Abstract Objective: to study the relationship among tourism demand and economic growth, real exchange rate, and economic policy uncertainty (EPU) in Australia China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Spain, the United States, and the United Kingdom. Methodology: cross-section dependence, unit root, and cointegration tests were applied. The long-term model was estimated according to the Panel-Corrected Standard Error (PCSE), Feasible Generalised Least Squares (FGLS), and Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square (FMOLS). Results: the results show a positive relationship between economic growth and the real exchange rate concerning tourism demand. In the long term, the causality relationship is from uncertainty, exchange rate, and GDP to tourism. The feedback hypothesis is validated. Limitations: availability of data. Originality: it studies the joint influence of economic growth and the EPU on demand for tourism in the countries of the world’s leading destinations for international tourism according to international tourist income. Conclusions: tourism will drive general economic growth and, correspondingly, investment in other sectors of the economy will also influence an increase in tourism.

Resumen Objetivo: este artículo estudia la relación entre la demanda turística y el crecimiento económico, el tipo de cambio real y la incertidumbre de política económica (EPU, por sus siglas en inglés) en Australia, China, Francia, Alemania, Italia, Japón, España, Estados Unidos y el Reino Unido. Metodología: se aplicaron pruebas de dependencia transversal, de raíz unitaria y de cointegración. El modelo de largo plazo se estimó con los siguientes métodos: PCSE, FGLS y FMOLS. Resultados: los resultados muestran una relación positiva entre el crecimiento económico y el tipo de cambio real respecto a la demanda turística. En el largo plazo, la relación de causalidad es de la incertidumbre, el tipo de cambio y el PIB al turismo. Se valida la hipótesis de retroalimentación. Limitaciones: la disponibilidad de datos. Originalidad: estudia la influencia conjunta del crecimiento económico y la EPU sobre la demanda de turismo en los países de los principales destinos mundiales de turismo internacional según los ingresos turísticos internacionales. Conclusiones: se sugiere que el turismo impulsará el crecimiento económico general, y de manera correspondiente la inversión en otros sectores de la economía también influirá en un aumento del turismo.

ABSTRACT The macroeconomic approach is a way of analyzing and studying issues related to the global analysis of the economy. The objective of this paper is to estimate the influence of macro- economic determinants on the achievement of the monetary poverty reduction targets in Paraguay during the period 1997-2020. It works specifically with the first two targets that have to do with the eradication of extreme poverty and the reduction to 50% of total poverty. The macroeconomic determinants analyzed are GDP, CPI, the Gini index and social spending. For this purpose, we propose the application of an econometric model which, based on regression models, allows us to calculate the incidence of each of the variables analyzed on monetary poverty. In addition, projections are made to infer whether or not the objectives of SDG 1 can be met and under what conditions. The results obtained allow us to affirm, on one hand, that all the determinants analyzed have a significant impact on monetary poverty and, on the other hand, allow us to infer that none of the targets can be met by 2030, either by maintaining constant or even increasing economic growth. This leads to the conclusion that the effectiveness of poverty reduction strategies lies in combining efforts that link GDP growth with equitable redistribution of resources and social investment.

RESUMEN Este trabajo tiene como objetivo estimar la influencia de los determinantes macroeconómicos en la consecución de las metas de reducción de pobreza monetaria en Paraguay durante el período 1997-2020. Los determinantes macroeconómicos analizados son el PIB, el IPC, el índice de Gini y el gasto social. Para el efecto, se propone la aplicación de un modelo econométrico, el cual, a partir de modelos de regresión, permite calcular la incidencia de cada una de las variables analizadas sobre la pobreza monetaria. Además, se realizan proyecciones para inferir si se pueden cumplir o no con los objetivos del ODS 1 y bajo qué condiciones. Los resultados obtenidos permiten afirmar, por un lado, que todos los determinantes analizados inciden significativamente sobre la pobreza monetaria y, por otro lado, permiten inferir que ninguna de las metas se puede cumplir al 2030, ya sea manteniendo constante o incluso aumentando el crecimiento económico. Esto permite concluir que la eficacia en las estrategias de reducción de pobreza radica en combinar esfuerzos que vinculen el aumento del PIB con la redistribución equitativa de recursos y la inversión social.

Abstract Mexico’s school enrolment in the 2021-2022 school year corresponds to 5.07 million students (5.5 % in higher technical and normal levels; 86.2 % in bachelor’s degrees; 7.2 % in specialties and master’s degrees; 1.1 % in doctorates), representing 4 % of the total national population. The article is structured on the basis of the deductive method and with a quantitative archetype; its objective is to determine the correlation between the higher education student population and economic growth and human development. It is hypothesized that higher education will contribute significantly to the achievement of these objectives, in the first instance to try to achieve economic growth, and then to gain access to economic, social, sustainable and human development. The hypothesis was confirmed that in Mexico during the period from 2010 to 2022, the highest number of higher education students can explain 82.6 % of the variations experienced in the increase of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) or economic growth. It was considered that the highest levels of education in the country (doctorate and master’s degrees) would have a decisive influence on the increase in GDP (economic growth) and a better position in the Human Development Index (HDI), but it turned out that the most influential variable in the estimated linear regressions is enrolment at the bachelor’s degree.

Resumen La matrícula escolar de México en el ciclo escolar 2021-2022 corresponde a 5,07 millones de alumnos (5,5 % en nivel técnico superior y normal, 86,2 % en licenciatura, 7,2 % en especialidad y maestría, y 1,1 % en doctorado), representando el 4 % de la población total nacional. El artículo se estructura con base en el método deductivo y con un arquetipo cuantitativo, teniendo como objetivo conocer el estado de correlación existente entre el universo estudiantil de educación superior con el crecimiento económico y el desarrollo humano. Se parte de la hipótesis que la educación superior contribuirá significativamente al logro de estos objetivos, en primera instancia, para tratar de alcanzar el crecimiento económico, y después, para lograr tener acceso al desarrollo económico, social, sustentable y humano. Se confirmó la hipótesis de que, en México, durante el período de 2010 a 2022, el mayor número de alumnado de nivel superior puede explicar el 82,6 % de las variaciones experimentadas en el aumento del Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) o crecimiento económico. Se consideraba que los más altos niveles de estudios en el país (doctorado y maestría) influirían de forma determinante en el incremento del PIB (crecimiento económico) y en una mejor posición del Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH), pero resultó que la variable más influyente en las regresiones lineales estimadas es la matrícula de nivel licenciatura.

RESUMEN El 31 de enero de 2020 se concretó la salida del Reino Unido de la Unión Europea, proceso al cual se le denominó Brexit,t, producto de un referéndum donde el 51% de los británicos se pronunció a favor del abandono de la UE, pasando a un estatus denominado Acuerdo de Cooperación y Comercio entre la Unión Europea y el Reino Unido (ACC) que entró en vigor el 1 de mayo de 2021, producto de lo anterior se experimentó inestabilidad en materia política con breves lapsos de gobierno en el caos del primer ministro, por lo cual el objetivo del presente texto radica en el análisis de las condiciones que dieron paso al Brexit y sus implicaciones en el ámbito político y económico. Por lo tanto, en términos metodológicos este artículo, se realizado una revisión documental mediante el abordaje de fuentes secundarias. Se concluye, como era de esperar, que los efectos en materia económica y social no se hicieron esperar, para el caso la variación interanual del PIB en el tercer trimestre de 2022, fue del 1,9%, así mismo un aumento del desempleo de un 3.6%. Por otra parte, es preciso considerar que la política inglesa aun cuando experimenta una notable volatilidad, como producto de ello se han emprendiendo acciones para afrontar los efectos posteriores al Brexit.

ABSTRACT On January 31, 2020, the United Kingdom's exit from the European Union took place, a process known as Brexit,t as a result of a referendum in which 51% of the British people voted in favor of leaving the EU, moving to a status known as Cooperation and Trade Agreement between the European Union and the United Kingdom (CTA), which came into force on May 1, 2021, as a result of the above, instability was experienced in political matters with brief lapses of government in the chaos of the Prime Minister, so the objective of this text lies in the analysis of the conditions that gave way to Brexit and its implications in the political and economic sphere. Therefore, in methodological terms this article, a documentary review was conducted by approaching secondary sources. It is concluded, as expected, that the effects in economic and social matters were not long in coming, for the case the interannual variation of GDP in the third quarter of 2022, was 1.9%, likewise an increase in unemployment of 3.6%. On the other hand, it is necessary to consider that English politics, even when experiencing a notable volatility, as a result of this, actions have been taken to face the post-Brexit effects.

Abstract We study the international transmission of U.S. real and financial shocks on the USMCA region using a global approach. The study relies on a GVAR (Global Vector Autoregressive) model and generalized impulse-response functions (GIRF). The main findings suggest that: 1) The USMCA economies are contemporaneously linked to the world economy mainly through private credit, international trade and real GDP; 2) shocks on U.S. GDP and U.S. trade flows have higher influence in Canada than in Mexico; 3) shocks on U.S. interest rates have higher influence in Mexico than in Canada; 4) the private credit and the international trade channels are the most important ones for the transmission of international macroeconomic shocks. The study relies on quarterly data for 33 countries of the period 1986:Q1-2019:Q4.

Resumen Estudiamos la transmisión internacional de los shocks reales y financieros de Estados Unidos en la región del T-MEC utilizando un enfoque global. El estudio se basa en un modelo GVAR (Vector Global Auto-regresivo) y funciones generalizadas de impulso-respuesta (GIRF). Los principales hallazgos sugieren que: 1) Las economías del T-MEC están simultáneamente vinculadas a la economía mundial, principalmente a través del crédito privado, el comercio internacional y el PIB real; 2) los shocks sobre el PIB y los flujos comerciales de Estados Unidos tienen mayor influencia en Canadá que en México; 3) los shocks sobre las tasas de interés estadounidenses tienen mayor influencia en México que en Canadá; 4) el crédito privado y el comercio internacional son los más importantes canales para la transmisión de shocks macroeconómicos internacionales. El estudio se basa en datos trimestrales de 33 países del período 1986:T1- 2019:T4.

Resumo Neste artigo, foram investigados os efeitos de curto e longo prazo das variáveis macroeconômicas sobre os indicadores socioeconômicos do setor agrícola, incluindo índice de preços, desemprego rural e produto interno bruto (PIB) sobre os primeiros seis programas de desenvolvimento do governo. Foi utilizada a abordagem de atraso distribuído autorregressivo (ARDL). Os resultados mostraram que no curto prazo a taxa de inflação com atraso tem um efeito significativo e negativo sobre o emprego no setor agrícola e aumenta o nível de desemprego rural. Os resultados sugerem que os efeitos da liquidez e da taxa de inflação no curto prazo sobre o PIB são negativos e os gastos do governo no curto prazo têm efeito positivo sobre o índice de preços agrícolas. No longo prazo, o efeito dessas variáveis sobre a inflação agrícola é semelhante ao de curto prazo, mas com a diferença de que as elasticidades foram maiores.

Abstract In this paper, the short-term and long-term effects of macroeconomic variables on socio-economic indicators of agricultural sector, including price index, rural unemployment and gross domestic product (GDP) over the first to six government development programs were investigated. The auto-regressive distributed lag approach (ARDL) was used. The results showed that in the short run, inflation rate with a delay has a significant and negative effect on employment in the agricultural sector and increases the level of rural unemployment. The findings suggest that the effects of liquidity and inflation rate in the short run on the GDP are negative and government spending in the short run has a positive effect on the agricultural price index. In the long run, the effect of these variables on agricultural inflation is similar to the short term, but with the difference that the elasticities were larger.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar o fluxo espacial da assistência de pacientes em terapia dialítica nas regionais de saúde do estado de Minas Gerais. Métodos: Estudo ecológico que teve como população pacientes incidentes em terapia dialítica em instituições públicas, filantrópicas ou que tiveram seu tratamento custeado pelo Sistema Único de Saúde em clínicas privadas conveniadas, no estado de Minas Gerais. Os pacientes foram agregados por regional de saúde de residência. Foram calculadas as proporções de pacientes que fizeram diálise, bem como a inscrição na lista de transplante renal em sua própria região de residência ou fora dela. Estimadas as correlações de Person destas proporções com indicadores socioeconômicos e assistenciais das regionais de saúde. Técnicas exploratórias espaciais estimaram coeficientes de correlação espacial geral (I de Moran) e local (LISA). Resultados: Regiões com maior PIB apresentaram maior razão de nefrologistas e maior proporção de inscrições na própria região de residência. Identificou-se um cluster de regiões com PIB baixo mais ao nordeste do estado (também com valores mais baixos de razão de nefrologistas), um cluster de alta proporção de inscritos na lista de transplante no centro do estado, e um cluster de baixa proporção de diálise na mesma região de residência mais ao sudeste. Conclusão: Evidenciou-se disparidades regionais em relação à proporção de inscritos na lista de espera para o transplante renal, proporção de pacientes que realizavam diálise na mesma região de residência e proporção de pacientes inscritos na lista de espera para o transplante renal na mesma região de residência.

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the spatial flow of care for patients undergoing dialysis therapy in the health regions of the State of Minas Gerais. Methods: Ecological study whose population was patients undergoing dialysis therapy in public, philanthropic institutions or whose treatment was paid for by the Unified Health System in private clinics in partnership, in the State of Minas Gerais. Patients were grouped by health region of residence. The proportions of patients who underwent dialysis were calculated, as well as enrollment on the kidney transplant list in their own region of residence or outside it. Person correlations of these proportions with socioeconomic and care indicators of the health regions were estimated. Spatial exploratory techniques estimated general (Moran’s I) and local (LISA) spatial correlation coefficients. Results: Regions with higher GDP had a higher number of nephrologists and a higher proportion of registrations in the region of residence. A cluster of regions with low GDP was identified further to the northeast of the State (also with lower nephrologist ratio values), a cluster with a high proportion of those registered on the transplant list in the center of the State, and a cluster with a low proportion of dialysis in the same region of residence further southeast. Conclusion: Regional disparities were evident in relation to the proportion of patients registered on the waiting list for kidney transplantation, the proportion of patients undergoing dialysis in the same region of residence and the proportion of patients registered on the waiting list for kidney transplantation in the same region of residence. residence.

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the spatial flow of care for patients undergoing dialysis therapy in the health regions of the State of Minas Gerais. Methods: Ecological study whose population was patients undergoing dialysis therapy in public, philanthropic institutions or whose treatment was paid for by the Unified Health System in private clinics in partnership, in the State of Minas Gerais. Patients were grouped by health region of residence. The proportions of patients who underwent dialysis were calculated, as well as enrollment on the kidney transplant list in their own region of residence or outside it. Person correlations of these proportions with socioeconomic and care indicators of the health regions were estimated. Spatial exploratory techniques estimated general (Moran’s I) and local (LISA) spatial correlation coefficients. Results: Regions with higher GDP had a higher number of nephrologists and a higher proportion of registrations in the region of residence. A cluster of regions with low GDP was identified further to the northeast of the State (also with lower nephrologist ratio values), a cluster with a high proportion of those registered on the transplant list in the center of the State, and a cluster with a low proportion of dialysis in the same region of residence further southeast. Conclusion: Regional disparities were evident in relation to the proportion of patients registered on the waiting list for kidney transplantation, the proportion of patients undergoing dialysis in the same region of residence and the proportion of patients registered on the waiting list for kidney transplantation in the same region of residence. residence.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar o fluxo espacial da assistência de pacientes em terapia dialítica nas regionais de saúde do estado de Minas Gerais. Métodos: Estudo ecológico que teve como população pacientes incidentes em terapia dialítica em instituições públicas, filantrópicas ou que tiveram seu tratamento custeado pelo Sistema Único de Saúde em clínicas privadas conveniadas, no estado de Minas Gerais. Os pacientes foram agregados por regional de saúde de residência. Foram calculadas as proporções de pacientes que fizeram diálise, bem como a inscrição na lista de transplante renal em sua própria região de residência ou fora dela. Estimadas as correlações de Person destas proporções com indicadores socioeconômicos e assistenciais das regionais de saúde. Técnicas exploratórias espaciais estimaram coeficientes de correlação espacial geral (I de Moran) e local (LISA). Resultados: Regiões com maior PIB apresentaram maior razão de nefrologistas e maior proporção de inscrições na própria região de residência. Identificou-se um cluster de regiões com PIB baixo mais ao nordeste do estado (também com valores mais baixos de razão de nefrologistas), um cluster de alta proporção de inscritos na lista de transplante no centro do estado, e um cluster de baixa proporção de diálise na mesma região de residência mais ao sudeste. Conclusão: Evidenciou-se disparidades regionais em relação à proporção de inscritos na lista de espera para o transplante renal, proporção de pacientes que realizavam diálise na mesma região de residência e proporção de pacientes inscritos na lista de espera para o transplante renal na mesma região de residência.

Abstract This article evaluated the effect of soybean cultivation on the level of socioeconomic development and economic growth of the Brazilian AMC's (Minimum Comparable Areas), between the years 1991 and 2010. For this, the models Differences in Differences with Propensity Score were estimated. (DDM), evaluating the impact of “being a soybean producer” on the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita and on the dimensions of the Municipal Human Development Index (HDI-M). The results showed that soybean production did not impact the global HDI-M, with a positive effect only on the HDI - knowledge. In the case of the longevity dimension, a negative impact was identified, possibly due to the intensive use of pesticides, which affects the health of rural workers and residents of nearby locations. In the case of economic growth, the effect was positive, inferring that “being a soy-producing AMC” tends, on average, to intensify GDP per capita.

Resumo Este artigo avalia o efeito do cultivo da soja sobre o nível de desenvolvimento socioeconômico e do crescimento econômico das AMC’s (Áreas Mínimas Comparáveis) brasileiras, entre os anos de 1991 e 2010. Para isso, foram estimados os modelos Diferenças em Diferenças com Escore de Propensão (DDM), avaliando o impacto de ser produtor de soja no Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) per capita e nas dimensões do Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal (IDH-M). Os resultados demonstraram que a produção de soja não impactou o IDH-M global, apresentando efeito positivo apenas no IDHM-conhecimento. No caso da dimensão longevidade, identificou-se um impacto negativo, possivelmente em decorrência do uso intensivo de agrotóxicos, que afeta a saúde dos trabalhadores rurais e moradores de localidades próximas. No caso do crescimento econômico, o efeito foi positivo, inferindo que “ser uma AMC produtora de soja” tende, na média, a intensificar o PIB per capita.

Abstract This study assesses the vulnerability of Latin American economies, measured by GDP per capita, to precipitation and temperature fluctuations, in order to estimate how these countries are affected by climatic conditions. The Differentiated Generalized Moments Method (DIF-GMM) was used to verify the influence of climatic variables, together with economic indicators, on the level of economic activity. The results indicated that precipitation extremes, as measured by the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), are the dominant climatic influences on economic growth and that the effects are significant and negative. The Drought dummy was associated with a positive influence on GDP per capita, while the flood dummy Rain was associated with a negative influence for Latin American countries. It was found that temperature has a significantly lower effect than precipitation.

Resumo Este estudo avalia a vulnerabilidade das economias latino-americanas, medida pelo PIB per capita, a precipitação e flutuações de temperatura, a fim de analisar como esses países são afetados pelas condições climáticas. O Método de Momentos Generalizados Diferenciado (MMG-DIF) foi utilizado para verificar a influência das variáveis climáticas, juntamente com indicadores econômicos, no nível de atividade econômica. Os resultados indicaram que extremos de precipitação, medidos pelo Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), são as influências climáticas dominantes no crescimento econômico, e que os efeitos são significativos e negativos. A dummy de Seca foi associada a uma influência positiva no PIB per capita, enquanto a dummy de inundação, Chuva, foi associada a uma influência negativa para os países latino-americanos. Constatou-se que a temperatura tem efeito significativo menor do que a precipitação.

RESUMO Este estudo objetivou analisar os fatores contextuais do desempenho do atendimento odontológico para gestantes na Atenção Básica entre municípios baianos. A série temporal utilizou dados secundários dos 417 municípios, entre 2018 e 2022. O desfecho foi a meta do indicador de proporção de gestantes com atendimento odontológico por município: insuficiente (<60,0%) ou suficiente (≥60,0%). As variáveis contextuais foram: fatores sociodemográficos (Porte Populacional, Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal, Produto Interno Bruto municipal per capita – PIB, Índice de Gini da renda domiciliar per capita, Índice de Vulnerabilidade Social e Núcleos Regionais de Saúde) e serviço de saúde (Cobertura de Estratégia Saúde da Família – ESF e de Saúde Bucal). Realizou-se regressão de Poisson uni e multivariada (p<0,05). No último quadrimestre de cada ano: 2,9% (2018), 2,4% (2019), 5,3% (2020), 37,2% (2021) e 71,2% (2022) dos municípios atingiram a meta. No terceiro quadrimestre de 2021, os municípios com menor PIB, e em 2021 e 2022, com maior cobertura de ESF, apresentaram maior chance de atingir a meta. Conclui-se que houve aumento da proporção de atendimento odontológico para gestante ao longo dos anos entre os municípios baianos e atingir a meta foi associado a fatores sociodemográficos e de serviço de saúde.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to analyze the contextual factors of the performance of dental care for pregnant women in Primary Care among municipalities in Bahia. The time series used secondary data from 417 municipalities between 2018-2022. The outcome was the target indicator for the proportion of pregnant women with dental care per municipality: insufficient (<60.0%) or sufficient (≥60.0%). The contextual variables were: sociodemographic factors (Population Size, Municipal Human Development Index, municipal Gross Domestic Product per capita – GDP, Gini Index of household income per capita, Social Vulnerability Index and Regional Health Centers) and health service (Coverage of Family Health Strategy – ESF and Oral Health). Poisson regression was performed (p<0.05). In the last four months of each year: 2.9% (2018), 2.4% (2019), 5.3% (2020), 37.2% (2021) and 71.2% (2022) of the municipalities reached the goal. In the third four months of 2021, municipalities with lower GDP, and in 2021 and 2022, with greater ESF coverage, had a greater chance of reaching the target. It is concluded that there was an increase in the proportion of dental care for pregnant women over the years among the municipalities in Bahia, and achieving the goal was associated with sociodemographic and health service factors.

BACKGROUND: As small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are the primary source of job creation in Nigeria and contribute 48% of the country's gross domestic product (GDP), their performance must be enhanced and sustainability ensured. The article suggests that through competitor orientation and proactiveness, SME managers and owners can achieve competitive advantage which ultimately promotes firm performance. AIM: The article aims to examine how competitor orientation and proactiveness in competitive advantage enhance the performance of SMEs in Nigeria. SETTING: The study focused on registered SME owners and managers who are operating in Nigeria, using Lagos State as a case study. METHODS: This study was conducted through administering questionnaires to owners and/or managers of SMEs as the unit of analysis. A quantitative research design was used with stratified and simple random sampling as the sampling method, with the sample comprising 100 SME owners and/or managers. RESULTS: The results of the study indicated that competitive advantage mediates the relationship between competitor orientation, proactiveness and SMEs' performance indirectly. It further revealed that competitor orientation and proactiveness have significant effects on SMEs' performance. CONCLUSION AND CONTRIBUTION: The article reveals how competitive advantage, which is influenced by competitor orientation and proactiveness, contributes to increased SMEs' performance in SME sectors. Thus, to gain a competitive edge over their rivals, the study recommends that SME owners and managers consider competitor orientation and proactiveness more seriously, as these factors ultimately boost their performance.

BACKGROUND: This article considers the impact of the production and consumption of alcohol on the economy of South Africa and on South Africa at large. It does this through estimating the costs of alcohol consumption for the South African (SA) society on the one hand, and comparing it to estimates of the economic benefits of having an established alcohol manufacturing industry in South Africa on the other. AIM: The study aims to use available data to objectively assess the role of alcohol in the SA economy. SETTING: The study is conducted at a macro-level on the SA economy. METHOD: Quantitative assessment of the net economic benefit (or cost) of the SA alcohol industry was used for conducting the study. RESULTS: The study indicates that the production of alcohol contributes significantly, both directly and indirectly, to Gross National Product (GDP) and generates broad-based employment in the economy. The damage caused by the consumption of alcohol to society is significant and primarily includes the suffering and even death resulting from medical conditions associated with the consumption of alcohol. CONCLUSION: Taking all factors into consideration, the alcohol industry has a large net positive contribution to the SA economy, levels of employment, and SA society. CONTRIBUTION: There has been much debate and discussion about the net impact of the alcohol industry on South Africa. This study makes a clear contribution to the debate in that it calculates empirically, on a solid statistical foundation, a Rands and cents estimate of the net contribution of the alcohol industry to the South African economy.

Abstract: Menarche marks the beginning of female reproductive cycle and constitutes an important milestone of female growth. Age at menarche varies according to genetic and socio-environmental factors, so it stands as an interesting indicator of biological wellbeing of the population. Based on an initial sample of 445 women from Valparaiso, born in 1851-1895, we examine the impact of socio-environmental factors on age of menarche in a historical context characterized by a strong GDP growth and intense, although uneven, urban development. Although results indicate a tendency for menarche to present itself at increasingly younger ages, this tendency is not statistically significant (p > .05). Factors like rural/urban origin, size of the household and intra-household stress do not seem to affect age of menarche in the sample, characterized by a low socio-economic status. Urban penalty phenomena, typical of early processes of modernization, could be partially explaining the results obtained.

Resumen: La menarquia señala el inicio del periodo reproductivo y constituye un importante marcador del crecimiento humano femenino. La edad en la que se presenta depende de la interacción de factores genéticos y socioambientales, por lo que resulta un interesante indicador del bienestar biológico de las poblaciones. Con una muestra inicial de 445 mujeres residentes en Valparaíso y nacidas entre los años 1851-1895, evaluamos la incidencia de factores socioambientales en la edad de la menarquia en un contexto histórico caracterizado por un fuerte incremento del Producto Interno Bruto y un intenso, pero inarmónico desarrollo urbano. Aunque los resultados muestran una tendencia al adelanto de la edad de menarquia, este no resulta estadísticamente significativo (p > .05). El origen rural/urbano, el tamaño familiar y el estrés intrafamiliar no parecen incidir en la edad de menarquia de la población de la muestra. El fenómeno de penalización urbana podría explicar en parte los resultados.

Resumen El estudio analiza la relación entre la siniestralidad laboral y la actividad económica (PIB por trabajador) en el Perú. La estrategia empírica se basa en regresiones de efectos fijos y modelos vectoriales autorregresivos (VAR) para escenarios de datos de panel sobre una muestra de 15 industrias peruanas durante el período 2016-2021. Los resultados confirman la relación causal unidireccional en el corto plazo desde el PIB por trabajador hacia la tasa de accidentes de trabajo. Además, los hallazgos sugieren que esta relación es heterogénea entre industrias, siendo la relación causal detectada más evidente en los sectores de agricultura, pesca, energía, construcción, manufactura, y transporte y almacenamiento. En línea con la mayor conciencia sobre cómo la actividad económica afecta los accidentes laborales, se discuten las implicaciones políticas y las futuras vías de investigación.

Abstract The study analyzes the relationship between work accident rates and economic activity (GDP per worker) in Peru. The empirical strategy is based on fixed-effects regressions and vector autoregression models (VAR) for panel-data settings on a sample of 15 Peruvian industries during the period 2016-2021. The main results confirm the unidirectional causal relationship in the short-term from GDP per worker to the rate of work accidents. Additionally, the findings suggest that this relationship is heterogeneous across industries: the reported causal relationship is confirmed for agriculture, fishing, utilities, construction, manufacturing, and transport and warehousing. In line with the increased awareness on how economic activity impacts work accidents, policy implications and future research avenues are discussed.