ABSTRACT Raman spectroscopy analysis was performed on a 303 kg pitcher-shaped metal piece, likely bearing lonsdaleite diamonds. The Raman spectra revealed four main bands: a shifted D-band (1294-1330 cm-1), a G-band (1583-1588 cm-1), an iron meteorite band (217, 284, and 402 cm-1), and a weak fourth band (1428-1460 cm-1). FWHM values (39-162 cm-1) were high, indicative of a significant lonsdaleite component (10-100%). The shifted D-peak wavenumber and FWHM values suggest the formation of lonsdaleite diamonds under high-pressure, high-temperature conditions (1068-1541 °C), possibly due to a hypervelocity collision in space. This finding strengthens the evidence for diamonds in iron meteorites and could represent the largest diamond-bearing iron meteorite recorded to date.

ABSTRACT: Present study aimed for detection, purification, quantification of Sind Krait (Bungarus sindanus) antivenom from chicken eggs and to determine extracted antivenom efficacy in mice. Hens’ three groups were immunized by sub-lethal doses of Sind Krait venom with adjuvant paraffin oil+lecithin. Booster doses were injected subcutaneously on pectorals muscles at multiple sites after every two weeks upto eight weeks. Antibodies-IgY produced against Sind Krait venom was purified form eggs’ yolk by precipitation method with PEG-6000. Purified antivenom-IgY protein contents were quantified by Nanodrop-photometer, purity accessed by SDS-PAGE, specificity checked by Ochterloneys method and titer estimated by indirect ELISA. Antivenom efficacy was assessed in albino mice. Purified antivnom-IgY exhibited single protein band 180-190 kDa on SDS-PAGE under non-reduced condition and two-bands 63 - 65 kDa and 22 - 25 kDa correspondingly under-reduced condition. Immunodiffusion exhibited sharp precipitation lines of immune-complex (venom and extracted-IgY). In all groups (G1, G2 and G3) antivenom level sharply increase from 3rd to 4th week and maintained thereafter. G2 and G3 presented high titer upto 1:2048 dilutions, while G1 showed upto 1:1024 dilutions, as tested by indirect ELISA. In neutralization assay ED50 dose of G2 and G3 obtained antivenom was 400.23 µg/mice for more than twofold LD50 dose of venom and 100% protection was at 508.84 µg/mice that completely neutralized highly lethal dose of venom. But G1 ED50 was 405.66 µg/mice and provides 100% protection at 554.21 µg/mice. Extracted antivenom, against Sind Krait venom were highly pure, and with high neutralization capacity were produced successfully from eggs yolk first time in Pakistan. ABSTRACT detection purification Bungarus sindanus mice Hens sublethal sub oillecithin oil lecithin oil+lecithin AntibodiesIgY Antibodies IgY PEG6000. PEG6000 PEG 6000. 6000 PEG-6000 antivenomIgY Nanodropphotometer, Nanodropphotometer Nanodrop photometer, photometer Nanodrop-photometer SDSPAGE, SDSPAGE SDS PAGE, PAGE ELISA antivnomIgY antivnom 180190 180 190 180-19 nonreduced non reduced twobands bands 6 2 underreduced immunecomplex immune complex extractedIgY. extractedIgY . extracted-IgY) G1, G (G1 rd th thereafter 12048 1 2048 1:204 dilutions 11024 1024 1:102 ED ED5 40023 400 23 400.2 µgmice µg LD LD5 100 50884 508 84 508.8 40566 405 66 405.6 55421 554 21 554.2 pure Pakistan PEG600 600 PEG-600 18019 18 19 180-1 extracted-IgY (G 1204 204 1:20 1102 102 1:10 4002 40 400. 10 5088 50 8 508. 4056 405. 5542 55 554. PEG60 60 PEG-60 1801 180- 120 20 1:2 110 1:1 4 5 PEG6 PEG-6 12 1: 11 PEG-

RESUMO: O presente estudo teve como objetivo a detecção, purificação, quantificação do soro antiofídico em ovos de galinha e determinar a eficácia do soro antiofídico extraído em camundongos. Os três grupos de galinhas foram imunizados por doses subletais de veneno de cobra Sindhi krait com óleo de parafina adjuvante + lecitina. As doses de reforço foram injetadas por via subcutânea nos músculos do peito em vários locais após cada duas semanas até oito semanas. Anticorpos-IgY produzidos contra o veneno de Krait foram purificados da gema de ovo pelo método de precipitação com PEG-6000. Os conteúdos de proteína antiveneno-IgY purificada foram quantificados por fotômetro nanodrop enquanto a pureza foi acessada por SDS-PAGE. A especificidade do antiveneno-IgY foi verificada pelo método de Ochterloneys e o título foi estimado por ELISA indireto. A eficácia do antiveneno foi avaliada em camundongos albinos. A IgY purificada exibiu uma única banda de proteína 180-190 KDa em SDS-PAGE sob condição não reduzida e duas bandas 63 - 65 KDa e 22 - 25 KDa correspondentemente condição sub-reduzida. A imunodifusão exibiu linhas de precipitação nítidas de imunocomplexo (veneno e IgY extraída). Em todos os grupos (G1, G2 e G3) o nível do soro aumentou acentuadamente da 3ª para a 4ª semana e manteve-se a partir daí. G2 e G3 apresentaram títulos elevados até diluições de 1:2048, enquanto G1 apresentou diluições de até 1:1024, testado por ELISA indireto. No ensaio de neutralização, a dose ED50 de antiveneno G2 e G3 obtida foi de 400,23ug/camundongos para mais de duas vezes a LD50 e 100% de proteção foi @ 508,84ug/camundongos que neutralizam completamente a dose altamente letal de veneno. Mas G1 ED50 foi de 405,66ug/camundongos e forneceu 100% de proteção @ 554,21ug/camundongos. Antivenenos extraídos, contra veneno de Bungarus sindanus eram altamente puros, seu título de anticorpos e capacidade de neutralização foram produzidos com sucesso a partir de gemas de ovos de galinhas imunizadas pela primeira vez no Paquistão. RESUMO detecção purificação lecitina AnticorposIgY Anticorpos PEG6000. PEG6000 PEG 6000. 6000 PEG-6000 antivenenoIgY SDSPAGE. SDSPAGE SDS PAGE. PAGE indireto albinos 180190 180 190 180-19 6 2 subreduzida. subreduzida sub reduzida. sub-reduzida extraída. extraída . extraída) G1, G (G1 ª mantevese manteve se daí 12048, 12048 1 2048, 2048 1:2048 11024, 11024 1024, 1024 1:1024 ED ED5 40023ugcamundongos ugcamundongos 400 23ug ug LD LD5 100 50884ugcamundongos 508 84ug 40566ugcamundongos 405 66ug 55421ugcamundongos 554 21ug 554,21ug/camundongos extraídos puros Paquistão PEG600 600 PEG-600 18019 18 19 180-1 (G 1204 204 1:204 1102 102 1:102 40 10 50 55 PEG60 60 PEG-60 1801 180- 120 20 1:20 110 1:10 4 5 PEG6 PEG-6 12 1:2 11 1:1 PEG- 1:

Fluorescence spectroscopy is an extremely sensitive analytical technique that has been widely used to elucidate problems that require low detection limits. Although fluorescence spectroscopy is widespread in industry and academia, there is a lack of teaching materials demonstrating its basic principles, as well as the influence of instrumental parameters involved in the technique, which limit its correct use and the full potential of it. For this reason, this work aims to explore the principles of fluorescence spectroscopy and correlate them in function of different instrumental variables to carry out a fluorescence experiment. The spectrofluorometer parameters such as the excitation wavelength, excitation and emission slits, step, integration time, detection geometry as well as concentration of the samples were varied to illustrate how the best resulting spectra can be registered free of artifacts. To do so, two organic dyes with structured vibronic bands (pyrene) and another with unstructured bands (rhodamine 6G) were used. Another study carried out involved the use of 3D spectra, excitation/emission spectra, of cadmium telluride (CdTe) quantum dots. In this case, it was possible to show the excitation spectrum of nanomaterials, collecting emissions at different wavelengths, as well as analyzing the particle size distribution. limits academia reason experiment wavelength slits step time artifacts so pyrene (pyrene rhodamine 6G G D excitationemission CdTe (CdTe dots case nanomaterials wavelengths distribution

Abstract Background Oligoclonal bands (OCBs) and Kappa free light chains (FLCs) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are sensitive markers of intrathecal immunoglobulin (Ig)G synthesis in patients with multiple sclerosis. Objective To evaluate the concordance rate between OCBCs and the Kappa index (KI) in patients with suspected multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods Patients with suspected MS were referred to a specialized CSF laboratory as part of their diagnostic investigation. Paired CSF and serum samples were collected and submitted to detection of OCBs and determination of the KI. Positive and negative results were determined with both methods, and the percentage of agreement between them was established. Results In total, 171 serum and CSF samples from 171 patients were included in the analysis. The mean age of the patients was of 40 ± 14.2 years; 18.9% of them were male, and 81.1% were female. The OCBs and KI presented concordant results in 161 (94.2%) samples: in 74 (43.3%), both were positive, and in 87 (50.9%), both were negative. In 10 cases, the results were discrepant: KI positive/OCB negative in 8 and OCB positive/KI negative in 2 cases. Conclusion The KI and OCBs presented high concordance level. Currently, the detection of OCBs in the CSF is the standard method for MS diagnosis, but it is time-consuming, and its visual interpretation can be difficult. The results suggest that the KI is a good alternative for the detection of intrathecal immunoproduction in cases of suspected MS. (OCBs FLCs (FLCs (CSF IgG Ig G (KI . (MS) investigation methods established total 17 analysis 4 142 14 14. years 189 18 9 18.9 male 811 81 1 81.1 female 16 94.2% 942 94 (94.2% 7 43.3%, 433 43.3% , 43 3 (43.3%) positive 50.9%, 509 50.9% 50 (50.9%) discrepant positiveOCB positiveKI level Currently diagnosis timeconsuming, timeconsuming time consuming, consuming time-consuming difficult (MS 18. 81. 94.2 (94.2 43.3 (43.3% 50.9 5 (50.9% 94. (94. 43. (43.3 50. (50.9 (94 (43. (50. (9 (43 (50 ( (4 (5

Resumo Antecedentes Bandas oligoclonais (BOCs) e cadeias leves de imunoglobulina (free light chains, FLCs, em inglês) Kappa no líquido cefalorraquidiano (LCR) são marcadores sensíveis da síntese intratecal de imunoglobulina (Ig)G em pacientes com esclerose múltipla (EM). Objetivo Avaliar a taxa de concordância entre BOCs e o índice Kappa (IK) em pacientes com suspeita de EM. Métodos Pacientes com suspeita de EM foram encaminhados a um laboratório especializado em LCR como parte de sua investigação diagnóstica. Amostras pareadas de LCR e soro foram coletadas e investigadas quanto à presença de BOCs e submetidas à determinação do IK. Resultados positivos e negativos foram determinados com ambos os métodos, e estabeleceu-se o percentual de concordância entre eles. Resultados Ao todo, 171 amostras de soro e LCR de 171 pacientes foram incluídas na análise. A média de idade dos pacientes foi de 40 ± 14,2 anos; 18,9% deles eram do sexo masculino, e 81,1%, do sexo feminino. Resultados concordantes entre as BOCs e o IK foram observados em 161 (94,2%) amostras: em 74 (43,3%), ambos foram positivos, e em 87 (50,9%), ambos foram negativos. Em 10 casos, os resultados foram discrepantes: IK positivo/BOC negativo em 8, e BOC positivo/IK negativo em 2. Conclusão Observou-se alto nível de concordância entre o IK e as BOCs. A detecção de BOCs no LCR é atualmente o método padrão para o diagnóstico de EM, mas é demorado, e sua interpretação visual pode ser difícil. Os resultados sugerem que o IK pode ser uma alternativa para a detecção de imunoprodução intratecal em casos de suspeita de EM. (BOCs free chains FLCs inglês (LCR IgG Ig G . (EM) (IK diagnóstica métodos estabeleceuse estabeleceu se eles todo 17 análise 4 142 14 2 14, anos 189 18 9 18,9 masculino 811 81 1 81,1% feminino 16 94,2% 942 94 (94,2% 7 43,3%, 433 43,3% , 43 3 (43,3%) 8 50,9%, 509 50,9% 50 (50,9%) discrepantes positivoBOC positivo positivoIK Observouse Observou demorado difícil (EM 18, 81,1 94,2 (94,2 43,3 (43,3% 50,9 5 (50,9% 81, 94, (94, 43, (43,3 50, (50,9 (94 (43, (50, (9 (43 (50 ( (4 (5

Abstract Porcine source attracts the biotechnological development of natural xenogeneic materials, due to the availability of collagen in soft tissues, but the use of the demineralized organic matrix of cortical bone remains little explored. This study developed a demineralized porcine cortical bone matrix and analyzed the interference of peroxidation on the composition, thermostability, porosity and swelling of the material. Fresh ribs were processed with 3%-30% hydrogen peroxide under single treatment (G1-G4) or double treatment (G5-G8), using native bone (NB) as a control. Physicochemical characterization, porosity histomorphometry and swelling evaluation were performed. There were infrared bands indicative of the prevalence of collagen and residual phosphate groups even after demineralization, mass loss events by thermogravimetry ranging from 94 to 590 °C, being more accelerated in G7 and G8, with all groups below the thermal stability of the NB, as well as similar endothermic events between treatments in differential calorimetry. Changes in lamellar bone morphology occurred in all tested groups, being more conservative in G1 and G2 and more aggressive in G7 and G8. The single treatment dilated pores and kept the matrix closer to the original, while the double treatment significantly enlarged and fused the bone canals mimicking a mesh. The permeable areas in the bone matrix were larger and the hydrophilicity was greater and more persistent for G5-G8 compared to G1-G4 and NB. Single exposure and at lower concentrations of hydrogen peroxide suggest a better modulation of the tested determinants, for the generation of collagen biomaterial applied to bone regeneration. materials tissues explored composition thermostability material 3%30% 330 3% 30% 3 30 3%-30 G1G4 GG G4 G (G1-G4 G5G8, G5G8 G5 G8 , (G5-G8) NB (NB control characterization performed demineralization 9 59 C °C calorimetry original mesh G5-G G1-G determinants regeneration 3%30 33 3%-3 G1G (G1-G G5G (G5-G8 5 3%3 3%- (G5-G

Abstract Biodiesel serves as a biodegradable, non-toxic, and renewable fuel option that offers an alternative to traditional fossil fuels. This study aimed to examine the impact of elevating biodiesel content to 20% and 50% within regular diesel, with a focus on comprehending how these fuel mixtures influence variations in soot composition using Raman spectroscopy. The soot samples under analysis originated from commercial S10 diesel, as well as fuel blends containing 20% and 50% portions of sunflower and macaúba biodiesel, whereupon the use of this methodology for these fuels characterizes the novelty of this work. The outcomes derived from analyzing the soot samples revealed distinct characteristics in the G, D1, D3, and D4 bands. The ratio between the intensities of these D and G bands is closely indicative of the soot's structure. Consequently, this ratio was analyzed in this investigation to assess the effects of biodiesel concentration and engine rotation speed on soot characteristics. The conclusions found in this study indicated that there was minimal variation in the spectral characteristics of the soot samples across the different fuels and varying engine speeds. As a result, it is inferred that increasing the proportion of biodiesel in commercial diesel S10 did not have a significant impact on the structural composition of soot. biodegradable nontoxic, nontoxic non toxic, toxic non-toxic 20 50 spectroscopy S S1 work D1 D3 soots s structure Consequently speeds result 2 5

Abstract The gall wasp, Leptocybe invasa, poses a significant global threat to Eucalyptus cultivation, by causing substantial economic losses. The objective of this study was to differentiate between resistant and susceptible genotypes by morphological characteristics using image analysis based on the damage caused by the gall wasp. In addition, consensus sequences derived from transposable elements (TEs) and the genome of Eucalyptus spp. Were identified by in silico analysis. Furthermore, another objective was to discriminate Eucalyptus genotypes in response to Leptocybe invasa by conducting molecular analyses involving transposable elements and inter simple sequence markers. For image analysis, the GroundEye ® system was used to collect images of 60 leaves from six genotypes, three of which were resistant and three susceptible. Eucalyptus spp. sequences were obtained from the GenBank database by in silico analysis and pairwise alignments with TE sequences were conducted using BLASTN. Multiple sequence alignment was performed with Clustal Omega, followed by the identification of conserved regions in Jalview. A motif signature was generated using Weblogo. For molecular characterization using ISSR markers and TEs, samples of young leaves were obtained from a total of 80 Eucalyptus seedlings, of which 50 were classified as resistant and 30 as susceptible to L. invasa. It was possible to distinguish gall wasp susceptible and resistant genotypes by image analysis. In silico analysis enabled the identification of conserved regions in the Eucalyptus spp. genome, which were associated with proteins involved in secondary metabolite production, e.g., terpenes, which play a role in the response to L. invasa. The discrimination capacity of TEs and ISSR primers was demonstrated and bands were generated that could be used to identify resistant genotypes. However, increasing the number of markers required to discriminate genotypes in both cases is suggested. cultivation losses addition (TEs spp Furthermore 6 BLASTN Omega Jalview Weblogo 8 seedlings 5 3 L production eg e g e.g. terpenes However suggested e.g

Resumo A vespa-da-galha, Leptocybe invasa, representa uma ameaça global significativa para o cultivo de Eucalyptus, causando consideráveis prejuízos econômicos. O objetivo deste estudo foi diferenciar entre genótipos resistentes e suscetíveis por meio de características morfológicas, usando análise de imagem com base nos danos causados pela vespa-da-galha. Além disso, sequências de consenso derivadas de elementos transponíveis (TEs) e do genoma de Eucalyptus spp. foram identificadas por análise in silico. Outro objetivo foi discriminar genótipos de Eucalyptus em resposta a L. invasa, por meio de análises moleculares envolvendo elementos transponíveis e marcadores de sequências simples intercaladas (ISSR). Para a análise de imagem, o sistema GroundEye® foi utilizado para coletar imagens de 60 folhas de seis genótipos, sendo três resistentes e três suscetíveis. Sequências de Eucalyptus spp. foram obtidas do banco de dados GenBank por análise in silico, e alinhamentos de sequências em pares com sequências de TE foram conduzidos usando o BLASTN. Alinhamento de múltiplas sequências foi realizado com Clustal Omega, seguido pela identificação de regiões conservadas no Jalview. Uma assinatura de motivo foi gerada usando o Weblogo. Para a caracterização molecular usando marcadores ISSR e TEs, amostras de folhas jovens foram obtidas de um total de 80 mudas de Eucalyptus, das quais 50 foram classificadas como resistentes e 30 como suscetíveis a L. invasa. Foi possível distinguir genótipos suscetíveis e resistentes à vespa-das-galhas por meio da análise de imagem. A análise in silico permitiu a identificação de regiões conservadas no genoma de Eucalyptus spp., associadas a proteínas envolvidas na produção de metabólitos secundários, como terpenos, que desempenham um papel na resposta a L. invasa. A capacidade de discriminação de TEs e iniciadores ISSR foi demonstrada, e bandas foram geradas que poderiam ser usadas para identificar genótipos resistentes. No entanto, sugere-se aumentar o número de marcadores necessários para discriminar genótipos em ambos os casos. vespadagalha, vespadagalha vespa galha, galha vespa-da-galha invasa econômicos morfológicas vespadagalha. galha. disso (TEs spp L ISSR. . (ISSR) GroundEye 6 BLASTN Omega Jalview Weblogo 8 5 3 vespadasgalhas galhas secundários terpenos demonstrada entanto sugerese sugere se casos (ISSR

Abstract Nanocomposites formed of natural-origin iron oxide nanoparticles (magnetite and maghemite, Fe3O4 and γ-Fe2O3, respectively) were processed using the sol-gel process into core-shell structures containing silica and samarium to investigate their potential for applications in cancer treatments combining hyperthermia and brachytherapy. Mössbauer characterization showed that the iron oxides contained 64% magnetite, 18% hematite, 12% maghemite, and exhibit superparamagnetic behavior at room temperature. Transmission electron microscopy determined that the iron oxide particles were smaller than 15 nm, while magnetization was measured at 5 emu/g. Fourier transform infrared indicated the material was formed of Si-O-Si and Fe-O-Si bonds, while X-ray diffraction showed bands of amorphous silica from 5° to 23° and bands of iron oxide phases. X-ray fluorescence indicated 5.17% of incorporated samarium. The nanocomposite suspensions were subjected to an alternating magnetic field and the resulting heat dissipation was measured, falling within the ideal range for hyperthermia applications. Theoretical dosimetric calculation determined significant radioactive activity of 1.68x10-8 MBq.mg-1.Φ -1 after 24h decay time for 153Sm. The characteristics and behavior of these nanocomposites indicate that they may offer promise in applications involving hyperthermia for cancer treatment and a more accessible source for brachytherapy materials. naturalorigin natural origin magnetite maghemite FeO Fe O Fe3O γFe2O3, γFe2O3 γFeO γ Fe2O3, Fe2O3 γ-Fe2O3 respectively solgel sol gel coreshell core shell 64 18 hematite 12 temperature 1 nm emug emu g emu/g SiOSi Si FeOSi bonds Xray X ray 23 phases 517 17 5.17 1.68x108 168x108 x 1.68x10 8 68x10 1.68x10- MBq.mg1.Φ MBqmg1Φ MBqmgΦ MBq.mg 1.Φ MBq mg Φ - h 153Sm Sm materials γFe γFe2O Fe2O γ-Fe2O 6 2 51 5.1 68x108 168x10 1.68x1 68x1 mg1 MBqmg 1Φ 5. 168x1 1.68x 68x 168x

Abstract The incorrect disposal of plastic materials in the environment, especially in water bodies, where they are exposed to different environmental conditions for long periods, favors fragmentation and originates debris called microplastics (< 5 mm). These are present in different environmental matrices. In freshwater environments, such as rivers and streams, microplastic pollution is influenced by urban concentration, hydrodynamics, and riparian vegetation. To demonstrate contamination by microplastics in the Mindu creek, in Manaus, water samples collected from two profiles (surface and depth) were analyzed according to the hydrological regime of the Negro River (CPRM, 2020) under the Cetesb (2011) and Masura et al. (2015) methodologies. The results confirmed the microplastic pollution in the waters of the Mindu creek with concentrations in greater evidence for the depth profile (0 to 0.40 g.L-1) compared to the surface profile (0 to 0.12 g.L-1) and an emphasis on the flood and full hydrological regimes. As for the qualitative characteristics, the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR) analysis, whose objective is to identify absorption bands (cm-1) of virgin polymer molds, returned eight polymeric compounds, among which elastomers, monomers, wetting agents and surfactants used in the manufacture of plastic materials. These characterizations highlight the negative impacts of microplastics on water bodies, reinforced through the release of these compounds into the environment. It emphasizes the need for further studies in urban water bodies on the inherited consequences of the interaction between microplastics and the biotic and abiotic components of the environment. environment periods < ( mm. mm . mm) matrices environments streams concentration hydrodynamics vegetation Manaus CPRM, CPRM (CPRM 2020 2011 (2011 al 2015 (2015 methodologies 0 040 40 0.4 g.L1 gL1 gL g.L 1 g L g.L-1 012 12 0.1 regimes characteristics FTIRATR FTIR ATR (FTIR-ATR analysis cm1 cm (cm-1 molds elastomers monomers 202 201 (201 04 4 0. L1 g.L- 01 (cm- 20 (20 (cm 2 (2

Resumo A disposição incorreta de materiais plásticos no meio ambiente, especialmente em corpos hídricos, que os deixa expostos às condições ambientais diversas durante longos períodos, favorece a fragmentação e origina detritos chamados de microplásticos (< 5 mm). Os microplásticos estão presentes em diferentes matrizes ambientais. Em ambientes de água doce, como rios e igarapés, a poluição microplástica tem influência da concentração urbana, hidrodinâmica e vegetação ciliar. Para evidenciar a contaminação por microplásticos no igarapé do Mindu, em Manaus, foram analisadas amostras de água coletadas de dois perfis (superficial e profundidade) de acordo com o regime hidrológico do rio Negro (CPRM, 2020) sob as metodologias de e Cetesb (2011) e Masura et al. (2015). Os resultados confirmaram a poluição microplástica nas águas do igarapé do Mindu, com concentrações em maior evidência para o perfil profundidade (0 a 0,40 g.L-1) comparado ao perfil superficial (0 a 0,12 g.L-1) e destaque para os regimes hidrológicos de enchente e cheia. Quanto às características qualitativas, a análise de espectroscopia de infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR-ATR), cujo objetivo é identificar bandas de absorção (cm-1) moldes de polímeros virgens, retornou oito compostos poliméricos, entre os quais se destacam elastômeros, monômeros, agentes umectantes e surfactantes utilizados na fabricação de materiais plásticos. Essas caracterizações realçam os impactos negativos dos microplásticos em corpos hídricos, reforçados por meio da liberação desses compostos para o meio ambiente. Enfatiza-se a necessidade de mais estudos em corpos hídricos urbanos sobre as consequências herdadas da interação entre os microplásticos com os componentes bióticos e abióticos do meio ambiente. ambiente períodos < ( mm. mm . mm) doce igarapés urbana ciliar Mindu Manaus CPRM, CPRM (CPRM 2020 2011 (2011 al 2015. 2015 (2015) 0 040 40 0,4 g.L1 gL1 gL g.L 1 g L g.L-1 012 12 0,1 cheia qualitativas FTIRATR, FTIRATR FTIR ATR , (FTIR-ATR) cm1 cm (cm-1 virgens poliméricos elastômeros monômeros Enfatizase Enfatiza 202 201 (201 (2015 04 4 0, L1 g.L- 01 (FTIR-ATR (cm- 20 (20 (cm 2 (2

Resumen El fruto de zarzamora (Rubus fruticosus) es considerado alto en fibra, vitaminas, minerales y antioxidantes y se destacan por tener propiedades terapéuticas. Sin embargo, es importante determinar si estos antioxidantes aún se conservan en alimentos o frutas procesados; y brindar al consumidor información nutricional de este producto, el cual ha tenido una gran demanda en la región centro del Estado de Veracruz. El objetivo principal fue determinar los contenidos totales de flavonoides y antocianinas en la mermelada y licor de zarzamora artesanal; así como la cantidad de carbohidratos, lípidos y proteínas totales en estos productos, elaborados en Atecaxil, Veracruz, México. Se realizó un tamiz fitoquímico preliminar cualitativa y Cromatografía en Capa Fina de Alta Resolución (HPTLC, por sus siglas en inglés) en frutos, licor y mermelada artesana de zarzamora l. Los flavonoides y antocianinas totales se cuantificaron en la mermelada y licor artesanal de zarzamora por espectrofotometría, durante los tres años de producción. Con la prueba fitoquímica cualitativa, se encontró mayor presencia (+++) de alcaloides y flavonoides tanto en el fruto como en ambos productos artesanales. Se observó en la placa cromatográfica, bandas de color púrpura a púrpura claro, que son características de las antocianinas (Rf 0.2 a 0.3). Durante los tres años de producción la concentración de flavonoides y antocianinas fue similar, comparando entre los productos, hay mayor cantidad de flavonoides totales en la mermelada (43,6 mg) que en el licor (16,0 mg). Las antocianinas se encontraron en mayor cantidad en la mermelada de mora (59,3 mg) que en el licor de mora (23,6 mg). El licor de zarzamora artesanal se encontró un valor energético de 82,48 kJ/19,7 kcal por 15 mL, 3,5 g de carbohidratos, 0,1 g de lípidos y 0,1 g de proteína total, 33 porciones por envase (cada porción de 15mL). En la mermelada de zarzamora artesanal se encontró un valor energético de 110.11kJ/26.3 kcal por 10 g, 6g de carbohidratos, 0.1 g de lípidos y 0.1 g de proteína total, 34 porciones cada envase (cada porción de 10 g). Estos productos artesanales podrían competir en el mercado; debido que aún se preservan los flavonoides y antocianinas, y su valor energético podría proporcionar información importante al consumidor.

Abstract The fruit of blackberry (Rubus fruticosus) bush is considered high in fiber, vitamins, mineral and some components are considered as antioxidants, they stand out by their therapeutic properties. Nevertheless, it is important to determine if these antioxidants are still retained in processed food; and to provide the consumer nutrimental information of this product, which has been in great demand in the central region of the State of Veracruz. The main objective was to determine the total contents of flavonoids and anthocyanins in jelly and handmade blackberry liqueur; as well as the amount of total carbohydrates, lipids and proteins contained in these products, produced in Atecaxil, Veracruz, Mexico. A preliminary phytochemical analysis and High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) were performed on fruits, liquor and jelly of blackberry handmade. Total flavonoids and anthocyanins were quantified by spectrophotometry, during the three years of production. In the three samples there was a higher presence of alkaloids and flavonoids (+++). Bands purple color to light purple were observed on the chromatography plate (Rf 0.2 a 0.3), they are characteristic of anthocyanins. During the three years of production, the concentration of flavonoids of flavonoids and anthocyanins were similar, comparing between the products, there is a greater concentration of total flavonoids in jelly (43.6 mg) than in liqueur (16.0 mg). Anthocyanins were found in higher concentration in the blackberry jelly (59.3mg) than in the blackberry liqueur (23.6 mg). Both products recovered total flavonoids and anthocyanins, after the processing of the blackberry fruit. The handmade liqueur had an energetic value of 82.48kJ/19.7 kcal per 15 mL, 3.5g of carbohydrates, 0,1 g of lipids and 0.1 g of total protein, 33 serving per container (each portion or serving of 15 mL). In the artisanal blackberry jelly there was an energetic value of 110.11kJ/26.3 kcal per 10 g, 6g of carbohydrates, 0.1 g of lipids and 0.1 g of total protein, 34 portions each container (each portion of 10g). These products could compete in the handmade market, because the total flavonoids and anthocyanins are still preserved during the fabrication of the product; which could provide important information to the consumer.

Abstract About 20-30 kg of spent carbides is averagely generated per panel beater daily in Nigeria (West Africa). In this study, pure limes (quicklime and slaked lime) from spent carbide were obtained via lime cycle - calcination/ hydration. The spent carbide (wet) was collected from the panel beater's workshop at Yaba College of Technology, Lagos, Nigeria. 400 g to 600 g from these sieved particles were subjected to calcination at temperature ranges 950℃ and 1000℃. Slaking or hydration of 20 g of the calcined spent carbide was conducted in a pressure pot by varying water to sample ratio at separate times (30, 60, and 90 min.). The obtained limes, CaO were characterized only by FTIR, and Ca(OH)2 was characterized by XRD and FTIR. The XRD spectrum of the synthesized slaked limes showed major peaks around 18o to 71.8o (2θ) with a dominant peak (011) plane at 34.1o (2θ). The crystallite size was found to be 56.55 nm, 56.56 nm, and 42.42 nm for samples A90, A60, and A30, respectively. FTIR spectroscopy of prepared samples (A30 and A60) showed sharp peaks viz-a-viz sample A90 at wave number 3637 cm-1 which is assigned to the presence of O―H stretching. The observed FTIR peak bands of the synthesized CaO at temperatures of 950oC (B950) and 1000oC (B1000) were found between the range of 1401.47 cm-1 and 998.92 cm-1, the presence of water molecules on the surface of the powder this also noticed in commercial CaO.

Abstract Since water transparency is a crucial parameter for fish development, it must be closely monitored in a farming environment. However, the water transparency of the fishponds is usually measured through an inefficient manual procedure. In this work, we propose a viable solution to automatize this procedure based on image processing techniques. Two optical sensors capable of capturing images in the NIR, R, G and B bands are connected to an embedded computer carried by a remotely piloted aircraft (RPAS), which flies over the ponds and takes pictures of a known reflective standard made of a conical target immersed in their water bodies. Herewith, the water transparency of the pounds can be estimated by analyzing those images via a specifically developed algorithm. A prototype was built to evaluate this solution in a rural area of Toledo city, PR - Brazil and took 66 pictures of the conical targets, which were used to estimate the water transparency. These results were compared with the measurements got manually with a Secchi disk, using Pearson's correlation analysis. A strong correlation (r = 0.98) between the two sets of measurements confirms that the proposed solution is effective to gather and estimate the water transparency of the fishponds, thus optimizing the fish farming management.

Resumen Se prepararon películas a base de una mezcla de almidón de chayotextle y gelatina (SG) de acuerdo a las siguientes concentraciones SG 3:1, SG 2:2, y SG 1:3. Dos controles fueron considerados en las películas; gelatina (G) y almidón (S). Se adicionó glicerol como plastificante para todos los tratamientos en un 2 %. El objetivo de esta investigación fue el estudio del efecto de las diferentes concentraciones de almidón de chayotextle y gelatina en las propiedades físicas, mecánicas y de barrera de las películas. El tratamiento G presentó la más alta solubilidad comparado con aquellos tratamientos en los que se incluyó al almidón. Los resultados FT-IR exhibieron la huella molecular característica de la gelatina y del almidón. No se detectaron nuevas bandas en los espectrómetros de las mezclas de gelatina. El más bajo porcentaje de cristalinidad apareció en las películas SG 2:2 con 37.8%. Este valor incrementó hasta un 64.9% en el tratamiento G. La variación de porcentajes en las mezclas almidón-gelatina produjo diferencias en las estructura y propiedades de las películas. Estas propiedades podrían ser configuradas, adaptadas y aplicadas de acuerdo a los requerimientos de la industria de ingeniería de alimentos, farmacéutica y biomédica.

Abstract Films made from a mixture of Chayotextle starch-Gelatin (SG) were prepared according to the following concentrations SG 3:1, SG 2:2, and SG 1:3. Two controls were considered; gelatin (G) and starch (S) films. Glycerol was added as a plasticizer to all treatments at 2 %. The aim of this research was the study of the effect of different concentrations of chayotextle starch and gelatin on the physical, mechanical and barrier properties of films. G treatment presented higher solubility in comparison to those treatments with presence of starch. FT-IR exhibited the characteristic molecular fingerprint of gelatin and starch. There was not detected new bands in the spectrometers of the mixed films. The lowest percentage of crystallinity appeared in SG 2:2 films with 37.8 %. This value increased up to 64.9 % in the G treatment. The variation of ratios in the mixture starchgelatin produced differences in structure and properties of films. These properties could be configured, adapted and applied according to the requirements of the food engineering, pharmaceutical, and biomedical industry.

Abstract The objective of this study was to obtain and characterize a freeze-dried powder of taioba leaves (Xanthosoma taioba) as a source of bioactive substances and potential food applications. The fresh leaves were cooked and lyophilized for further analysis. Its bioactive contents expressed in flavonoids, ascorbic acid and total polyphenols were quantified. Total antioxidant activity (TAA) was determined by ABTS assays. The chemical composition via infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and its microstructure were visualized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The bioactive contents of flavonoids, ascorbic acid and polyphenols were 17.15 mg/100 g, 58.3 mg/100 g and 24.15 mg Eq. of gallic acid/100 g, respectively. A high content of TAA was found. ABTS 37.35 (µg TE/g). The FTIR spectrum revealed high-intensity bands at 3350 cm-1, 2928 cm-1, 1637 cm-1, and 1055 cm-1 related to vibrations associated with typical bands of −OH groups present in cellulose membranes, hemicellulose, carbohydrates, lignin and water. The micrographs showed irregular structures of the ground leaves with a fibrous structure. These results indicate a high potential of this raw material in food formulations as a source of bioactives suitable for applications in various industrial segments.

Resumen En los últimos años el óxido de grafeno ha sido motivo de estudio debido a sus propiedades electrónicas, magnéticas, térmicas y mecánicas. Este estudio presenta dos métodos diferentes de funcionalización química para la obtención óxidos de grafeno (GO) adheridos a una superficie de grafito pirolítico de alta densidad (HOPG) por spray coating ácido. Para el rociado en el primer método, se utilizaron dos ácidos fuertes (H2SO4 y HNO3). En el segundo método de rociado, se utilizaron tres ácidos fuertes (H2SO4/HNO3/HCl). Para los dos casos el intervalo de rociado fue de 2, 4 y 6 horas. Se caracterizaron las placas de HOPG mediante análisis de SEM-EDS, FTIR, XRD y espectroscopia Raman, mediante el análisis exhaustivo de estos ensayos y verificando todas las variantes, ya sea por evidencia de picos en FTIR, planos predominantes en la red cristalina y observación de bandas D y G de los grupos funcionales característicos del GO por análisis Raman permitió determinar la presencia de GO en la superficie del grafito, además el método demuestra la capacidad de funcionalización de la superficie de (HOPG) por la formación de una fina lamina de átomo de C con hibridación sp2 correspondiente a la banda 2D y al grupo funcional C=C.

Abstract In recent years, graphene oxide has been the subject of study due to its electronic, magnetic, thermal, and mechanical properties. This study presents two different methods of chemical functionalization to obtain graphene oxides (GO) adhered to a high-density pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surface by acid spray coating. For the spraying in the first method, two strong acids (H2SO4 and HNO3) were used. In the second spray method, three strong acids (H2SO4 / HNO3 / HCl) were used. For both cases, the spray interval was 2, 4 and 6 hours. The HOPG plates were characterized by SEM - EDS, FTIR, XRD and Raman spectroscopy analysis, through exhaustive analysis of these assays and verifying all variants, either by evidence of peaks in FTIR, predominant planes in the crystal lattice and observation. of bands D and G of the functional groups characteristic of GO by Raman analysis allowed to determine the presence of GO on the surface of graphite, in addition the method demonstrates the functionalization capacity of the surface of (HOPG) by the formation of a thin sheet of C atom with sp2 hybridization corresponding to band 2D and functional group C = C.