Resumo O uso e as mudanças na cobertura da terra estão afetando o meio ambiente global e os ecossistemas das diferentes biosferas. O monitoramento, relatório e verificação (MRV) dessas mudanças são de extrema importância, pois muitas vezes resultam em várias consequências ambientais globais, como degradação da terra, erosão em massa, deterioração do hábitat, bem como micro e macroclima das regiões. As tecnologias avançadas, como sensoriamento remoto (RS) e sistema de informações geográficas (SIG), são úteis para determinar / identificar essas mudanças. Na área de estudo atual, as mudanças nos estoques de carbono, principalmente em áreas florestais, estão resultando em uma dinâmica considerável dos estoques de carbono como resultado das mudanças climáticas e do sequestro de carbono. Este estudo foi realizado no distrito de Diamer de Gilgit Baltistan (GB), Paquistão, para investigar a mudança na mudança de cobertura / mudança de uso da terra (particularmente uso de terras florestais), bem como o potencial de sequestro de carbono das florestas no distrito durante quase os últimos 25 anos. A cobertura da terra, os dados temporais do Landsat (nível 1, LIT), foram baixados do USGS EROS (2016), para 1979-1989, 1990-2000 e 2001-2012. Mudanças nos usos da terra, particularmente na cobertura florestal, foram investigadas usando técnicas de SIG. O inventário florestal foi realizado por meio de técnicas de amostragem aleatória. Um lote padrão de 0,1 ha (n = 80) foi estabelecido para determinar a densidade das árvores, volume, biomassa e estoques de C. A simulação dos estoques de C foi realizada pela aplicação do modelo CO2FIX com a entrada de dados do inventário. Os resultados mostraram uma diminuição na cobertura florestal e de neve na região de 1979 a 2012. Da mesma forma, diminuição foi observada no volume da árvore, biomassa das árvores, dinâmica dos estoques de C e diminuição na densidade das árvores, respectivamente. É recomendado que precisemos de mais projetos como o BTAP (Billion Tree Afforestation Project) e o projeto Green Pakistan para aumentar a cobertura florestal, controlar as mudanças no uso da terra, proteger o ecossistema florestal e proteger a cobertura de neve.

Abstract Land use and land cover change are affecting the global environment and ecosystems of the different biospheres. Monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) of these changes is of utmost importance as they often results in several global environmental consequences such as land degradation, mass erosion, habitat deterioration as well as micro and macro climate of the regions. The advance technologies like remote sensing (RS) and geographical information system (GIS) are helpful in determining/ identifying these changes. In the current study area, changes in carbon stocks, notably in forest areas, are resulting in considerable dynamics of carbon stocks as a result of climate change and carbon sequestration. This study was carried out in the Diamer district of the Gilgit Baltistan (GB) Pakistan to investigate the change in cover change/land use change (particularly Forest Land use) as well as carbon sequestration potential of the forests in the district during almost last 25years. The land cover, temporal Landsat data (level 1, LIT) were downloaded from the USGS EROS (2016), for 1979-1989, 1990-2000 and 2001-2012. Change in land uses, particularly forest cover was investigated using GIS techniques. Forest inventory was carried out using random sampling techniques. A standard plot of size 0.1 ha (n=80) was laid out to determine the tree density, volume, biomass and C stocks. Simulation of C stocks was accomplished by application of the CO2FIX model with the data input from inventory. Results showed a decrease in both forest and snow cover in the region from 1979-2012. Similarly decrease was seen in tree volume, tree Biomass, dynamics of C Stocks and decrease was in occur tree density respectively. It is recommended we need further more like project such as BTAP (Billion Tree Afforestation Project) and green Pakistan project to increase the forest cover, to control on land use change, protect forest ecosystem and to protect snow cover.

ABSTRACT Mexico’s expansive territory spans diverse climatic conditions, which directly influences the selection of commercial photovoltaic technologies. This study utilizes solar irradiance, temperature, and cloud index data (derived from satellite sources) to generate a suitability map for commercial solar panel technologies through the Analytical Hierarchy Process-Geographical Information Systems methodology. The map illustrates that chalcopyrites and cadmium telluride emerge as the most suitable technologies in 47.12% of the national territory. Following closely behind is amorphous silicon, covering 30.45%, while monocrystalline and polycrystalline silicon account for 22.43%. The primary objective of this paper is to guide the proper selection of solar panel technology types that align optimally with Mexico’s climatic conditions. This strategic approach aims to strengthen the planning and viability of photovoltaic solar energy projects nationwide.

RESUMEN El extenso territorio de México abarca diversas condiciones climáticas, lo cual influye directamente en la selección de tecnologías fotovoltaicas comerciales. Este estudio utiliza datos de irradiancia solar, temperatura e índice de nubosidad (derivados de fuentes satelitales) para generar un mapa de idoneidad de las tecnologías de paneles solares comerciales, a través de la metodología del proceso analítico jerárquico incorporado a los sistemas de información geográfica. El mapa muestra que las calcopiritas y el telururo de cadmio emergen como las tecnologías más adecuadas en el 47.12 % del territorio nacional. Les sigue de cerca el silicio amorfo, que cubre el 30.45 % del territorio, en tanto que el silicio monocristalino y policristalino representan el 22.43 %. El objetivo principal de este artículo es proporcionar orientación para la adecuada selección del tipo de tecnología de paneles solares que mejor se alinee a las condiciones climáticas de México. Este enfoque estratégico ayuda a fortalecer la planificación y viabilidad de los proyectos de energía solar fotovoltaica en todo el país.

Resumen: Los avances tecnológicos que se han venido produciendo gracias al desarrollo de las herramientas de captura y procesado de datos referentes al patrimonio arquitectónico han modificado la metodología de trabajo. La incorporación de modelos tridimensionales complejos en los Sistemas de Información, favorece el procesamiento y análisis de los datos en un soporte común que facilita la accesibilidad y consulta, así como la adopción de decisiones relacionadas con el modelo. Se han analizado las distintas tecnologías y metodologías que permiten administrar la información en un mismo modelo como el HBIM (Historic Building Information Modelling), la tecnología WebGL o los Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG), con el fin de establecer las posibilidades que cada una de ellas aportan a la documentación gráfica del patrimonio como medio para preservar sus valores culturales. La evaluación ha permitido establecer sus necesidades esenciales de interoperabilidad y accesibilidad mediante el empleo de la estandarización y normalización.

Abstract: The technological advances that have been produced thanks to the development of data capture and processing tools related to architectural heritage have modified the work methodology. The incorporation of complex three-dimensional models in Information Systems favors the processing and analysis of data in a common support that facilitates accessibility and consultation, as well as the adoption of decisions related to the model. The different technologies and methodologies that allow information to be managed in the same model, such as HBIM (Historic Building Information Modelling), WebGL technology or Geographic Information Systems (GIS), have been analyzed in order to establish the possibilities that each one of them contribute to the graphic documentation of heritage as a means to preserve its cultural values. The evaluation has made it possible to establish its essential needs for interoperability and accessibility through the use of standardization and normalization.

Abstract Today, information, knowledge and means of communication are increasingly available and growing at an accelerated rate. But exclusion from the media, information and specialized knowledge limits the participation of the population. The New Information and Communication Technologies (NICT) are presented as a tool that facilitates interconnection through mechanisms according to time and space, allowing the improvement of social, political and public relations between subjects. NICTs allow the population to be involved in the processes, promoting the commitment of citizens in decision-making and therefore favor representative democracy, consolidating the so-called Cyber-Democracy. Web technology has proven to be a very useful tool for giving public access to information and relevant data that until now were only available to certain privileged sectors of the population. As a new tool, the implementation of GIS products on the Internet is proposed, such as the Geographic Information Systems of Public Participation (PP GIS), which provide an efficient and low-cost means for the collection, creation and distribution of cartographic products to users and strengthen citizen participation processes. In Cuenca-Ecuador, NICTs are scarcely used within the processes of citizen participation in territorial planning, so it is necessary to test their use as an alternative that improves the creation, updating and distribution of cartography. This work investigates the incorporation of a SIG PP in the territorial planning of the cantonal GAD of Cuenca indicating its advantages and disadvantages.

Resumen En la actualidad se dispone de información, conocimientos y medios de comunicación cada vez mayor y que crece a una velocidad acelerada. Pero la exclusión frente a los medios de comunicación, a la información y a los conocimientos especializados limitan la participación de la población. Las Nuevas Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (NTIC) se presentan como una herramienta que facilita la interconexión a través de mecanismos acorde a los tiempos y espacio, permitiendo mejorar las relaciones sociales, políticas y públicas entre los sujetos. Las NTIC permiten involucrar a la población en los procesos, promoviendo el compromiso de los ciudadanos en la adopción de decisiones y por lo tanto favorecen la democracia representativa, consolidando la denominada Cyber-Democracia. La tecnología web ha demostrado ser una herramienta de gran utilidad para dar acceso público a la información y a los datos relevantes que hasta ahora sólo estaban disponibles para ciertos sectores privilegiados de la población. Como nueva herramienta se propone la implementación de los productos SIG en Internet como los Sistemas de Información Geográfica de Participación Pública (SIG PP), que proporcionan un medio eficiente y de bajo coste para la recolección, creación y distribución de productos cartográficos a los usuarios y fortalecen los procesos de participación ciudadana. En el caso de Cuenca-Ecuador, las NTIC son escasamente aprovechadas dentro de los procesos de participación ciudadana en la ordenación territorial, por lo que es necesario probar su uso como una alternativa que mejore la creación, actualización y distribución de cartografía. Este trabajo indaga la incorporación de un SIG PP en la planificación territorial del GAD cantonal de Cuenca indicando sus ventajas y desventajas.

Abstract Animal genetic resources (AnGR), which are a component of biodiversity in agriculture, has an essential role in sustainable agricultural development. Given the significance of AnGR for each nation, all communities need to maintain genetic diversity by preserving indigenous livestock and poultry populations as well as implementing the national plans and policies. This study aims at developing a web-based GIS to collect and monitor information on livestock and poultry genetic resources across the country for typical decision-making activities in the organizational and managerial sectors, where resource managers and policymakers with various ideas can put their conservation best practices into action. The suggested system integrates and organizes the concepts and tools from three distinct study areas, including AnGR, GIS, and web technologies into a unified framework. Data on the different breeds of six species including cattle, sheep, poultry, goat, horse and camel are currently being entered into the system. System implementation consists a four-step process that includes identification and data collection, data entry, querying, and planning and decision-making. The system as a whole contributes towards increased efficiency in the managing and monitoring the farm AnGR (FAnGR) by allowing users to query, visualize, manage, reuse, map and store FAnGR-related data. , (AnGR) agriculture development nation policies webbased based decisionmaking decision making sectors action areas framework cattle sheep goat fourstep four step collection entry querying decisionmaking. making. FAnGR (FAnGR query visualize manage reuse FAnGRrelated related (AnGR

RESUMEN El mosquito Aedes aegypti es una especie antropoflica que se ha adaptado a entornos urbanos y es el principal vector de enfermedades como el dengue, la fiebre de Zika, la enfermedad del Chikungunya y la fiebre amarilla, lo que representa una importante carga al sistema de salud, en especial en países tropicales donde es endèmico. Ejercer apropiadamente la vigilancia en salud pública es fundamental para la prevención de estas enfermedades mediante sistemas de información. El propósito de este trabajo es proporcionar una plataforma de tecnologias de la información (TI), integrando tecnologias abiertas Web GIS y mHealth para la vigilancia entomológica del vector a partir de colaboración abierta distribuida para la generación de mapas de infestación. Se realizó un piloto con un grupo focal de 23 estudiantes del curso de epidemiologia, que permitió registrar l20 elementos en 55 reportes en la Universidad de los Llanos para la generación automática de 21 mapas de calor de sintomas, zancudos y criaderos, y un mapa global de infestación. Este trabajo sugiere una perspectiva novedosa de interacción y participación colaborativa de la comunidad con las autoridades de salud soportado por las TI.

RESUMO O mosquito Aedes aegypti è uma espècie antropofílica que se adaptou aos ambientes urbanos e è o principal vetor de doenças como dengue, febre Zika, doença Chikungunya e febre amarela, o que representa uma carga significativa para o sistema de saúde, especialmente em países tropicais onde é endêmica. O exercício adequado da vigilância em saúde pública è essencial para a prevenção dessas doenças por meio de sistemas de informação. O objetivo deste trabalho è fornecer uma plataforma de tecnologia da informação (TI), integrando tecnologias abertas Web GIS e mHealth para a vigilância entomológica do vetor com base em uma colaboração aberta distribuída para a geração de mapas de infestação. Um piloto foi realizado com um grupo focal de 23 estudantes do curso de epidemiologia, que permitiu o registro de l20 elementos em 55 relatórios na Universidad de los Llanos para a geração automática de 2l mapas de calor de sintomas, mosquitos e criadouros, e um mapa de infestação global. Este trabalho sugere uma nova perspectiva de interação e participação colaborativa da comunidade com autoridades de saúde apoiadas por TI.

ABSTRACT The Aedes aegypti mosquito is an anthropophilic species that has adapted to urban environments and it is the main vector of diseases such as dengue, Zika fever; Chikungunya disease and yellow fever; which represents a significant burden on the health system, especially in tropical countries where it is endemic. Properly exercising public health surveillance is essential for the prevention of these diseases through information systems. The purpose of this work is to provide an information technology (IT) platform, integrating open technologies Web GIS and mHealth for the entomological surveillance ofthe vector; based on crowdsourcing for the generation of infestation maps. A pilot was carried out with a focus group of 23 students from the epidemiology course, which allowed the registration of l20 elements in 55 reports at the Universidad de los Llanos for the automatic generation of 2l heatmaps of symptoms, mosquitoes and breeding sites, and a global infestation map. This work suggests a novel perspective of interaction and collaborative participation of the community with health authorities supported by IT

A GIS-based approach for identifying suitable sites for rainwater harvesting (RWH) technologies was developed and applied in Kasungu District, Malawi. Data were obtained from reports, socio-economic survey documents of the area and maps. Field surveys were conducted in the villages of Chipala Extension Planning Area (EPA), in order to identify and evaluate the performance of existing RWH interventions, and determine factors for locating suitable areas for RWH. Observed soil moisture content was used to assess the water retention performance of the prevalent RWH technologies: contour tied ridging and soil mulching. A GIS-based Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN) method was used to map runoff potential for areas with RWH technologies, using physical factors of rainfall, land use, soil type and slope to estimate runoff potential. This was then integrated in a GIS database, with social-economic factors in the form of household income level and environmental factors, including impacts of implementing RWH, to determine the suitability of land areas for RWH in Kasungu District. One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test the impact of identified technologies by comparing the moisture content measurements for each of the identified technologies at 5% level of significance. The ANOVA results showed a statistically significant difference in the moisture measurements for the three technologies identified (P < 0.05). The RWH suitability map for the study area showed that 0.2% of the area considered had very high potential, 33.5% high, 55.9% moderate, 10.1% marginal and 0.3% not suitable for in-field RWH. The model was verified by locating the existing RWH on the suitability map obtained from GIS: 81% of RWH were located in the highly and moderately suitable areas whilst only 13% were located in areas of low suitability. Hence the developed model can reliably be used to predict potential areas for RWH.

Information about sugarcane planted area and production at the beginning of the harvest is fundamental for the planning of harvesting strategies, logistics and marketing. Their estimation, using technologies based only on field surveys, involves considerable effort, and high costs. Spatial remote sensing allows to reduce costs in land use/land cover determinations. The Operational Land Imager (OLI) and the Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) on board of Landsat 8 satellite, with their bands in the range from visible to thermal infrared, constitute an alternative for the discrimination of vegetation covers, taking into account that vegetation has a reduced spectral response in the visible, higher in the near infrared and lower in the mid infrared; and that vegetation covers present lower temperatures than their environment during the day, which facilitates their differentiation from other covers. The objectives were to evaluate different multispectral classification techniques using the red, near infrared and middle infrared bands of the OLI sensor, and the thermal bands of TIRS sensor, and as a product of the analysis, estimate crop area and sugarcane production by GIS processing. The study of bands 4, 5 and 6 showed that band 5 has the greatest separability between coverages and between sugarcane production levels. The combination of mid-infrared and thermal spectral bands achieved improved classification accuracy. Precision reached in the classification of different production levels indicates that the maximum likelihood classification restricted by band 10 would be adequate for the identification and quantification of sugarcane crops and production levels, in the case of similar proportions of the three production levels, or with a predominance of the low production level. The classification by decision tree of band 5 restricted by band 10 would be the most appropriate for areas with predominantly medium and high levels of production.

La información de superficie y producción de caña de azúcar al comienzo de la zafra es fundamental para planear estrategias de cosecha, logística y comercialización. Su estimación mediante tecnologías basadas únicamente en relevamientos a campo implica costos altos. La teledetección espacial permite reducir los costos en las determinaciones de los usos y coberturas de la tierra. Los sensores Operational Land Imager (OLI) y Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) a bordo del satélite Landsat 8, con sus bandas en el rango del visible al infrarrojo térmico, constituyen una alternativa para diferenciar coberturas vegetales, considerando que la vegetación presenta baja respuesta espectral en el visible, más elevada en el infrarrojo cercano y menor en el infrarrojo medio; y que las cubiertas vegetales presentan temperaturas más bajas que su entorno durante el día, lo que facilita su diferenciación de otras coberturas. Los objetivos fueron evaluar diferentes técnicas de clasificación multiespectral en las bandas correspondientes al rojo, infrarrojo cercano e infrarrojo medio del sensor OLI y en las bandas térmicas del sensor TIRS, y como producto del análisis estimar superficie y producción de caña de azúcar mediante procesamiento SIG. El estudio de las bandas 4, 5 y 6 permitió constatar la mayor separabilidad entre coberturas y niveles de producción de caña de azúcar en la banda 5. La combinación de bandas situadas en el infrarrojo medio y térmico mejoró la precisión de las clasificaciones. La clasificación de máxima probabilidad de las bandas 4, 5 y 6 restringida por la banda 10 sería la indicada para cañaverales con niveles de producción en proporciones similares, o con un predominio del nivel bajo. La clasificación por árbol de decisión de la banda 5 restringida por la banda 10 sería la más adecuada para zonas con predominio de niveles medio y alto de producción.

ABSTRACT This article presents a bibliographical review on the evolution of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and their integration in the social sciences, this is important because the interrelation of these branches contributes to the knowledge of the peoples. In this sense, the objective was to contribute to university academic knowledge, through the collection, classification, analysis and synthesis of scientific works according to the subject matter. To this end, historical, synthetic, dialectical, and analytical methods were used, with a type of descriptive and documentary research, obtaining as a result that GIS are very useful in different fields of social sciences, which encompasses from archeology to sociology, including other such as economics and criminology.

RESUMEN Este artículo presenta una revisión bibliográfica sobre la evolución de los Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG) y su integración en las ciencias sociales, esto es importante debido a que la interrelación de estas áreas, aporta al conocimiento de los pueblos. En este sentido, el objetivo planteado fue contribuir al conocimiento académico universitario, a través de la recopilación, clasificación, análisis y síntesis de obras científicas acordes a la temática tratada. Para este fin se utilizaron los métodos histórico, sintético, dialéctico, y analítico, con un tipo de investigación descriptiva y documental, obteniendo como resultado que los SIG son de gran utilidad en diferentes campos de las ciencias sociales, que van desde la arqueología hasta la sociología, pasando por temas tan concretos como la economía y la criminología.

Abstract The amount of researchers and scientific papers rapidly grows, annually. The metrics to analyze the quality and quantity of these publications have consolidated in the academic world. A bibliometric mapping of scientific papers on Geographic Information Systems (GIS) published between 2007 and 2016 was carried out. The sample analyzed 2,053 papers, extracted from twenty journals of the Web of Science Core Collection platform. The following were evaluated: total number of publications, production by area of knowledge and by country, authors, periodicals and the most cited words. The results shows that 2012 and 2013 were the most productive periods, and that the annual growth rate of publication was 1.8%. The most significant academic areas were Geography, Computer Science, Physical Geography, and Environmental Sciences/Ecology. The three major publishing clusters were North America, Western Europe, and Eastern Asia. The International Journal of Geographic Information Science was considered the most important journal. The most relevant topics were cellular automata, relationship between GIS and users, integration of GIS with remote sensing, different land use classification methods, and critical reflections on technologies and GIS.

Resumen El carácter performativo de la acción social constituye una fuerza activa en el desarrollo de la vida cotidiana, en las formas de organización y en la planificación de los entornos urbanos. A pesar del incremento exponencial de la disponibilidad de datos que describen nuestros hábitos y comportamientos diarios, las cartografías siguen presentando limitaciones subjetivas a la hora de representar la imagen de la ciudad y la sociedad, cuestión manifiesta si nos centramos en el estudio de la no accesibilidad urbana. Desde el entendimiento de la accesibilidad como derecho para todos, el artículo explora las posibilidades que el uso de las nuevas tecnologías de la información representa para generar una cartografía fundada en los principios de justicia espacial, diseño universal y plena autonomía en la ciudad. El análisis comparado de dos proyectos que estudian el nivel de accesibilidad en las ciudades de Valencia y Zaragoza (España) para lograr una ciudad más inclusiva permite identificar los rasgos comunes que pudieran compartir las aplicaciones y mecanismos tratando de construir esta realidad. Los principales hallazgos revelan la adecuación de la metodología de trabajo crowdsourcing led como mecanismo para contrarrestar la asimetría social y urbana actual.

Abstract Performative character of social action is an active force in the development of everyday life, in social organization and in the planning of urban environments. Despite the exponential increase in the availability of data describing our daily habits and behaviors, cartographies continue to present subjective limitations when representing the image of the city and society. This is clear if we focus on the study of urban non-accessibility. From the understanding of accessibility as a right for all, the paper explores the possibilities that the use of new information technologies represents to generate a map based on the principles of space justice, universal design and full autonomy in the city. The comparative analysis of two projects that study the level of accessibility in the cities of Valencia and Zaragoza (Spain) allows us to identify the common features that could be shared by the applications and mechanisms trying to construct a more inclusive city. The main findings reveal the adequacy of the crowdsourcing led work methodology as a mechanism to counteract current social and urban asymmetry.

Resumo O caráter performativo da ação social é uma força ativa no desenvolvimento da vida cotidiana, nas formas de organização e no planejamento de ambientes urbanos. Apesar do aumento exponencial da disponibilidade de dados que descrevem nossos hábitos e comportamentos diários, as cartogramas continuam a apresentar limitações subjetivas ao representar a imagem da cidade e da sociedade; uma questão clara se focarmos no estudo da não-acessibilidade urbana. A partir da compreensão da acessibilidade como um direito para todos, o trabalho explora as possibilidades que o uso das novas tecnologias da informação representa para gerar um mapa baseado nos princípios da justiça espacial, design universal e total autonomia na cidade. A análise comparativa de dois projetos que estudam o nível de acessibilidade nas cidades de Valência e Zaragoza (Espanha) para alcançar uma cidade mais inclusiva nos permite identificar as características comuns que poderiam compartilhar as aplicações e mecanismos que tentam construir essa realidade. Os principais achados revelam a adequação da metodologia do trabalho liderado pelo crowdsourcing como um mecanismo para combater a assimetria social e urbana atual.

A região semiárida do Nordeste brasileiro tem sofrido os impactos das mudanças ora causadas por ações humanas, ora causadas direta ou indiretamente pelas mudanças no clima. O zoneamento de áreas mais suscetíveis a mudanças ou historicamente sob forte pressão por causa do crescimento das cidades e outros fatores antrópicos pode auxiliar em ações de planejamento mais sustentáveis nesta região. Este trabalho apresenta uma metodologia integradora para correlacionar diferentes variáveis (demográficas, climáticas e socioeconômicas) de forma a indicar áreas submetidas a potencial “pressão” por mudanças na região. A utilização de um estimador estatístico para uniformização das informações, através de modelagem em ambiente SIG, sobrepondo as variáveis consideradas, possibilitou uma integração eficiente. Os resultados apontam áreas submetidas a “forte pressão” no entorno de cidades importantes no contexto atual do semiárido nordestino, o que se reflete em alterações marcantes na forma de uso e ocupação destas regiões. Isto se configura, principalmente, por essas regiões apresentarem alta densidade populacional, acompanhada por um crescimento do PIB agropecuário nos últimos anos.

The semiarid region of Northeastern part of Brazil is under changes pressures driven by human activities or climate changes. Spatial analysis and visualization of potential land use/land cover changes (LULCC) zones can be a useful tool for helping on planning actions or decision making policies for sustainable development. This study presents a methodological and spatial approach for pointing out mainly changes drivers. GIS tools and a statistics estimator are used in a spatial modelling and standardization of all inputs from different data sources. The results show the nearest areas from some important middle cities such as “high pressure changes”. In those areas, it is possible to observe the strong correlation between LULCC and high density urban areas and an increasing of GDP (Gross Domestic Product for Livestock and Agriculture) in the last years as well.

Abstract The aim of this work was to study and compare, in spatial and temporal terms, the coverage of riparian forests in the lower reaches of the Portoviejo River and the ravine Chilán through the application of tools of geographical information systems, remote sensing and field monitoring. These forests are developed along two streams seated in adjacent basins, which flow into the Ecuadorian Pacific between Jaramijó and San Clemente. The results show that in the lower reach of the Portoviejo River, riparian forests had low rates of coverage in the years 1998, 2002, 2009, 2011 and 2013, while in the Chilán ravine, the rates of coverage increased significantly from 1998 to 2014, covering both riverbanks all the way. The growing agricultural and livestock developments are the main reasons why much of the riverine forest on the banks of Portoviejo River has disappeared. In contrast, in the Chilán ravine, there is no ongoing economic activity that may lead to spatial occupation and replacement of the forest. Based on the results found and the ecological importance of these natural areas, strategies for the conservation of riparian forests in the Chilán ravine are discussed and proposed, as well as strategies to restore areas of riparian forests throughout the Portoviejo River that have been replaced by crops and pastures. Among the proposals for restorative efforts, actions aimed at recovering its original trajectory are included, taking as reference small patches of vegetation of the same type that still remain in the study area.

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar y comparar, en términos espaciales y temporales, la cobertura de bosques ribereños en el curso bajo del río Portoviejo y la Quebrada Chilán mediante la aplicación de herramientas de información geográfica, sensores remotos y monitoreos de campo. Estos bosques se desarrollan a lo largo de dos cursos de agua asentados en cuencas contiguas, que desembocan en el Pacífico ecuatoriano, entre Jaramijó y San Clemente. Los resultados muestran que en el curso bajo del río Portoviejo los bosques ribereños tuvieron bajos porcentajes de cobertura en los años 1998, 2002, 2009, 2011 y 2013, mientras que en la quebrada Chilán aumentaron significativamente desde 1998 hasta 2014, cubriendo ambos márgenes del cauce en todo su recorrido. El creciente desarrollo agrícola y ganadero es causa principal por la cual desapareció gran parte del bosque ribereño en los márgenes del río Portoviejo. En la quebrada Chilán, en contraste, no se aprecia actividad económica que conlleve a la ocupación espacial y al reemplazo del bosque. Sobre la base de los resultados encontrados y por la importancia ecológica de estas áreas naturales, se discuten y plantean estrategias para la conservación de bosques ribereños en la quebrada Chilán, como también para restaurar áreas de bosques ribereños en el curso del río Portoviejo reemplazadas por cultivos y pastizales. Dentro de las propuestas de restauración se incluyen acciones tendientes a recuperar su trayectoria original, tomando como referencia pequeños parches de vegetación del mismo tipo que aún se conservan en el área de estudio.

Abstract: The task of irrigation advisory systems is usually costly in terms of human and material resources due to the need of an intensive field monitoring in large areas. It also faces the challenge of transferring the information to the users, farmers or technicians in the right time and in the right way. Moreover, the new Earth Observation Technologies have helped millions of hectares to be monitored by satellite sensors, making the field monitoring be more effective. Similarly, the information technologies, the internet, and the mobile telephony allow the information gathered by satellite images to be available to farmers and users in a faster, smoother and more personalized way. This ensures a detailed and accurate crop monitoring and makes more efficient field work. The European Union has supported an irrigation advisory project for farmers called DEMETER (Demonstration of Earth Observation Technologies In Routine Irrigation Advisory Services), which has been successfully used in Spain for the program called Satellite Aided Irrigation Assistance Service (e-SARAS) used by the Remote Sensing and GIS Group from the University of Castilla-La Mancha. The purpose of this work is that producers from the Irrigation District 038, Rio Mayo have a monitoring web system to track their fields through the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), this will allow the producer to compare the harvest from previous cycles and to have a better evaluation of the development of their crops in order to make appropriate decisions for a better income in the current cycle.

Resumen: La tarea de los sistemas de asesoramiento de riego suele ser costosa en cuanto a recursos humanos y materiales por la necesidad de hacer un seguimiento intensivo en campo en áreas extensas, además de enfrentar el reto de transferir la información al usuario, agricultor o técnico por la vía adecuada y en el momento oportuno. Asimismo, las nuevas tecnologías de observación de la tierra han contribuido a que millones de hectáreas sean monitoreadas mediante sensores satelitales, haciendo más eficaz el seguimiento en campo. De igual forma, las tecnologías de la información, el Internet y la telefonía móvil permiten que la información generada por las imágenes satelitales pueda llegar al agricultor como usuario final de forma más rápida, fluida y personalizada, garantizando un seguimiento detallado y preciso de los cultivos haciendo más eficaz el trabajo de campo. La Unión Europea ha apoyado un proyecto para asesoramiento en riego a productores agrícolas denominado DEMETER (Demonstration of Earth Observation Technologies in Routine Irrigation Advisory Services), el cual ha sido exitosamente utilizado en España para el programa denominado Servicio de Asistencia en Riego Asistido por Satélite (e-SARAS), que maneja el Grupo de Teledetección y SIG de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha; también México participó en un proyecto que es extensión del DEMETR, denominado Pleiades (Participatory Low-Cost Earth-Observation-Assisted Irrigation Advisory: An Element Of Sustainable Water Management), con personal de la Universidad de Sonora, el Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora y el Colegio de Postgraduados en el periodo 2006-2009. El propósito de este trabajo es que los productores del Distrito de Riego 038 Río Mayo tengan disponible desde Internet un sistema de monitoreo satelital que contiene el seguimiento y desarrollo de los cultivos por medio del NDVI (Índice de Vegetación de Diferencias Normalizadas) por parcela; esto permitirá al productor comparar los rendimientos de ciclos pasados y permitirá que puedan tener una evaluación del desarrollo de sus cultivos para tomar decisiones necesarias y oportunas para obtener un mejor rendimiento en el actual ciclo.

ABSTRACT Industrial activities in developing countries have left a legacy of environmental impacts that represent a long-term risk to human beings living in and around polluted areas. Fortunately, pressure from NGOs and social organizations is creating a trend of remediation projects that can be used as showcases in other areas, and stimulate both governments and private companies to initiate cleanup activities in polluted areas all over the world. The study was conducted in a former sulfur mine in the city of Jaltipan, Veracruz, Mexico. This mine operated from the early 50s to early 90s, first as a private company and later as a government company. As common in many mining companies during this period, there was virtually no concern for the environmental aspects of the mine operations, from mineral extraction to final product shipment. Thus, in an area of roughly 400 hectares, close to 20 % of the area was affected by some kind of sulfur residues. This project involved two aspects. First, the determination of the polluted areas in and around the property of the mining company, using high-resolution imagery and GIS technologies in combination with extensive field surveys. Second, based upon the results of the diagnostic phase, the determination of the volume of polluted material, its three dimensional distribution and the selection of the best strategy for site remediation.

RESUMEN: Las actividades industriales han generado un legado de impactos ambientales que representan un riesgo para los humanos. La sociedad está presionando a gobiernos e industriales para desarrollar trabajos de remediación de estos impactos, cuya documentación permite que sean empleados como ejemplo en tareas de limpieza de áreas contaminadas. Este estudio fue desarrollado en una mina de azufre abandonada en Jáltipan, Veracruz, que operó desde los años 50 hasta principios de los 90, primero como una mina privada y después como dependencia del gobierno. Como era común en esa época, no había preocupación alguna sobre los impactos ambientales por la actividad de extracción, embalaje y envío de azufre. De ésta manera, de las 400 ha de la propiedad, aproximadamente el 20 % quedó afectada por derrames de azufre. Este trabajo involucra dos aspectos: a) la determinación de las áreas contaminadas dentro y alrededor de la mina usando datos de alta resolución y SIG y b) la determinación de los volúmenes de material que requieren trabajos de remediación. Los resultados indican que el volumen a remediar dependerá de los objetivos de limpieza que impongan las autoridades ambientales correspondientes. Sin embargo, de acuerdo con los resultados es posible considerar como técnicamente viable la posibilidad de establecer como límite objetivo de remediación una acidez de 200 mg CaCO3 y/o pH 4. Esto implicará el remover las principales fuentes de contaminación: los depósito de carbón y azufre, los "vats" y los derrames de azufre. Dadas las condiciones del terreno, los procesos naturales permitirán neutralizar los suelos impactados y permitir el crecimiento de la cubierta vegetal.