Abstract Mexico’s school enrolment in the 2021-2022 school year corresponds to 5.07 million students (5.5 % in higher technical and normal levels; 86.2 % in bachelor’s degrees; 7.2 % in specialties and master’s degrees; 1.1 % in doctorates), representing 4 % of the total national population. The article is structured on the basis of the deductive method and with a quantitative archetype; its objective is to determine the correlation between the higher education student population and economic growth and human development. It is hypothesized that higher education will contribute significantly to the achievement of these objectives, in the first instance to try to achieve economic growth, and then to gain access to economic, social, sustainable and human development. The hypothesis was confirmed that in Mexico during the period from 2010 to 2022, the highest number of higher education students can explain 82.6 % of the variations experienced in the increase of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) or economic growth. It was considered that the highest levels of education in the country (doctorate and master’s degrees) would have a decisive influence on the increase in GDP (economic growth) and a better position in the Human Development Index (HDI), but it turned out that the most influential variable in the estimated linear regressions is enrolment at the bachelor’s degree.

Resumen La matrícula escolar de México en el ciclo escolar 2021-2022 corresponde a 5,07 millones de alumnos (5,5 % en nivel técnico superior y normal, 86,2 % en licenciatura, 7,2 % en especialidad y maestría, y 1,1 % en doctorado), representando el 4 % de la población total nacional. El artículo se estructura con base en el método deductivo y con un arquetipo cuantitativo, teniendo como objetivo conocer el estado de correlación existente entre el universo estudiantil de educación superior con el crecimiento económico y el desarrollo humano. Se parte de la hipótesis que la educación superior contribuirá significativamente al logro de estos objetivos, en primera instancia, para tratar de alcanzar el crecimiento económico, y después, para lograr tener acceso al desarrollo económico, social, sustentable y humano. Se confirmó la hipótesis de que, en México, durante el período de 2010 a 2022, el mayor número de alumnado de nivel superior puede explicar el 82,6 % de las variaciones experimentadas en el aumento del Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) o crecimiento económico. Se consideraba que los más altos niveles de estudios en el país (doctorado y maestría) influirían de forma determinante en el incremento del PIB (crecimiento económico) y en una mejor posición del Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH), pero resultó que la variable más influyente en las regresiones lineales estimadas es la matrícula de nivel licenciatura.

Resumo Neste artigo, foram investigados os efeitos de curto e longo prazo das variáveis macroeconômicas sobre os indicadores socioeconômicos do setor agrícola, incluindo índice de preços, desemprego rural e produto interno bruto (PIB) sobre os primeiros seis programas de desenvolvimento do governo. Foi utilizada a abordagem de atraso distribuído autorregressivo (ARDL). Os resultados mostraram que no curto prazo a taxa de inflação com atraso tem um efeito significativo e negativo sobre o emprego no setor agrícola e aumenta o nível de desemprego rural. Os resultados sugerem que os efeitos da liquidez e da taxa de inflação no curto prazo sobre o PIB são negativos e os gastos do governo no curto prazo têm efeito positivo sobre o índice de preços agrícolas. No longo prazo, o efeito dessas variáveis sobre a inflação agrícola é semelhante ao de curto prazo, mas com a diferença de que as elasticidades foram maiores.

Abstract In this paper, the short-term and long-term effects of macroeconomic variables on socio-economic indicators of agricultural sector, including price index, rural unemployment and gross domestic product (GDP) over the first to six government development programs were investigated. The auto-regressive distributed lag approach (ARDL) was used. The results showed that in the short run, inflation rate with a delay has a significant and negative effect on employment in the agricultural sector and increases the level of rural unemployment. The findings suggest that the effects of liquidity and inflation rate in the short run on the GDP are negative and government spending in the short run has a positive effect on the agricultural price index. In the long run, the effect of these variables on agricultural inflation is similar to the short term, but with the difference that the elasticities were larger.

Abstract This article evaluated the effect of soybean cultivation on the level of socioeconomic development and economic growth of the Brazilian AMC's (Minimum Comparable Areas), between the years 1991 and 2010. For this, the models Differences in Differences with Propensity Score were estimated. (DDM), evaluating the impact of “being a soybean producer” on the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita and on the dimensions of the Municipal Human Development Index (HDI-M). The results showed that soybean production did not impact the global HDI-M, with a positive effect only on the HDI - knowledge. In the case of the longevity dimension, a negative impact was identified, possibly due to the intensive use of pesticides, which affects the health of rural workers and residents of nearby locations. In the case of economic growth, the effect was positive, inferring that “being a soy-producing AMC” tends, on average, to intensify GDP per capita.

Resumo Este artigo avalia o efeito do cultivo da soja sobre o nível de desenvolvimento socioeconômico e do crescimento econômico das AMC’s (Áreas Mínimas Comparáveis) brasileiras, entre os anos de 1991 e 2010. Para isso, foram estimados os modelos Diferenças em Diferenças com Escore de Propensão (DDM), avaliando o impacto de ser produtor de soja no Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) per capita e nas dimensões do Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal (IDH-M). Os resultados demonstraram que a produção de soja não impactou o IDH-M global, apresentando efeito positivo apenas no IDHM-conhecimento. No caso da dimensão longevidade, identificou-se um impacto negativo, possivelmente em decorrência do uso intensivo de agrotóxicos, que afeta a saúde dos trabalhadores rurais e moradores de localidades próximas. No caso do crescimento econômico, o efeito foi positivo, inferindo que “ser uma AMC produtora de soja” tende, na média, a intensificar o PIB per capita.

RESUMO Este estudo objetivou analisar os fatores contextuais do desempenho do atendimento odontológico para gestantes na Atenção Básica entre municípios baianos. A série temporal utilizou dados secundários dos 417 municípios, entre 2018 e 2022. O desfecho foi a meta do indicador de proporção de gestantes com atendimento odontológico por município: insuficiente (<60,0%) ou suficiente (≥60,0%). As variáveis contextuais foram: fatores sociodemográficos (Porte Populacional, Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal, Produto Interno Bruto municipal per capita – PIB, Índice de Gini da renda domiciliar per capita, Índice de Vulnerabilidade Social e Núcleos Regionais de Saúde) e serviço de saúde (Cobertura de Estratégia Saúde da Família – ESF e de Saúde Bucal). Realizou-se regressão de Poisson uni e multivariada (p<0,05). No último quadrimestre de cada ano: 2,9% (2018), 2,4% (2019), 5,3% (2020), 37,2% (2021) e 71,2% (2022) dos municípios atingiram a meta. No terceiro quadrimestre de 2021, os municípios com menor PIB, e em 2021 e 2022, com maior cobertura de ESF, apresentaram maior chance de atingir a meta. Conclui-se que houve aumento da proporção de atendimento odontológico para gestante ao longo dos anos entre os municípios baianos e atingir a meta foi associado a fatores sociodemográficos e de serviço de saúde.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to analyze the contextual factors of the performance of dental care for pregnant women in Primary Care among municipalities in Bahia. The time series used secondary data from 417 municipalities between 2018-2022. The outcome was the target indicator for the proportion of pregnant women with dental care per municipality: insufficient (<60.0%) or sufficient (≥60.0%). The contextual variables were: sociodemographic factors (Population Size, Municipal Human Development Index, municipal Gross Domestic Product per capita – GDP, Gini Index of household income per capita, Social Vulnerability Index and Regional Health Centers) and health service (Coverage of Family Health Strategy – ESF and Oral Health). Poisson regression was performed (p<0.05). In the last four months of each year: 2.9% (2018), 2.4% (2019), 5.3% (2020), 37.2% (2021) and 71.2% (2022) of the municipalities reached the goal. In the third four months of 2021, municipalities with lower GDP, and in 2021 and 2022, with greater ESF coverage, had a greater chance of reaching the target. It is concluded that there was an increase in the proportion of dental care for pregnant women over the years among the municipalities in Bahia, and achieving the goal was associated with sociodemographic and health service factors.

BACKGROUND: As small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are the primary source of job creation in Nigeria and contribute 48% of the country's gross domestic product (GDP), their performance must be enhanced and sustainability ensured. The article suggests that through competitor orientation and proactiveness, SME managers and owners can achieve competitive advantage which ultimately promotes firm performance. AIM: The article aims to examine how competitor orientation and proactiveness in competitive advantage enhance the performance of SMEs in Nigeria. SETTING: The study focused on registered SME owners and managers who are operating in Nigeria, using Lagos State as a case study. METHODS: This study was conducted through administering questionnaires to owners and/or managers of SMEs as the unit of analysis. A quantitative research design was used with stratified and simple random sampling as the sampling method, with the sample comprising 100 SME owners and/or managers. RESULTS: The results of the study indicated that competitive advantage mediates the relationship between competitor orientation, proactiveness and SMEs' performance indirectly. It further revealed that competitor orientation and proactiveness have significant effects on SMEs' performance. CONCLUSION AND CONTRIBUTION: The article reveals how competitive advantage, which is influenced by competitor orientation and proactiveness, contributes to increased SMEs' performance in SME sectors. Thus, to gain a competitive edge over their rivals, the study recommends that SME owners and managers consider competitor orientation and proactiveness more seriously, as these factors ultimately boost their performance.

Resumen De acuerdo con el Acuerdo de París en 2015 y la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático en 2021, el mundo debería mantener la temperatura media mundial muy por debajo de los 2 grados Celsius, considerando los niveles preindustriales a largo plazo, y contener el aumento de temperatura en 1.50 grados Celsius por encima de los niveles preindustriales. Costa Rica es un país con una acción climática atrevida y con mucho carisma. Desde finales de la década de 1960, este país ha implementado políticas y prácticas de vanguardia en el campo ambiental. Esta investigación explica la relación entre las emisiones de CO2 per cápita de Costa Rica, con el crecimiento económico expresado a través del Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) per cápita (dólares constantes de 2015). Así, se probará la hipótesis de si la teoría de la Curva Ambiental de Kuznets (CAK) se aplica en Costa Rica. Basados en Banco Mundial (2023), World Development Indicators, y de Global Change Data Lab (2023), y mediante un análisis correlacional cuantitativo con un tipo de diseño no experimental longitudinal con datos de series de tiempo desde el año 1990 hasta el año 2021, se argumenta que las emisiones de CO2 per cápita se ven influenciados positivamente con significación estadística al 5 % de margen de error, por el PIB per cápita (dólares constantes de 2015), y por el consumo de energía per cápita. Alternativamente, las emisiones de CO2 per cápita son influenciadas negativamente por el PIB per cápita al cuadrado (dólares estadounidenses constantes de 2015), y por el cambio de uso del suelo per cápita. Sin embargo, estos resultados no pueden ser confirmados con confiabilidad y robustez debido a la ambivalencia y ambigüedad del modelo propuesto. Esto se da como consecuencia de la probabilidad de presencia de multicolinealidad entre las variables, y la falta de normalidad de la variable dependiente. A pesar de los prometedores resultados iniciales de una prueba de bondad de ajuste alta, un estadístico F aceptable, la falta de heterocedasticidad y la no presencia de autocorrelación, la hipótesis de este estudio no puede responderse afirmativamente. A pesar de estos resultados, hay espacio para más investigaciones para confirmar si la hipótesis de EKC se aplica en Costa Rica. Este estudio podría servir como punto de referencia para que los tomadores de decisiones a nivel regional e internacional orienten sus esfuerzos ambientales locales hacia la sostenibilidad planetaria.

Abstract According to the goals proposed and ratified by the Paris Agreement on 2015 and by the United Nations Conference on Climate Change in 2021, the world should attempt to maintain the global average temperature well below 2° above pre-industrial levels in the long run and to restrain the temperature increase to 1.5° C above pre-industrial levels. One country undertaking bold and charismatic environmental action is Costa Rica. Since the late 1960s, this country has implemented both avant-garde policymaking and practices in the environmental field. As a means of contributing with the analysis and understanding of how to determine this country's effectiveness and efficiency in its environmental efforts, this research aims to analyze the relationship between Costa Rica's CO2 emissions per capita with economic growth, expressed via Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita (constant 2015 dollars). Thus, the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis will be tested to determine if Costa Rica is a good example. Using the database from the World Bank's (2023) World Development Indicators and from Global Change Data Lab (2023) as a basis of analysis and through the application of quantitative correlational analysis with a type of longitudinal nonexperimental design with time-series data from the year 1990 to the year 2021, it is argued that increases in CO2 emissions per capita are influenced positively with a statistical significance at a 5% error margin by GDP per capita (constant 2015 US dollars), and by energy consumption per capita. Alternatively, CO2 emissions per capita are influenced negatively with statistical significance at 5 % error margin respectively by GDP per capita squared (constant 2015 US dollars) and land use change per capita. However, these results cannot be confirmed with reliability and robustness because of the ambivalence and ambiguity present in the proposed model as a consequence of the likelihood of the presence of multicollinearity among the variables and the lack of normality of the dependent variable. Despite the initial promising results of a high goodness-of fit test, an acceptable F-statistic, the lack of heteroscedasticity, and an acceptable result showing no autocorrelation presence, the hypothesis of this study cannot be answered affirmatively. Despite these results, there is room for more research to confirm if the EKC hypothesis continues to be applicable in this country. This study could serve as a reference point for decision-makers regionally and internationally to guide their local environmental efforts towards concrete achievements for obtaining a clean planet in the future.

Lean six sigma (LSS) is 'n belangrike besigheidstrategie vir organisasies, insluitend klein en mediumgrootte ondernemings (KMO's). Oor die jare het KMO's 'n potensieel beduidende impak op verskeie lande se bruto binnelandse produk (BBP) gehad. Die hoofdoel van hierdie navorsing is om die kritieke suksesfaktore (CSF's) vir lean six sigma (LSS) implementering in die Koninkryk van Saoedi-Arabië se KMO's te ondersoek, en om by te dra tot die ontdekking van die faktore wat lei tot besigheidsukses, verhoogde inkomste en verbeterde mededingende voordele. Die studie het 29 faktore uit vorige navorsing geïdentifiseer ten einde die suksesvolle implementering van LSS in die KMO-sektor in veral Saoedi-Arabië te lei. Die CSF's is verfyn, wat 'n gekonsolideerde lys van 14 faktore opgelewer het. 'n Hoofkomponent-analise (PCA) het vier hooffaktore geïdentifiseer: leierskapondersteuning en bestuurstruktuur, tegnologiese vermoëns, kennisverkryging, en kreatiwiteit en innovasie. Hierdie faktore kan die sukses van KMO's in Saoedi-Arabië beïnvloed deur LSS in hul besigheidsprosesse aan te neem.

Lean six sigma (LSS) is an important business strategy for organisations, including small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Over the years, SMEs have had a potentially significant impact on various countries' gross domestic product (GDP). The main purpose of this research is to investigate the critical success factors (CSFs) for lean six sigma (LSS) implementation in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia's SMEs, and to contribute to discovering the factors that lead to business success, increase revenue, and enhanced competitive advantages. The study identified 29 factors from previous research in order to guide the successful implementation of LSS in the SME sector in Saudi Arabia in particular. The CSFs were refined, producing a consolidated list of 14 factors. A principal components analysis (PCA) identified four main factors: leadership support and management structure, technological capabilities, knowledge acquisition, and creativity and innovation. These factors could influence the success of SMEs in Saudi Arabia by adopting LSS in their business processes.

Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación fue cuantificar la contribución de la agroindustria alimentaria mexicana al producto interno bruto nacional, así como calcular la tasa media de crecimiento anual durante un periodo de 27 años que va desde 1993 a 2019, que consideró los últimos cuatro periodos sexenales y determinar el aporte a la industria manufacturera y a la economía nacional. La metodología fue de tipo documental con las siguientes etapas: i) selección del tema a estudiar; ii) acopio de información de fuentes documentales secundarias, la cual fue fundamentalmente de las cuentas nacionales del INEGI; iii) elaboración del plan de investigación; iv) organización de la información, para lo cual se utilizó el sistema de clasificación industrial de América del Norte del Instituto Nacional de Geografía e Informática; y v) utilización de la función estadística que para el caso fue la tasa media de crecimiento anual. Se encontró que la industria alimentaria presentó a lo largo del periodo una tendencia positiva, con una tasa media de crecimiento anual de 2.21% y con un paralelismo con la industria manufacturera, que es el sector que engloba a la industria alimentaria; sin embargo, esta última presentó algunas caídas en su crecimiento. La agroindustria más relevante con relación al aporte del PIB alimentario fue la elaboración de pan y tortilla con un 30.15%, productos esenciales de la canasta básica en la alimentación del pueblo de México. Finalmente, la industria alimentaria en promedio del periodo contribuye con 22.42% del producto interno bruto manufacturero y con 3.72% del nacional.

Abstract This research aimed to quantify the contribution of the Mexican food agroindustry to the national gross domestic product, as well as to calculate the average annual growth rate during a 27-year period from 1993 to 2019, which considered the last four six-year periods, and to determine the contribution to the manufacturing industry and the national economy. The methodology was documentary with the following stages: i) selection of the topic to be studied; ii) collection of information from secondary documentary sources, which was mainly from the national accounts of INEGI; iii) preparation of the research plan; iv) information organization, using the North American Industry Classification System of the National Institute of Geography and Informatics; and v) use of the statistical function, which for this case was the average annual growth rate. It was found that the food industry presented a positive trend throughout the period, with an average annual growth rate of 2.21% and with a parallelism with the manufacturing industry, which is the sector that encompasses the food industry; however, the latter presented some falls in its growth. The most relevant agroindustry in relation to the contribution of food GDP was the preparation of bread and tortilla with 30.15%, essential products of the basic basket in the diet of the people of Mexico. Finally, the food industry, on average for the period, contributes 22.42% of the manufacturing gross domestic product and 3.72% of the national product.

Abstract The objective of this research is to analyze the economic growth of the department of Atlántico based on the public investment experienced in that territory; considering public spending as an important factor for the creation or improvement of installed capacities that contribute to territorial development in terms of economic growth. It is a study with a quantitative approach, of a non-experimental, longitudinal, and documentary design, in which an analysis is carried out on the economic behavior of the territory, making use of the Eviews statistical software, performing a model based on the public spending of the Atlantic in the periods 2008 to 2021. The research is based on the review of statistical databases of the department of Atlántico contained in the DANE, TERRIDATA and CHIP platform of the General Accounting Office of the Nation, as well as reports generated by the departmental government and national reports. on the behavior of the Gross Domestic Product for the referenced years. The results show that the economic growth of the department presented significant variations in the period 2008-2021; with an upward trend from 2008 to 2016, where a cut is made caused by a drop in the price of hydrocarbons, reducing the supply of energy and agricultural goods caused by the El Niño phenomenon and the unemployment of the Freight transport; continuing with economic decline until 2019, with differences between departmental Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for each year ranging between 0.02% and 0.05%. In 2020, with the COVID-19 pandemic situation, the department's economy was destabilized in the first months of the year; however, measures are applied to reactivate the economy, increasing departmental GDP. It is concluded that, during the last year of analysis, the department made an effort to reactivate the economy, but due to the same conditions of mandatory confinement, conclusive results were not achieved.

Resumen La presente investigación tiene como objetivo analizar el crecimiento económico del departamento del Atlántico en función de la inversión pública experimentada en ese territorio; considerándose el gasto público como un factor importante para la creación o mejoramiento de capacidades instaladas que contribuyen al desarrollo territorial en términos de crecimiento económico. Es un estudio con enfoque cuantitativo, de diseño no experimental, longitudinal, y documental, en el que se realiza un análisis sobre el comportamiento económico del territorio, haciendo uso del software estadístico Eviews, realizando una modelación a partir del gasto público del Atlántico en los periodos 2008 hasta 2021. La investigación se sustenta en la revisión de bases de datos estadísticos del departamento del Atlántico contenidas en la plataforma DANE, TERRIDATA y CHIP de la Contaduría General de la Nación, al igual que informes generados por el gobierno departamental e informes nacionales sobre el comportamiento del Producto Interno Bruto para los años referenciados. Los resultaos muestran que el crecimiento económico del departamento presentó variaciones significativas en el periodo 2008-2021; con una tendencia hacia el alza desde el año 2008 hasta el año 2016, donde se hace un corte provocado por una baja en el precio de los hidrocarburos, reduciendo la oferta de la energía y bienes agrícolas ocasionado por el fenómeno del niño y el paro del transporte de carga; continuando con decrecimiento económico hasta el año 2019, con diferencias entre Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) departamental para cada año que oscila entre 0,02% y 0,05%. En el año 2020, con la situación pandémica COVID-19, la economía del departamento se desestabiliza en los primeros meses del año; sin embargo, se aplican medidas para reactivar la economía, aumentando el PIB departamental. Se concluye que, durante el último año de análisis, el departamento hizo un esfuerzo para reactivar la economía, pero por las mismas condiciones de confinamiento obligatorio no se alcanzaron resultados contundentes.

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi mensurar e comparar a cadeia produtiva do agronegócio em 64 países e o restante do mundo considerando as variáveis renda (Produto Interno Bruto - PIB) e emissões de dióxido de carbono por queima de combustíveis fósseis entre os anos de 2005 e 2015 com metodologia baseada na matriz de insumo-produto. O PIB do agronegócio no ano de 2005 era de cerca de 6 trilhões de dólares em valores correntes e participava com 13,6% do PIB mundial e passou para 11 trilhões de dólares em 2015 (15,3%). O agronegócio gerou aproximadamente dois bilhões de toneladas de dióxido de carbono no ano de 2005, com participação de 8,5% nas emissões totais, e as emissões aumentaram cerca de 166 milhões de toneladas entre 2005 e 2015, porém a participação no total diminuiu para 7,6%. Os maiores emissores globais (setor produtivo e agronegócio) no ano de 2015 foram China, Estados Unidos, Índia e Rússia, respectivamente. Os resultados do indicador de sustentabilidade emissões por unidade de renda mostraram que na maior parte dos países o agronegócio se mostrou capaz de aumentar a produção com menor valor de emissões por unidade de renda em relação à média da economia.

Abstract The aim of this study was to measure and compare the agribusiness production chain in 64 countries and the rest of the world considering the variables income (Gross Domestic Product - GDP) and carbon dioxide emissions from burning fossil fuels between 2005 and 2015 with a methodology based on the input-output matrix. The agribusiness GDP in 2005 was about 6 trillion dollars in current values and participated with 13.6% of the world GDP and increased to 11 trillion dollars in 2015 (15.3%). Agribusiness generated close to two billion tons of carbon dioxide in 2005 with a share of 8.5% in total emissions and emissions increased by about 166 million tons between 2005 and 2015, however, the share in the total emissions decreased to 7.6%. The largest global polluters (manufacturing sector and agribusiness) in the year 2015 were China, the United States, India and Russia, respectively. The results of the sustainability indicator carbon dioxide emissions by burning fossil fuels per unit of income indicated that in most countries agribusiness was able to increase production with lower emissions per unit of income compared to the average economy.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a associação entre a letalidade e o cuidado hospitalar recebido por crianças e adolescentes internados por COVID-19 e o produto interno bruto (PIB) per capita dos municípios brasileiros e a região de residência. Métodos: Os dados foram extraídos do Sistema de Informação de Vigilância Epidemiológica da Gripe e do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Analisaram-se como desfechos dicotômicos a letalidade hospitalar por COVID-19, a coleta de amostra biológica para diagnóstico de COVID-19, a realização de exames raio X e tomografia, o uso de suporte ventilatório e a internação em unidade de terapia intensiva. As covariáveis foram o PIB municipal per capita e a região brasileira de residência. Foi realizada regressão de Poisson para os desfechos registrados em 2020 e 2021 no Brasil e segundo o período compreendido em duas ondas de COVID-19 no país, ajustando-a por idade e sexo. Resultados: A letalidade hospitalar foi de 7,6%. Nos municípios dos menores decis de PIB per capita a letalidade foi quase quatro vezes maior entre crianças e duas vezes mais elevada entre adolescentes quando comparada àquela dos maiores decis. Adicionalmente, os residentes de municípios com menor PIB per capita realizaram menos coleta de amostra biológica para diagnóstico, exames de raio X e tomografias. Foram encontradas disparidades regionais associadas à letalidade, com piores indicadores nas regiões Norte e Nordeste. Os achados mantiveram-se consistentes durante as duas ondas de COVID-19. Conclusão: Em municípios com menor PIB per capita e das regiões Norte e Nordeste houve piores indicadores de letalidade e cuidado hospitalar.

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the association of hospital case fatality rate and care received by children and adolescents hospitalized for COVID-19 with the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita of Brazilian municipalities and regions of residence. Methods: Data were collected from the Influenza Epidemiological Surveillance Information System and the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. The dichotomous outcomes analyzed were hospital case fatality rate of COVID-19, biological samples collected for COVID-19 diagnosis, X-rays, computed tomography (CT) scans, use of ventilatory support, and intensive care unit hospitalization. The covariates were municipal GDP per capita and the Brazilian region of residence. Poisson regression was used for the outcomes recorded in 2020 and 2021 in Brazil, covering the two COVID-19 waves in the country, adjusted for age and gender. Results: The hospital case fatality rate was 7.6%. In municipalities with lower GDP per capita deciles, the case fatality rate was almost four times higher among children and twice as high in adolescents compared to cities with higher deciles. Additionally, residents of municipalities with lower GDP per capita had fewer biological samples collected for diagnosis, X-ray examinations, and CT scans. We found regional disparities associated with case fatality rate, with worse indicators in the North and Northeast regions. The findings remained consistent over the two COVID-19 waves. Conclusion: Municipalities with lower GDP per capita, as well as the North and Northeast regions, had worse indicators of hospital case fatality rate and care.

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the association of hospital case fatality rate and care received by children and adolescents hospitalized for COVID-19 with the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita of Brazilian municipalities and regions of residence. Methods: Data were collected from the Influenza Epidemiological Surveillance Information System and the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. The dichotomous outcomes analyzed were hospital case fatality rate of COVID-19, biological samples collected for COVID-19 diagnosis, X-rays, computed tomography (CT) scans, use of ventilatory support, and intensive care unit hospitalization. The covariates were municipal GDP per capita and the Brazilian region of residence. Poisson regression was used for the outcomes recorded in 2020 and 2021 in Brazil, covering the two COVID-19 waves in the country, adjusted for age and gender. Results: The hospital case fatality rate was 7.6%. In municipalities with lower GDP per capita deciles, the case fatality rate was almost four times higher among children and twice as high in adolescents compared to cities with higher deciles. Additionally, residents of municipalities with lower GDP per capita had fewer biological samples collected for diagnosis, X-ray examinations, and CT scans. We found regional disparities associated with case fatality rate, with worse indicators in the North and Northeast regions. The findings remained consistent over the two COVID-19 waves. Conclusion: Municipalities with lower GDP per capita, as well as the North and Northeast regions, had worse indicators of hospital case fatality rate and care.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a associação entre a letalidade e o cuidado hospitalar recebido por crianças e adolescentes internados por COVID-19 e o produto interno bruto (PIB) per capita dos municípios brasileiros e a região de residência. Métodos: Os dados foram extraídos do Sistema de Informação de Vigilância Epidemiológica da Gripe e do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Analisaram-se como desfechos dicotômicos a letalidade hospitalar por COVID-19, a coleta de amostra biológica para diagnóstico de COVID-19, a realização de exames raio X e tomografia, o uso de suporte ventilatório e a internação em unidade de terapia intensiva. As covariáveis foram o PIB municipal per capita e a região brasileira de residência. Foi realizada regressão de Poisson para os desfechos registrados em 2020 e 2021 no Brasil e segundo o período compreendido em duas ondas de COVID-19 no país, ajustando-a por idade e sexo. Resultados: A letalidade hospitalar foi de 7,6%. Nos municípios dos menores decis de PIB per capita a letalidade foi quase quatro vezes maior entre crianças e duas vezes mais elevada entre adolescentes quando comparada àquela dos maiores decis. Adicionalmente, os residentes de municípios com menor PIB per capita realizaram menos coleta de amostra biológica para diagnóstico, exames de raio X e tomografias. Foram encontradas disparidades regionais associadas à letalidade, com piores indicadores nas regiões Norte e Nordeste. Os achados mantiveram-se consistentes durante as duas ondas de COVID-19. Conclusão: Em municípios com menor PIB per capita e das regiões Norte e Nordeste houve piores indicadores de letalidade e cuidado hospitalar.

ABSTRACT Waste generation is increasing due to population growth, urbanization, and economic development, especially in developing countries. Knowledge obtained on the generation of construction and demolition waste through forecasts can help decision makers adopt more efficient management practices, being fundamental to prevent the development of environmental issues. The objective of this article was to develop a model for forecasting the generation of construction and demolition waste for medium-sized Brazilian cities, using data from the municipality of Varginha, Minas Gerais. A multiple linear model (R2 = 0.880) was developed using Urban expansion, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and GDP per capita as independent variables to predict the amount of construction and demolition waste generated in 2020 and the amount that will be produced in 2040 in the municipality. The results of applying the model indicated an increase of 18.27% in the amount of construction and demolition waste generated in the municipality, when comparing the 2020 (39,940 t) and 2040 (47,238 t) scenarios. The efficiency of the model was also verified when applying it in six other Brazilian cities of similar population size and that had research carried out on the generation of construction and demolition waste . The difference between the amount of construction and demolition waste obtained by the authors and those calculated by the model was less than 13%. The results of this research can contribute to the development of efficient construction and demolition waste management strategies, considering that it provides a tool for the resolution of current environmental problems and also allows the adoption of proactive actions for the correct management in future scenarios.

RESUMO A geração de resíduos está aumentando em função do crescimento da população, urbanização e desenvolvimento econômico, especialmente nos países em desenvolvimento. O conhecimento do quantitativo de resíduo de construção e demolição gerado por meio de previsões pode auxiliar os tomadores de decisões a adotarem práticas mais eficientes de gestão, sendo fundamentais para prevenir o desenvolvimento dos problemas ambientais. O objetivo deste artigo foi desenvolver um modelo de previsão de geração dos resíduos de construção e demolição para cidades brasileiras de médio porte populacional, utilizando como estudo de caso o munícipio de Varginha (MG). Foi elaborado um modelo linear múltiplo (R2 = 0,880), empregando como variáveis independentes a expansão urbana, o Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) e o PIB per capita para prever o quantitativo de resíduo de construção e demolição gerado em 2020 e a quantidade de resíduo que será produzida em 2040 no município. Os resultados da aplicação do modelo indicaram aumento de 18,27% no quantitativo de resíduo de construção e demolição gerado no município, quando comparados o cenário de 2020 (39.940 t) e de 2040 (47.238 t). Também foi verificada a eficiência do modelo ao aplicá-lo em outras seis cidades brasileiras de similar porte populacional e que possuíam pesquisas sobre a geração de resíduo de construção e demolição. A diferença do quantitativo de resíduo de construção e demolição obtido pelos autores e os calculados pelo modelo foram inferiores a 13%. Os resultados desta pesquisa podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento de estratégias de gestão de resíduos de construção e demolição eficientes, já que fornece uma ferramenta para resolução dos problemas ambientais atuais e também permite a adoção de ações proativas para a correta gestão em cenários futuros.

Resumen: Con el objetivo de contribuir a la literatura que se centra en la estimación del Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) potencial, en este trabajo se evalúa el funcionamiento de cuatro métodos de estimación del PIB potencial trimestral de México para el periodo 1998:T1-2020:T2. Los procedimientos utilizados para su estimación son: 1) métodos heurísticos, 2) el filtro de Hodrick Prescott, 3) el Modelo de Factores Dinámicos no estacionario y 4) la descomposición Permanente-Transitorio (PT) de Gonzalo y Granger (1995). Se concluye que, por razones econométricas, los mejores resultados se obtienen al usar la descomposición PT.

Abstract: With the purpose of contributing to the literature that focuses on the estimation of Potential Gross Domestic Product (GDP), this study evaluates four different estimation methods of Potential GDP using quarterly data from Mexico for the period 1998:Q1-2020:Q2. The procedures used for its estimation are: 1) Heuristic methods, 2) The Ho-drick Prescott filter, 3) Non-Stationary Dynamic Factor Model, and 4) The Permanent-Transient (PT) decomposition of Gonzalo and Granger (1995). We conclude that, econometrically, the best results are obtained when using the PT decomposition.

Resumo Essa pesquisa teve o objetivo de investigar os determinantes do gasto público em Educação das cidades Sul Mato-Grossenses, no período de 2010-2018. A amostra contou com os 79 municípios analisados por meio de regressão com dados em painel de efeitos fixos. Os dados revelaram um desvio na distribuição das matrículas em relação ao quadro populacional, bem como a distribuição desproporcional do Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) e dos gastos entre municípios. A análise evidenciou que o gasto em Educação é determinado pelo tamanho da população, pelo PIB per capita, e pelo ano eleitoral municipal. No entanto, distinto do fundamentado na literatura, as variáveis ano eleitoral geral e o quantitativo de matrículas não demonstraram influências no gasto em Educação, revelando limitações no financiamento da Educação em municípios menores devido à menor capacidade de obter recursos próprios, emendas parlamentares e descentralização central. Entre essas evidências, a pesquisa apresenta implicações para os gestores públicos, para a sociedade organizada e para os pesquisadores.

Abstract The objective of this research is to investigate the determinants of public spending on education in the Brazilian cities of Mato Grosso do Sul, in the period 2010-2018. The sample included the 79 municipalities analyzed using regression with data in a fixed effects panel. The data revealed a deviation in the distribution of enrollments in relation to the population, as well as the disproportionate distribution of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and spending among municipalities. The analysis showed that spending on education is determined by population size, GDP per capita, and municipal election year. However, contrary to what the literature shows, the variables general electoral year and the number of enrollments did not influence the spending on education, revealing limitations in the financing of education in smaller municipalities due to the lesser capacity to obtain own resources, parliamentary amendments, and central decentralization. Among these evidences, the research presents implications for public managers, organized society and researchers.

Resumen Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo investigar los determinantes del gasto público en educación en las ciudades de Mato Grosso do Sul - Brasil, en el período 2010-2018. La muestra incluyó los 79 municipios analizados mediante regresión con datos en un panel de efectos fijos. Los datos revelaron una desviación en la distribución de las matrículas en relación con la población, así como la distribución desproporcionada del Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) y el gasto entre municipios. El análisis mostró que el gasto en educación está determinado por el tamaño de la población, por el PIB per cápita y por el año electoral municipal. Sin embargo, a diferencia de lo que se basa en la literatura, las variables año electoral general y el número de matrículas no mostraron ninguna influencia en el gasto en educación, revelando limitaciones en el financiamiento de la educación en municipios más pequeños debido a una menor capacidad para obtener recursos propios, enmiendas parlamentarias y descentralización central. Entre estas evidencias, la investigación tiene implicaciones para los administradores públicos, para la sociedad organizada y para los investigadores.