen s index 202 2022 1 expeditions NacionalUFRJ Nacional UFRJ Nacional/UFRJ compilation (MEPA 10 833 83 3 83.3 again Twentythree Twenty three plants Marcgraviaceae (Marcgraviaceae Verbenaceae. Verbenaceae . (Verbenaceae) gallinducers. gallinducers inducers. gall-inducers 6 Nyctaginaceae Boraginaceae However value Myrtaceae. (Myrtaceae) 199 20 8 83. (Verbenaceae (Myrtaceae 19 2

Abstract We surveyed insect galls and their host plants in areas of Caatinga and Cerrado in the municipality of Rio de Contas, in the extreme south of the Chapada Diamantina (Bahia state), between 703 and 1,897 m altitude, in order to contribute to the knowledge and conservation of local biodiversity. The survey was conducted in eight locations, adopting the random walking methodology for sampling, four in Caatinga and four in Cerrado, covering distinct phytophysiognomies (cerrado sensu stricto, gallery forest, shrubby caatinga, riparian forest, and rocky field). Eighty-four different insect gall morphotypes were reported, 48 (57.14%) of them on 42 host species in Cerrado and 36 (42.86%) on 24 host species in Caatinga. Most galls occurred on leaves (48.72%) and were globoid (53.76%), glabrous (52.92%), isolated (55.44%), usually one-chambered (61.32%), and brown (25.2%). The gall-inducing insects identified belonged to Lepidoptera (n = 1), Thysanoptera (n = 1), Hemiptera (n = 2), and Diptera (Cecidomyiidae) (n = 16). This was the first inventory of galls in the Chapada Diamantina, so all records are new for the region. We also recorded the first occurrences of galls on two Cerrado plant species and on two in the Caatinga. We found a significant positive correlation between gall richness and plant species richness, suggesting that radiation of gall-inducing insects may be associated with plant species richness. Contas Bahia state, state , state) 70 1897 1 897 1,89 altitude biodiversity locations sampling cerrado stricto forest caatinga field. field . field) Eightyfour Eighty reported 4 57.14% 5714 57 14 (57.14% 3 42.86% 4286 86 (42.86% 2 48.72% 4872 72 (48.72% 53.76%, 5376 53.76% 53 76 (53.76%) 52.92%, 5292 52.92% 52 92 (52.92%) 55.44%, 5544 55.44% 55 44 (55.44%) onechambered one chambered 61.32%, 6132 61.32% 61 32 (61.32%) 25.2%. 252 25.2% 25 (25.2%) gallinducing inducing n 1, 1) 2, 2) Cecidomyiidae (Cecidomyiidae 16. 16 16) region 7 189 89 1,8 57.14 571 5 (57.14 42.86 428 8 (42.86 48.72 487 (48.72 537 53.76 (53.76% 529 52.92 9 (52.92% 554 55.44 (55.44% 613 61.32 6 (61.32% 25.2 (25.2% 18 57.1 (57.1 42.8 (42.8 48.7 (48.7 53.7 (53.76 52.9 (52.92 55.4 (55.44 61.3 (61.32 25. (25.2 57. (57. 42. (42. 48. (48. 53. (53.7 52. (52.9 55. (55.4 61. (61.3 (25. (57 (42 (48 (53. (52. (55. (61. (25 (5 (4 (53 (52 (55 (61 (2 ( (6

RESUMO A busca por métodos de controle alternativo de meloidoginoses é uma realidade para vários pesquisadores. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi observar se filtrados de culturas de fungos sapróbios do semiárido nordestino controlam Meloidogyne javanica em plantas de tomate. Os filtrados de cultura de 10 fungos sapróbios, água (testemunha), batata e dextrose, Pochonia chlamydosporia (tratamento biológico padrão) e químico foram utilizados nos seguintes experimentos: eclosão, mobilidade, mortalidade de J2 e ensaios em casa de vegetação. Todos os filtrados estudados diminuíram a eclosão do nematoides e causaram a mortalidade de J2. Nos ensaios em casa de vegetação, verificou que o filtrado de cultura do fungo Curvularia inaequalis diminuiu o número de ovos e o número de galhas por sistema radicular sem influenciar no desenvolvimento do tomateiro. pesquisadores forma tomate 1 testemunha, testemunha , (testemunha) dextrose tratamento padrão experimentos mobilidade J vegetação tomateiro (testemunha

ABSTRACT The search for alternative control methods against root-knot nematode disease is a reality for several researchers. Thus, the objective of the current study was to observe if filtrates from cultures of saprobic fungi from the Northeastern semiarid region, Brazil, can control Meloidogyne javanica in tomato plants. The filtrates from the culture of 10 saprophytic fungi, water (control), potato and dextrose, Pochonia chlamydosporia (standard biological treatment) and chemical treatment were used in the following experiments: hatching, mobility, J2 mortality and greenhouse trials. All studied filtrates decreased nematode hatching and caused J2 mortality. In the greenhouse experiments, the filtrate from the culture of the fungus Curvularia inaequalis decreased the number of eggs and the number of galls per root system without influencing the development of the tomato plant. rootknot knot researchers Thus region Brazil plants 1 control, , (control) dextrose standard experiments mobility J trials plant (control

Abstract Conservation Units (CUs) tend to have a high richness of herbivorous insects, including gall-inducing insects. Despite this, gall surveys carried out in these environments are punctual and some units have never had their galls investigated, such as the Chapada Diamantina National Park, Bahia (Chapada Diamantina Parna). Aiming to reduce this gap and contribute to future studies in CUs, this study aimed to survey the galls of the Chapada Diamantina Parna, Lençóis, as well as to investigate trends in research on galls in CUs in Brazil. For that, collections were carried out on monthly trips for one year. Published gall surveys were compiled. A total of 107 morphotypes induced in 88 host species were recorded. Most galls are formed in leaves, globoid in shape, green in color, and induced by Cecidomyiidae. This park has a relatively high richness of galls compared to other CUs, demonstrating its importance in the conservation of gall-inducing insects. The results also revealed that the number of surveys has been increasing over the years and that the Southeast concentrates the largest number of studies, a region that also gathers the largest number of specialists, demonstrating a geographic bias in the data. (CUs insects gallinducing inducing investigated Park Parna. Parna . Parna) Lençóis Brazil year compiled 10 8 recorded leaves shape color Cecidomyiidae specialists data 1

ABSTRACT The Tijuca National Park comprises the world's largest urban forest. It has a rich flora, with around 1,550 plant species. For the first time, the insect galls of this area were investigated. We carried out 12 monthly collections from January to December/2009. Samples of host plants were pressed and identified. Galls were photographed and characterized according to their external morphology and number of chambers. Gall-inducing insects and secondary inhabitants were obtained from gall dissecation as well as from rearing in laboratory. Data on origin and geographic distribution of plant species were retrieved from Flora e Funga do Brasil website. We found 72 gall morphotypes on 43 plant species (36 genera, and 23 families). Rubiaceae, Sapindaceae, Salicaeae and Melastomataceae were the botanical families with the highest gall richness. Psychotria cf. bahiensis DC. (Rubiaceae) and Serjania sp. (Sapindaceae) highlighted as super host plant species. Five host plants are endemic to Brazil; they shelters eight gall morphotypes. Due to the high specificity of the gall-inducing insects, we considered them co-endemic, Leaf galls were the most frequent. Gall-inducers were represented mainly by Cecidomyiidae. Galls of Tijuca National Park followed the patterns already known from Brazil, but it richness is relatively low when compared to other areas of the Atlantic forest. worlds world s forest flora 1550 1 550 1,55 time investigated December2009 December 2009 December/2009 identified chambers Gallinducing Gall inducing laboratory website 7 4 36 (3 genera 2 families. . families) Rubiaceae Sapindaceae cf DC (Rubiaceae sp (Sapindaceae Brazil gallinducing coendemic, coendemic co endemic, co-endemic frequent Gallinducers inducers Cecidomyiidae 155 55 1,5 December200 200 December/200 3 ( 15 5 1, December20 20 December/20 December2 December/2 December/

ABSTRACT Two new species of cecidomyiids of the genus Ficiomyia Felt, 1922 were obtained from syconium galls in species of Ficus L. for the first time in Brazil. The new species are Ficiomyia brasiliensis sp.nov. Urso-Guimarães and Ficiomyia caatinga sp. n. Urso-Guimarães and are associated respectively with Ficus citrifolia Mill. in the State of São Paulo and Ficus caatingae R.M.Castro found in the State of Bahia. This is the first register of Ficiomyia for Brazil. Felt 192 L Brazil spnov sp nov sp.nov UrsoGuimarães Urso Guimarães n Mill RMCastro R M Castro Bahia 19 1

Abstract Brazilian veredas are hygrophilous communities with high species diversity, featuring many floristic studies but a still incipient number of faunistic studies. In the present study, we conducted an inventory of insect galls in four different veredas located in the Northern region of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Overall, we found 75 gall morphotypes, distributed across 50 host species representing 37 plant genera and 22 families. Fabaceae was the plant family with the greatest number of insect gall morphotypes (n = 21), followed by Malpighiaceae (n = 10). The plant genera that supported the highest diversity of insect galls were Copaifera (n = 8) and Byrsomima (n = 5). The plant species Copaifera oblongifolia (n = 6) and Anacardium humile (n = 4) exhibited the highest richness of insect galls. The leaves were the most attacked organs (89% of all galls). Most morphotypes are glabrous (83%), green (69%) and lenticular (60%). The taxa of gall-inducing insects were identified for 46 morphotypes (80%), and were recorded inducers from the orders Diptera, Lepidoptera, and Hymenoptera. Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) was the most representative galling group, with 42 morphotypes, making up 93.3% of the recorded inducers. Among the sampled veredas areas, the Vereda do Peruaçu presented the highest richness of insect gall morphotypes and host plant species. The faunistic similarity was higher in the Pedras and Tiririca veredas, followed by Almescla and Peruaçu veredas. This is the first systematic inventory of insect galls and their host plant in Brazilian veredas. The diversity of insect galls in the studied veredas is relatively high when compared to other Brazilian Cerrado vegetation types. study Gerais Brazil Overall 7 5 3 2 families n 21, 21 , 21) 10. 10 . 10) 8 5. 5) 6 4 89% 89 (89 galls) 83%, 83 83% (83%) 69% 69 (69% 60%. 60 60% (60%) gallinducing inducing 80%, 80 80% (80%) Diptera Lepidoptera Hymenoptera (Diptera group 933 93 93.3 areas types 1 (8 (83% (69 (60% (80% 9 93. ( (83 (6 (60 (80

Abstract Asphondylia braziliensis sp. nov., Asphondylia fluminensis sp. nov., Asphondylia marambaiensis sp. nov., Asphondylia varroniae sp. nov., and Asphondylia xerezi sp. nov., are described based on material from Brazilian restingas. The first species induces galls on Struthanthus acuminatus (Ruiz. & Pav.) Kuijt (Loranthaceae), the second on Erythroxylum ovalifolium Peyr (Erythroxylaceae), the third on Lantana fucata Lindl. (Verbenaceae), the fourth on Varronia curassavica Jacq. (Cordiaceae), and the fifth on Heliotropium sp. (Heliotropiaceae). One host plant, Erythroxylum ovalifolium, is endemic to the Atlantic forest. The other plant species are native to Brazil. Illustrations of relevant morphological characters are provided. The new species are compared with congeneric Neotropical species. Types are deposited in the Entomological Collection of the Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro. sp nov nov. restingas Ruiz. Ruiz (Ruiz Pav. Pav Loranthaceae, Loranthaceae , (Loranthaceae) Erythroxylaceae, Erythroxylaceae (Erythroxylaceae) Lindl Verbenaceae, Verbenaceae (Verbenaceae) Jacq Cordiaceae, Cordiaceae (Cordiaceae) Heliotropiaceae. Heliotropiaceae . (Heliotropiaceae) forest Brazil provided Nacional Janeiro (Loranthaceae (Erythroxylaceae (Verbenaceae (Cordiaceae (Heliotropiaceae

Abstract Introduction: Loxaulus hyalinus is a cynipid (Hymenoptera) that attacks oak groves (Quercus laeta Liebm.) in Mexico City. The insect's biology and damage potential are unknown. Objectives: Describe the biology of the sexual phase of L. hyalinus and its effects on Q. laeta, and list the associated inquilines and parasitoids. Materials and methods: To determine the period of each stage of L. hyalinus, galls were collected from infested twigs and periodically dissected to describe their development and the presence of inquilines and parasitoids in the period 2019- 2022. Results and discussion: Sexual generation began in October when the first symptoms of galls development were observed on twigs, and concluded in May of the following year, when adults emerged. The presence of many galls alters the growth pattern of the tree crown. Two Synergus species were found as inquilines and nine genera of chalcidoid parasitoids were associated with L. hyalinus. Conclusions: Sexual generation of L. hyalinus develops in twig galls and its only host confirmed is Q. laeta. This pest causes no death of its host but severely affects the shape of the crown.

Resumen Introducción: Loxaulus hyalinus es un cinípido (Hymenoptera) que ataca encinares (Quercus laeta Liebm.) de la Ciudad de México. La biología y el potencial de daño del insecto se desconoce. Objetivos: Describir la biología de la fase sexual de L. hyalinus y sus efectos en Q. laeta, así como enlistar los inquilinos y parasitoides asociados. Materiales y métodos: Para determinar el periodo de cada estado de L. hyalinus se recolectaron agallas de ramillas infestadas que se disecaron periódicamente, para describir su desarrollo y la presencia de inquilinos y parasitoides en el periodo 2019- 2022. Resultados y discusión: La generación sexual inició a partir de octubre cuando se observaron los primeros síntomas del desarrollo de las agallas en ramillas, y concluyó en mayo del siguiente año, cuando los adultos emergieron. La presencia de una gran cantidad de agallas altera el patrón de crecimiento de la copa de los árboles. Se encontraron dos especies de Synergus como inquilinos y nueve géneros de parasitoides calcidoideos asociados a L. hyalinus. Conclusiones: La generación sexual de L. hyalinus se desarrolla en las agallas de ramilla y su único hospedante confirmado es Q. laeta. Dicha plaga no ocasiona la muerte de su hospedante, pero sí afecta severamente la forma de la copa.

Abstract A survey and characterization of entomogenous galls and their associated fauna were carried out in six remnants of Caatinga in the Northern Depressão Sertaneja, in the states of Paraíba, Rio Grande do Norte and Ceará. We identified 41 gall morphotypes in 24 plant species, belonging to 12 botanical families. Fabaceae had 29.2% (n = 12) of the total number of gall morphotypes found. Leaves (61%) and stems (25%) were the most attacked organs. Most morphotypes are glabrous (75.6%), while only 24.4% exhibit trichomes. Most galls were induced by insects of the Cecidomyiidae family. The associated fauna comprised successors, cecidophages, tenants, and parasitoids. Sucessors were found in four morphotypes of galls and included spiders and four orders of insects: Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, and Hymenoptera (Formicidae). The tenants were represented by Tanaostigmoides (Tanaostigmatidae). The parasitoids, found in 18 morphotypes (43.9%), were represented by six families of Hymenoptera. We recorded the occurrence of new types of galls in 12 species of host plants. These gall records are new references for the Northern Depressão Sertaneja in the studied states. Paraíba Ceará 4 2 1 292 29 29.2 n 61% 61 (61% 25% 25 (25% organs 75.6%, 756 75.6% , 75 6 (75.6%) 244 24.4 trichomes family successors cecidophages parasitoids Hemiptera Coleoptera Lepidoptera Formicidae. Formicidae . (Formicidae) Tanaostigmatidae. Tanaostigmatidae (Tanaostigmatidae) 43.9%, 439 43.9% 43 9 (43.9%) plants 29. (61 (25 75.6 7 (75.6% 24. (Formicidae (Tanaostigmatidae 43.9 (43.9% (6 (2 75. (75.6 43. (43.9 ( (75. (43. (75 (43 (7 (4

Resumo Realizou-se um levantamento e caracterização de galhas entomógenas e sua fauna associada em seis remanescentes de Caatinga presentes na Depressão Sertaneja Setentrional nos estados da Paraíba, Rio Grande do Norte e Ceará. Identificamos 41 morfotipos de galhas em 24 espécies de plantas, pertencentes a 12 famílias botânicas. Fabaceae abrigou 29,2% (n = 12) do total de morfotipos de galhas encontrados. As folhas (61%) e os caules (25%) foram os órgãos mais atacados. A maioria dos morfotipos é glabra (75,6%), enquanto apenas 24,4% exibiram tricomas. As galhas, em sua maioria, foram induzidas por insetos da família Cecidomyiidae. A fauna associada compreendeu sucessores, fungívoros, inquilinos e parasitoides. Os primeiros foram encontrados em quatro morfotipos de galhas, estando representados por aranhas e quatro ordens de insetos: Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera e Hymenoptera (Formicidae). Os inquilinos foram representados por Tanaostigmoides Ashmead, 1896 (Tanaostigmatidae). Já os parasitoides, encontrados em 18 morfotipos de galhas (43,9%), foram representados por seis famílias de Hymenoptera. Registramos a ocorrência de novos tipos de galhas em 12 espécies de plantas hospedeiras. Os registros de galhas também são novas referências para a Depressão Sertaneja Setentrional nos estados estudados. Realizouse Realizou se Paraíba Ceará 4 2 1 botânicas 292 29 29,2 n 61% 61 (61% 25% 25 (25% atacados 75,6%, 756 75,6% , 75 6 (75,6%) 244 24,4 tricomas Cecidomyiidae sucessores fungívoros parasitoides Hemiptera Coleoptera Formicidae. Formicidae . (Formicidae) Ashmead 189 Tanaostigmatidae. Tanaostigmatidae (Tanaostigmatidae) 43,9%, 439 43,9% 43 9 (43,9%) hospedeiras estudados 29, (61 (25 75,6 7 (75,6% 24, (Formicidae (Tanaostigmatidae 43,9 (43,9% (6 (2 75, (75,6 43, (43,9 ( (75, (43, (75 (43 (7 (4

ABSTRACT: The grapevine phylloxera Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Fitch, 1856) is the main insect pest of viticulture globally. Infestations can occur in the aerial part of the plant (gallicolae form) and roots (radicicolae form). In this study, the effect of insecticides on the populations suppression of the gall and root forms of phylloxera one vine was evaluated. For the gallicolous form, the thiamethoxam (Actara 250 WG®, 40g c.p./100L-1), flupyradifurone (Sivanto® Prime 200 SL, 75mL c.p./100L-1), and sulfoxaflor (Closer® SC, 40mL c.p./100L-1) were evaluated in the field, under natural infestation, using rootstock plants ‘Paulsen 1103’ (Vitis berlandieri x V. rupestris). For the root stage, an experiment was carried out in a greenhouse using rooted seedlings of ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ (Vitis vinifera) grown in pots artificially infested with 200 phylloxera eggs per plant. After 80 days of infestation, the thiamethoxam (0.2g p.c./plant), flupyradifurone (0.8mL p.c./plant), sulfoxaflor (0.3mL/plant) and imidacloprid (Proved 200 SC, 0.7 mL/plant) were applied via drench. For the gallicolae form, an application of the flupyradifurone provided a gall reduction of 90% at 28 days after the first application (DAFA). While for thiamethoxam, 3 applications were needed at weekly intervals to maintain the same level of control. For sulfoxaflor, a second application at 14 DAFA was necessary to provide a level of control above 90%. For the root stage, the insecticides sulfoxaflor and imidacloprid showed the best results, with 96 and 89% of control over nymphs and adults, respectively. The insecticides flupiradifurone and sulfoxaflor are suitable for the chemical control of phylloxera in the vine. ABSTRACT Fitch, Fitch (Fitch 1856 globally form radicicolae form. . study Actara 25 WG WG® g c.p./100L1, cp100L1 cpL c.p./100L 1 , c p 100L L Sivanto® Sivanto (Sivanto 20 SL mL Closer® Closer (Closer SC c.p./100L1 c.p./100L-1 field infestation Paulsen 1103 Vitis V rupestris. rupestris rupestris) stage Cabernet Sauvignon vinifera 8 0.2g 02g 0 2g p.c./plant, pcplant p.c./plant p.c./plant) 0.8mL 08mL 8mL 0.3mL/plant 03mLplant mLplant 3mL (0.3mL/plant Proved 07 7 0. mL/plant drench 90 2 DAFA. (DAFA) results 9 89 adults respectively 185 100L1 cp cp100L c.p./100L- 110 (DAFA 18 11

RESUMO: A filoxera-da-videira Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Fitch, 1856) é o principal inseto-praga da viticultura mundial. As infestações podem ocorrer na parte aérea (forma galícola) e raízes (forma radícola). Neste trabalho foi avaliado o efeito de inseticidas na supressão de populações da forma galícola e radícola da praga em videira. Para a fase galícola, os inseticidas thiamethoxam (Actara 250 WG®, 40g p.c/100L-1), flupiradifurona (Sivanto® Prime 200 SL, 75mL p.c/100L-1) e sulfoxaflor (Closer® SC, 40mL p.c/100L-1) foram avaliados a campo, sob infestação natural, utilizando plantas do porta-enxerto ‘Paulsen 1103’ (Vitis berlandieri x V. rupestris). Para a fase radícola foi conduzido um experimento em casa-de-vegetação a partir de mudas enraizadas de ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ (Vitis vinifera) cultivadas em vasos infestados artificialmente com 200 ovos da filoxera por planta. Após 80 dias da infestação, os inseticidas thiamethoxam (0,2g p.c./planta), flupiradifurona (0,8mL p.c. /planta), sulfoxaflor (0,3mL/planta) e imidacloprido (Provado 200 SC, 0,7 mL/planta) foram aplicados via drench. Para a fase galícola, uma aplicação do inseticida flupiradifurona proporcionou uma redução de galhas de 90% aos 28 dias após a primeira aplicação (DAPA). Enquanto que para o thiamethoxam, foram necessárias três aplicações em intervalos semanais para manter o mesmo nível de controle. Para o sulfoxaflor, foi necessária uma segunda aplicação aos 14 DAPA, para proporcionar um nível de controle acima de 90%. Para a fase radícola, os inseticidas sulfoxaflor e imidacloprido apresentaram os melhores resultados, com 96 e 89% de controle sobre ninfas e adultos respectivamente. Os inseticidas flupiradifurona e sulfoxaflor são alternativas aos neonicotinoides (imidacloprido e thiametoxam) para a supressão populacional da filoxera na cultura da videira. RESUMO filoxeradavideira videira Fitch, Fitch (Fitch 1856 insetopraga inseto mundial radícola. . radícola) Actara 25 WG WG® g p.c/100L1, pc100L1 pcL p.c/100L 1 , p c 100L L Sivanto® Sivanto (Sivanto 20 SL mL p.c/100L1 p.c/100L-1 Closer® Closer (Closer SC campo natural portaenxerto porta enxerto Paulsen 1103 Vitis V rupestris. rupestris rupestris) casadevegetação casa vegetação Cabernet Sauvignon vinifera planta 8 0,2g 02g 0 2g p.c./planta, pcplanta p.c./planta p.c./planta) 0,8mL 08mL 8mL pc p.c /planta, /planta /planta) 0,3mL/planta 03mLplanta mLplanta 3mL (0,3mL/planta Provado 07 7 0, mL/planta drench 90 2 DAPA. DAPA (DAPA) resultados 9 89 respectivamente thiametoxam 185 100L1 pc100L p.c/100L- 110 (DAPA 18 11