Abstract Honey is a natural sweetener with importante health benefits. As it has been widely recommended as a substitute of sucrose, it could be perceived as highly safe and healthy. However, it is still unknown what are the metabolic effects when honey is ingested freely and uncontrolled. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effects of ad libitum access to sweet solutions in hyperglycemic induced rats on the biochemical, anthropometric and feeding pattern of intake. Male wistar rats were assigned to three experimental groups (n=10) with exposure to sucrose solution (SS), honey solution (HS) and fructose/glucose solution (GFS) at 10% along 6 continuous weeks. Fluid intake from solution was lower in HS group (p < 0.05), however, the grams of sweetener ingested from the solution were similar among groups. Solution consumption showed an increasing pattern in HS and GFS groups, leading to an escalating intake and binge drinking. Honey solution intake was highly correlated with glucose (r= 0.87, p=0.001) and total cholesterol (r= 0.74, p=0.013) levels. The serum levels of glucose (322±186 mg/dL), total cholesterol (81.1±22.8 mg/dL), HDL (48.3±15.5 mg/dL), VLDL (31.3±12.4 mg/dL) and triglycerides (156±62.2 mg/dL), were higher in HS group. The ad libitum ingestion protocol led to a high and sustained consumption of honey, exceeding four times the recommended intake of free sugars. This ingestive behavior resulted in deleterious effects in the experimental animals. Therefore, these findings should be taken into account when recommending honey consumption, as it may be perceived as a highly safe and healthy option, potentially leading to addictive behavior similar to that observed with sucrose intake.

Resumen La miel es un edulcorante natural con importantes beneficios para la salud. Como ha sido ampliamente recomendada como sustituto de la sacarosa, podría considerarse altamente segura y saludable. Sin embargo, no hay evidencia que informe cuáles son los efectos metabólicos cuando la miel se ingiere libremente y sin control. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar los efectos del acceso ad libitum a soluciones dulces en ratas con hiperglucemia inducida sobre el patrón de ingesta alimentario, valores bioquímicos y antropométricos. Se asignaron ratas wistar macho a tres grupos experimentales (n=10) con exposición a solución de sacarosa (SS), solución de miel (HS) y solución de fructosa/glucosa (GFS) al 10% durante 6 semanas continuas. La ingesta de líquidos de la solución fue menor en el grupo HS (p < 0.05), sin embargo, los gramos de edulcorante ingeridos de la solución fueron similares entre los grupos. El consumo de soluciones mostró un patrón creciente en los grupos HS y GFS, lo que llevó a una ingesta escalonada y de atracón. La ingesta de solución de miel estuvo altamente correlacionada con los niveles de glucosa (r= 0.872, p=0.00) y colesterol total (r= 0.742, p=0.01). Los niveles sericos de glucosa (322±186 mg/dL), colesterol total (81.1±22.8 mg/dL), HDL (48.3±15.5 mg/dL), VLDL (31.3±12.4 mg/dL) y triglicíridos (156±62.2 mg/dL fueron mayores en el grupo HS. El protocolo de ingestión ad libitum resultó en un consumo elevado y mantenido de miel que excedía cuatro veces la ingesta recomendada de azúcares libres. Esta conducta ingestiva causó efectos nocivos en los animales de experimentación. Por ello, estos hallazgos deben ser considerados al recomendar la ingesta de miel, ya que podría percibirse como altamente segura y saludable provocando una conducta adictiva similar a la observada con la ingesta de sacarosa.

Resumen Objetivo: Investigar el efecto clínico de la anastomosis superpuesta y de la anastomosis funcional de extremo a extremo (AFEE) en la resección radical laparoscópica del cáncer colorrectal (CCR). Método: Se recolectaron retrospectivamente los datos clínicos de 180 pacientes sometidos a resección radical laparoscópica de CCR y anastomosis de lado a lado. Los pacientes se dividieron en grupo de anastomosis superpuesta y grupo AFEE, según el método de anastomosis que se utilizó para tratarlos. Resultados: El grupo de anastomosis superpuesta tuvo un tiempo de operación, un tiempo de anastomosis, una estancia hospitalaria posoperatoria, un tiempo de alimentación posoperatorio y un tiempo de escape posoperatorio más cortos que el grupo AFEE (p < 0.05). La incidencia total de complicaciones posoperatorias fue del 14.4% (13/90) en el grupo AFEE y del 0.7% (6/90) en el grupo de anastomosis superpuesta, y no hubo diferencias significativas entre los dos grupos (p > 0.05). Conclusiones: La anastomosis superpuesta puede acortar el tiempo operatorio y acelerar la recuperación de la función intestinal sin aumentar la incidencia de complicaciones posoperatorias, y sin afectar la calidad de vida y la supervivencia de los pacientes a corto plazo después de la cirugía.

Abstract Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the clinical effect of overlap anastomosis and functional end-to-end anastomosis (FEEA) in laparoscopic radical resection of colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods: The clinical data of 180 patients who underwent laparoscopic radical resection of CRC and side-to-side anastomosis were retrospectively collected; the patients were divided into the Overlap group and FEEA group, according to the anastomosis method that was used to treat them. Results: The Overlap group had a shorter operation time, anastomosis time, post-operative hospital stay, post-operative feeding time, and post-operative exhaust time than the FEEA group (p < 0.05). The total incidence of post-operative complications was 14.4% (13/90) in the FEEA group and 0.7% (6/90) in the Overlap group, and there was no significant difference between the two groups (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Overlapping anastomosis can shorten the operation time and accelerate the recovery of intestinal function without increasing the incidence of post-operative complications, and it will not affect the quality of life and survival of patients in the short term after surgery.

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze functional aspects of breastfeeding, self-efficacy, and pain reported by mothers during breastfeeding, in newborns with severe and mild ankyloglossia. Methods: This is an observational study, carried out with 81 babies with ankyloglossia, assessed by the Bristol Tongue Assessment Tool (severe: scores 0–3; mild: scores 4–6) nested in a cohort carried out at the University Hospital of the Federal University of Maranhão, São Luis, Brazil. The functional aspects of breastfeeding were analyzed using the Breastfeeding Observation Form of the United Nations Children's Fund (BOF-UNICEF) and the LATCH Scoring System. Breastfeeding self-efficacy was measured using the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale — Short-Form. Pain indicators were evaluated by the Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire. The significance level adopted was 5%. Results: Maternal age was 26.7±0.8 years, and 64.2% reported high school education. Most babies were male (67.9%), and the birth weight was 3232±60g. A significant association was detected in the sucking aspect evaluated by the BOF-UNICEF [β=0.22 (95%CI 0.07; 0.73), p-value=0.013]. However, the groups did not differ in the assessment of breastfeeding performed by the LATCH scale. The groups had no differences in the assessment of breastfeeding self-efficacy reported by mothers, and in pain scores. Conclusions: Despite the observation of sucking difficulty in infants with severe ankyloglossia., the quality of breastfeeding in general, maternal pain, and self-efficacy reported by mothers do not differ when compared with infants with mild ankyloglossia. Therefore, the severity of ankyloglossia seems not to affect the breastfeeding indicators.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar aspectos funcionais da amamentação, autoeficácia e dor relatada pelas mães durante a amamentação, em recém-nascidos com anquiloglossia grave e leve. Métodos: Estudo observacional, realizado com 81 bebês diagnosticados com anquiloglossia avaliados pelo Bristol Tongue Assessment Tool (grave: escores 0–3; leve: escores: 4–6), aninhados em um estudo de coorte realizado no Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Brasil. Os aspectos funcionais do aleitamento materno foram analisados por meio do Formulário de Observação da Amamentação do Fundo Internacional para a Infância das Nações Unidas (BOF-UNICEF) e da Escala LATCH. Aautoeficácia foi mensurada por meio da Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale — Short-Form. Os indicadores de dor foram avaliados pelo Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. Resultados: A idade materna foi 26,7±0,8 anos, e 64,2% concluíram o ensino médio. A maioria dos recém-nascidos era do sexo masculino (67,9%), e o peso ao nascer foi 3232±60g. Foi detectada associação significante no aspecto da sucção avaliado pelo BOF-UNICEF [β=0,22 (IC95% 0,07; 0,73), p=0,013]. No entanto, os grupos não diferiram na avaliação do aleitamento materno realizada pela escala LATCH. Os grupos não apresentaram diferenças na avaliação da autoeficácia em amamentar relatada pelas mães e no escore de dor. Conclusões: Apesar de ter sido observada dificuldade de sucção em lactentes com anquiloglossia grave, a qualidade da amamentação em geral, a dor materna e a autoeficácia relatada pelas mães não diferem quando comparadas com as de lactentes com anquiloglossia leve. Assim, a gravidade da anquiloglossia parece não afetar os indicadores de amamentação.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of seven different types of additives on the production performance and economic benefits of piglets at the nursery stage. A total of 2806 piglets, at ~21 days of age, were selected and divided into a high-bodyweight (H) group (> 6.5 kg) and a low-bodyweight (L) group (<6.0 kg) based on the weaned bodyweight (BW). Each group was further subdivided into seven additive groups and a control group. The control group was provided with basal diet, while the additive groups received the corresponding functional additives for either 15 or 30 d. Data collection continued until the end of the nursery stage (on the 45th day of the trial, at 70 d of age). Any single additive did not substantially improve the gained BW in nursery piglets. Overall, sex did not result in any BW differences at any time points. Supplementing feed with additives for 30 d led to better results in terms of production performance and economics for both H and L groups compared to 15 d, particularly with the fermented traditional Chinese medicine (additive VI). In comparison to the control group, the beneficial differences in the H group was more than double that observed in the L group. In summary, supplementing with functional additives for 30 d has potential to improve the production performance and economic benefits of nursery piglets, especially high-bodyweight piglets.

Abstract Heterochely is an important phenomenon in decapod crustaceans. Nevertheless, it was rarely examined in freshwater crayfish. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate cheliped loss and abnormalities of the narrow-clawed crayfish, Pontastacus leptodactylus. The crayfish samples were captured using 17 mm mesh-sized fyke-nets from Atikhisar Reservoir in Çanakkale, Turkey between July 2020 and June 2021. The cheliped loss was classified and compared between sexes and length groups. The cheliped surface was calculated for each specimen for both the right and left cheliped. Results of the study indicate that the percentages of the sampled individuals were 5.46% for the right cheliped missing group, 5.23% for the left cheliped missing group, 10.37% for both chelipeds missing group, and 78.94% for both chelipeds present group. There was a statistical difference between cheliped loss and size groups (p < 0.05). Although cheliped loss is almost non-existent in low-size groups (10.0-29.9 mm), it reaches high values in the 40.0-69.9 mm size groups. The most intense loss occurs in the 40.0-49.9 and 50.0-59.9 mm size groups. It was determined that 10.69% of the sampled individuals examined had a single cheliped (10.03% female, 11.14% male). A statistically significant difference was found between cheliped loss and sex (p < 0.05). The percentage of female and male individuals with no chelipeds is 9.83% for females and 10.73% for males, and with both chelipeds it is 80.14% for females and 78.14% for males. While the number of abnormalities observed in chelipeds was higher in males, abnormalities in both chelipeds were higher in females. Moreover, it was found that cheliped loss significantly differed according to the months of collection (p < 0.05). Cheliped losses increased in July, August, and September when feeding was comparatively intense. In conclusion, the fact that the individuals were obtained alive, was an indication that the abnormalities detected did not significantly affect their vital activities directly. However, morphological abnormalities in the appendages, especially in the chelipeds, may impair their functional use compared to a healthy cheliped. This abnormal condition is assumed to share the disadvantageous limitations experienced by the absence of a cheliped. crustaceans Nevertheless Therefore narrowclawed narrow clawed leptodactylus 1 meshsized mesh sized fykenets fyke nets Çanakkale 202 2021 546 5 46 5.46 group 523 23 5.23 1037 10 37 10.37 7894 78 94 78.94 p 0.05. 005 0.05 . 0 05 0.05) nonexistent non existent lowsize low 10.029.9 100299 10.0 29.9 29 9 (10.0-29. mm, , mm) 40.069.9 400699 40.0 69.9 40 69 40.0-69. 40.049.9 400499 49.9 49 40.0-49. 50.059.9 500599 50.0 59.9 50 59 50.0-59. 1069 10.69 10.03% 1003 03 (10.03 1114 11 14 11.14 male. male) 983 83 9.83 1073 73 10.73 males 8014 80 80.14 7814 78.14 Moreover August conclusion alive directly However appendages 20 54 4 5.4 52 2 5.2 103 3 10.3 789 7 78.9 00 0.0 029 10.029. 10029 100 10. 299 29. (10.0-29 069 40.069. 40069 400 40. 699 69. 6 40.0-69 049 40.049. 40049 499 49. 40.0-49 059 50.059. 50059 500 50. 599 59. 50.0-59 106 10.6 10.03 (10.0 111 11.1 98 8 9.8 107 10.7 801 80.1 781 78.1 5. 78. 0. 02 10.029 1002 (10.0-2 06 40.069 4006 40.0-6 04 40.049 4004 40.0-4 50.059 5005 50.0-5 (10. 11. 9. 80. 10.02 (10.0- 40.06 40.0- 40.04 50.05 50.0- (10 (1 (

Abstract In the commercial production of medicinal cannabis, where the application of chemical synthesis products is restricted, the associated entomofauna is a fundamental component of the functioning of the productive system. Its characterization contributes to the generation of strategies aimed at improving production. Preserving these identified and cured specimens constitutes a natural historical archive of multiple uses. The objective of this work was to collect, determine and preserve arthropod specimens associated with the productive system of medicinal cannabis. The propagation, production, research and postharvest areas of a greenhouse crop were visited. The capture methods used were light traps, passages with an entomological net, an entomological vacuum cleaner, perimeter pitfall traps, and manual capture of specimens that were feeding on the plant tissues of the plants. The larval stages were reared to the adult stage to achieve their identification. 240 specimens belonging to 8 orders, 36 families and 73 species of insects were acquired. The highest percentage corresponded to the orders Coleoptera and Hymenoptera. In Coleoptera, species belonging to the families Melolonthidae, Carabidae and Silphidae, among others, were determined. Additionally, there were some families of Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Ichneumonidae and Formicidae. Species are reported according to their alimentary and/or functional roles as phytophagous, pollinators, detritivores, necrophagous, dung-eating, mycophagous, antiphagous, parasitoids, predators, and hyperparasitoids. Six groups of harmful insects for the crop were recognized: leafhoppers, mites, thrips, leaf and root aphids, mulch fly and defoliating lepidoptera. This work constitutes a significant advance in the investigation related to the entomofauna associated with the productive system of Cannabis sativa in Antioquia, Colombia.

Resumen En la producción comercial de cannabis medicinal, donde se restringe la aplicación de productos de síntesis química, la entomofauna asociada es un componente fundamental del funcionamiento del sistema productivo. Su caracterización contribuye a la generación de estrategias encaminadas al mejoramiento de la producción. Preservar estos especímenes identificados y curados, constituye un archivo histórico natural de múltiple utilidad. El objetivo de este trabajo fue recolectar, determinar y preservar especímenes de artrópodos asociados al sistema productivo de cannabis medicinal. Se recorrieron las áreas de propagación, producción, investigación y postcosecha de un cultivo bajo invernadero. Los métodos de captura utilizados fueron trampas de luz, pases con red entomológica, aspirador entomológico, trampas de caída perimetrales y captura manual de especímenes que se estuvieran alimentando de los tejidos vegetales de las plantas. Los estados larvales se criaron hasta el estado adulto para lograr su identificación. Se obtuvieron 240 especímenes pertenecientes a 8 órdenes, 36 familias y 73 especies de insectos. El mayor porcentaje correspondió a los órdenes Coleoptera e Hymenoptera. En Coleoptera, se determinaron especies pertenecientes a las familias Melolonthidae, Carabidae y Silphidae, entre otros. Adicionalmente, algunas familias de Hymenoptera como Braconidae, Ichneumonidae y Formicidae. Las especies son reportadas de acuerdo con sus roles alimenticios y/o funcionales como fitófagos, polinizadores, detritívoros, necrófagos, coprófagos, micófagos, antófagos, parasitoides, predadores e hiperparásitoides. Se reconocieron 6 grupos de insectos nocivos para el cultivo: salta hojas, ácaros, trips, áfidos de hoja y raíz, mosca del mantillo y lepidópteros defoliadores. Este trabajo constituye un avance significativo en la investigación relacionada con la entomofauna asociada al sistema productivo de Cannabis sativa en Antioquia, Colombia.

Resumo Dados obtidos pela observação direta dos organismos em seus hábitats naturais podem fornecer valiosas contribuições com relação a interações intra e inter-específicas, além de distribuição espacial e relações tróficas. Entretanto, relativamente poucos dados estão disponíveis no que diz respeito à ictiofauna neotropical dada à grande diversidade dessa região. Apresentamos dados sobre a ictiofauna em ambientes cársticos da Serra da Bodoquena, bacia do alto rio Paraguai e a categorização das mesmas em grupos tróficos funcionais baseada em observações diretas relacionadas às táticas alimentares mais frequentes e à sua distribuição espacial (vertical e horizontal) no canal. Assim sendo, observamos 83 espécies de peixes alocadas em 17 grupos tróficos funcionais. A maior riqueza de espécies concentrou-se nas famílias Characidae e Loricariidae, abrangendo as categorias Catadores Diurnos de Itens Arrastados pela Corrente e Pastadores, respectivamente. Com relação à estratificação horizontal, encontramos a relação positiva entre a associação de peixes de pequeno porte com relação aos hábitats marginais. Esse trabalho representa uma contribuição a uma região conhecida pelo seu alto potencial turístico e à importante diversidade da ictiofauna da região da bacia do alto Paraguai que requer estratégias de conservação adequadas para sustentar essas espécies. interespecíficas, interespecíficas inter específicas, específicas inter-específicas tróficas Entretanto Bodoquena vertical horizontal canal sendo 8 1 concentrouse concentrou se Loricariidae Pastadores respectivamente marginais

Abstract Data obtained by direct observation of organisms in their natural habitats can provide valuable contributions regarding intra- and inter-specific interactions, as well as spatial distribution and trophic relationships. However, relatively few such data are available for the Neotropical ichthyofauna relative to the great species diversity of this region. We present data on the ichthyofauna in karst environments of the Serra da Bodoquena, Upper Paraguay River basin regarding their categorization into functional trophic groups. We used direct observations that focused on the most frequent feeding tactics and their spatial (vertical and horizontal) distribution in the channel. We observed 83 fish species in 17 functional trophic groups. The greatest species richness was concentrated in the Characidae and Loricariidae in the categories Diurnal Backwater Drift Feeders and Grazers, respectively. Regarding horizontal depth stratification, we found a positive relationship between the association of small fish with the shallow marginal habitats. This work represents a contribution to a region known for its high tourist potential and to the important diversity of the entire ichthyofauna of the Upper Paraguay basin region that requires proper conservation strategies for sustaining these species. intra interspecific inter specific interactions relationships However Bodoquena groups vertical channel 8 1 Grazers respectively stratification

Abstract Secondary production is the formation of heterotrophic biomass across time, which integrates several important ecological processes that affect the life of organisms, populations, communities and ecosystems, but its study has poor developed in South America. The objectives of this work were to describe the diversity of benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages in terms of abundance and biomass, and to quantify their secondary production for the first time in Andean rivers. A quantitative sampling scheme was implemented, using a Surber sampler, in three forested streams. Physical-chemical variables, nutrients, organic matter and chlorophyll were measured also. The macroinvertebrates were separated and identified mostly at the species level. Each taxon was assigned to a functional feeding group. Secondary production was estimated for 38 taxa, mostly Diptera, Trichoptera, Coleoptera, and Ephemeroptera. The annual production varied from 3769 to 13916 mg dry mass m-2 y-1. Most abundant taxa were also those with higher production, dominated by Ephemeroptera (Baetidae), Trichoptera (Hydropsychidae) and Diptera (Chironomidae and Simuliidae). Density, biomass, and production of collectors and predators were much higher than the other feeding groups. We expect that our results will be useful to evaluate the effects on stream functioning produced by global warming and other anthropogenic disturbances in our region. organisms populations ecosystems America rivers implemented sampler streams Physicalchemical Physical chemical variables nutrients level group 3 Coleoptera 376 1391 m2 m 2 m- y1. y1 y 1. 1 y-1 Baetidae, Baetidae , (Baetidae) Hydropsychidae (Hydropsychidae Chironomidae Simuliidae. Simuliidae . Simuliidae) Density groups region 37 139 y- (Baetidae 13

Abstract The feeding habits of Chironomidae in hill streams in the pampean region have not been described. In this study, we analyzed the gut contents of this insect family with an aim at establishing their diet in an intermittent stream in the Ventania-Hill system. We sampled three sites with different habitat characteristics (i. e., altitude, substrate type, and current velocity). Of the total of nine taxa were recorded, the only one present at all sites was Corynoneura sp. 1. The food items found were detritus, diatoms, filamentous chlorophytes, euglenophytes, vascular plants, fungi, and animal remains. Most of the taxa could be classified as gathering collectors, with those having a higher proportion of detritus in the gut contents although the guts of Pentaneura nr. cinerea, Cricotopus sp. 1, and Onconeura analiae included high proportions of animal remains. No differences in the feeding habits were attributable to the location in the stream. This research contributes to our understanding of the trophic habits of Chironomidae in an intermittent hill stream system of South America.

Abstract Background and aims From a clinical point of view, post-stroke patients present difficulties in swallowing management. The purpose of this research was to identify risk factors that were independently related to the maintenance of a severe restriction of oral intake in patients affected by acute ischemic stroke. Methods The authors conducted a prospective observational cohort study of patients with dysphagia post-acute ischemic stroke who were admitted to an Emergency Room (ER). Demographic and clinical data were collected at ER admission. Swallowing data was based on The Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS) and was collected at two distinct moments: initial swallowing assessment and at the patient outcome. Patients were divided into two groups according to their FOIS level assigned on the last swallowing assessment (at hospital outcome): G1 with severe restriction of oral intake and indication of feeding tube - patients with FOIS levels 1 to 4; G2 without restriction of food consistencies in oral intake - patients with FOIS levels 5 to 7. Results One hundred and six patients were included in our study. Results of the multivariate logistic regression model for the prediction of maintenance of a severe restriction of oral intake at hospital outcome in patients post-acute ischemic stroke indicated that increasing age (p = 0.006), and dysarthria (p = 0.003) were associated with higher chances of presenting severe restriction of oral intake at hospital outcome. Conclusions Patients with acute ischemic stroke in an Emergency Room may experience non-resolved severe dysphagia, indicating the need to prepare for the care/rehabilitation of these patients.

Abstract Seasonality is one of the main characteristics of a tropical dry forest that affects the structure of ecological communities. In this context, we evaluated the seasonal diversity of ferns and insects in the tropical dry forest of Morelos, Mexico, to determine whether a relationship exists between the presence of each of these two groups. Hill’s numbers indicated differences in the diversity of both groups according to season. In the rainy season, we recorded the highest diversity of ferns, with 6,471 individuals. In contrast, in the dry season, we recorded only 293 individuals. Regarding the insects, we collected 723 individuals in the rainy season and 171 individuals in the dry season. The order Orthoptera was the most abundant (50%). The best-represented functional group according to feeding guild was that of chewing herbivores. Correlation analysis revealed a positive relationship between insect and fern abundances since, for both groups, the minimum abundance was presented in the dry season and the maximum abundance in the rainy season. We recorded 12 orders of insects associated with eight ferns in the rainy season. Seasonal studies that consider different biological groups are necessary to understand how changes in resource availability shape temporal patterns of species diversity.

Resumen La estacionalidad es una de las principales características de los bosques tropicales secos que afectan la estructura de las comunidades ecológicas. En este contexto, evaluamos la diversidad estacional de helechos e insectos en el bosque tropical seco de Morelos, México, para determinar si existe una relación entre la presencia de estos dos grupos. Los números de Hill indicaron diferencias en la diversidad de ambos grupos según la temporada. En la época de lluvias registramos la mayor diversidad de helechos, con 6,471 individuos. En contraste, en la estación seca registramos solo 293 individuos. Con respecto a los insectos, colectamos 723 individuos en la época de lluvias y 171 individuos en la época seca. El orden Orthoptera fue el más abundante (50%). El grupo funcional mejor representado según el gremio alimenticio fue el de los herbívoros masticadores. El análisis de correlación reveló una relación positiva entre las abundancias de insectos y helechos ya que, para ambos grupos, la menor abundancia se presentó en la época seca y la abundancia mayor en la época lluviosa. Registramos 12 órdenes de insectos asociados a ocho helechos en la temporada de lluvias. Se necesitan estudios estacionales que consideren diferentes grupos biológicos para comprender cómo los cambios en la disponibilidad de recursos dan forma a los patrones temporales de la diversidad de especies.

Resumen Introducción: El análisis de grupos funcionales de alimentación (GFA) en macroinvertebrados acuáticos es importante para comprender la estructura, función y dinámica de los ecosistemas de procesos ecológicos. La modularidad se refiere al grado de compartimentación de las redes alimentarias y varía entre -1 y 1. Una red con un valor de modularidad cercano a 1 es resistente a las alteraciones y puede interpretarse como un factor indicativo para la estabilidad de las comunidades. Objetivo: En este estudio se analizó la estructura trófica de los macroinvertebrados bentónicos, un elemento importante en la calidad ambiental, en el arroyo La Nitrera, el río San Juan y el río Cauca. Métodos: El estudio contó con el apoyo de técnicas de redes ecológicas utilizando el software Gephi. En 2017 y 2018, estudiamos nueve sitios en estaciones secas, lluviosas y de transición, monitoreando cambios en el gradiente de altitud. En cada uno de los sitios se capturaron y determinaron los organismos y se recogió información fisicoquímica e hidráulica. Resultados: El análisis de componentes de varianza permitió explicar la variabilidad de los datos relacionando las siguientes variables ambientales: GFA, diversidad, riqueza, modularidad, estación y tiempo. La ANOVA simple multifactorial indicó que existen cambios significativos en los GFA en relación con la altitud, y la modularidad con el tiempo. La asignación de los GFA se realizó mediante análisis estomacal e información secundaria. Conclusión: La temporada de transición tuvo la mayor modularidad, posiblemente debido a la recolonización de algunos biotopos provocada por la disminución de la velocidad del cauce. La Nitrera y San Juan presentaron valores superiores a los del Cauca, lo que puede indicar que el cambio altitudinal y la velocidad de las corrientes de agua influyen en la compartimentación de la red.

Abstract Introduction: Analysis of functional feeding groups (FFG) in aquatic macroinvertebrates is important in understanding the structure, function, and dynamics of ecological processes in ecosystems. Modularity refers to the degree of compartmentalization of food webs and varies between -1 and 1. A network with a modularity value close to 1 is resilient to disturbances and can be interpreted as an indicating factor for the stability of communities. Objective: In this study, we analyzed the trophic structure of benthic macroinvertebrates in La Nitrera stream, the San Juan River, and the Cauca River in the Colombian Andes. Methods: The study was supported by ecological networking techniques using Gephi software. We studied nine sites in dry, rainy, and transition seasons in 2017 and 2018, monitoring changes in the altitude gradient. At each of the sites, the organisms were captured and determined, and physicochemical and hydraulic information was obtained. Results: The variance component analysis allowed to explain the variability of the data by relating the following environmental variables: FFG, diversity, richness, modularity, season, and time. Simple multifactorial ANOVA indicated that significant changes in FFG were associated with altitude, and modularity to time. The allocation of the FFG was done by stomach analysis and secondary information. Conclusion: The transition season had the highest modularity, possibly due to the recolonization of some biotopes caused by the decrease in the velocity of water currents. La Nitrera and San Juan presented higher values than the Cauca, which may indicate that the altitudinal change and velocity of water currents affects the compartmentalization of the network.

RESUMEN Antecedentes Los cambios espaciales y temporales de los ensamblajes de insectos acuáticos pueden ser utilizados para detectar los impactos antrópicos que influyen en las comunidades biológicas. Objetivos Comparamos los ensamblajes de insectos acuáticos en 1997 y 2014 en dos cuencas subtropicales, su asociación con las características del agua y discutimos sus implicaciones para la conservación de los ecosistemas. Métodos Se evaluó la diversidad verdadera a nivel de familia, de la fauna de insectos acuáticos en 27 sitios de estudio en 1997 y 2014. Se utilizaron análisis multivariados para comparar los ensamblajes de insectos acuáticos y la abundancia de los grupos funcionales de alimentación. Resultados Se obtuvieron diferencias significativas en el oxígeno disuelto (OD) del agua entre 1997 y 2014, disminuyendo sus valores. También observó una disminución de pH y una tendencia a un incremento de la temperatura. Se identificó una relación entre la disminución de oxígeno y valores menores de pH con una reducción general en la abundancia de insectos acuáticos; asimismo, se observa una relación con cambios en los ensamblajes como lo son una disminución en la representación de grupos como Ephemeroptera y raspadores, el incremento de familias como Chironomidae, Culicidae, Coenagrionidae y Veliidae, y una mayor abundancia de colectores. Familias como Heptageniidae y Caenidae disminuyeron en abundancia, así como otros grupos bentónicos. Conclusiones Los ensamblajes de insectos acuáticos son útiles para indicar una degradación generalizada de las condiciones a través de las localidades y el tiempo en las dos cuencas subtropicales de estudio, con síntomas de degradación de la calidad del agua como la disminución de los niveles de pH y oxígeno disuelto, generalmente asociados con factores de estrés antropogénicos.

ABSTRACT Background The spatial and temporal changes of assemblages of aquatic insect can be used to detect the anthropic impacts that influence the biological communities. Goals We compared the assemblages of aquatic insect in 1997 and 2014 in two subtropical river drainages, the association with water characteristics, and we discuss their implications for ecosystems conservation. Methods True diversity of the aquatic insect fauna at family level and their community structure for 27 study sites in 1997 and 2014 were assessed. Multivariate analyzes were used to compare aquatic insect assemblages and the abundance of functional feeding groups. Results There were significant differences in the dissolved oxygen (DO) of the water between 1997 and 2014, decreasing its values. Other variables correlated to DO were also modified, with a decrease in pH and an increase in temperature. We found a correlation between reduction of DO and water pH with a decline in the overall abundance of aquatic insects; also, with shifts in the community structure, from the decrease of groups such as some Ephemeroptera and scrapers, to the increase in opportunistic families such as Chironomidae, Culicidae, and other predator families such as Coenagrionidae, Corixidae and Veliidae, and more abundance of collectors. Families such as Heptageniidae and Caenidae decreased in abundance, as well as other benthic groups. Conclusions The assemblages of aquatic insect are useful to indicate a generalized degradation of environmental conditions across localities and time in two subtropical river drainages, related to water quality degradation symptoms such as reduction of pH levels and dissolved oxygen, usually associated with anthropogenic stressors.

ABSTRACT In low-order streams, the processing of allochthonous leaf litter is essential in the carbon/energy flow dynamics. Benthic macroinvertebrates, such as chironomids, play critical roles in the breakdown of allochthonous materials, because their larvae take part in intricate trophic networks and have varied trophic ecologies. We evaluated the effects of intra-annual variability on the input of allochthonous leaf litter, and the interactions of leaf-detritus on the succession of Chironomidae assemblages in the dry, rainy, and transition seasons (rainy-dry and dry-rainy). The study took place in a stream in the Brazilian Cerrado. Leaves were incubated in the stream to ascertain the colonization process by Chironomidae and the loss of leaf litter mass after 90 days. Functional feeding groups (FFG) were less rich and less abundant in the dry and dry-rainy seasons, than in the other seasons. The FFG composition of Chironomidae demonstrated that temporal variation between seasons was affected by the exposure time of the leaf-detritus in the stream, and there was more segregation during the dry and rainy seasons. In conclusion, the colonization of leaf-detritus by Chironomidae larvae depended on how long allochthonous plant material remained in the stream, and the variability of the organic matter dynamics input into the stream.

Abstract Objective: To investigate the clinical and swallowing indicators related to a successful decannulation process during the hospital stay. Methods: A retrospective cohort clinical study. The study sample comprised a heterogeneous patient population who had submitted to a tracheostomy procedure in a tertiary hospital. Patients were divided into two groups (dec-annulated vs. non-decannulated) and compared not only in terms of demographic and clinical data but also the results of a swallowing assessment and intervention outcome. Results: Sixty-four patients were included in the present study: 25 (39%) who had been successfully decannulated, and 39 (61%) who could not be decannulated. Between-group comparisons indicated that both groups presented similar clinical and demographic characteristics. The groups also presented similar swallowing assessment results prior to intervention. However, significant differences were observed regarding the time to begin swallowing rehabilitation. The decannulated group was assessed nine days earlier than the non-decannulated group. Other significant differences included the removal of the alternate feeding method (72.0% of decannulated patients vs. 5.1% of non-decannulated patients) and the reintroduction of oral feeding (96.0% of decannulated patients vs. 41.0% of non-decannulated patients) and functional swallowing level at patient disclosure. The non-decannulated patient group presented higher death rates at disclosure. Conclusion: The results of the present study indicated that the following parameters were associated with a successful decannulation process: early swallowing assessment, swallowing rehabilitation, and improvement in the swallowing functional level during the hospital stay. The maintenance of low swallowing functional levels was found to be negatively associated with successful decannulation. HIGHLIGHTS Deccanulation indicators were investigated in patients who were submitted to a tracheostomy procedure. Early swallowing evaluation and rehabilitation were associated with a successful decannulation process. Low swallowing functional levels were negatively associated with the success of decannulation.