Resumen Frente a la urgencia de políticas para la defamilización del cuidado y su financiamiento, este trabajo pretende aglutinar elementos teóricos que demuestren la pertinencia de revisar las exenciones fiscales del Régimen de Zona Franca (RZF) en Costa Rica, en dirección hacia la responsabilidad de las empresas adscritas a este régimen en materia de cuidados, mediante una metodología cualitativa con estrategia de revisión documental y enfoque teórico-exploratorio. Se demuestra la necesidad de revisar los regímenes de exención fiscal del RZF con el objetivo de fortalecer los procesos de defamilización de los cuidados en la sociedad costarricense y contribuir con el mejoramiento de las condiciones y oportunidades laborales de las mujeres.

Abstract Due to the urgency of political policies of defamiliarization and their financing, this research intends to add theoretical aspects to demonstrate the pertinence of reviewing the tax exemptions of the Free Trade Zones (FTZ) in Costa Rica, according to the duty of care of the companies affiliated to the FTZ scheme, by using qualitative methodology, documental revision strategy, and theoretical and exploratory approach. Therefore, it will demonstrate the need to review the FTZ scheme, in order to strengthen the defamiliarization care processes in Costa Rican society and contribute to improving women's working conditions and opportunities.

Abstract Density guides (DG) are fundamental tools for silviculture, because they allow a better distribution of the growth space within the stand. The objective of this work was to construct and apply two DGs derived from a potential model (PM) and an exponential model (EM) for the thinning simulation. Two forest management objectives were tested: (1) To conserve, and (2) To change the proportion of species in the stand. Information from 1 346 minimum forest management units (MFMUs) with mixed species was used. The MFMUs were projected within the DGs in terms of the Stand Density Index (SDI), with respect to a maximum SDI (SDI max ). An MFMU was then randomly selected to deal with the aftereffects of thinning according to the two objectives aforementioned. The SDI max were 883 (PM) and 800 (EM), on the basis of which the Langsaeter growth zones were defined as a percentage: 70 % imminent mortality, 40 % constant growth, and 20 % free growth. The thinning simulations indicated that in both 1 and 2, a greater tree and basimetric area removal was projected when using the PM DG than with the EM DG. The two DGs have implications for the final harvest projection due to the structure and definition of the SDIs.

Resumen Las guías de densidad (GD) son herramientas fundamentales para la silvicultura porque permiten realizar una mejor distribución del espacio de crecimiento dentro del rodal. El objetivo de este trabajo fue construir y aplicar dos GD derivadas de un modelo potencial (MP) y uno exponencial (ME) para la simulación de aclareos. Se probaron dos objetivos de manejo forestal: (1) Para conservar, y (2) Para cambiar la proporción de especies del rodal. Se usó la información procedente de 1 346 unidades mínimas de manejo forestal (UMMF) con mezcla de especies. Las UMMF se proyectaron dentro de las GD en términos del Índice de Densidad de Rodal (IDR), con respecto a un IDR máximo (IDR max ). Después se seleccionó una UMMF de forma aleatoria para prescribir secuelas de aclareos de acuerdo con los dos objetivos planteados. Los IDR max fueron de 883 (MP) y 800 (ME), con los cuales se definieron las zonas de crecimiento de Langsaeter en forma porcentual: 70 % mortalidad inminente, 40 % crecimiento constante y 20 % crecimiento libre. Las simulaciones de aclareos indicaron que, tanto en 1 como en 2, se proyectó una mayor remoción de árboles y de área basal cuando se usó la GD del MP con respecto a la GD del ME. Las dos GD tienen implicaciones en la proyección de la cosecha final debido a la estructura y a la definición de los IDR.

Abstract Coastal wetlands are formed by ecosystems with the potential to resist and even expand because of climate change. However, they depend on the preservation of their environmental quality and the ecosystem services they provide, including sediment accumulation, which is essential for maintaining current areas, and the presence of contiguous land areas free from human occupation, allowing for migration to higher areas in response to sea-level rise. To develop a methodology for the joint assessment of the impacts of climate change and land occupation of coastal ecosystems, this study focuses on the mangroves of Baía da Babitonga, located on the northern coast of Santa Catarina. By using projections of sea-level rise and human occupation expansion around the bay based on land cover and land use data, it was possible to identify immediate effects of sea-level rise and human occupation in the short, medium, and long term, as well as the potential expansion area for mangroves. The results indicate the need for the expansion of conservation areas, considering displacement zones towards the mainland, and the control of various stress factors that can interfere with the ecosystem's health and its ability to maintain current areas. However provide accumulation sealevel sea level Babitonga Catarina data short medium term mainland s

Resumo As zonas úmidas costeiras são formadas por ecossistemas com potencial para resistir e até se expandirem em decorrência das mudanças climáticas. Para tanto, dependem da preservação da sua qualidade ambiental e dos serviços ecossistêmicos que prestam, entre eles a acumulação de sedimentos, fundamental para a manutenção das áreas atuais, e a presença de áreas terrestres contíguas livres da ocupação humana, permitindo o deslocamento para áreas mais elevadas, acompanhando o nível do mar. De forma a desenvolver uma metodologia para a avaliação conjunta dos impactos das mudanças climáticas e da ocupação do solo sobre ecossistemas costeiros, este trabalho está focado nos mangues da Baía da Babitonga, localizada no litoral norte de Santa Catarina. Utilizando-se projeções de elevação do nível do mar e da expansão da ocupação humana no entorno da baía a partir de dados de cobertura e uso do solo, foi possível identificar efeitos instantâneos do aumento do nível do mar e da ocupação humana a curto, médio e longo prazo, além da área potencial de expansão dos manguezais. Os resultados obtidos indicam a necessidade da expansão de áreas de conservação, considerando-se também zonas de deslocamento em direção ao continente, e no controle dos diversos fatores de estresse que podem interferir na saúde do ecossistema e em sua capacidade de manter as áreas atuais. tanto prestam sedimentos atuais elevadas costeiros Babitonga Catarina Utilizandose Utilizando curto prazo manguezais conservação considerandose considerando continente

Resumo: A loque americana (AL) (Paenibacillus larvae) é uma doença bacteriana que afeta as abelhas (Apis mellifera), principalmente na fase larval, podendo causar sérios efeitos na saúde das colmeias. Os esporos podem permanecer latentes no mel sem desenvolver sintomas, por isso é possível isolá-los de colmeias aparentemente saudáveis. A presença de esporos no mel também é uma limitação importante para o comércio internacional. No Uruguai esta doença está atualmente com baixa prevalência. O objetivo deste trabalho foi monitorar o mel na região leste-nordeste do país, regiões onde nunca foram relatados casos clínicos desta doença. Durante a safra 2021-2022 (setembro-fevereiro), foram coletadas amostras de mel (n=80) dos departamentos de Rivera, Cerro Largo, Treinta y Tres, Rocha, Lavalleja e Maldonado. Em nenhuma das amostras foram isoladas colônias de P. larvae. Os resultados indicam que é possível estabelecer zonas livres de LA. Atividades de pesquisa e extensão com apicultores são essenciais para manter e desenvolver boas práticas apícolas ligadas à sanidade das abelhas, bem como obter méis diferenciados que possam ter melhores condições de exportação para mercados específicos.

Resumen: La loque americana (LA) (Paenibacillus larvae) es una enfermedad bacteriana que afecta a las abejas (Apis mellifera), en particular a la etapa larvaria, y puede causar graves efectos sobre la salud de las colmenas. Las esporas pueden mantenerse en forma latente en la miel sin desarrollar síntomas, por lo que es posible realizar su aislamiento en colmenas aparentemente sanas. La presencia de esporas en miel constituye además una importante limitación para el comercio internacional. En el Uruguay esta enfermedad se encuentra, en la actualidad, con una baja prevalencia. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue realizar el monitoreo de mieles en la zona este-noreste del país, regiones donde nunca se han reportado casos clínicos de esta enfermedad. Durante la zafra 2021-2022 (setiembre-febrero) se colectaron muestras de miel (n=80) en los departamentos de Rivera, Cerro Largo, Treinta y Tres, Rocha, Lavalleja y Maldonado. En ninguna de las muestras se aislaron colonias de P. larvae. Los resultados indican que es posible establecer zonas libres de LA. Las actividades de investigación y extensión con los apicultores son fundamentales para mantener y desarrollar buenas prácticas apícolas vinculadas a la sanidad de las abejas, así como para la obtención de mieles diferenciadas que puedan tener mejores condiciones para la exportación a mercados específicos.

Abstract: American foulbrood (AF) (Paenibacillus larvae) is a bacterial disease that affects bees (Apis mellifera), particularly their larvae stage, and can cause serious effects on the health of hives. The spores can remain latent in honey without developing symptoms, so it is possible to isolate the bacteria from apparently healthy colonies. The presence of spores in honey is also an important limitation for international trade. In Uruguay this disease is currently with a low prevalence. The objective of this work was to made an AF surveillance of honey in the east-northeast area of the country, where clinical cases of this disease have never been reported. During the 2021-2022 harvest season (September-February), honey samples (n=80) were collected from the departments of Rivera, Cerro Largo, Treinta y Tres, Rocha, Lavalleja and Maldonado. In none of the honey samples were isolated colonies of P. larvae. The results indicate that it is possible to establish AF-free zones. Research and extension activities with beekeepers are essential to maintain and develop good beekeeping practices linked to the health of bees, as well as to obtain differentiated honeys that may have better conditions for export to specific markets.

Abstract This review describes the instrumental use that the central power of Mexico makes of the territory of Hidalgo state, which is a consequence of colonialism, the intense metabolism of Mexico City (CDMX), and the neoliberal policies derived from the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). To do this, the term “garbagization” was used to describe the subaltern position of Hidalgo state in relation to the interests of CDMX and the processes of capital accumulation. The consequences of this phenomenon, evident in the environmental degradation caused by mining, the cement industry, and sewage from CDMX, are presented. The concepts of “sacrifice zones” and “environmental hells” are used to explain community actions against the deterioration of air quality in the Apaxco-Tula-Atotonilco corridor, the construction of a hazardous waste landfill in Zimapán, the Tula de Allende Water Plan, and the construction of a sanitary landfill in Atitalaquia. The paper concludes that these actions respond to the historical garbagization of the affected communities and summarizes some key factors to reverse it.

Resumen En esta revisión se describe el uso instrumental que el poder central de México hace del territorio del estado de Hidalgo, como consecuencia del colonialismo, del metabolismo extremo de la Ciudad de México (CDMX) y de las políticas neoliberales derivadas del Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte. Se recurre al término “basurización” para designar la posición subalterna del estado de Hidalgo frente a los intereses de la CDMX y a los procesos de acumulación del capital. Se exponen las consecuencias de este fenómeno, evidente en la degradación ambiental causada por la minería, la industria cementera y las aguas residuales de la CDMX. Asimismo, se emplean los conceptos de “zonas de sacrificio” e “infiernos ambientales” para explicar la acción comunitaria contra el deterioro de la calidad del aire en el corredor Apaxco-Tula-Atotonilco, la construcción de un confinamiento de residuos peligrosos en Zimapán, el Plan Hídrico de Tula de Allende, y la construcción de un relleno sanitario en Atitalaquia. Se concluye que esas acciones responden a la basurización histórica de las comunidades afectadas, y se resumen algunos factores clave para revertirla.

Abstract Three different Heat Affected Zones (HAZ) in hot rolled Nickel Free High Nitrogen Stainless Steels (NFHNSS) based on three different peak temperatures were physically simulated using Gleeble Simulator to investigate microstructural evolution and structure-property correlation. Optical microscopy revealed that the austenite grains are recrystallized in the simulated heat affected zone in the peak temperature range of 750 oC to 1050 oC. Extent of recrystallization of grains and nucleation of precipitates varied with peak temperatures. TEM characterization showed the presence of Cr2N precipitate having an average particle size in the range of 300 nm to 395 nm in the simulated HAZ were confirmed by Selected Area Electron Diffraction (SAED) analysis. Precipitation kinetics of Cr2N were simulated using Thermo-Calc were found to correlate well with experimental values. Mechanical properties of specimens taken from three different HAZ were evaluated for tensile strength and hardness. Variation in strength of the different specimens has been discussed using various strengthening models. Fractography analysis was also carried out to understand the effect of peak temperature on fracture behaviour. Transition in fracture patterns in NFHNSS from ductile to mixed mode was observed for different specimens. (HAZ (NFHNSS structureproperty structure property correlation 75 105 CrN Cr N 30 39 SAED (SAED ThermoCalc Thermo Calc values hardness models behaviour 7 10 3 1

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate local and systemic effects of 24-hour fasting in liver ischemia and reperfusion injury. Methods: Twenty-one adult male Wistar rats (330–390 g) were submitted to 60 minutes of hepatic ischemia followed by 24 hours of reperfusion. Before the day of the experiment, the animals fasted, but free access to water was allowed. Two groups were constituted: Control: non-fasted, that is, feeding ad libitum before surgical procedure; Fasting: rats underwent previous fasting of 24 hours. Hepatic ischemia was performed using vascular clamp in hepatic pedicle. At 24 hours after liver reperfusion, blood and tissue samples were collected. To analysis, liver lobes submitted to ischemia was identified as ischemic liver and paracaval non-ischemic lobes as non-ischemic liver. We evaluated: malondialdehyde levels, hepatocellular function (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase activities, and both ratio), cytokines (interleukins-6, -10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha), hepatic ischemia and reperfusion injury (histology). Results: Malondialdehyde measured in non-ischemic and ischemic liver samples, hepatocellular function and cytokines were comparable between groups. Histological findings were distinct in three regions evaluated. Microvesicular steatosis was comparable between 24-hour fasting and non-fasted control groups in periportal region of hepatic lobe. In contrast, steatosis was more pronounced in zones 2 and 3 of ischemic liver samples of fasting compared to control groups. Conclusions: These data indicates that fasting does not protect, but it can be also detrimental to liver submitted to ischemia/reperfusion damage. At that time, using long fasting before liver surgery in the real world may be contraindicated. Purpose 24hour hour Methods Twentyone Twenty one 330–390 330390 330 390 (330–39 g 6 experiment fasted allowed constituted Control nonfasted, nonfasted non is procedure Fasting pedicle collected analysis nonischemic evaluated levels alanine activities ratio, ratio , ratio) interleukins6, interleukins6 interleukins 6, (interleukins-6 10, 10 -10 factoralpha, factoralpha factor alpha factor-alpha) histology. histology . (histology) Results lobe contrast Conclusions protect ischemiareperfusion damage time contraindicated 330–39 33039 33 39 (330–3 (interleukins- 1 -1 factor-alpha (histology 330–3 3303 (330– (interleukins - 330– (330 (33 (3 (

Abstract Background Corn marigold (Glebionis segetum) is a serious weed of cereal and pulse crops in many parts of Ethiopia. However, there is a lack of information on its management in wheat fields in the country. Objective The current work was designed with the objectives of evaluating integrated management of the weed and determining the most economical integrated weed management options in wheat fields. Methods The field experiments were conducted in naturally corn marigold infested fields in the Cheliya and Woliso districts of Western and Southwestern Ethiopia, respectively, during 2020 to 2021 cropping seasons using a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments were 1) Halauxifen-methyl 100 g kg-1 + Florasulam 100 g kg-1 + hand weeding, 2) Pyroxsulam 45 g L-1 + hand weeding, 3) Flurasulam 75 g L-1 + Flumetsulam 100 g L-1 + hand weeding, 4) twice hand weeding 5) weed free, and 6) weedy check. Results Different corn marigold management practices resulted in different responses to all measured for the crop and weed parameters. Application of Halauxifen-methyl 100 g kg-1 + Florasulam 100 g kg-1 at a rate of 50 g ha-1 supplemented with a single hand weeding and Pyroxsulam 45 g L-1 sprayed at a rate of 0.50 L ha-1 supplemented with a single hand weeding increased grain yield by 87 and 74%, respectively, as compared to the weedy check. The marginal revenue and benefit-cost ratio obtained from the marketing of goods for the application of Halauxifen-methyl 100 g kg-1 + Florasulam 100 g kg-1 with a single supplementary hand weeding of corn marigold increased by about 149% and 165%, respectively, as compared to the weedy check. Conclusions The present study revealed the role of integrated management of corn marigold in improving wheat production and productivity. Future research should be directed towards scaling up and expanding these technologies among growers. Glebionis segetum Ethiopia However country respectively 202 replications 1 Halauxifenmethyl Halauxifen methyl 10 kg1 kg kg- 2 4 L1 L- 3 7 5 free 6 check parameters ha1 ha ha- 050 0 0.5 8 74 74% benefitcost benefit cost 149 165 165% productivity growers 20 05 0. 14 16

Abstract The present work reviews the epidemiologic situation of Anaplasma marginale and Babesia spp. infections and the occurrence of cattle tick fever outbreaks in Brazil. In areas of tick fever enzootic instability, environmental conditions interfere with the development of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus: chilly winter in the southern region, floods in the Pantanal, and low humidity in the Caatinga. In contrast, the climatic conditions of stable zones (Cerrado, Amazon and Atlantic Forest biomes) favor tick development. In enzootic areas, tick fever is uncommon because the animals are in frequent contact with the parasite, acquiring immunity naturally during the period of innate resistance; however, outbreaks may occur when calves become infested by considerable numbers of infected ticks during this period or in adults raised in tick-free environments that become infested for the first time when transporting to stable areas. It is necessary to better understand the disease’s risk factors under stable conditions and the implications of the mechanical and other vector transmission of A. marginale. To prevent tick fever outbreaks in Brazil, it is important to develop and use anaplasmosis and babesiosis vaccines in cattle from enzootic unstable regions, especially when animals are moved to stable areas. spp Brazil instability Boophilus (Boophilus microplus region Pantanal Caatinga contrast Cerrado, Cerrado (Cerrado biomes parasite resistance however tickfree free diseases disease s A regions

Resumo O presente trabalho revisa a situação epidemiológica das infecções por Anaplasma marginale e Babesia spp. e a ocorrência de surtos de Tristeza parasitária bovina (TPB) no Brasil. Em áreas de instabilidade enzoótica, as condições ambientais interferem no desenvolvimento do Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus: o frio do inverno na região Sul; as inundações no Pantanal; e a baixa umidade na Caatinga. Por outra parte, as condições climáticas das zonas de estabilidade (os biomas Cerrado, Amazônia e Mata Atlântica) favorecem o desenvolvimento do carrapato. A TPB não é comum nas áreas estáveis, porque os animais estão em contato frequente com os parasitas, adquirindo imunidade naturalmente. Podem, porém, ocorrer surtos quando um número considerável de carrapatos infectados infesta bezerros, durante o período de resistência inata, ou quando adultos que foram criados em ambientes livres de carrapatos infestam-se, pela primeira vez, ao serem transportados para áreas estáveis. É necessário entender melhor os fatores de risco da doença em condições de estabilidade e a implicação da transmissão de A. marginale de forma mecânica, ou por meio de vetores diferentes do carrapato. Para prevenir surtos de TPB, no Brasil, é necessário desenvolver e usar vacinas em bovinos de regiões de instabilidade, especialmente antes de transportá-los para áreas estáveis. spp (TPB Brasil enzoótica Boophilus (Boophilus microplus Sul Pantanal Caatinga parte Cerrado Atlântica carrapato estáveis parasitas naturalmente Podem porém bezerros inata infestamse, infestamse infestam se, se infestam-se vez mecânica transportálos transportá los

Abstract The reported speech, also known as referred or quoted speech, is a great interest topic in language studies. The objective of this article is to describe and analyze the syntactic- semantic mechanisms and the pragmatic-discursive functions, with which the Caldas coffee zone’s speakers build their conversational narratives: coming out with direct, indirect and free speech. The description and the analysis are reached thanks to a corpus formed by 36 conversational narratives. In the results, it is evinced that the frequency percentage of the direct speech is higher than the indirect speeches. Furthermore, it highlights the presence of the introductory citation markers: «dizque» and «esque». Finally, it is concluded that the present paper is the first reproduced speech study carried through the rural coffee-growing areas of Caldas’ department.

Resumen El discurso reproducido, también llamado discurso referido o citado, es un tema de gran interés en los estudios del lenguaje. El objetivo de este artículo es describir y analizar los mecanismos sintáctico-semánticos y las funciones pragmático-discursivas, mediante las cuales los hablantes de la zona cafetera caldense construyen sus narrativas conversacionales intercalando discursos directos, indirectos o libres. La descripción y el análisis se logran gracias a un corpus compuesto por 36 narrativas conversacionales. En los resultados se observa que el porcentaje de frecuencia de uso del discurso directo supera al del indirecto. Además, se resalta la presencia de los marcadores introductores de cita: dizque y esque. Finalmente, se concluye que el presente trabajo se convierte en el primer estudio del discurso reproducido llevado a cabo en las zonas rurales cafeteras del departamento de Caldas.

Résumé Le discours rapporté est un sujet de grand intérêt pour les études du langage. L’objectif de cet article est celui de décrire les mécanismes syntactiques et sémantiques, ainsi que les fonctions pragmatiques et discursives à travers lesquels les locuteurs de la zone productrice du café à Caldas construisent leurs récits oraux en utilisant des discours directs, indirects ou libres. La description et l’analyse ont été faits grâce à un corpus composé de 36 récits oraux. Quant aux résultats, on peut mentionner que la fréquence d’usage du discours direct est supérieure à celle de l’indirecte. En plus, il faut remarquer la présence des marqueurs introducteurs de citation : « dizque » et « esque ». Finalement, on conclut que cette étude est la première concernant le discours rapporté menée dans les zones rurales de café dans le département de Caldas.

Abstract: Groundwater discharges (GD) provide information for understanding the local hydrogeology of a region. This study comprehensively describes a GD in the coast of Quintana Roo, quantifying the volumetric discharge and describing the hydrochemistry and geophysics of the site in order to contribute to the knowledge of the coastal karst aquifer in Quintana Roo. The GD described is an oval opening with an approximate area of 0.0507 m2 where major elements, silicates, metals and stable isotopes of water (δ2H and δ18O) were quantified monthly. The contribution of the accumulated monthly rainfall (Qp) in the discharge flow was calculated; electrical resistivity tomography was performed to identify saturated zones and flow zones. In general, Na, K, Ca, Mg, and Cl tend to decrease as Qp increases. SiO2, ORP and salinity do not show clear relations with changes in Qp, only in some sampling events there was a positive relationship, while the rest of the time is negative or null. The water is sodium-potassium-chloride type. The contribution of groundwater dominates, seawater contributes between 2 and 16% of the flow. The greatest contribution of seawater is observed when the flow of the GD is low. The contribution of Qp is between 1 and 15% and is not measured immediately. Geophysics survey suggest the existence of a lens of free fresh water approximately 2.5 m thick and recharge zones, as well as the existence of small dissolution channels where groundwater flows. The results capture local and regional aquifer recharge events.

Resumen: Las descargas de agua subterránea (DAS) aportan información para entender la hidrogeología local dentro de una región. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir de manera integral una DAS en la zona costera de Quintana Roo para contribuir al conocimiento del acuífero kárstico costero en Quintana Roo. La DAS es una cavidad ovalada con un área aproximada de 0.0507 m2 donde mensualmente se cuantificaron elementos mayores, silicatos, metales e isótopos estables del agua (δ2H y δ18O). Se calculó el aporte de la precipitación pluvial mensual acumulada (Qp) en el caudal de la descarga, se realizaron tomografías de resistividad eléctrica para identificar zonas saturadas y zonas de flujo. En lo general el Na, K, Ca, Mg y Cl tendieron a disminuir cuando Qp aumenta. SiO2, ORP y salinidad no tuvieron una relación evidente con Qp durante el tiempo de medición. El agua es de tipo clorurada sódico potásica; domina el aporte de agua subterránea, el agua de mar contribuyó entre 2 y 16% del caudal. El mayor aporte del agua de mar se observó cuando el caudal de la DAS es bajo. La contribución de Qp fue de entre y 15% y no se observó de manera inmediata. La geofísica apunta a un lente de agua dulce libre de aproximadamente 2.5 m de espesor y zonas de recarga, así como la existencia de pequeños canales de conducción por donde fluye el agua subterránea. Los resultados capturan eventos locales y regionales de recarga del acuífero.

Resumen La marchitez letal (ML) es una enfermedad de importancia económica de la palma de aceite Elaeis guineensis Jacq., 1897 (Arecales: Arecaceae) en Colombia que ha alcanzado niveles epidémicos en la Zona Oriental palmera, en donde se han registrado 902.529 casos entre 1997 y 2018. El insecto vector de la ML posiblemente es el salta hojas de la palma Haplaxius crudus. El objetivo de este estudio fue obtener información sobre la presencia y distribución de H. crudus en las zonas palmeras de Colombia, para lo cual se adelantó una prospección en estas zonas, a través de jameos al follaje de la palma en búsqueda de adultos, y revisando gramíneas y ciperáceas hospederas de las ninfas. Los resultados indican que el insecto está presente en 163 plantaciones de palma de aceite, ubicadas en 42 municipios palmeros distribuidos en las Zonas Palmeras Norte, Central y Oriental de Colombia. Se concluye que la presencia de este insecto es más amplia de lo que se había registrado inicialmente; este trabajo aporta información importante al sector palmero, ya que permite estar alerta sobre la posible diseminación de la ML, una vez que se detecte una palma enferma, en zonas libres de esta enfermedad.

Abstract Lethal wilt of oil palm (ML, for it name in Spanish) is an economically important disease of the oil palm Elaeis guineensis Jacq., 1897 (Arecales: Arecaceae) in Colombia, where it has reached epidemic levels in the Eastern Palm Zone, with 902,529 cases recorded between 1997 and 2018. The insect vector of ML is probably the cixiid planthopper Haplaxius crudus. The objective of this study was to obtain information on the presence and distribution of H. crudus in the oil palm areas of Colombia. Sampling was carried out by passing an insect net to the oil palm foliage, to collect the adults, and checking grasses, and sedge hosts to collect the nymphs. The results indicate that H. crudus is present in 163 oil palm plantations, located in 42 palm municipalities distributed in the North, Central, and Eastern oil palm zones of Colombia. We concluded that the presence of this insect is broader than what had been initially recorded. This work provides essential information to the oil palm industry since it allows to be alert about the possible spread of lethal wilt of oil palm once a diseased palm is detected in areas free of this disease.

Abstract Overview and aims: Colposcopy is considered the “gold standard” technique for the evaluation of women with abnormal cervical cancer screening tests or with a clinically suspicious cervix. The aim of this study was to evaluate the applicability of four quality indicators in colposcopy, as defined by the European Federation of Colposcopy (EFC), in a Portuguese colposcopy unit. Study design: Descriptive retrospective study. Methods and Population: We included all patients who had been submitted to excision of the cervical transformation zone in a Colposcopy unit of a tertiary Portuguese hospital, from January to December 2020. Results: A total of 110 excisions of the cervical transformation zone were performed. We found that in all cases (100%) the types of transformation zones were described and colposcopy was performed before treatment in all. In 78.2% of cases a CIN2+ lesion was described in biopsy or in the excision specimen. The resection margins were free at 90.9%. Conclusions: With this work we intend to highlight the possibility of applying the EFC criteria as a tool for the internal and external assessment of colposcopy units in Portugal.

ABSTRACT The sun provides a stable and comfortable source of heat, light and is the central source of renewable energy. Its study is vital to evaluate its availability and usefulness in various applications to establish solar energy resources using clean and free energy. This work analyzes the availability of global solar radiation in three ecological zones of the high plateau of Puno as Circunlacustre, Puna Húmeda and Climate of Height; involving fourteen SENAMHI meteorological stations from 2007 to 2013. The model used is that of Bristow and Campbell, which is simple, reliable and effective, and uses data that are easily found in meteorological stations. As a result, a correlation of0,938 was found between the estimated and measured global solar radiation, observing the global solar radiation has seasonal behaviors during the years analyzed. Subsequently, the maximum and minimum annual averages of the evaluated areas were obtained. The values are 6,342 and5,481; 6,783 and5,908; 7,298 and5,945 kWh.m-2.day-1, respectively. It is concluded that the results in the study area are appropriate and very profitable for solar energy applications because they are higher than 4,000 kWh.m-2.day-1 in the period analyzed. Finally, it is sought that global solar radiation is transformed into thermal and electrical energy, to help solve problems such as frost, faced by the population of the high Andean area of the Puno region.

RESUMEN El sol proporciona una fuente estable y confortable de calor, luz y es la fuente central de energía renovable. Su estudio es vital para evaluar su disponibilidad y utilidad en diversas aplicaciones para establecer recursos de energía solar utilizando energía limpia y gratuita. Este trabajo analiza la disponibilidad de radiación solar global en tres zonas ecológicas del altiplano de Puno como Circunlacustre, Puna Húmeda y Clima de Altura; involucrando catorce estaciones meteorológicas del SENAMHI desde 2007 al 2013. El modelo utilizado es el de Bristow y Campbell, que es simple, confiable y efectivo, y utiliza datos que se encuentran fácilmente en las estaciones meteorológicas. Como resultado, se ha encontrado una correlación de 0,938, entre la radiación solar global estimada y medida, además, se ha observado que la radiación solar global tiene comportamientos estacionales durante los años analizados. Posteriormente, se obtuvieron los promedios anuales máximos y mínimos de las zonas evaluadas. Los valores son 6,342 y 5,481; 6,783 y 5,908; 7,298 y 5,945 kWh.m -2 .dia -1 , respectivamente. Se concluye que los resultados en el área de estudio son apropiados y muy rentables para aplicaciones de energía solar debido a que son superiores a 4,000 kWh.m -2 .dia -1 en el período analizado. Finalmente, se busca que la radiación solar global se transforme en energía térmica y eléctrica, para ayudar a solucionar problemas como las heladas, que afronta la población de la zona altoandina de la región Puno.

Abstract Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) is a fruit of tropical and subtropical zones of the world, is an important source of phytochemicals (phenolic acids, flavonoids and tannins). Several studies have associated phytochemicals with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. The objective of this work was to analyze the polyphenolic content, the antioxidant and antifungal properties of jackfruit extracts on phytopathogenic fungi. Two phenolic extracts of jackfruit of different maturity level (J1-J2) were used. The total polyphenol content (TPC) was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method and total flavonoids (TFC) by the aluminum chloride method, the free radical trapping potential was measured using FRAP and ORAC methods. The results showed a TPC of 844 and 1,178 mgEAG/100 g and TFC of 37 and 68 mgQE/100 g, of dry jackfruit, the antioxidant potential analysis by FRAP was 7,575 and 8,691, by ORAC was 13.369 and 14.728 µmol Trolox/100 g, of dry jackfruit for J1 and J2 respectively. Additionally, it was observed that the phenolic extracts of jackfruit reduced the mycelial growth of: Penicillium digitatum (20-14%), Geotrichum candidum (56-55%), Aspergillus niger (72-67%) and Botrytis cinerea (100%-100%) for J1 and J2 respectively. We conclude that regardless of the degree of maturity, jackfruit has antioxidant and antifungal properties on phytopathogens important in agriculture.