ABSTRACT Degraded peat has a high potential for use in agricultural production, especially food crops. The water table, which impacts the production of greenhouse gases (GHGs), is the main problem concerning peat utilization. The study aimed to determine the production of greenhouse gases at various peat water levels. The study was conducted in a laboratory setting utilizing the soil column of undisturbed peat soil. The factorial experiment was arranged in randomized block design, with three replicates, with the first factor was peat cropping use: Maize (Zea mays L.), pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.), and scrubs. The second factor was water level (0, 10, 20, 30 cm depth). Variables measured were GHG flux (CO2 and CH4), pH, redox potential, total C content, and ash content. The peat cropping use interacted significantly with the peat water level on the potential for CH4 and CO2 production and the value of global warming potential. Water table depth significantly increased CO2 flux and global warming potential (GWP) in all three peat cropping uses. The lowest GWP at a 0 cm peat water level was 944 (pineapple use), 961 (maize use), and 1097 mg CO2e m-2 d-1 (scrub use). Peat for pineapple cultivation produces the lowest CO2 production and GWP compared to maize cultivation and scrubs. The negative relationship between redox potential and GWP is significant in peat for scrub. The relationship between pH and GWP is significant in peat for pineapple and scrub.

ABSTRACT "In Cuba, agriculture is responsible for 20% of Greenhouse Gas emissions, making it the second largest emitting sector. This research aims to estimate the Greenhouse Gas emissions in the Agriculture sector in the province of Cienfuegos in the period 2010-2020. The methodologies used were the Guidelines of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change of 2006. In 2020, the GHG emissions from the Agriculture sector in the province of Cienfuegos were 309.4 Gg CO2eq (representing a 28.9% decrease compared to 2010). Of these emissions, 60.3% corresponded to methane (CH4), 39.5% to nitrous oxide (N2O), and the remaining 0.1% to carbon dioxide (CO2). CH4 emissions amounted to 186.9 Gg CO2eq and mainly came from enteric fermentation of livestock, which contributed 169.0 Gg CO2eq (90.5% of the total). N2O emissions from the sector amounted to 116.9 Gg CO2eq and mainly came from activities related to agricultural soils, with direct livestock excreta in pastures being the subcategory that contributed the most N2O in the province with 81.3 Gg CO2eq, representing 69.6% of the total. Finally, CO2 emissions solely came from the application of urea. The emissions inventory of the Agriculture sector in the province of Cienfuegos is a valuable tool for making local-level decisions, prioritizing mitigation actions and measures in line with national goals, supporting development, as well as implementing and monitoring the impact of such actions."

RESUMEN En Cuba la agricultura es responsable del 20% de las emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero, siendo el segundo sector más emisor. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo estimar las emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero en el sector Agricultura en la provincia de Cienfuegos en el período 2010-2020. Se utilizaron como metodologías las Directrices del Panel Intergubernamental sobre Cambio Climático del 2006. En 2020, las emisiones de GEI del sector Agricultura en la provincia de Cienfuegos, fueron de 309.4 Gg CO2eq (representa un 28.9% menor que el año 2010). Del total de estas emisiones, el 60.3% correspondió al metano (CH4), el 39.5% al óxido nitroso (N2O) y el restante 0.1% al dióxido de carbono (CO2). Las emisiones de CH4 ascienden a 186.9 Gg CO2eq y provienen principalmente de la fermentación entérica del ganado, actividad que aporta 169.0 Gg CO2eq, (90.5% de las mismas). Las emisiones de N2O del sector ascienden a 116.9 Gg CO2eq y provienen principalmente de las actividades vinculadas a los suelos agrícolas, siendo las excretas directas del ganado en pasturas la subcategoría que más aporta N2O en la provincia con 81.3 Gg CO2eq y representa el 69.6% de ellas. Por último, las emisiones de CO2 provienen en su totalidad de la aplicación de urea. El inventario de emisiones del Sector Agricultura en la provincia de Cienfuegos constituye una herramienta valiosa para tomar decisiones a nivel local, priorizar acciones y medidas de mitigación acorde a las metas nacionales, apoyar el desarrollo, así como implementar y monitorear el impacto de dichas acciones.

Abstract Replacing limestone filler by waste marble dust is one of the paths to explore, at a regional level, to stimulate circularity and reduce environmental burdens of ornamental stone processing. This study investigated six blended cements which combined supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) and limestone filler or waste marble dust, with a clinker factor of 50%. Compressive strength was determined at 3, 7, 28 and 91 days and evaluated based on the criteria standardized in ABNT NBR 16697:2018. The cementing efficiency at 7 and 28 days of the set of mineral admixtures used and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions intensity of each cement were also calculated. The synergy between the combinations reduced the clinker factor and cement GHG emissions, whilst preserving the mechanical performance required by the construction market. explore level processing SCMs (SCMs 50 50% 3 2 9 166972018. 166972018 16697 2018. 2018 16697:2018 (GHG calculated market 5 16697201 1669 201 16697:201 1669720 166 20 16697:20 166972 16 16697:2 1 16697:

Resumo A substituição de filer calcário por resíduo de serragem de mármore é uma das alternativas, em escala regional, para estimular a circularidade e reduzir os impactos ambientais do beneficiamento de rochas ornamentais. Este artigo investigou seis cimentos compostos a partir da combinação de materiais cimentícios suplementares, filer calcário ou resíduo de serragem de mármore, com um fator clínquer de 50%. A resistência à compressão foi avaliada nas idades de 3, 7, 28 e 91 dias, com base nos critérios da ABNT NBR 16697:2018. A eficiência cimentícia foi determinada aos 7 e 28 dias de idade e a intensidade de emissões de gases de efeito estufa (GEE) de cada cimento também foi calculada. A sinergia entre as adições minerais possibilitou a redução do fator clínquer e das emissões de gases de efeito estufa dos cimentos estudados, ao mesmo tempo em que assegurou o atendimento de exigências de desempenho mecânico do mercado de construção. alternativas regional ornamentais suplementares 50 50% 3 2 9 166972018. 166972018 16697 2018. 2018 16697:2018 GEE (GEE calculada estudados construção 5 16697201 1669 201 16697:201 1669720 166 20 16697:20 166972 16 16697:2 1 16697:

ABSTRACT Since the industrial revolution, human activities have emitted approximately 2,500 Gt of CO2, increasing the concentration of atmospheric CO2 by 50 % compared to pre-industrial levels. To better understand the potential for mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through proper management of degraded pasture areas, we conducted a systematic literature review and identified 23 publications reporting carbon sequestration values for pastures managed under different conditions in the south and southeast regions of Brazil. From this dataset, 17 publications considered to be in line with the research premises were selected to estimate the potential for soil carbon sequestration (SEQ) through pasture recovery in the southern region of Brazil, using conservative and regenerative agricultural management practices. Results show that managed pastures can sustain carbon sequestration rates of around 2.50 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 over approximately 20 years. However, due to the numerous variables influencing SEQ rates, the limited number of publications, and the lack of data for some variables among them, a more extensive analysis of publications and data is needed to establish causal and preponderance relationships regarding the effect of each variable on the found SEQ rates. Under current pasture occupation conditions in Brazil’s south region, it is estimated these areas could sequester between 0.433 and 1.273 Gt CO2 at the end of 20 years if managed under appropriate practices. These numbers are not representative to reduce atmospheric CO2 concentration from legacy emissions and significantly mitigate physical impacts of climate change, reinforcing the importance of prioritizing the reduction of global GHG emissions as the primary mitigation strategy. On the other hand, from the perspective of mitigating the national agricultural sector’s annual GHG emissions, this potential cannot be considered negligible. Carbon sequestration by soils under agricultural management can play a vital role in mitigating climate change, integrating the set of necessary solutions and actions for a Paris Agreement goals compatible trajectory of limiting global warming to between 1.5 and 2 °C by the end of the century. revolution 2500 500 2,50 CO 5 preindustrial pre levels (GHG Brazil dataset 1 (SEQ practices 250 2.5 ha1 ha ha- yr1 yr yr- However them Brazils s 0433 0 433 0.43 1273 273 1.27 change strategy hand sectors sector negligible 15 1. century 2,5 25 2. 043 43 0.4 127 27 1.2 2, 04 4 0. 12

Abstract Deforestation is a process caused by human actions, leading to the destruction and erosion of the regeneration capacity, which results in the loss of species, as well as dire consequences for ecosystems. In this sense, this research analyzes the importance of carbon credits as an alternative to mitigate deforestation in Colombia, since they represent a means to counteract climate change proposed by the Kyoto Protocol, taking into account the high carbon emissions of Greenhouse Gases (GHG). With the use of a descriptive analytical methodology, it was possible to demonstrate that in Colombia projections and strategies have been adopted toward the recovery, maintenance, and management of forests, with social participation of the communities to counteract deforestation in the territories, recognizing the commitment environmental by the different actors, aiming to reduce the CO2 footprint in Colombian ecosystems, the above thanks to the commercialization of carbon credits. actions capacity species ecosystems sense Protocol GHG. GHG . (GHG) methodology recovery maintenance forests territories actors CO (GHG

Resumo O desmatamento é um processo causado por ações humanas que resulta na destruição e no esgotamento da capacidade de regeneração, levando à perda de espécies, bem como a consequências adversas para os ecossistemas. Nesse sentido, esta pesquisa analisa a importância dos créditos de carbono como uma alternativa para mitigar o desmatamento na Colômbia, pois eles representam um meio de combater as mudanças climáticas em harmonia com o proposto pelo Protocolo de Kyoto, considerando as altas emissões de gases de efeito estufa (GEE). Com o uso de uma metodologia analítica descritiva, foi possível demonstrar que a Colômbia adotou projeções e estratégias voltadas à recuperação, manutenção e gestão de florestas, com a participação social das comunidades para combater o desmatamento nos territórios, reconhecendo o compromisso ambiental dos diferentes atores e visando reduzir a emissão de CO2 nos ecossistemas colombianos, graças à comercialização de créditos de carbono. regeneração espécies sentido Kyoto GEE. GEE . (GEE) descritiva recuperação florestas territórios CO colombianos (GEE

Resumen La deforestación es un proceso ocasionado por acciones humanas que provoca la destrucción y desgaste de la capacidad de regeneración, lo que lleva a la pérdida de especies, así como consecuencias nefastas para los ecosistemas. En ese sentido, la presente investigación analiza la importancia de los bonos de carbono como alternativa para mitigar la deforestación en Colombia, debido a que estos representan un medio para contrarrestar el cambio climático en armonía con el propuesto por el Protocolo de Kyoto, teniendo en cuenta las altas emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI). Con el uso de una metodología analítico descriptiva se pudo demostrar que en Colombia se han adoptado proyecciones y estrategias que apuntan a la recuperación, mantenimiento y gestión de los bosques, con participación social de las comunidades para contrarrestar la deforestación en los territorios, reconociendo el compromiso ambiental por parte de los diferentes actores y que apuntan a reducir la huella de CO2 en los ecosistemas colombianos, lo anterior gracias a la comercialización de bonos de carbono. regeneración especies sentido Kyoto GEI. GEI . (GEI) recuperación bosques territorios CO colombianos (GEI

ABSTRACT This paper aimed to analyse the role of the BNDES in promoting the ‘green economy’ in Brazil over the past decade. We defend that, as a development bank, BNDES is an essential player in encouraging investments that are low-emission, environmentally sustainable, and climate-change resilient. The paper is organized as follows. After the introduction, section 2 delves into the role to be played by development banks in promoting environmentally sustainable, low GHG emission economies. Section 3 analyses the BNDES’ disbursements in the green economy between 2010 and 2021. Section 4 highlights the mobilization of BNDES resources for the green economy, including the management of environmental and climate funds, as well as the issuance of green and sustainable bonds. Finally, concluding remarks are presented. decade bank lowemission, lowemission emission, low-emission climatechange change resilient follows introduction economies 201 2021 funds bonds Finally presented 20 202

RESUMO Este artigo teve como objetivo analisar o papel do BNDES na promoção da ‘economia verde’ no Brasil na última década. Defendemos que, como banco de desenvolvimento, o BNDES é um ator essencial no incentivo a investimentos de baixa emissão, ambientalmente sustentáveis e resilientes às mudanças climáticas. Para tanto, está organizado da seguinte forma. Após a introdução, a seção 2 investiga o papel a desempenhar pelos bancos de desenvolvimento na promoção de economias ambientalmente sustentáveis e com baixas emissões de GEE. Na seção 3, os desembolsos do BNDES na economia verde são analisados. A seção 4 destaca a mobilização de recursos do BNDES para a economia verde durante o mesmo período, incluindo a gestão de fundos ambientais e climáticos, bem como a emissão de títulos verdes e sustentáveis. Por fim, são apresentadas considerações finais. década que climáticas tanto forma introdução GEE 3 analisados período climáticos fim finais

Abstract Global warming is attributed to the increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O). Land use changes significantly impact on GHG emissions, accounting for approximately 44% of the country’s emissions in 2019. This review addresses the main pathways of GHG formation in the soil, focusing on the influence of land use changes on GHG emissions. It is found that soil CO2 emissions are related to root respiration, microorganisms, and organic matter (OM) decomposition in the soil. Changes in land use can alter soil characteristics, favoring increased CO2 emissions. Soil CH4 emissions occur under anaerobic conditions by methanogenic microorganisms; however, land use changes, such as forest conversion to pasture, can increase CH4 emissions due to a higher concentration of methanogenic microorganisms in the soil. On the other hand, N2O is produced in the soil during nitrification and denitrification processes by microorganisms, and nitrogen fertilization in agricultural areas can increase N2O emissions, especially when associated with soil moisture and the availability of organic carbon. It is important to understand the dynamics of GHG formation and emissions resulting from land use changes because efficient management strategies can reduce these emissions and contribute to Brazil’s goals for GHG reduction as established in international agreements. (GHG CO2, CO , (CO2) CH4, CH (CH4) N2O. NO . N O (N2O) 44 countrys country s 2019 respiration OM (OM characteristics however pasture hand Brazils Brazil agreements (CO2 (CH4 (N2O 4 201 (CO (CH 20 2

Resumo O aquecimento global é atribuído ao aumento das emissões de gases de efeito estufa (GEE), como dióxido de carbono (CO2), metano (CH4) e óxido nitroso (N2O). As mudanças no uso da terra têm impactos significativos nas emissões de GEE, sendo responsáveis por aproximadamente 44% das emissões do país em 2019. Essa é uma revisão que aborda as principais rotas de formação dos GEE no solo com foco na influência das mudanças do uso da terra nas emissões de GEE. Constata-se que as emissões de CO2 pelo solo estão relacionadas à respiração de raízes, microrganismos e decomposição da matéria orgânica (MO) do solo, assim mudanças no uso da terra podem alterar as características do solo, favorecendo a intensificação das emissões de CO2. As emissões de CH4 pelo solo ocorrem em condições de anaerobiose por microrganismos metanogênicos, no entanto as mudanças no uso da terra, como a conversão de florestas em pastagens, podem aumentar as emissões de CH4 devido a uma maior concentração de microrganismos metanogênicos no solo. Já o N2O é produzido no solo durante o processo de nitrificação e desnitrificação por microrganismos, e a fertilização nitrogenada em áreas agrícolas pode aumentar as emissões de N2O, especialmente quando associada à umidade e disponibilidade de carbono orgânico no solo. Destaca-se a importância de compreender as dinâmicas de formação e emissão de GEE decorrentes das mudanças de uso da terra, pois estratégias eficientes de manejo podem reduzir essas emissões e contribuir para o cumprimento das metas do Brasil em relação à redução de GEE estabelecidas em acordos internacionais. , (GEE) CO2, CO (CO2) CH (CH4 N2O. NO . N (N2O) 44 2019 Constatase Constata se raízes MO (MO pastagens Destacase Destaca internacionais (GEE (CO2 (CH (N2O 4 201 (CO 20 2

Abstract The Oil and Gas (O&G) sector is facing unprecedented challenges regarding greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, urging rapid decarbonization actions in line with global imperatives. This comprehensive review article delves into the crucial role of industry standards in spearheading transformative efforts. It synthesizes findings from a literature review, offering insights into real-world implementation cases within the O&G industry, and integrates perspectives from specialists through qualitative research. Key standards from the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), notably TC 301 and ISO 50001, are highlighted for their pivotal role in promoting energy management systems as essential tools for GHG mitigation. These standards not only advocate for energy-saving practices but also emphasize structured energy management to effectively reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Additionally, the influential ISO/TC 67 orchestrates a comprehensive suite of standards tailored for the O&G industry, facilitating its adaptation to evolving technological and environmental landscapes. Complementary collaborative initiatives such as IPIECA, OGCI, and IOGP emerge as vital forces in promoting operational and strategic solutions. Through this review study, the intertwined relationship between energy management and GHG emission reductions is elucidated, underscoring how industry standards and collective efforts can drive the O&G sector towards a more sustainable future in alignment with global environmental ambitions. OG O G (O&G (GHG emissions imperatives realworld real world research ISO, , (ISO) 30 50001 mitigation energysaving saving Additionally ISOTC 6 landscapes IPIECA OGCI solutions study elucidated ambitions (ISO 3 5000 500 50 5

Abstract The agricultural sector is one of the most polluting economic activities, contributing significantly to greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions. Brazil is one of the largest agricultural producers worldwide and plays a major role in reducing the environmental impact of this sector. Here, we aimed to determine the impact of the agricultural sector, with special attention to production, prices, and trade openness, on the short- and long-term GHGs emissions of Brazilian agriculture. Employing data from 1974 to 2019, we tested the cointegration of variables and compared the determinants of GHG emissions using Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) and Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) methods. Our results show a long-term equilibrium trend for Brazilian agricultural GHGs emissions, a result that correlates with emerging environmental compliance, and society demands the adoption of sustainable technologies, processes, and policies. In the short run, both cattle herds and Agricultural Added Value to GDP per capita showed an expected positive and significant contribution to GHGs emissions, while agricultural crop area demonstrated an inverse relationship. The trade openness index confirmed that foreign trade plays an important role in reducing GHGs emissions. The price index is not significant in our models. Both the private and public sectors have important roles in sustainable agriculture, especially in increasing system efficiency through the adoption of management and technologies that reduce GHG emissions levels. activities (GHGs Here production prices longterm long term agriculture 197 2019 ARDL (ARDL VECM (VECM methods compliance processes policies run relationship models levels 19 201 1 20 2

ABSTRACT The emissions of CH4 and CO2, the primary greenhouse gases, have a significant impact on radiative forcing. This study investigated these gases along the Cananéia-Iguape estuarine system on the southern coast of the State of São Paulo, Brazil, which is a mangrove region characterized by low anthropogenic impact and a sparse population. As such, this area provides an ideal location for identifying natural emissions and background concentrations. The data for this study were collected using a portable gas analyzer (LGR-ICOSTM GLA131), known for its high sensitivity and precision in detecting gases, mounted on a research boat. The results obtained were promising for both gases. A small variability in CH4 concentrations was observed along the route, ranging from 1.84 ppm to 1.95 ppm, while CO2, showed greater variation in values obtained during routes, ranging from approximately 411 ppm to 575 ppm. This study underscores the importance of investigating areas with minimal environmental impact. Together with future analyses, this research should help improve Greenhouse Gas (GHG) inventories in Brazil by providing valuable baseline data for comparisons with more impacted areas. CH CO2 CO forcing CananéiaIguape Cananéia Iguape Paulo population such LGRICOSTM LGR ICOSTM GLA131, GLA131 GLA , GLA131) boat route 184 1 84 1.8 195 95 1.9 routes 41 57 analyses GHG (GHG GLA13 18 8 1. 19 9 4 5 GLA1

Abstract This study evaluates the conditioning factors of hospitalizations for respiratory diseases for the Legal Amazon, at the municipal level, in the period 2000-2019, using models addressing spatial dependence. The results of the Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis suggest the existence of “clusters” in a High-High pattern in the Arc of Deforestation region and in the northeastern part of that region. The econometric results indicated the presence of unobserved effects, being more adequate the estimation by the Spatial Autocorrelation Model (SAC). The variables deforestation, population density, Greenhouse Gases (GHG) emissions and rural credit had a positive impact, while the capital-labor ratio and precipitation had a negative impact. Amazon level 20002019, 20002019 2000 2019, 2019 2000-2019 dependence clusters “clusters HighHigh High effects SAC. SAC . (SAC) deforestation density GHG (GHG impact capitallabor capital labor 2000201 200 201 2000-201 (SAC 200020 20 2000-20 20002 2 2000-2 2000-

Resumo Este estudo avalia os condicionantes das internações por doenças respiratórias para a região da Amazônia Legal, no âmbito municipal, no período 2000-2019, com o emprego de modelos abordando a dependência espacial. Os resultados da Análise Exploratória de Dados Espaciais sugerem a existência de clusters em um padrão Alto-Alto na região do Arco do Desmatamento e na parte nordeste da referida região. Os resultados indicaram a ocorrência de efeitos não observados nas internações por doenças respiratórias, sendo adequada a estimação pelo modelo Spatial Autocorrelation Model (SAC). As variáveis desmatamento, densidade populacional, emissão de Gases do Efeito Estufa (GEE) e crédito rural influenciaram positivamente, ao passo que razão capital-trabalho e precipitação afetaram de maneira negativa as internações por doenças respiratórias. Legal municipal 20002019, 20002019 2000 2019, 2019 2000-2019 espacial AltoAlto Alto SAC. SAC . (SAC) desmatamento populacional GEE (GEE positivamente capitaltrabalho capital trabalho 2000201 200 201 2000-201 (SAC 200020 20 2000-20 20002 2 2000-2 2000-

ABSTRACT The largest proportion of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the Agriculture sector of the Brazilian national GHG inventory is derived from the large (>200 million head) herd of cattle. The greatest contribution to these emissions comes from the enteric methane from cattle, but the direct and indirect emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) from cattle excreta and N fertilizer are responsible for approximately 9 % of all national anthropogenic GHG emissions. Ammonia (NH3) can be volatilized from N fertilizer and cattle excreta and deposited in sites remote from the source, constituting an indirect source of N2O. This study aimed to determine whether direct N2O emissions and NH3 volatilization from N-fertilized pastures were greater than those derived from a mixed grass-legume pasture without N fertilizer addition. Emissions of N2O and NH3 from excreta and N fertilizer from a Palisade grass (Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu) monoculture fertilized with 2 × 60 kg N ha-1 yr-1 urea were compared to those from a mixed Palisade grass-forage peanut (Arachis pintoi) pasture. Dung and urine were collected from these cattle, and NH3 losses and N2O emissions from the excreta and from N fertilizer were monitored using static chamber techniques. Volatilization of NH3 and N2O emissions were found to be greater from urine than from dung. Ammonia losses from excreta and urea fertilizer were low, not exceeding 6.8, 1.1, and 4.7 % of the N applied as urine, dung, and fertilizer, respectively. The N2O emissions showed a tendency to be greater for the urine from the N-fertilized compared to the mixed grass-legume pasture, and the N2O emissions from the urine of the N-fertilized pasture ranged from 0.08 to 0.94 % of applied urine N. The N2O emission from the N fertilizer was at maximum 0.46 % of the applied N. The direct N2O emissions and the loss of NH3 by volatilization (indirect N2O emission) from the excreta of cattle grazing the mixed grass-legume pasture were similar to, or lower than, the grazed grass monoculture fertilized with 120 kg N ha-1 yr-1. As the mixed pasture received no N fertilizer and hence no GHG emission from its manufacture or application, introducing forage peanut to the Urochloa brizantha pastures shows potential to be responsible for lower GHG emissions than the N fertilized grass pasture. (GHG >200 200 (>20 head NO O (N2O NH (NH3 Nfertilized grasslegume legume addition cv Marandu 6 ha1 ha 1 ha- yr1 yr yr- grassforage Arachis pintoi techniques dung low 68 8 6.8 11 1.1 47 4 7 4. respectively 008 0 08 0.0 094 94 0.9 046 46 0.4 12 yr1. 1. application >20 20 (>2 (NH 6. 00 0. 09 04 >2 (> > (

At sewage treatment plants, sludge management remains a bottleneck, requiring efficient and cost-effective solutions for treating this solid byproduct. It is known that the presence of plants can accelerate the sludge drying process, as a result, vertically flowed constructed wetlands (VFCWs) have been evaluated as alternatives to traditional drying beds. Though, for better applicability of this technology, this study premised on evaluating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in VFCWs constructed for anaerobic sludge treatment. To compare GHG emissions across different seasonal conditions, three configurations were tested: four units planted with Tifton-85 grass (Cynodon spp.), four units planted with elephant grass (Cenchrus purpureus), four control units without vegetation presence, with four sludge loading rates in each configuration: 75, 100, 150, and 200 kg TS (total solids) m-2 year-1. Higher sludge loading rates led to increased methane emissions, with emissions escalating during the rainy season. Methane emissions decreased towards the end of the resting period. The presence of vegetation reduced methane emissions mainly during the resting period due to increased aeration of the units. The conditions that would provide lower GHG emissions would be with loads of up to 100 kg m-2 year-1, in units planted with Tifton grass. bottleneck costeffective cost effective byproduct process result (VFCWs beds Though technology (GHG tested Tifton85 85 Tifton-8 Cynodon spp., spp spp. , spp.) Cenchrus purpureus, purpureus purpureus) configuration 75 150 20 total solids m2 m 2 m- year1. year1 year 1. 1 year-1 season 10 year1, 1, Tifton8 8 Tifton- 7 15 year-

Abstract Seaweed plays a significant role in reducing green-house gasses (GHG) emitted by ruminant animals, in particular methane gas (CH4) generated during rumen fermentation of the feed. Euchaema cottonii is one of potential cultivated seaweed in tropical country. A preservation procedure is necessary for further application in CH4 reduction program. The study looked at how three drying methods (sun drying, oven drying, and freeze drying) affected the E.cottonii ability in reducing CH4 methane as measured by an in vitro technique. The addition of dried E. cottonii up to 4% dry matter (DM) was tested using rice straw diets mixed with concentrate in the ratio of 70%:30% in DM base. Measurements was conducted on gas production, degradability and end product of rumen fermentation during 48-hour incubation using a gas production system and ANKOM Daisy II techniques. Overall, the three dried products of E. cottonii found to considerably lower production of CH4, increased DM and OM degradability as well as total VFA production (P<0.05). The three treatments have no effect on NH3 concentration and the bacterial population, but decreased protozoa population (P<0.01). The lowering of CH4 gas production in the rumen is impacted by all three drying methods in the same way. It is concluded that dried E.cottonii addition up to 4% DM effective in depressing enteric CH4 production, without causing negative effect on DM and OM degradability as well as did not depress total VFA formation and bacterial activities. The three different drying-methods have similar effect on reducing CH4 production, with the most affective is freeze-drying method greenhouse green house GHG (GHG animals CH (CH4 feed country program sun Ecottonii E technique 4 (DM 70%30% 7030 70% 30% 70 30 70%:30 base 48hour hour 48 techniques Overall P<0.05. P005 P P<0.05 . 0 05 (P<0.05) NH P<0.01. P001 P<0.01 01 (P<0.01) way activities dryingmethods freezedrying (CH 70%30 703 7 3 70%:3 P00 P<0.0 (P<0.05 (P<0.01 70%3 70%: P0 P<0. (P<0.0 P<0 (P<0. P< (P<0 (P< (P

Resumo As algas desempenham um papel significativo na redução dos gases de efeito estufa (GEE) emitidos pelos ruminantes, em particular o gás metano (CH4) gerado durante a fermentação ruminal do alimento. Euchaema cottonii é uma espécie de alga potencialmente cultivada em países tropicais. Um procedimento de conservação é necessário para uma aplicação futura no programa de redução de CH4. O estudo analisou como três métodos de secagem (secagem solar, secagem em forno e secagem por congelamento) afetaram a capacidade de E.cottonii em reduzir o metano CH4, medida por uma técnica in vitro. A adição de E. cottonii seco até 4% de matéria seca (MS) foi testada usando dietas de palha de arroz misturadas com concentrado na proporção de 70%:30% na base de MS. Foram realizadas medições da produção de gás, degradabilidade e o produto final da fermentação ruminal durante 48 horas de incubação usando um sistema de produção de gás e técnicas da ANKOM Daisy II. No geral, os três produtos secos de E. cottonii foram encontrados para reduzir consideravelmente a produção de CH4, aumentar a degradabilidade de MS e MO, bem como a produção total de VFA (P<0.05). Os três tratamentos não tiveram efeito na concentração de NH3 e na população bacteriana, mas diminuíram a população de protozoários (P<0.01). A redução da projeção de gás CH4 no rúmen foi afetada por todos os três métodos de secagem da mesma forma. Conclui-se que a adição de E.cottonii até 4% de MS é eficaz na redução da produção de CH4 entérico, sem causar efeito negativo na degradabilidade de MS e MO, bem como não reduziu a formação total de VFA e atividades bacterianas. Os três diferentes métodos de secagem têm efeito semelhante na redução da produção de CH4, sendo o método de secagem por congelamento o mais eficaz. GEE (GEE ruminantes CH (CH4 alimento tropicais solar Ecottonii E vitro 4 (MS 70%30% 7030 70% 30% 70 30 70%:30 II geral MO P<0.05. P005 P P<0.05 . 0 05 (P<0.05) NH bacteriana P<0.01. P001 P<0.01 01 (P<0.01) forma Concluise Conclui se entérico bacterianas (CH 70%30 703 7 3 70%:3 P00 P<0.0 (P<0.05 (P<0.01 70%3 70%: P0 P<0. (P<0.0 P<0 (P<0. P< (P<0 (P< (P

Resumen: El relleno sanitario abandonado en la ciudad de Veracruz, ubicado al norte del municipio, fue construido en el año 2000. Operó, para un tiempo de vida útil de 10 años, de acuerdo a la normatividad vigente en la época. Sin embargo, continuó su operación de manera irregular, colapsando y convirtiéndose en un sitio de disposición final controlado que fue clausurado por las autoridades ambientales estatales en el año 2019. Mediante el uso de imágenes satelitales de Google Earth y el uso de técnicas multicriterio se determinó que cuenta con una superficie de 167 228 m² y un volumen acumulado de residuos de 1 505 052 m³. Se utilizó el Modelo Mexicano de Biogás 2.0 para estimar la generación de Biogás, que hasta el año 2023 fue de un total de 2 898 064 toneladas de Biogás. Con la ayuda de la metodología para el cálculo de efecto invernadero por residuos sólidos urbanos se determinó que en este mismo período se emitieron un total de 2 522 057.3 toneladas de dióxido de carbono, 1 162 154.8 toneladas de metano y 47 115.9 toneladas de óxido nitroso, lo que representa un total de 47.5 Mt CO2eq. Lo dicho evidencia la importancia de minimizar las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, así como su impacto al ambiente por el calentamiento global de la atmósfera, sobre todo en el ecosistema costero en el que se asienta el municipio de Veracruz, México.

Abstract: The Abandoned Sanitary Landfill of the City of Veracruz, located to the north of the municipality, was built in the year 2000 and operated according to the regulations in force at the time, for a useful life of 10 years. However, it continued its operation irregularly, collapsing and becoming a controlled final disposal site that was closed by the state environmental authorities in 2019. Through the use of Google Earth satellite images using multicriteria techniques, it was determined that it has an area of 167 228 m² and an accumulated volume of waste of 1 505 052 m³, The Mexican Biogas Model 2.0 was used to estimate the generation of biogas that until the year 2023 was a total of 2 898 064 tons of biogas and with the help of the methodology for the greenhouse effect calculation for urban solid waste. It was determined that in this same period a total of 2 522 057.3 tons of carbon dioxide, 1 162 154.8 tons of methane and 47 115.9 tons of nitrous oxide were emitted. Which represents a total of 47.5 Mt CO2eq, which shows the importance of minimizing greenhouse gas emissions and their impact on the environment due to global warming of the atmosphere, especially in the coastal ecosystem where the municipality of Veracruz, Mexico is located.