Abstract Introduction The gall wasp Andricus quercuslaurinus Melika & Pujade-Villar causes the death of Quercus affinis Scheidw. in Acaxochitlán, Hidalgo. The genetic capacity of parents with tolerance to the pest can be conserved by grafting. Objectives The aim of this study is to establish the conditions for grafting of Quercus affinis individuals tolerant to A. quercuslaurinus attack. Materials and methods Scions of five tolerant and five susceptible phenotypes were collected. Homografts (Q. affinis scions on Q. affinis rootstocks) and heterografts (Q. affinis on Q. rugosa Née) were made with terminal fissure and side-veneer graft. Tests were carried out on five dates and with materials of different ages. Grafting success was evaluated with ANOVA and Tukey's test (P = 0.05). Grafting was determined by fitting the Weibull accelerated failure time model. Results and discussion Statistical differences (P ≤ 0.05) were found in grafting by phenotype effect. Grafting success rate with scions from tolerant trees was 166 % higher than with scions from susceptible trees. The highest grafting was obtained in homografts (90 %) with scions from young tolerant trees (12 years old) and heterografts (88 %) with scions from adult tolerant trees (35 and 40 years old). Conclusions The propagation of Q. affinis individuals tolerant to A. quercuslaurinus attack is possible by homografts (young trees) and heterografts (adult trees) with Q. rugosa rootstocks, preferably in early autumn.

Resumen Introducción La avispa agalladora Andricus quercuslaurinus Melika & Pujade-Villar causa la muerte de Quercus affinis Scheidw. en Acaxochitlán, Hidalgo. La capacidad genética de los progenitores con tolerancia a la plaga se puede conservar mediante propagación por injertos. Objetivos Establecer las condiciones de propagación por injerto de individuos de Quercus affinis tolerantes al ataque de A. quercuslaurinus. Materiales y métodos Se recolectaron varetas de cinco fenotipos tolerantes y cinco susceptibles. Se realizaron homoinjertos (púas de Q. affinis sobre patrones de Q. affinis) y heteroinjertos (Q. affinis sobre Q. rugosa Née) con las técnicas de hendidura terminal y enchapado lateral. Se realizaron pruebas en cinco fechas y con materiales de edad distinta. El prendimiento de los injertos se evaluó con ANOVA y pruebas de Tukey (P = 0.05). La probabilidad de prendimiento se determinó con el ajuste del modelo de tiempo de fallo acelerado de Weibull. Resultados y discusión Se encontraron diferencias estadísticas (P ≤ 0.05) en el prendimiento de injertos por efecto del fenotipo. La probabilidad de prendimiento de injertos con varetas de árboles tolerantes fue 166 % mayor que con varetas de árboles susceptibles. El mayor prendimiento se obtuvo en homoinjertos (90 %) con varetas semileñosas de árboles tolerantes jóvenes (12 años) y heteroinjertos (88 %) con varetas semileñosas de árboles tolerantes adultos (35 y 40 años). Conclusiones La propagación de individuos de Q. affinis tolerantes al ataque de A. quercuslaurinus es posible por medio de homoinjertos (árboles jóvenes) y heteroinjertos (árboles adultos) con patrones de Q. rugosa, preferentemente a inicios de otoño.

ABSTRACT Meloidogyne enterolobii is currently the most damaging nematode of the genus Meloidogyne due to its aggressiveness and ability to overcome existing sources of resistance; therefore, the search for genotypes with resistance in crops of high economic importance such as chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum) is one of the greatest challenges facing agricultural researchers. The aim of this study was to determine the level of resistance in C. annuum landraces from Mexico to different population densities of M. enterolobii. Five C. annuum landraces (UTC24, UTC25, UTC66, UTC67, and UTC90) and the commercial cv. Revelation were used. The experiment was conducted twice under greenhouse conditions with a randomized block design with four replicates per genotype and cultivar. Inoculation was performed on 21-d-old seedlings with inoculum doses of 0, 4500, 9000, and 13500 eggs plant-1. The gall index, reproduction factor, and reproduction index were evaluated at 42 and 63 d after inoculation. Genotypes UTC66, UTC67, and UTC90 showed a higher level of resistance with a damage percentage lower than 50% compared to ‘Revelation’ (susceptible). Genotype UTC90 showed the lowest reproduction factor and index, so it was considered a highly resistant genotype to an inoculum dose of 4500 M. enterolobii eggs with a damage percentage of less than 10%, while, at a dose of 13 500 eggs, its resistance level was intermediate. The results of this study contribute to the search for sources of resistance to M. enterolobii in chili pepper landraces.

Summary Background and aims: The false-root knot nematode (Nacobbus spp.) comprises polyphagous species, with pepper (Capsicum annuum) being one of the most affected crops. Due to the lack of resistant pepper genotypes, we compared the responses of different commercial cultivars to identify possible plant defence mechanisms against N. celatus. M&M: Nematodes from Río Cuarto (Córdoba Province) and Lisandro Olmos (Buenos Aires Province) were inoculated on pepper cultivars: California Wonder (control), Fyuco INTA, Yatasto, and Fenomeno RZ. Plants were grown under a greenhouse and galls were analysed by histopathological techniques. Results: The roots of the commercial cultivars showed the typical morpho-anatomical alterations induced by N. celatus: gall formation, hyperplasia reactions, development of syncytia in the central cylinder and disorganisation of vascular tissues. Syncytial cells in contact with females of nematodes from Lisandro Olmos showed a defence reaction by Fyuco INTA, whereas feeding sites in Fenomeno RZ did not denote high metabolic activity in nematodes of both origins. Conclusions: The different responses observed between populations and/or hosts demonstrate the importance of considering nematodes from different geographical origins when testing plant material for tolerance and/or resistance to N. celatus. Studies of this nature are necessary since they facilitate a more in-depth understanding of the parasite-plant interaction.

Resumen Introducción y objetivos: El falso nematodo de la agalla (Nacobbus spp.) comprende especies polífagas, siendo el pimiento (Capsicum annuum) uno de los cultivos más afectados. Debido a la falta de genotipos resistentes del pimiento, comparamos las respuestas de diferentes cultivares comerciales para identificar posibles mecanismos de defensa contra N. celatus. M&M: Nematodos provenientes de Río Cuarto (provincia de Córdoba) y Lisandro Olmos (provincia de Buenos Aires) se inocularon en cultivares de pimiento: California Wonder, Fyuco INTA, Yatasto y Fenomeno RZ. Las plantas se desarrollaron en invernadero y las agallas se analizaron mediante técnicas histopatológicas. Resultados: Las raíces de los cultivares analizados mostraron las alteraciones morfo-anatómicas típicas inducidas por N. celatus: formación de agallas, reacciones de hiperplasia, desarrollo de sincitios en el cilindro central y desorganización de los tejidos vasculares. Las células sincitiales en contacto con hembras de Lisandro Olmos mostraron una reacción de defensa por parte de Fyuco INTA, mientras que los sincitios en Fenomeno RZ denotaron baja actividad metabólica en nematodos de ambas procedencias. Conclusiones: Las diferencias observadas entre las poblaciones y/o hospedadores demuestran la importancia de considerar nematodos de diferentes orígenes geográficos al analizar material vegetal para determinar su tolerancia y/o resistencia a N. celatus. Estudios de esta naturaleza son necesarios ya que facilitan una comprensión más profunda de la interacción parásito-planta.

Abstract The gall wasp, Leptocybe invasa, poses a significant global threat to Eucalyptus cultivation, by causing substantial economic losses. The objective of this study was to differentiate between resistant and susceptible genotypes by morphological characteristics using image analysis based on the damage caused by the gall wasp. In addition, consensus sequences derived from transposable elements (TEs) and the genome of Eucalyptus spp. Were identified by in silico analysis. Furthermore, another objective was to discriminate Eucalyptus genotypes in response to Leptocybe invasa by conducting molecular analyses involving transposable elements and inter simple sequence markers. For image analysis, the GroundEye ® system was used to collect images of 60 leaves from six genotypes, three of which were resistant and three susceptible. Eucalyptus spp. sequences were obtained from the GenBank database by in silico analysis and pairwise alignments with TE sequences were conducted using BLASTN. Multiple sequence alignment was performed with Clustal Omega, followed by the identification of conserved regions in Jalview. A motif signature was generated using Weblogo. For molecular characterization using ISSR markers and TEs, samples of young leaves were obtained from a total of 80 Eucalyptus seedlings, of which 50 were classified as resistant and 30 as susceptible to L. invasa. It was possible to distinguish gall wasp susceptible and resistant genotypes by image analysis. In silico analysis enabled the identification of conserved regions in the Eucalyptus spp. genome, which were associated with proteins involved in secondary metabolite production, e.g., terpenes, which play a role in the response to L. invasa. The discrimination capacity of TEs and ISSR primers was demonstrated and bands were generated that could be used to identify resistant genotypes. However, increasing the number of markers required to discriminate genotypes in both cases is suggested. cultivation losses addition (TEs spp Furthermore 6 BLASTN Omega Jalview Weblogo 8 seedlings 5 3 L production eg e g e.g. terpenes However suggested e.g

Resumo A vespa-da-galha, Leptocybe invasa, representa uma ameaça global significativa para o cultivo de Eucalyptus, causando consideráveis prejuízos econômicos. O objetivo deste estudo foi diferenciar entre genótipos resistentes e suscetíveis por meio de características morfológicas, usando análise de imagem com base nos danos causados pela vespa-da-galha. Além disso, sequências de consenso derivadas de elementos transponíveis (TEs) e do genoma de Eucalyptus spp. foram identificadas por análise in silico. Outro objetivo foi discriminar genótipos de Eucalyptus em resposta a L. invasa, por meio de análises moleculares envolvendo elementos transponíveis e marcadores de sequências simples intercaladas (ISSR). Para a análise de imagem, o sistema GroundEye® foi utilizado para coletar imagens de 60 folhas de seis genótipos, sendo três resistentes e três suscetíveis. Sequências de Eucalyptus spp. foram obtidas do banco de dados GenBank por análise in silico, e alinhamentos de sequências em pares com sequências de TE foram conduzidos usando o BLASTN. Alinhamento de múltiplas sequências foi realizado com Clustal Omega, seguido pela identificação de regiões conservadas no Jalview. Uma assinatura de motivo foi gerada usando o Weblogo. Para a caracterização molecular usando marcadores ISSR e TEs, amostras de folhas jovens foram obtidas de um total de 80 mudas de Eucalyptus, das quais 50 foram classificadas como resistentes e 30 como suscetíveis a L. invasa. Foi possível distinguir genótipos suscetíveis e resistentes à vespa-das-galhas por meio da análise de imagem. A análise in silico permitiu a identificação de regiões conservadas no genoma de Eucalyptus spp., associadas a proteínas envolvidas na produção de metabólitos secundários, como terpenos, que desempenham um papel na resposta a L. invasa. A capacidade de discriminação de TEs e iniciadores ISSR foi demonstrada, e bandas foram geradas que poderiam ser usadas para identificar genótipos resistentes. No entanto, sugere-se aumentar o número de marcadores necessários para discriminar genótipos em ambos os casos. vespadagalha, vespadagalha vespa galha, galha vespa-da-galha invasa econômicos morfológicas vespadagalha. galha. disso (TEs spp L ISSR. . (ISSR) GroundEye 6 BLASTN Omega Jalview Weblogo 8 5 3 vespadasgalhas galhas secundários terpenos demonstrada entanto sugerese sugere se casos (ISSR

Resumo Insetos galhadores são abundantes na natureza, encontrados em muitos ecossistemas globalmente, com espécies atacando plantas de importância econômica. Os efeitos de herbívoros de alimentação livre na abundância de insetos galhadores em árvores de Caryocar brasiliense (Caryocaraceae) no Cerrado brasileiro (Savana) foram estudados. A porcentagem de desfolha e o número de ácaros fitófagos ou de Hemiptera fitófagos correlacionaram-se, negativamente, com a percentagem de folhas galhadas e de adultos do parasitoide Eurytoma sp. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae), respectivamente. Porcentagem de folhas galhadas e o número de Eurytoma sp. adultos e ácaros fitófagos correlacionaram-se, positivamente, com o de aranhas. Os números de ácaros e fitófagos Hemiptera correlacionaram-se, positivamente, com os de joaninhas e Sycophila sp. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae), respectivamente. O número de adultos de Ablerus magistretti Blanchard (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) correlacionou-se, negativamente, com Sycophila sp. O número de Agistemus sp. (Acari: Stigmaeidae) correlacionou-se, negativa e positivamente, com os de joaninhas e ácaros fitófagos, respectivamente. Herbívoros de alimentação livre afetaram a presença de insetos galhadores (Hymenoptera) em árvores de C. brasiliense, competindo por alimento e espaço. O mesmo foi observado entre dois parasitoides de Eurytoma sp., o que pode reduzir o controle biológico natural dessa praga.

Abstract Galling insects are abundant in nature, found in many ecosystems globally, with species attacking plants of economic importance. We studied the effects of free-feeding organisms on the abundance of galling insects on Caryocar brasiliense (Caryocaraceae) trees in the Brazilian Cerrado (Savanna). Percentage of defoliation and the number of phytophagous mites or number of phytophagous Hemiptera correlated negatively with percentage of galled leaves and the parasitoid Eurytoma sp. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) adults, respectively. Percentage of galled leaves and the numbers of Eurytoma sp. adults and phytophagous mites correlated positively with spiders. Numbers of mites and Hemiptera phytophagous correlated positively with those of lady beetles and Sycophila sp. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae), respectively. The number of Ablerus magistretti Blanchard (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) adults correlated negatively with Sycophila sp. The number of Agistemus sp. (Acari: Stigmaeidae) correlated, negatively and positively, with those of lady beetles and phytophagous mites, respectively. Free-feeding herbivores affected the presence of galling insects (Hymenoptera) on C. brasiliense trees, competing for food and space. The same was observed between two parasitoids of Eurytoma sp. galling insect, which can reduce the natural biological control of this pest.

ABSTRACT Yerba mate ampoule, Gyropsylla spegazziniana (Lizer and Trelles, 1919) is one of the main pests of yerba mate crops. This insect attacks sprouts leading to gall formation and defoliation. The nymph’s habit of living inside galls makes them difficult to access with chemical insecticides, hampering the effectiveness of chemical control. This study aimed to evaluate the systemic and contact activity of the azadirachtin-based product (via irrigation and spraying) on nymph and adult stages of the ampoule, both in laboratory and field conditions. In vitro interaction of the product with the fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balls.-Criv.) Vuill. (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) was also evaluated. After the exposure of nymphs to plants treated with azadirachtin, a reduction in adult emergence was recorded (65–99% depending on the concentration applied). It was observed 80% of adult mortality in plants previously treated with the product (residual effect) and 90% of mortality after direct pulverization of the product on the insects. The product did not affect B. bassiana fungal growth, conidial viability, and conidial production on culture media. A synergistic interaction was observed between the azadirachtin insecticide and the fungus in laboratory. In the field trial, after three applications by irrigation of azadirachtin, 67.9% reduction in the number of galls was achieved five weeks after the first application. No phytotoxic effect was observed on yerba mate plants treated with the product. The results of our study demonstrate that the azadirachtin-based product and its association with the fungus B. bassiana have potential in controlling G. spegazziniana. ampoule Lizer Trelles 1919 crops defoliation s insecticides control azadirachtinbased based via spraying conditions Balls.Criv. BallsCriv Balls. Criv. Balls Criv (Balls.-Criv. Vuill Hypocreales (Hypocreales Cordycipitaceae evaluated 65–99% 6599 65 99 (65–99 applied. applied . applied) 80 residual 90 insects B growth viability media trial 679 67 9 67.9 application G 191 Balls.Criv (Balls.-Criv 65–99 659 6 (65–9 8 67. 19 65–9 (65– 1 65– (65 (6 (

RESUMO A ampola-da-erva-mate, Gyropsylla spegazziniana (Lizer e Trelles, 1919) é uma das pragas mais importantes da erva-mate. O inseto ataca as brotações, levando à formação de galhas e desfolhação. As ninfas vivem no interior das galhas, o que dificulta o contato com inseticidas químicos, reduzindo a eficiência dessa tática de controle. Este estudo visou avaliar a atividade sistêmica e de contato de um produto à base de azadiractina (via irrigação e pulverização) sobre ninfas e adultos da ampola, em condições de laboratório e campo. A interação in vitro do produto com o fungo Beauveria bassiana (Balls.-Criv.) Vuill. (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) também foi avaliada. Após a exposição de ninfas a plantas tratadas com azadiractina, houve redução na emergência de adultos (65–99% variando conforme a concentração utilizada). A mortalidade de adultos foi de 80% quando mantidos em plantas previamente pulverizadas com o produto (efeito residual) e de 90% quando receberam a pulverização diretamente de azadiractina. O produto não afetou o crescimento, viabilidade e a produção de conídios em meio de cultura. Foi observado sinergismo entre o produto e o fungo em condições de laboratório. Em condições de campo, após três aplicações de azadiractina via irrigação, houve redução de 67,9% na formação de galhas, após cinco semanas do início do experimento. Nenhum sintoma de fitotoxicidade foi observado nas plantas de erva-mate tratadas com o produto. Conclui-se que a o produto à base de azadiractina associado ao fungo B. bassiana tem potencial para controle de G. spegazziniana. ampoladaervamate, ampoladaervamate ampola erva mate, mate ampola-da-erva-mate Lizer Trelles 1919 ervamate. ervamate mate. brotações desfolhação químicos campo Balls.Criv. BallsCriv Balls. Criv. Balls Criv (Balls.-Criv. Vuill Hypocreales (Hypocreales Cordycipitaceae avaliada 65–99% 6599 65 99 (65–99 utilizada. utilizada . utilizada) 80 efeito residual 90 crescimento cultura 679 67 9 67,9 experimento Concluise Conclui se B G 191 Balls.Criv (Balls.-Criv 65–99 659 6 (65–9 8 67, 19 65–9 (65– 1 65– (65 (6 (

ABSTRACT In the present study, nine okra cultivars were assessed for their resistance levels against both predisposal and simultaneous infections of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita and the wilt-causing fungus Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum, with the objective to identify cultivars with collective resistance against these two significant pathogens. Okra cultivars displayed varying resistance to M. incognita and F. oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum based on different inoculation sequences. When nematodes were introduced 15 days before fungus, no high or moderate resistance was observed. Instead, some cultivars showed moderate susceptibility (Pusa Swami, PB Selection, Green Star), susceptibility (Sabz Pari, Neelum, Tulsi), or high susceptibility (Ikra-1, Ikra-2, Arka Anamika) to nematodes. Conversely, nematodes introduced after fungus resulted in some resistance and moderate resistance among certain cultivars, and simultaneous inoculation led to varied responses. In terms of gall formation, eggmasses, and reproductive factors, different cultivars exhibited varying levels of susceptibility. Ikra-2 had the highest, followed by Arka Anamika and Ikra-1, while Pusa Swami had the least, followed by PB Selection and Green Star. Sequentially introducing nematodes before fungus led to the highest gall formation, whereas the reverse sequence resulted in the least on all cultivars. Simultaneous inoculation yielded lower gall formation than nematodes first followed by fungus. Introducing fungus prior to nematodes reduced gall numbers to the lowest level. In summary, resistance of okra cultivars to nematodes and fungus depended on inoculation order. Okra cultivars exhibited varying susceptibility levels, and the timing of inoculation influenced gall formation and reproductive factors. study rootknot root knot wiltcausing wilt causing fsp f sp f.sp pathogens M F sequences 1 observed Instead Star, Star , Star) Sabz Pari Neelum Tulsi, Tulsi Tulsi) Ikra1, Ikra1 Ikra 1, (Ikra-1 Ikra2, Ikra2 2, 2 Conversely responses eggmasses factors Ikra- Ikra-1 level summary order (Ikra- (Ikra

Abstract Plant anatomists perceive the plant body as the dynamic result of complex developmental processes which may deviate during gall development. Gall development involves local responses forming a morphophysiological continuum with the host plant organ, which can be addressed by anatomical studies. We revisited the history of galls in Brazil, as well as their morphogenetical potentialities and integration with entomological, chemical, physiological, and ecological approaches. The Fabaceae, Myrtaceae, Melastomataceae, and Asteraceae are the main hosts of the Brazilian gall morphotyes, which can be classified according to their three-dimensional shapess. Anatomical tools have been used to map cell and tissue fates in gall morphotypes, revealing the potential of plant tissue systems to overexpress or inhibit standard plant development. In-depth anatomical, cytological, histochemical, and immunocytochemical techniques have greatly expanded the knowledge of gall traits and plant cell responses. The new structures of galls hosted on leaves, stems, roots, and reproductive organs show consistent tissue specialization regarding the dermal and ground tissue systems, with the gall’s vascular system being connected to preexisting or newly formed bundles of the host plant. Due to the diverse stressors imposed on plant tissues, gall anatomy reveals adaptive responses that can be addressed from several perspectives, including citizen science initiatives. organ studies Brazil entomological chemical physiological approaches Fabaceae Myrtaceae Melastomataceae morphotyes threedimensional three dimensional shapess morphotypes Indepth In depth cytological histochemical leaves stems roots s tissues perspectives initiatives

Resumo Anatomistas vegetais percebem o corpo da planta como resultado de processos dinâmicos e complexos que podem ser desviados ao longo do desenvolvimento da galha. Este desenvolvimento envolve respostas locais, mas em um continuum morfofisiológico com o órgão hospedeiro, o que pode ser estudado do ponto de vista anatômico. Revisitamos a história das galhas no Brasil, suas potencialidades morfogenéticas e integração com abordagens entomológicas, químicas, fisiológicas e ecológicas. No Brasil, espécies de Fabaceae, Myrtaceae, Melastomataceae e Asteraceae são as principais hospedeiras de diversos morfotipos de galhas classificados com base em suas formas tridimensionais. Ferramentas anatômicas usadas para mapear o destino de células e tecidos nas galhas revelam o potencial dos sistemas de tecidos vegetais para superexpressar ou inibir o desenvolvimento vegetal padrão. Técnicas anatômicas, citológicas, histoquímicas e imunocitoquímicas aprofundadas expandiram o conhecimento das características das galhas e das respostas das células vegetais. As galhas hospedadas em folhas, caules, raízes e órgãos reprodutivos têm especialização tecidual consistente nos sistemas de tecido dérmico e fundamental, com o sistema vascular das galhas conectado àqueles da planta hospedeira. Devido a diversos estressores impostos aos tecidos vegetais, a anatomia das galhas revela respostas adaptativas que podem ser abordadas por diversas perspectivas, incluindo iniciativas de ciência cidadã. galha locais hospedeiro anatômico Brasil entomológicas químicas ecológicas Fabaceae Myrtaceae tridimensionais padrão citológicas folhas caules fundamental hospedeira perspectivas cidadã

ABSTRACT The Maricá Environmental Protection Area (RJ, Southeastern Brazil) is predominantly occupied by the restinga ecosystem. Two broad inventories of insect galls and several contributions to the taxonomical knowledge of the local gall-inducing fauna have been done since 1992. The present study aims to compile literature data, compare them with data from recent collections and evaluate the similarity between the gall-inducing insects from this area and those from other restingas, using the Sorensen’s index. Field work was carried out from April 2021 to March 2022, in a total of 14 expeditions. All voucher material was deposited in the Entomological Collection of Museu Nacional/UFRJ. According to literature compilation, the Environmental Protection Area of Maricá (MEPA) hosts 108 gall-inducing species, 83.3% were collected again. Twenty-three gall morphotypes were found for the first time in the study area as well as two host plants, Schwartzia brasiliensis (Marcgraviaceae) and Lantana fucata (Verbenaceae). All Brazilian restingas have low similarity with MEPA, which shows that this restinga is unique in the composition of the gall-inducers. MEPA includes 63 endemic species and morphospecies of cecidogenous insects. Nyctaginaceae, Boraginaceae, and Erythroxylaceae showed the greatest average of inducers by plant species. However, these taxa are not the best represented in MEPA, but they include super hosts, which explains their highest value. The family Myrtaceae shelters the greatest richness of gall-inducing insects and the greatest richness of host plant species. A new case of inquilinism was observed in galls on Neomitranthes obscura (Myrtaceae). RJ, RJ (RJ Brazil ecosystem gallinducing inducing 1992 Sorensens Sorensen s index 202 2022 1 expeditions NacionalUFRJ Nacional UFRJ Nacional/UFRJ compilation (MEPA 10 833 83 3 83.3 again Twentythree Twenty three plants Marcgraviaceae (Marcgraviaceae Verbenaceae. Verbenaceae . (Verbenaceae) gallinducers. gallinducers inducers. gall-inducers 6 Nyctaginaceae Boraginaceae However value Myrtaceae. (Myrtaceae) 199 20 8 83. (Verbenaceae (Myrtaceae 19 2

Abstract We surveyed insect galls and their host plants in areas of Caatinga and Cerrado in the municipality of Rio de Contas, in the extreme south of the Chapada Diamantina (Bahia state), between 703 and 1,897 m altitude, in order to contribute to the knowledge and conservation of local biodiversity. The survey was conducted in eight locations, adopting the random walking methodology for sampling, four in Caatinga and four in Cerrado, covering distinct phytophysiognomies (cerrado sensu stricto, gallery forest, shrubby caatinga, riparian forest, and rocky field). Eighty-four different insect gall morphotypes were reported, 48 (57.14%) of them on 42 host species in Cerrado and 36 (42.86%) on 24 host species in Caatinga. Most galls occurred on leaves (48.72%) and were globoid (53.76%), glabrous (52.92%), isolated (55.44%), usually one-chambered (61.32%), and brown (25.2%). The gall-inducing insects identified belonged to Lepidoptera (n = 1), Thysanoptera (n = 1), Hemiptera (n = 2), and Diptera (Cecidomyiidae) (n = 16). This was the first inventory of galls in the Chapada Diamantina, so all records are new for the region. We also recorded the first occurrences of galls on two Cerrado plant species and on two in the Caatinga. We found a significant positive correlation between gall richness and plant species richness, suggesting that radiation of gall-inducing insects may be associated with plant species richness. Contas Bahia state, state , state) 70 1897 1 897 1,89 altitude biodiversity locations sampling cerrado stricto forest caatinga field. field . field) Eightyfour Eighty reported 4 57.14% 5714 57 14 (57.14% 3 42.86% 4286 86 (42.86% 2 48.72% 4872 72 (48.72% 53.76%, 5376 53.76% 53 76 (53.76%) 52.92%, 5292 52.92% 52 92 (52.92%) 55.44%, 5544 55.44% 55 44 (55.44%) onechambered one chambered 61.32%, 6132 61.32% 61 32 (61.32%) 25.2%. 252 25.2% 25 (25.2%) gallinducing inducing n 1, 1) 2, 2) Cecidomyiidae (Cecidomyiidae 16. 16 16) region 7 189 89 1,8 57.14 571 5 (57.14 42.86 428 8 (42.86 48.72 487 (48.72 537 53.76 (53.76% 529 52.92 9 (52.92% 554 55.44 (55.44% 613 61.32 6 (61.32% 25.2 (25.2% 18 57.1 (57.1 42.8 (42.8 48.7 (48.7 53.7 (53.76 52.9 (52.92 55.4 (55.44 61.3 (61.32 25. (25.2 57. (57. 42. (42. 48. (48. 53. (53.7 52. (52.9 55. (55.4 61. (61.3 (25. (57 (42 (48 (53. (52. (55. (61. (25 (5 (4 (53 (52 (55 (61 (2 ( (6

Abstract Conservation Units (CUs) tend to have a high richness of herbivorous insects, including gall-inducing insects. Despite this, gall surveys carried out in these environments are punctual and some units have never had their galls investigated, such as the Chapada Diamantina National Park, Bahia (Chapada Diamantina Parna). Aiming to reduce this gap and contribute to future studies in CUs, this study aimed to survey the galls of the Chapada Diamantina Parna, Lençóis, as well as to investigate trends in research on galls in CUs in Brazil. For that, collections were carried out on monthly trips for one year. Published gall surveys were compiled. A total of 107 morphotypes induced in 88 host species were recorded. Most galls are formed in leaves, globoid in shape, green in color, and induced by Cecidomyiidae. This park has a relatively high richness of galls compared to other CUs, demonstrating its importance in the conservation of gall-inducing insects. The results also revealed that the number of surveys has been increasing over the years and that the Southeast concentrates the largest number of studies, a region that also gathers the largest number of specialists, demonstrating a geographic bias in the data. (CUs insects gallinducing inducing investigated Park Parna. Parna . Parna) Lençóis Brazil year compiled 10 8 recorded leaves shape color Cecidomyiidae specialists data 1

ABSTRACT Cerciplanus Garcia & Urso-Guimarães (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) is a gall-inducing genus that hosts Ouratea species (Ochnaceae). The genus consists of three species, Cerciplanus cipo Garcia & Urso-Guimarães, Cerciplanus tocantinensis Garcia & Urso-Guimarães, and Cerciplaus maricaensis Maia, of which only C. cipo having an unknown larval stage. In the present study, we have described and illustrated the larvae of the 3rd instar of C. cipo. UrsoGuimarães Urso Guimarães Diptera, Diptera (Diptera Cecidomyiidae gallinducing gall inducing Ochnaceae. Ochnaceae . (Ochnaceae) UrsoGuimarães, Guimarães, Maia C stage study rd (Ochnaceae

ABSTRACT The Tijuca National Park comprises the world's largest urban forest. It has a rich flora, with around 1,550 plant species. For the first time, the insect galls of this area were investigated. We carried out 12 monthly collections from January to December/2009. Samples of host plants were pressed and identified. Galls were photographed and characterized according to their external morphology and number of chambers. Gall-inducing insects and secondary inhabitants were obtained from gall dissecation as well as from rearing in laboratory. Data on origin and geographic distribution of plant species were retrieved from Flora e Funga do Brasil website. We found 72 gall morphotypes on 43 plant species (36 genera, and 23 families). Rubiaceae, Sapindaceae, Salicaeae and Melastomataceae were the botanical families with the highest gall richness. Psychotria cf. bahiensis DC. (Rubiaceae) and Serjania sp. (Sapindaceae) highlighted as super host plant species. Five host plants are endemic to Brazil; they shelters eight gall morphotypes. Due to the high specificity of the gall-inducing insects, we considered them co-endemic, Leaf galls were the most frequent. Gall-inducers were represented mainly by Cecidomyiidae. Galls of Tijuca National Park followed the patterns already known from Brazil, but it richness is relatively low when compared to other areas of the Atlantic forest. worlds world s forest flora 1550 1 550 1,55 time investigated December2009 December 2009 December/2009 identified chambers Gallinducing Gall inducing laboratory website 7 4 36 (3 genera 2 families. . families) Rubiaceae Sapindaceae cf DC (Rubiaceae sp (Sapindaceae Brazil gallinducing coendemic, coendemic co endemic, co-endemic frequent Gallinducers inducers Cecidomyiidae 155 55 1,5 December200 200 December/200 3 ( 15 5 1, December20 20 December/20 December2 December/2 December/

Abstract Brazilian veredas are hygrophilous communities with high species diversity, featuring many floristic studies but a still incipient number of faunistic studies. In the present study, we conducted an inventory of insect galls in four different veredas located in the Northern region of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Overall, we found 75 gall morphotypes, distributed across 50 host species representing 37 plant genera and 22 families. Fabaceae was the plant family with the greatest number of insect gall morphotypes (n = 21), followed by Malpighiaceae (n = 10). The plant genera that supported the highest diversity of insect galls were Copaifera (n = 8) and Byrsomima (n = 5). The plant species Copaifera oblongifolia (n = 6) and Anacardium humile (n = 4) exhibited the highest richness of insect galls. The leaves were the most attacked organs (89% of all galls). Most morphotypes are glabrous (83%), green (69%) and lenticular (60%). The taxa of gall-inducing insects were identified for 46 morphotypes (80%), and were recorded inducers from the orders Diptera, Lepidoptera, and Hymenoptera. Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) was the most representative galling group, with 42 morphotypes, making up 93.3% of the recorded inducers. Among the sampled veredas areas, the Vereda do Peruaçu presented the highest richness of insect gall morphotypes and host plant species. The faunistic similarity was higher in the Pedras and Tiririca veredas, followed by Almescla and Peruaçu veredas. This is the first systematic inventory of insect galls and their host plant in Brazilian veredas. The diversity of insect galls in the studied veredas is relatively high when compared to other Brazilian Cerrado vegetation types. study Gerais Brazil Overall 7 5 3 2 families n 21, 21 , 21) 10. 10 . 10) 8 5. 5) 6 4 89% 89 (89 galls) 83%, 83 83% (83%) 69% 69 (69% 60%. 60 60% (60%) gallinducing inducing 80%, 80 80% (80%) Diptera Lepidoptera Hymenoptera (Diptera group 933 93 93.3 areas types 1 (8 (83% (69 (60% (80% 9 93. ( (83 (6 (60 (80

Abstract Asphondylia braziliensis sp. nov., Asphondylia fluminensis sp. nov., Asphondylia marambaiensis sp. nov., Asphondylia varroniae sp. nov., and Asphondylia xerezi sp. nov., are described based on material from Brazilian restingas. The first species induces galls on Struthanthus acuminatus (Ruiz. & Pav.) Kuijt (Loranthaceae), the second on Erythroxylum ovalifolium Peyr (Erythroxylaceae), the third on Lantana fucata Lindl. (Verbenaceae), the fourth on Varronia curassavica Jacq. (Cordiaceae), and the fifth on Heliotropium sp. (Heliotropiaceae). One host plant, Erythroxylum ovalifolium, is endemic to the Atlantic forest. The other plant species are native to Brazil. Illustrations of relevant morphological characters are provided. The new species are compared with congeneric Neotropical species. Types are deposited in the Entomological Collection of the Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro. sp nov nov. restingas Ruiz. Ruiz (Ruiz Pav. Pav Loranthaceae, Loranthaceae , (Loranthaceae) Erythroxylaceae, Erythroxylaceae (Erythroxylaceae) Lindl Verbenaceae, Verbenaceae (Verbenaceae) Jacq Cordiaceae, Cordiaceae (Cordiaceae) Heliotropiaceae. Heliotropiaceae . (Heliotropiaceae) forest Brazil provided Nacional Janeiro (Loranthaceae (Erythroxylaceae (Verbenaceae (Cordiaceae (Heliotropiaceae