Abstract This work reports a real-time PCR assay to specifically detect the presence of gluten in complex food matrices and to carry out an in-silico prospection of primers used in scientific research. The primers used were “tritprglut” and “Planta 18S” (reference gene), which had mean quantification cycle values (Cq) of 34.30 and 16.98, respectively. The real-time PCR protocol was validated in different meats (beef, chicken, pork, horse and lamb) with an average Cq of 25.69. Tests to verify fraud in industrialized foods were carried out with the following products: cereal bars, chocolate, crackers and two types of snacks. All foods complied with the information contained on the label, except for the cereal bar that was identified as “may contain gluten” and had a “high content” concentration (1,925 mg/kg). The LD value was 36 cycles and the LQ was 60 mg/kg, being within the “low content” classification range. The in-silico tests were performed using two software, MFE and NETprimer, and the content parameters GC, Tm (°C), ∆G (kcal/mol), dimer formation and hairpins. The “Wheat-w-Gliadin” primer showed the best average parameters: size= 24 bp; GC= 44%; Tm = 62.5 °C; ∆G= -32.25 kcal/mol; no dimer or hairpin formation; and a maximum primer rating (100). There were differences in results between the software used. The results highlight the potential of the real-time PCR technique in detecting gluten and/or allergens in foods with a complex matrix, such as chocolate and cereal bars tested in this study, proving to be sensitive and robust to detect the presence of potentially high gluten concentrations. harmful for celiac consumers.

ABSTRACT Coffee is a beverage that is widely consumed throughout the world, especially in Brazil. Its high market value makes it a prime target for fraud. To combat this fraud, different methods have been developed and improved over the years to detect potential adulterants in coffee and guarantee its authenticity. Nevertheless, these methods still pose a challenge. Therefore, this work aimed to identify adulteration markers in roasted and ground Arabica coffee using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to determine the flavonoid and phenolic acid profile. Samples of Arabica coffee beans and defective coffee beans were adulterated with coffee husks by preparing mixtures in different proportions (97:3, 90:10, 80:20 % w/w), which were then subjected to chromatographic and chemometric analyses, including principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). Using the phenolic compounds associated with chemometric methods, protocatechuic acid was identified as a marker of adulteration in roasted and ground coffee with Arabica coffee husks, even at low adulterant concentrations (3 %). world Brazil fraud authenticity Nevertheless challenge Therefore highperformance performance HPLC (HPLC profile 973, 973 97 3, 3 (97:3 9010, 9010 90 10, 10 90:10 8020 80 20 80:2 w/w, ww w/w , w w/w) analyses PCA (PCA PLSDA. PLSDA PLS DA . (PLS-DA) ( %. %) 9 (97: 901 1 90:1 802 8 2 80: (PLS-DA (97 90: (9

RESUMEN. En el presente trabajo, desde una perspectiva dogmática, se analiza el rol que desempeña la presunción y la carga de la prueba en la actividad probatoria alrededor de la culpa y el dolo dentro de la responsabilidad por inejecución de obligaciones. Luego de un enfoque sustantivo-procesal, consistente en el recurso a doctrina y jurisprudencia, se concluye la conveniencia de la primera y la inutilidad de la segunda en la acreditación de la imputación subjetiva de este tipo de responsabilidad, tomando como punto de referencia las coordenadas normativas del Código Civil peruano.

ABSTRACT. This paper, from a dogmatic perspective, analyzes the role played by the presumption and the burden of proof in the evidentiary activity around fault and fraud within of liability for non-performance of obligations. After a substantive-procedural approach, manifested in the recourse to doctrine and jurisprudence, the convenience of the first and the uselessness of the second in the accreditation of the subjective imputation of this type of liability is concluded, taking as a referent point the normative coordinates of the Peruvian Civil Code.

ABSTRACT: Linked contracts are a law avoidance control instrument. They allow us to interpret jointly the several contracts through which an economic transaction has been fractioned. This, in turn, allows us to determine whether a legal rule has been avoided. Following Italian Law authors, this paper proposes a reconstruction of linked contracts theory in Chilean Law, emphasizing crossed contractual interpretation as one of its effects. Then, it analyses how can a fraud be committed by fractioning a transaction in multiple contracts, each one legal by itself, and how can linked contracts theory allow the interpreter to determine the fraudulent scheme and to sanction it, by enforcing the avoided legal rule.

RESUMEN: Los contratos conexos son un instrumento de control del fraude a la ley. Ellos permiten interpretar conjuntamente los actos o contratos con los que se ha fraccionado una operación económica. Esto, a su vez, permite determinar si se ha eludido la aplicación de una norma legal. Siguiendo a la doctrina italiana, este trabajo propone una reconstrucción de la teoría de los contratos conexos en el Derecho chileno, con énfasis en la interpretación cruzada como uno de sus efectos. Luego, analiza cómo puede cometerse un fraude mediante el fraccionamiento de una operación en varios contratos, por sí mismos lícitos, y cómo la conexidad contractual puede permitir al intérprete identificar el esquema fraudulento intentado y sancionarlo, aplicando la norma eludida.

Abstract This commentary analyses a decision which narrows down the scope of the claim for profits derived from someone else's fraud. This offers a clear contrast against the backdrop of recent case law, which established very general requirements for such claims. The decision granted special attention to the notion of "profit" of articles 1458 and 2316 of the CC. Accordingly, this commentary reviews the scope of this provisions based on their historical origin and practical outcomes. Additionally, the commentary critically approaches the relationship between the aforementioned articles and the claims that can be brought by those who suffered the consequences of the fraud.

Resumen Este comentario analiza una sentencia que acota el ámbito de aplicación de la acción de provecho del dolo ajeno, lo que contrasta con la generalidad de los requisitos exigidos por la jurisprudencia reciente en la materia. La sentencia atendió especialmente a la noción de "provecho" contenida en los artículos 1458 y 2316 del CC, por lo que el presente comentario revisa el alcance de estas normas a la luz de su origen histórico y consecuencias prácticas. Además, se analiza críticamente la relación entre dichos artículos y las acciones que tiene a su disposición la persona que ha sufrido las consecuencias patrimoniales del fraude.

Abstract This paper proposes a general theory on the distribution of fraud risks in bank checking account contracts under Chilean legislation, which allows determining when the risk should be assumed by the bank, and when by the current account holder.

Resumen El presente trabajo propone una teoría general sobre la distribución de los riesgos del fraude en los contratos de cuenta corriente bancaria bajo la legislación chilena, que permita determinar cuándo el riesgo debe ser asumido por el banco y cuándo por el cuentacorrentista.

Abstract This article aims to contribute for the understanding of virtual social relationships and their malicious use, contextualizing romantic fraud as an emerging criminal phenomenon. By analyzing the interconnection between social aspects and criminal mechanisms, and with a particular emphasis on the underlying victimization processes, we seek to provide a solid knowledge basis for future research and interventions, promoting a holistic and informed approach, so that it is possible to mitigate its criminological impact on contemporary society, nationally and internationally.

Resumo O presente artigo pretende contribuir para a compreensão das relações sociais virtuais e a sua utilização maliciosa, contextualizando a burla romântica, também conhecida por romance fraud, enquanto fenómeno criminal emergente. Ao analisar a interconexão entre os aspetos legais, sociais e os mecanismos criminosos, e a partir de um destaque particular para os processos de vitimação subjacentes a este fenómeno criminal, procura-se fornecer uma base de conhecimento sólida para futuras pesquisas e intervenções, promovendo uma abordagem holística e informada ao romance fraud, de modo a que seja possível mitigar o seu impacto criminológico na sociedade contemporânea quer do ponto de vista nacional, quer internacional.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of educational programs in cybersecurity to reduce the incidence of digital fraud among financial users in Ecuador. The research focused on identifying the main vulnerabilities and areas of lack of knowledge among users, and on developing an educational program adapted to their needs. An initial survey was carried out on a sample of 40 Ecuadorian financial users. Based on the results, an educational program was designed and implemented using three different educational methods: in-person and virtual workshops, self-guided online courses and awareness campaigns. The results showed that in-person and virtual workshops were the most effective, followed by self-guided online courses and awareness campaigns. Participants significantly improved their cybersecurity knowledge and adopted safer online practices. The findings highlighted the importance of interactive and personalized educational methods to maximize effectiveness in cybersecurity education. This study highlights the need for continuous and accessible education to protect users against emerging digital threats in an increasingly connected environment. Furthermore, it suggests that a combination of approaches may be key to improving digital security practices and reducing fraud among financial users.

RESUMEN Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la efectividad de programas educativos en ciberseguridad para reducir la incidencia de fraude digital entre usuarios financieros en Ecuador. La investigación se centró en identificar las principales vulnerabilidades y áreas de desconocimiento entre los usuarios, y en desarrollar un programa educativo adaptado a sus necesidades. Se realizó una encuesta inicial a una muestra de 40 usuarios financieros ecuatorianos. A partir de los resultados, se diseñó y aplico un programa educativo mediante la utilización de tres métodos educativos diferentes: talleres presenciales y virtuales, cursos en línea autoguiados y campañas de sensibilización. Los resultados mostraron que los talleres presenciales y virtuales fueron los más efectivos, seguidos por los cursos en línea y las campañas de sensibilización. Los participantes mejoraron significativamente su conocimiento sobre ciberseguridad y adoptaron prácticas más seguras en línea. Las conclusiones destacaron la importancia de métodos educativos interactivos y personalizados para maximizar la efectividad en la educación en ciberseguridad. Este estudio subraya la necesidad de una educación continua y accesible para proteger a los usuarios contra las amenazas digitales emergentes en un entorno cada vez más conectado. Además, sugiere que una combinación de enfoques puede ser clave para mejorar las prácticas de seguridad digital y reducir el fraude entre los usuarios financieros.

RESUMO Este artigo investiga a compra de votos nas eleições de 2022 no Rio de Janeiro. Embora o tema tenha despertado discussões públicas, pouco sabemos como a compra de votos é praticada, como detectá-la e qual sua extensão. Usamos o método de experimento em lista para medir a disposição dos eleitores a votar em troca de favor ou benefício. Os resultados não apontam a existência generalizada de compra de votos no estado em 2022. 202 Janeiro públicas praticada detectála detectá la extensão benefício 20 2

ABSTRACT This article investigates vote buying in the 2022 elections in Rio de Janeiro. Although the topic has sparked public discussion, little is known about how vote buying is practiced, how to detect it, and its extent. We use the list experiment method to measure electors’ willingness to vote in exchange for favor or benefit. The results do not point to the widespread practice of vote buying in the state in 2022. 202 Janeiro discussion practiced it extent electors benefit 20 2

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The study aims to provide an updated description of HPCSA complaints against dentists. The objectives were to analyse the incidence, types and consequences of professional misconduct and unprofessional behaviour complaints against South African dentists from 2009-2023 DESIGN: A descriptive study design was employed, focusing on a retrospective analysis of publicly accessible complaint records METHODS: Publicly available online Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA) records from 2009-2023 were analysed (www.hpcsa.co.za), categorising complaints based on ethical violations. Categories included clinical misconduct, fraud, record-keeping lapses, unprofessional conduct, unethical advertising, employing unregistered personnel or laboratories, poor infection control and practicing while suspended. Complaint nature, outcomes and penalties were quantitatively assessed, with qualitative descriptions of complaint types RESULTS: From 83 dentists included in HPCSA records, 82 were found guilty. Primary complaints were fraud 33/82 (40%), clinical negligence 32/82 (39%) and employing unregistered personnel or laboratories 8/82 (10%). Forty-four dentists received fines (53%) for clinical and 20/82 (24%) for fraud-related issues, while 15/82 (18%) were suspended and 13/82 (16%) were cautioned CONCLUSION: The findings offer crucial insights into the misconduct in public and private dental practices in South Africa, highlighting areas for improvement

Abstract The objective of this paper is to analyze the implications for the social sciences of online crimes, specifically fraud and pedophilia in Ecuador. The methodology used is justified in the conception of systematized reviews, using the analytical framework of systematized reviews in Human and Social Sciences. Databases such as Google Scholar, SCOPUS, Web of Science (WOS), Scientific Electronic Library Online (Scielo), among others, were used. The conclusions point to the need to increase research on these crimes from the social sciences, the application of the phenomenological approach, the investigation of myths and beliefs about these phenomena, the promotion of public policies and the promotion of interdisciplinarity with other behavioral sciences.

Resumen El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar las implicaciones para las ciencias sociales que presentan los delitos en línea, específicamente la estafa y la pederastia en Ecuador. La metodología utilizada se justifica en la concepción de las revisiones sistematizadas, empleándose el marco analítico de revisiones sistematizadas en Ciencias Humanas y Sociales. Se utilizaron bases de datos como Google Scholar, SCOPUS, Web of Science (WOS), Scientific Electronic Library Online (Scielo), entre otras. Las conclusiones señalan la necesidad de incrementar las investigaciones sobre estos delitos desde las ciencias sociales, la aplicación del enfoque fenomenológico, la investigación de los mitos y creencias sobre estos fenómenos, el fomento de políticas públicas y fomento de la interdisciplinariedad con otras ciencias del comportamiento.

Abstract This study aims to characterize land grabbing in Piauí based on audits of data from the national land registry and to outline the role of municipal governments in the process of irregular land appropriation. The analyses are anchored in frontier epistemology, taking into account the concept of coloniality formulated by Aníbal Quijano. Bibliographic research and documentary research were used. Based on the data from the audits, it was possible to identify 53 processes with properties with evidence of title chain fraud, of which 17 refer to the irregularity “collection by municipal governments.” The inspection of cadastral data proved to be efficient for the diagnosis of land grabbing, although it needs corrections. Also, 5 fraud groups were identified in real estate records. It was observed that city councils were used as a land reserve strategy to enter the market at the right time. Land grabbing is an inherent function of the modern-colonial capitalist world system itself and represents one of the forms of coloniality in the appropriation of land.

Resumo O presente estudo tem como objetivo caracterizar a grilagem de terras no Piauí a partir de auditorias nos dados do cadastro fundiário nacional e delinear o papel das prefeituras municipais no processo de apropriação fundiária irregular. As análises são ancoradas na epistemologia de fronteira levando em conta o conceito de colonialidade formulado por Aníbal Quijano. Utilizaram-se técnicas de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental. A partir dos dados das auditorias foi possível indetificar 53 processos com imóveis com indícios de fraudes nas cadeias dominiais, dos quais 17 se referem a irregularidade “arrecadação por prefeituras municipais”. A fiscalização dos dados cadastrais se mostrou eficiente para o diagnóstico da grilagem de terras, embora necessite de correções. Identificou-se 5 grupos de fraudes junto aos registros imobiliários. Observou-se que prefeituras municipais foram utilizadas como estratégia de reserva da terra para entrada no mercado no momento oportuno. A grilagem de terras é uma função inerente ao próprio sistema-mundo capitalista moderno-colonial e representa uma das formas de colonialidade na apropriação sobre a terra.

Resumen El presente estudio tiene como objetivo caracterizar el acaparamiento de tierras en Piauí a partir de auditorías de datos del catastro nacional y delinear el papel de los gobiernos municipales en el proceso de apropiación irregular de tierras. Los análisis se anclan en la epistemología de frontera teniendo en cuenta el concepto de colonialidad formulado por Aníbal Quijano. Se utilizó la investigación bibliográfica y la investigación documental. Con base en los datos de las auditorías, fue posible identificar 53 procesos con inmuebles con evidencia de fraude en las cadenas de dominio, de los cuales 17 hacen referencia a la irregularidad “recaudación por parte de los gobiernos municipales”. La inspección de datos catastrales demostró ser eficiente para el diagnóstico de acaparamiento de tierras, aunque necesita correcciones. Se identificaron 05 grupos de fraude en registros inmobiliarios. Se observó que los ayuntamientos se utilizaron como estrategia de reserva de suelo para ingresar al mercado en el momento adecuado. El acaparamiento de tierras es una función inherente del propio sistema-mundo capitalista modernocolonial y representa una de las formas de colonialidad en la apropiación de la tierra.

Abstract The law fraud institute has not had a substantial development by the bankruptcy doctrine, which has focused all its efforts on understanding and limiting the scope of the concept of abusiveness. In the present work we intend to evaluate when, how and why a fraud of the law can occur in a proposed bankruptcy preventive agreement and then evaluate the alternatives available to the bankruptcy judge to address it. To limit the study, it is proposed to work with a specific case of fraud: when a shareholder of the bankrupt company appears as a creditor and the settlement proposal offers him the same treatment as the rest of the competitors.

Resumen El instituto del fraude a la ley no ha tenido un desarrollo sustancioso por parte de la doctrina concursalista, quien ha centrado todos sus esfuerzos en comprender y limitar el alcance del concepto de abusividad. En el presente trabajo nos proponemos evaluar cuándo, cómo y por qué se puede producir un fraude a la ley en una propuesta de acuerdo preventivo concursal para luego evaluar las alternativas con las que cuenta el juez concursal para abordarla. Para limitar el estudio, se propone trabajar con un caso específico de fraude: cuando un accionista de la empresa concursada se presenta como acreedor y la propuesta concordataria le ofrece igual tratamiento que al resto de los concurrentes.

Resumo O artigo tem por finalidade investigar as estratégias de gestão do trabalho empreendidas pela Uber em relação aos seus motoristas. Fazendo uso do método da participação observante, o pesquisador conduziu um automóvel realizando corridas mediadas pela plataforma por um intervalo de tempo de quatro meses na Região Metropolitana de Salvador, Bahia. A empresa atua com uma estratégia de gestão que estimula um falso empreendedorismo e, ao mesmo tempo, esconde uma relação de emprego: a ocultação. Para tanto, faz uso de táticas como incentivismo, tarefismo, pedagogismo, estelionato, compartilhamento de riscos e obscurantismo, como a etnografia conseguiu identificar. motoristas observante Salvador Bahia emprego ocultação tanto incentivismo tarefismo pedagogismo estelionato obscurantismo identificar

Abstract The article aims to investigate the work management strategies undertaken by Uber in relation to its drivers. Using the observant participation method, the researcher drove a car performing races mediated by the platform for a period of four months in the Metropolitan Region of Salvador, Bahia. The company operates with a management strategy that encourages false entrepreneurship and, at the same time, hides an employment relationship: dissimulation. To do so, it makes use of tactics such as encouragement, task management, pedagogism, fraud, risk-sharing and obscurantism, as ethnography has managed to identify. drivers method Salvador Bahia time relationship dissimulation so encouragement pedagogism fraud risksharing risk sharing obscurantism identify

Resumen Las acciones recientes de la mafia agraria en Indonesia, sobre todo tras la implementación de las reformas, han aumentado de forma significativa en el sector, incluida la alteración del proceso de entrada de inversiones y el crecimiento económico por parte de personas naturales y varias entidades de gobierno. El presente estudio pretende conocer y explorar las idiosincrasias del modus operandi de la mafia agraria y las causas y factores de su aparición, además de la postura oficial del gobierno de Indonesia para erradicarla. Esta investigación es sociojurídica de tipo descriptivo y analítico y ofrece una imagen general de tales idiosincrasias, a saber: la falsificación de títulos de propiedad, la colusión inescrupulosa con funcionarios, la compraventa ficticia, el fraude o la malversación de fondos y la búsqueda de legalidad en los tribunales. Las causas del surgimiento de la mafia agraria abarcan el alto valor económico de la tierra, la falta de integración de la administración territorial, la ausencia de una única evidencia de los derechos sobre la tierra, la publicación negativa del sistema de registro de tierras y la débil aplicación de la ley. Los factores que todavía prevalecen son la corrupción y las conexiones políticas; la ausencia de una regulación adecuada para la mafia agraria; el desarrollo dependiente de la inversión, la lealtad de los dueños del capital y del capitalismo; la especulación de tierras; la desigualdad social y económica; el crecimiento urbano y el desarrollo de infraestructura, y la falta de conciencia jurídica. Por otra parte, la postura oficial del gobierno de Indonesia frente a la erradicación de la mafia agraria es la formación del Grupo de Trabajo Antimafia Agraria, que es responsable de investigar, divulgar y tomar medidas enérgicas contra las prácticas mafiosas que dañan a la comunidad. En conclusión, las idiosincrasias, las causas y los factores del surgimiento de la mafia agraria y la postura oficial del gobierno para erradicarla son inseparables de los cambios en el clima económico, legal, político y sociocultural de Indonesia.

Abstract The recent actions of the land mafia in Indonesia, especially after the implementation of reforms, have increased significantly in the land sector, including individuals and many government institutions, disrupting the investment entry process and economic growth. This study aims to know and explore the idiosyncrasies of the land mafia's modus operandi in Indonesia and its causes and factors, in addition to the official stance of the Indonesian government on eradicating the land mafia. This socio-legal research is descriptive and analytical. It provides a general picture of such idiosyncrasies: forgery of land papers, collusion with unscrupulous officials, fictitious buying and selling, fraud or embezzlement, and the seeking of legality in court. The causes of the land mafia's emergence are the land's high economic value, unintegrated land administration, a lack of unique proof of land rights, the land registration system's negative publication, and weak law enforcement. Meanwhile, the factors that contribute to the land mafia consolidation are corruption and political connections, the absence of proper regulation, development still depending on investment, the loyalty of capital owners and capitalism, land speculation, social and economic inequality, urban growth and infrastructure development, and a lack of legal awareness. The official stance of the Indonesian government toward eradicating the land mafia is the formation of the Anti-Land Mafia Task Force, which is generally responsible for investigating, disclosing, and cracking down on land mafia practices that harm the community. The idiosyncrasies, causes, and factors of the rise of the land mafia and the government's official stance on eradicating the land mafia are inseparable from changes in Indonesia's economic, legal, political, and socio-cultural climate.