ABSTRACT Research on genetic improvement for the cultivation of lulo (Solanum quitoense Lam.) in Colombia is limited. Specifically, research related to genotype-by-environment interaction (GEI) and stability in agronomic traits is scarce. This study aimed to identify superior genotypes by evaluating GEI and the stability of fruit weight (FW), ascorbic acid (AA), and yield among 10 half-sib families (HSF). Four trials were established at San Pedro de Cartago, Arboleda, Tangua and La Union of the department of Nariño (Colombia), using the randomized complete block design with four repetitions. To analyze GEI, the additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model and some AMMI stability parameters were used. In Tangua, HSF7 and the control exhibited specific adaptation with yields of 12.82 and 13.41 t ha-1, respectively, and FW greater than 100 g. In Arboleda, HSF29 obtained the highest yield (16.14 t ha-1) with an FW of 100.53 g. HSF4, HSF28 and HSF49 reached yields above 9.0 t ha-1 and a FW greater than 100 g, indicating their stability and suitability for any of the environments evaluated. HSF25 in AA and HSF29 in yield presented specific adaptation in Arboleda. Stable families across environments with good yield were HSF4, HSF28, and HSF49, with HSF4 and HSF28 showing higher values in two of the three traits, and HSF49 excelling in all three variables. These families can be used in plant breeding programs as parents or distributed to farmers as improved varieties.

RESUMEN La investigación sobre mejoramiento genético para el cultivo de lulo (Solanum quitoense Lam.) en Colombia es limitada. Especificamente, la investigación relacionada con la interacción genotipo-ambiente (IGA) y la estabilidad en caracteres agronómicos es escasa. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar genotipos sobresalientes mediante la evaluación de la IGA y la estabilidad del peso del fruto (PF), ácido ascórbico (AA) y rendimiento de 10 familias de medio hermanos (FMH). Se establecieron cuatro ensayos en San Pedro de Cartago, Arboleda, Tangua y La Unión del departamento de Nariño (Colombia), utilizando el diseño de bloques completos al azar con cuatro repeticiones. Para analizar el IGA se utilizó el modelo aditivo de efectos principales e interacción multiplicativa (AMMI) y algunos parámetros de estabilidad AMMI. En Tangua, FMH7 y el control presentaron adaptación específica con rendimientos de 12,82 y 13,41 t ha-1, respectivamente y PF mayor a 100 g. En Arboleda, la FMH29 obtuvo el mayor rendimiento (16,14 t ha-1) con un PF de 100,53 g. FMH4, FMH28 y FMH49 alcanzaron rendimientos superiores a 9,0 t ha-1 y un PF mayor a 100 g, lo que indica su estabilidad e idoneidad para cualquiera de los ambientes evaluados. FMH25 en AA y FMH29 en rendimiento presentaron adaptación específica en Arboleda. Las familias estables en ambientes con buen rendimiento fueron FMH4, FMH28 y FMH49, donde FMH4 y FMH28 mostraron valores superiores en dos de los tres caracteres, y FMH49 destacó en las tres variables. Estas familias pueden utilizarse en programas de fitomejoramiento como parentales o entregarse a los agricultores como variedades mejoradas.

Science investments should benefit everyone; however, research still predominantly lacks gender integration, resulting in incomplete findings and inequitable outcomes. Moreover, despite some progress, gender disparities persist in the research workforce. Research funders, including science granting councils, are pivotal in driving gender transformation through shaping knowledge production and research infrastructure. We report on key findings from the Science Granting Councils Initiative (SGCI) in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) Gender Equality and Inclusivity (GEI) Project - a multi-year participatory intervention aimed at strengthening the capacities of councils to integrate GEI across their functions. Participating councils were located in 13 African countries, and their actions spanned four domains: building organisational GEI infrastructure; reshaping norms, practices, and power relations that perpetuate gender inequality; implementing targeted measures to address women's unequal access to resources and research opportunities; and promoting collective ownership of efforts to advance GEI in the research and innovation ecosystem. SIGNIFICANCE: • Achieving gender transformation in research and innovation hinges on addressing two intertwined challenges: structural gender inequality in higher education and research institutions, and a lack of gender integration in research content and design. • Grant-makers influence decisions about who conducts and participates in research, the types of research approaches and topics prioritised, and the populations that benefit from research findings. Adopting a GEI lens in these decisions enhances research quality and promotes equity. • Our findings pinpoint entry points for leveraging grant-making practices to advance gender transformation and underscore the importance of rooting such interventions in context.

ABSTRACT "In Cuba, agriculture is responsible for 20% of Greenhouse Gas emissions, making it the second largest emitting sector. This research aims to estimate the Greenhouse Gas emissions in the Agriculture sector in the province of Cienfuegos in the period 2010-2020. The methodologies used were the Guidelines of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change of 2006. In 2020, the GHG emissions from the Agriculture sector in the province of Cienfuegos were 309.4 Gg CO2eq (representing a 28.9% decrease compared to 2010). Of these emissions, 60.3% corresponded to methane (CH4), 39.5% to nitrous oxide (N2O), and the remaining 0.1% to carbon dioxide (CO2). CH4 emissions amounted to 186.9 Gg CO2eq and mainly came from enteric fermentation of livestock, which contributed 169.0 Gg CO2eq (90.5% of the total). N2O emissions from the sector amounted to 116.9 Gg CO2eq and mainly came from activities related to agricultural soils, with direct livestock excreta in pastures being the subcategory that contributed the most N2O in the province with 81.3 Gg CO2eq, representing 69.6% of the total. Finally, CO2 emissions solely came from the application of urea. The emissions inventory of the Agriculture sector in the province of Cienfuegos is a valuable tool for making local-level decisions, prioritizing mitigation actions and measures in line with national goals, supporting development, as well as implementing and monitoring the impact of such actions."

RESUMEN En Cuba la agricultura es responsable del 20% de las emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero, siendo el segundo sector más emisor. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo estimar las emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero en el sector Agricultura en la provincia de Cienfuegos en el período 2010-2020. Se utilizaron como metodologías las Directrices del Panel Intergubernamental sobre Cambio Climático del 2006. En 2020, las emisiones de GEI del sector Agricultura en la provincia de Cienfuegos, fueron de 309.4 Gg CO2eq (representa un 28.9% menor que el año 2010). Del total de estas emisiones, el 60.3% correspondió al metano (CH4), el 39.5% al óxido nitroso (N2O) y el restante 0.1% al dióxido de carbono (CO2). Las emisiones de CH4 ascienden a 186.9 Gg CO2eq y provienen principalmente de la fermentación entérica del ganado, actividad que aporta 169.0 Gg CO2eq, (90.5% de las mismas). Las emisiones de N2O del sector ascienden a 116.9 Gg CO2eq y provienen principalmente de las actividades vinculadas a los suelos agrícolas, siendo las excretas directas del ganado en pasturas la subcategoría que más aporta N2O en la provincia con 81.3 Gg CO2eq y representa el 69.6% de ellas. Por último, las emisiones de CO2 provienen en su totalidad de la aplicación de urea. El inventario de emisiones del Sector Agricultura en la provincia de Cienfuegos constituye una herramienta valiosa para tomar decisiones a nivel local, priorizar acciones y medidas de mitigación acorde a las metas nacionales, apoyar el desarrollo, así como implementar y monitorear el impacto de dichas acciones.

ABSTRACT With global climate change, including unpredictable geographic and temporal weather patterns causing significant Genotype × Environment interaction (GEI), modelling by climate variables can reveal their influence on phenophases of maize (Zea mays L.) development. The objectives of this study were dissection of the phenotypic variation of grain yield of late maturity maize hybrids grown in multi-environment trial, and quantification of the influence of climatic factors on the GEI for each vegetative and reproductive phenophase. Eight FAO 700 maize hybrids were evaluated across five locations in Serbia during 2020 and 2021 years. The hierarchy of sources of variation according to three-way ANOVA were: Year (Y) > Location (L) > Location×Genotype (G) > L×Y×G > G > L×Y > Y×G. The average maximum temperature (mxt, 22.1%), average minimum temperature (mnt, 19.2%), average mean temperature (mt, 18.2%) and relative humidity (rh, 15.1%) in April significantly influenced emergence stage. The mxt (21.1%) and mt (15.7%) in May influenced significantly vegetative phases V1-V9. June contributed the largest percentage of the sum of squares of the GEI with mxt (25.2%), mnt (20.9%), mt (16.1%) influencing vegetative phases V10-V18 and tassel emergence. In July mxt (17%), mt (15.6%), precipitation sum (15.2%), and sunshine hours sum (15.1%), influenced R1, R2, R3, and R4 reproductive phases. In August mxt (23.2%), mnt (20.8%), mt (15.7%), rh (17.1%) influenced R5 reproductive phase. The extreme heat as a stressor had a more critical role for late maturity maize hybrids production than drought in crucial phenophases of maize development.

Abstract Deforestation is a process caused by human actions, leading to the destruction and erosion of the regeneration capacity, which results in the loss of species, as well as dire consequences for ecosystems. In this sense, this research analyzes the importance of carbon credits as an alternative to mitigate deforestation in Colombia, since they represent a means to counteract climate change proposed by the Kyoto Protocol, taking into account the high carbon emissions of Greenhouse Gases (GHG). With the use of a descriptive analytical methodology, it was possible to demonstrate that in Colombia projections and strategies have been adopted toward the recovery, maintenance, and management of forests, with social participation of the communities to counteract deforestation in the territories, recognizing the commitment environmental by the different actors, aiming to reduce the CO2 footprint in Colombian ecosystems, the above thanks to the commercialization of carbon credits. actions capacity species ecosystems sense Protocol GHG. GHG . (GHG) methodology recovery maintenance forests territories actors CO (GHG

Resumo O desmatamento é um processo causado por ações humanas que resulta na destruição e no esgotamento da capacidade de regeneração, levando à perda de espécies, bem como a consequências adversas para os ecossistemas. Nesse sentido, esta pesquisa analisa a importância dos créditos de carbono como uma alternativa para mitigar o desmatamento na Colômbia, pois eles representam um meio de combater as mudanças climáticas em harmonia com o proposto pelo Protocolo de Kyoto, considerando as altas emissões de gases de efeito estufa (GEE). Com o uso de uma metodologia analítica descritiva, foi possível demonstrar que a Colômbia adotou projeções e estratégias voltadas à recuperação, manutenção e gestão de florestas, com a participação social das comunidades para combater o desmatamento nos territórios, reconhecendo o compromisso ambiental dos diferentes atores e visando reduzir a emissão de CO2 nos ecossistemas colombianos, graças à comercialização de créditos de carbono. regeneração espécies sentido Kyoto GEE. GEE . (GEE) descritiva recuperação florestas territórios CO colombianos (GEE

Resumen La deforestación es un proceso ocasionado por acciones humanas que provoca la destrucción y desgaste de la capacidad de regeneración, lo que lleva a la pérdida de especies, así como consecuencias nefastas para los ecosistemas. En ese sentido, la presente investigación analiza la importancia de los bonos de carbono como alternativa para mitigar la deforestación en Colombia, debido a que estos representan un medio para contrarrestar el cambio climático en armonía con el propuesto por el Protocolo de Kyoto, teniendo en cuenta las altas emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI). Con el uso de una metodología analítico descriptiva se pudo demostrar que en Colombia se han adoptado proyecciones y estrategias que apuntan a la recuperación, mantenimiento y gestión de los bosques, con participación social de las comunidades para contrarrestar la deforestación en los territorios, reconociendo el compromiso ambiental por parte de los diferentes actores y que apuntan a reducir la huella de CO2 en los ecosistemas colombianos, lo anterior gracias a la comercialización de bonos de carbono. regeneración especies sentido Kyoto GEI. GEI . (GEI) recuperación bosques territorios CO colombianos (GEI

ABSTRACT The objective was to explore publications on the effects of genotype × environment interaction (GEI) in livestock farming. The dataset used for this analysis came from the Web of Science (WOS) database, and the search was carried out from the first article identified in the WOS database until the search date (August 17, 2023). A set of minimum parameters was defined, and then the data was processed using the VOSviewer® software. To generate visual representations in VOSviewer, fractional counting was used, in which the contribution of each article is divided proportionally based on the number of co-authors. Consequently, if an article has three authors, the weight of each author is calculated as 1/3. Brazil and the United States lead research on GEI, while India, China, and Uruguay are emerging countries on the subject. The most cited journals on GEI include the Journal of Animal Science, Journal of Dairy Science, Animal, Livestock Science, Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics, and Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia. In Brazil, the research groups are at the forefront of publications related to GEI. Ongoing climate changes over the years have likely led to further investigations into this matter. In the Brazilian context, research groups from the São Paulo State University (UNESP), College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences - Jaboticabal, and the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science at the University of São Paulo (FZEA/USP, Campus Pirassununga) have played a prominent role in advancing this area of study. Furthermore, our bibliometric analysis revealed future trends in GEI publications, including an increasing integration of genomic information into research. (GEI farming (WOS August 17 2023. 2023 . 2023) defined VOSviewer software coauthors. coauthors co authors. authors co-authors Consequently 13 1 3 1/3 India China subject Genetics Zootecnia matter context UNESP, UNESP , (UNESP) Jaboticabal FZEA/USP, FZEAUSP FZEA USP (FZEA/USP Pirassununga study Furthermore 202 1/ (UNESP FZEA/USP 20 2

Resumen: El relleno sanitario abandonado en la ciudad de Veracruz, ubicado al norte del municipio, fue construido en el año 2000. Operó, para un tiempo de vida útil de 10 años, de acuerdo a la normatividad vigente en la época. Sin embargo, continuó su operación de manera irregular, colapsando y convirtiéndose en un sitio de disposición final controlado que fue clausurado por las autoridades ambientales estatales en el año 2019. Mediante el uso de imágenes satelitales de Google Earth y el uso de técnicas multicriterio se determinó que cuenta con una superficie de 167 228 m² y un volumen acumulado de residuos de 1 505 052 m³. Se utilizó el Modelo Mexicano de Biogás 2.0 para estimar la generación de Biogás, que hasta el año 2023 fue de un total de 2 898 064 toneladas de Biogás. Con la ayuda de la metodología para el cálculo de efecto invernadero por residuos sólidos urbanos se determinó que en este mismo período se emitieron un total de 2 522 057.3 toneladas de dióxido de carbono, 1 162 154.8 toneladas de metano y 47 115.9 toneladas de óxido nitroso, lo que representa un total de 47.5 Mt CO2eq. Lo dicho evidencia la importancia de minimizar las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, así como su impacto al ambiente por el calentamiento global de la atmósfera, sobre todo en el ecosistema costero en el que se asienta el municipio de Veracruz, México.

Abstract: The Abandoned Sanitary Landfill of the City of Veracruz, located to the north of the municipality, was built in the year 2000 and operated according to the regulations in force at the time, for a useful life of 10 years. However, it continued its operation irregularly, collapsing and becoming a controlled final disposal site that was closed by the state environmental authorities in 2019. Through the use of Google Earth satellite images using multicriteria techniques, it was determined that it has an area of 167 228 m² and an accumulated volume of waste of 1 505 052 m³, The Mexican Biogas Model 2.0 was used to estimate the generation of biogas that until the year 2023 was a total of 2 898 064 tons of biogas and with the help of the methodology for the greenhouse effect calculation for urban solid waste. It was determined that in this same period a total of 2 522 057.3 tons of carbon dioxide, 1 162 154.8 tons of methane and 47 115.9 tons of nitrous oxide were emitted. Which represents a total of 47.5 Mt CO2eq, which shows the importance of minimizing greenhouse gas emissions and their impact on the environment due to global warming of the atmosphere, especially in the coastal ecosystem where the municipality of Veracruz, Mexico is located.

Resumen Los sistemas ganaderos pastoriles tienen el potencial de mitigar las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) y mejorar el balance de C mediante el secuestro de C en el suelo. La inclusión del balance de carbono orgánico del suelo (COS) en modelos de escala predial es necesaria para evaluar el balance de C de los sistemas lecheros pastoriles y de base pastoril intensificados. El objetivo de este trabajo fue presentar y evaluar la sensibilidad de un modelo simplificado desarrollado para estimar el balance de C de sistemas de producción de leche bovina de la región Pampeana. El modelo, denominado PastorC-Tambo, combina tres submodelos interrelacionados: un submodelo de consumo de materia seca (CMS), un submodelo de emisiones de GEI y un submodelo de balance de COS. Para evaluar la sensibilidad del modelo se simularon diferentes productividades del forraje (alta: 18, 7,5 y 27 t MS/ha, media: 12, 5 y 18 t MS/ha, y baja: 6, 2,5 y 9 t MS/ha, para alfalfa, avena y ensilaje de maíz, respectivamente), niveles de suplementación con concentrado (350, 250 y 150 g/l de leche para alto, medio y bajo, respectivamente), carga animal (entre 0,27 y 3,56 vacas/ha, simulando eficiencias de aprovechamiento en pastoreo de 25, 45, 65 y 85%), sistemas de tratamiento de efluentes y tiempos de ordeño para un sistema lechero representativo de la región. Las estimaciones del balance de C variaron entre -2,54 y 0,64 t C/ha. El balance mejoró con el aumento de la productividad del forraje y disminuyó a medida que aumentó la carga animal. A productividad del forraje y carga animal constantes, el aumento en el nivel de suplementación con concentrado mejoró el balance de C. Los sistemas de tratamiento de efluentes también tuvieron efecto sobre el balance de C. El almacenaje de efluentes en lagunas anaeróbicas presentó el balance de C más desfavorable, mientras que mejoró con la inclusión de separación de sólidos y reutilización agronómica. La digestión anaeróbica para la producción de biogás también mejoró el balance de C en comparación con las lagunas anaeróbicas. PastorC-Tambo demostró ser un modelo sensible para evaluar el balance de C en sistemas comerciales de producción de leche bovina de la región Pampeana.

Abstract Grazing systems have the potential to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and improve C balance through soil C sequestration. The inclusion of soil organic carbon (SOC) balance in farm scale models is needed to assess the C balance of grazing dairy systems. The objective of this work was to present and evaluate the sensitivity of a simplified model developed to estimate C balance of dairy production systems in the Pampas region of Argentina. The model, called PastorC-Tambo, combines three interrelated sub-models: a sub-model of dry matter intake (DMI), a sub-model of GHG emissions, and a sub-model of SOC balance. To assess the sensitivity of the model, different forage productivities (high: 18, 7.5, and 27 t DM/ha, medium: 12, 5 and 18 t DM/ha, and low: 6, 2.5, and 9 t DM/ha for alfalfa, oat, and maize silage, respectively), concentrate supplementation levels (350, 250, and 150 g/l milk for high, medium, and low, respectively), stocking rates (from 0.27 to 3.56 cows/ha, with use efficiencies of 25, 45, 65, and 85%), effluent treatment system, and milking time, were simulated for representative dairy production systems. C balance estimates ranged between -2.54 and 0.64 t C/ha. Balance improved with the rise in forage productivity and declined as stocking rates increased. Increased concentrate supplementation improved C balance at constant forage productivity and stocking rate. Effluent treatment systems also affected C balance. Storage in anaerobic lagoons had the lowest C balance, while the inclusion of solids separation and agronomic reuse improved it. Anaerobic digestion also increased the C balance compared to anaerobic lagoons. PastorC-Tambo proved to be sensitive to changes in the C balance of commercial dairy farms in the Pampas region of Argentina.

ABSTRACT Traditionally, to correct the acidity of soil, lime or agricultural dolomite is used, these conventional liming agents can bring as a secondary effect the decrease in soil organic matter (SOM), the carbon stock and the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG). Alkaline biochar is an alternative due to its stability and ability to obtain a positive carbon balance, improve agricultural soils and generate lower GHG emissions. We evaluated the CO2 emission and the physical and chemical properties of an acid soil when amended with biochar, lime, and agricultural dolomite in a greenhouse. versus a control (without amendment). Without cultivation, agricultural lime and biochar had a rapid reaction raising the pH close to 7; biochar increased the content of organic matter (+23%), nitrogen (+20%), available phosphorus (+116%), CEC (+46%) and exchangeable cations. Temporal CO2 emission within 24 hours increased with biochar (131%) and dolomite (+41%), although it decreased significantly afterwards. On the other hand, with the maize crop, the biochar maintained the desired pH value, and available phosphorus (+109%) and potassium (+224%), CEC (+6%) and exchangeable cations were higher; the temporary emission within 24 hours was higher for biochar (+314%), lime (+115%) and dolomite (+112%); and for the accumulated CO2, biochar presented the highest value (+53%). At day 56, CO2 emissions were not significantly different from the control for the three amendments, and even lower from day 75, which would mean a reduction in long-term emissions.

RESUMEN Tradicionalmente, para corregir la acidez del suelo se usa cal o dolomita agrícola, estos encalantes pueden tener como efecto secundario la disminución de materia orgánica del suelo (MOS), stock de carbono y emisión de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI). El biochar alcalino es una alternativa por su estabilidad y capacidad de obtener un balance positivo de carbono, mejorar los suelos agrícolas y generar menores emisiones de GEI. La emisión de CO2 y las propiedades físicas y químicas de un suelo ácido al ser enmendado con biochar, cal, dolomita agrícola versus un testigo (sin enmienda) se evaluaron en invernadero. Sin cultivo, la cal agrícola y biochar tuvieron una rápida reacción elevando el pH cerca de 7; el biochar aumentó el contenido de materia orgánica (+23%), nitrógeno (+20%), fósforo disponible (+116%), CIC (+46%) y cationes intercambiables. La emisión de CO2 temporal dentro de las 24 horas, aumentó con el biochar (+131%) y dolomita (+41%), aunque después disminuyó significativamente. Con el cultivo de maíz, el biochar mantuvo el valor deseado de pH, fueron mayores el fósforo (+109%) y potasio disponible (+224%), CIC (+6%) y cationes intercambiables; la emisión temporal dentro de las 24 horas fue mayor para el biochar (+314%), cal (+115%) y dolomita (+112%); y para el CO2 acumulado, el biochar presentó el mayor valor (+53%). Al día 56, las emisiones de CO2 no fueron significativamente diferentes al testigo para las tres enmiendas, y menores a partir del día 75, lo cual significaría una reducción en las emisiones a largo plazo.

Resumen En este trabajo desarrollamos un modelo de insumo-producto medioambiental para la economía mexicana con el fin de explorar qué tanto es posible reducir la emisión de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) en la economía para 2030. El modelo muestra cómo nuevas tecnologías aplicadas en subsectores seleccionados de la economía reducen las emisiones totales y estima los impactos de tales tecnologías en las emisiones anuales de GEI hasta 2030. Utilizamos esta metodología con el propósito de estimar dos trayectorias: una a la que llamamos “base” y otra que resulta de simular un cambio tecnológico en las ramas seleccionadas. A partir de los resultados, concluimos que el cambio tecnológico, aun limitado a unas cuantas ramas, tiende a producir efectos benéficos importantes en materia de reducción de GEI.

Abstract In this paper, we built an input-output environmental model for the Mexican economy to estimate the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions produced by this economy to the year 2030 and to explore the possibilities for their reduction. The model shows how innovative technologies applied in selected subsectors of the economy might reduce total emissions, through their direct and indirect effects on other sectors. We used the model to calculate two trajectories: one called “business as usual” and another that results from simulating a technological change in selected sectors. We conclude from the results that technological change, even limited to a few sectors, tends to produce important beneficial effects in terms of GHG reduction.

Abstract: The effect of Foreign Direct Investments (FDIs) on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, has attracted the attention of researchers in recent years. However, the indirect effects of environmental policies in the process were not sufficiently considered. This study uses a panel threshold methodology to examine the nonlinear impact of environmental policy stringency on the relationship between FDIs and GHG emissions in 25 OECD countries. Our results show a negative relationship between FDIs and GHG emissions if the countries have environmental policy stringency index above a threshold level of (2.22). The results are also supported by the fixed effects model, which indicates a threshold effect of (2.88). The threshold effect is mostly due to the stringency of nonmarket-based environmental policies.

Resumen: El efecto de las Inversiones Extranjeras Directas (IED) sobre las emisiones de gas de efecto invernadero (GEI) ha llamado la atención de los investigadores en los últimos años. Sin embargo, los efectos indirectos de las políticas ambientales en el proceso no fueron suficientemente considerados. Este estudio utiliza una metodología de umbral de panel para examinar el impacto no lineal del rigor de la política ambiental en la relación entre las IED y las emisiones de GEI en 25 países de la OCDE. Nuestros resultados muestran una relación negativa entre las IED y las emisiones de GEI si los países tienen un índice de rigor de la política ambiental por encima de un nivel de umbral de (2.22). Los resultados también están respaldados por el modelo de efectos fijos, que indica un efecto de umbral de (2.88). El efecto de umbral se debe principalmente a la rigurosidad de las políticas ambientales no basadas en el mercado.

RESUMEN La huella de carbono (HC) representa la sumatoria de gases de efecto invernadero emitidos por una persona, institución, programa o producto, y es la medida de uno de los impactos que provocan las actividades de la humanidad sobre el ambiente. El objetivo general de este trabajo fue estimar la HC del maíz producido en Córdoba, Argentina. El objetivo específico fue analizar la diferencia de HC a través de un manejo sitio-específico de la fertilización nitrogenada. La unidad declarada es: 1 t de grano en la puerta del campo. Los métodos utilizados siguen las normas ISO 14067 y las directrices del Panel Intergubernamental de Expertos sobre el Cambio Climático. Se utilizó información provista por la Bolsa de Cereales de Córdoba y de un ensayo a campo en Alejandro Roca, Córdoba. La HC resultó en 156,5 kg CO2 eq t-1 de maíz, promedio ponderado por departamento de la provincia de Córdoba. En el ensayo a campo, la dosis variable de N permitió reducir un 21,45% la HC, de 150,75 kg CO2 eq t-1 a 124,13 kg CO2 eq t-1. Los resultados están en un rango bajo, con respecto a la bibliografía, utilizando los mismos métodos. Una posible explicación es el bajo nivel de insumos que se aplican al cultivo, en términos comparativos, como así también la siembra directa, con menor consumo de combustible. En el ensayo, se explica por un uso más eficiente del fertilizante. the literature using the same methods. A possible explanation is the low level of inputs applied to the crop, in comparative terms, as well as the use of no-tillage which reduces fuel consumption. The lower impact observed in the field test was due to a more efficient use of fertilizer.

ABSTRACT The carbon footprint (CF) represents the sum of greenhouse gases emitted by a person, institution, project or product, and is a measure of one of the impacts on the environment caused by human activities. The general objective of this research was to estimate the CF of corn produced in Córdoba, Argentina. The specific objective was to analyze the difference in CF by using Precision Agriculture. The declared unit is 1 t of grain at the farmgate. The methods used follow the ISO 14067 standards and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change guidelines. The information was obtained from the Córdoba Grain Exchange and from a field trial in Alejandro Roca, Córdoba. The CF resulted in 156.5 kg CO2 eq t-1 of corn, weighted average per department of the province of Córdoba. In the field trial, N variable rate allowed the CF to be reduced by 21.45%, from 150.75 kg CO2 eq t-1 to 124.13 kg CO2 eq t-1. The results are below the average reported in

Resumo O objetivo é estimar a contribuição dos setores produtivos e domésticos para a geração de emissões de GEE na Costa Rica e, ao mesmo tempo, determinar a relação de criação de empregos e de valor agregado com a geração de emissões de CO2 por setor. A análise envolve a cobrança de impostos através do pagamento do imposto sobre combustíveis, utilizando a metodologia do Modelo Input-Output com extensão ambiental considerando o IPM de 2017. Os indicadores são construídos para mostrar a dependência dos setores produtivos e das famílias em relação ao uso e consumo de hidrocarbonetos. O exercício analítico adverte para a necessidade de reorientar a produção e os residências para processos mais ecoeficientes que favoreçam a criação de valor agregado e de fontes de emprego limpas.

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to estimate the contribution of the productive sectors and households with the generation of GHG emissions in Costa Rica, and at the same time, to determine the relationship between the creation of jobs and added value with the generation of CO2 emissions by sector. The analysis involves tax collection through the payment of the tax on fuels, using the methodology of the Input Product Model with environmental expansion considering the 2017 MIP. Indicators that show the dependence of the productive sectors and households with respect to the use and consumption of hydrocarbons were created. The analytical exercise makes it possible to warn about the need to reorient production and households towards more eco-efficient processes that favor the creation of added value and a clean source of employment.

Resumen Se busca estimar el aporte de los sectores productivos y los hogares con la generación de emisiones de GEI en Costa Rica; al mismo tiempo, determinar la relación de crear puestos de trabajo y del valor agregado con las emisiones de CO2 por sector. El análisis involucra la recaudación fiscal a través del pago del impuesto a los combustibles, utilizando la metodología del modelo insumo producto (MIP) con ampliación ambiental, del 2017. Se construyen indicadores que permiten evidenciar la dependencia de los sectores productivos y los hogares con respecto al uso y consumo de hidrocarburos. El ejercicio analítico posibilita advertir sobre la necesidad de reorientar la producción y los hogares hacia procesos más ecoeficientes que favorezcan la creación de valor agregado y fuente de empleo limpio.

Abstract Energy consumption is linked to greenhouse gases emission, and the transport sector contributes significantly to this. This research addresses the relevance of this phenomenon in high-speed rail projects, considering the original sources of electricity. As a case study, two transport corridors with high demand in Mexico were adopted: the first Mexico City-Guadalajara, and the second, Mexico City-Puerto de Veracruz. By including the high-speed train in these corridors, energy consumption decreases, while the gases emission into the atmosphere increases.

Resumen La emisión de gases de efecto invernadero y su relación con el consumo energético están ligados al sector transporte. La presente investigación aborda la relevancia de este fenómeno en los proyectos ferroviarios de alta velocidad al considerar las fuentes originarias de electricidad. Se usaron, como casos de estudio, dos corredores de transporte con alta demanda en México: el primero Ciudad de México-Guadalajara y, el segundo, Ciudad de México-Puerto de Veracruz. Al incluir al tren de alta velocidad en estos corredores, el consumo energético disminuye, mientras la emisión de gases a la atmósfera aumenta.

Abstract This work is a pilot study that compares two interventions to manage stress in patients with arterial hypertension (AH). Twenty-five women with stress and AH participated in the study and were divided into three groups: GE1, which underwent Lipp’s Stress Control Training (TCSL), GE2, which underwent the Relaxing and Deep Breathing Training (TRRP), and GC (control group). The women attended medical appointment, psychological interviews and took Lipp’s Stress Symptoms Inventory for Adults, the State-Trait Angry Expression Inventory and had lab exams. The results showed a reduction in the number of participants with stress in GE1 and a change to less severe stress phases in those who continued to be stressed (p< 0.05). As there is a small number of participants, we cannot conclude which type of intervention is more favorable, but it is possible to suppose that studies with a higher number of participants may clarify the consistency of the results found in this study.

Resumo O presente trabalho se constitui em um estudo piloto comparando-se duas intervenções para manejo do estresse em pacientes com Hipertensão Arterial (HA). Participaram 25 mulheres com estresse e HA divididas em três grupos: GE1, submetido ao Treino de Controle de Stress de Lipp (TCSL), GE2, ao Treino em Relaxamento e Respiração Profunda (TRRP) e GC (grupo controle). Submeteram-se à consulta médica, entrevista psicológica, Inventário de Sintomas de Stress de Lipp, Inventário de Expressão de Raiva como Estado e Traço e exames laboratoriais. Os resultados indicaram redução no número de participantes com estresse no GEI e passagem para fases menos graves do estresse naquelas que se mantiveram com estresse (p < 0,05). Considerando o pequeno número de participantes não se pode concluir pelo tipo de intervenção mais favorável, mas é possível supor que estudos com um número maior de participantes possam esclarecer quanto à consistência dos resultados encontrados no presente estudo.