Brejos Nordestinos (northeastern highland wet forests) is a unique ecosystem within the Northeastern Atlantic Forest. This area encompasses a mosaic of humid forests above 600 meters in the semi-arid region, forming an ecotone area. These environmental conditions create an optimal ecosystem for the diversification of plants, including ferns. Pico do Jabre in Paraíba state, with an elevation of 1,208 meters above sea level, is an example of Brejo Nordestino. This study reports the occurrence of Pleopeltis pleopeltidis in the Northeastern Atlantic Forest, particularly at Pico do Jabre, a new record of P. pleopeltifolia for Paraíba state, and the local fern flora. Additional records of P. pleopeltidis were found in the municipalities of Triunfo, and Floresta, in Pernambuco state, which are also classified as Brejos Nordestinos with elevations exceeding 1,000 meters above sea level. These findings extend the species' known extent of occurrence by approximately 40%. The conservation status of P. pleopeltidis is suggested as Vulnerable (VU) across its entire range and Endangered (EN) in Northeast Brazil. The distance between populations in the Northeastern Atlantic Forest and the nearest populations in Bahia state ranges from 763-931 km, indicating a potential disjunction. Although the species occurs in three relatively close Brejos Nordestinos, the fragmented nature of the Northeastern Atlantic Forest results in isolated populations on these biogeographical islands, surrounded by a Caatinga (seasonally dry tropical forest) matrix.

Los Brejos Nordestinos (bosques húmedos de tierras altas del noreste) son un ecosistema único dentro del Bosque Atlántico del Nordeste. Esta área abarca un mosaico de bosques húmedos por encima de los 600 metros en la región semiárida, formando una zona de ecotono. Estas condiciones ambientales crean un ecosistema óptimo para la diversificación de plantas, incluidos los helechos. El Pico do Jabre, en el estado de Paraíba, con una altitud de 1208 metros sobre el nivel del mar, es un ejemplo de Brejo Nordestino. Este estudio reporta la ocurrencia de Pleopeltis pleopeltidis en el Bosque Atlántico del Nordeste, particularmente en el Pico do Jabre, un nuevo registro de P. pleopeltifolia para el estado de Paraíba, y en la flora local de helechos. Se encontraron registros adicionales de P. pleopeltidis en los municipios de Triunfo y Floresta, en el estado de Pernambuco, que también están clasificados como Brejos Nordestinos con elevaciones superiores a los 1000 metros sobre el nivel del mar. Estos hallazgos amplían la extensión conocida de ocurrencia de la especie en aproximadamente un 40%. Se sugiere que el estado de conservación de P. pleopeltidis sea vulnerable (VU) en toda su área de distribución y en peligro (EN) en el noreste de Brasil. La distancia entre las poblaciones del Bosque Atlántico del Nordeste y las poblaciones más cercanas en el estado de Bahía varía entre 763 y 931 km, lo que indica una posible disyunción. Aunque la especie ocurre en tres Brejos Nordestinos relativamente cercanos, la naturaleza fragmentada del Bosque Atlántico del Nordeste da como resultado poblaciones aisladas en estas islas biogeográficas, rodeadas por una matriz de Caatinga (bosque tropical seco estacionalmente).

Abstract: The unplanned and fragmented urban development of cities has caused them to be responsible for most of the planet's unsustainable development. Urban sustainability emerges as a response to this imbalance. Throughout its history, Guayaquil has shown unplanned urban growth that has continuously degraded its natural resources, such as forests and estuaries. The present research aims to evaluate the level of sustainability resulting from such change at the neighborhood level in Guayaquil. The study analyzes urban indicators of six representative neighbourhoods of the city regarding socioeconomic and historical factors. Thus, indicators were analyzed with respect to form, diversity, mobility, and environmental quality. The methodology includes an analysis for selecting variables, a study of the neighbourhoods' morphology using geo-portal map and information gathering through field studies and data processing. The results allow inferring the variables' influence on the sustainability level of each analyzed neighbourhood and how density, diversity and environmental quality play a vital role in developing greater sustainability at the neighbourhood and city levels.

Resumen: El desarrollo urbano no planificado y fragmentado de las ciudades ha ocasionado que estas sean responsables de la mayor parte del desarrollo no sustentable del planeta. La sostenibilidad urbana surge como medida de respuesta ante esta descompensación. La ciudad de Guayaquil presenta a lo largo de su historia un crecimiento urbano no planificado que continuamente ha degradado sus recursos naturales, como bosques y esteros. La presente investigación tiene como objetivo evaluar el nivel de sostenibilidad resultante de tal crecimiento a nivel barrial en Guayaquil. El estudio analiza indicadores urbanos de seis barrios representativos de la ciudad en cuanto a factores socioeconómicos e históricos. Se analizaron indicadores con respecto a la forma, diversidad, movilidad y calidad ambiental. La metodología utilizada recoge un análisis para la selección de variables, estudio de la morfología de los barrios realizada por medio de mapas de geo portales, relevamiento de información a través de estudio de campo y procesamiento de datos. Los resultados permiten inferir la influencia de las variables en el nivel de sostenibilidad de cada uno de los barrios analizados y como la densidad, la diversidad y calidad ambiental desempeñan un papel primordial en el desarrollo de una mayor sostenibilidad a nivel barrial y de ciudad.

Abstract (Introduction): In Latin America, the sensitive tropical biodiversity found outside of protected wilderness areas is under threat. In Costa Rica, the payment for environmental services (PSA) represents a mechanism to protect forests on private farms, but it lacks specific indicators on the state of biodiversity and forest conservation. (Objective): To analyze the use of acoustic monitoring for ecosystem assessment at 11 sites in the Osa Peninsula, nine on private farms, and two sites within Corcovado National Park. (Methods): Soundscapes were recorded from May 25 to June 1, 2021, using acoustic recorders. It was analyzed the behavior of six acoustic indices at each sampling site and applied an automated detection analysis of vocalizations of two representative bird species of the area. (Results): It was found that the most fragmented sites presented higher activity, energy, and acoustic diversity, possibly due to edge effects and ecotones present, as well as a high forest component in the surrounding matrix. Automated vocalization detection indicated that the species Hylopezus perspicillatus turned out to be more sensitive to differences in the landscape than Trogon bairdii. (Conclusions): The use of acoustic indices, although it associates features of the degree of conservation, was not a differentiating element of the quality of the ecosystem in the evaluated farms. The monitoring of species through the detection of their vocalizations was promising. A careful and rigorous sampling design, with more sampling points per site, is recommended to achieve accurate measurements and avoid bias in the analysis.

Resumen (Introducción): En Latinoamérica, la sensible biodiversidad tropical que se encuentra fuera de las áreas silvestres protegidas está bajo amenaza. En Costa Rica, el pago por servicios ambientales (PSA) representa un mecanismo para proteger bosques en fincas privadas, pero carece de indicadores específicos sobre el estado de la biodiversidad y de conservación de los bosques. (Objetivo): Analizar el uso del monitoreo acústico para la evaluación de ecosistemas en 11 sitios en la Península de Osa: 9 en fincas privadas y 2 sitios dentro del Parque Nacional Corcovado. (Metodología): Se grabaron paisajes sonoros del 25 de mayo al 01 de junio del 2021, utilizando grabadoras acústicas. Se estudia el comportamiento de 6 índices acústicos en cada sitio de muestreo y se aplicó un análisis de detección automatizada de vocalizaciones de 2 especies de aves representativas de la zona. (Resultados): Se encuentra que los sitios más fragmentados presentaron mayor actividad, energía y diversidad acústica, posiblemente por efectos de borde y ecotonos presentes, así como un alto componente de bosque en la matriz circundante. La detección automatizada de vocalizaciones indicó que la especie Hylopezus perspicillatus resultó ser más sensible a las diferencias en el paisaje que Trogon bairdii. (Conclusiones): El uso de índices acústicos, aunque asocia rasgos del grado de conservación del bosque, no resultó un elemento diferenciador de la calidad del ecosistema en las fincas evaluadas, pero el monitoreo de especies mediante la detección de sus vocalizaciones sí resultó promisorio. Es recomendable un diseño de muestreo metódico y riguroso, con más puntos de muestreo por sitio, para lograr mediciones precisas y evitar sesgos en el análisis.

Resumen Evaluamos el paisaje de la región Norte y Noroeste de Río de Janeiro, determinando los cambios en la cobertura forestal por fitofisonomía, utilizando la colección MapBiomas 6. Trabajamos en ambiente R y en QGIS. Entre las fitofisonomías, los Bosques de Tierras Bajas presentaron mayores pérdidas de área hasta 1985 (93%), volviéndose altamente fragmentados y aislados en el paisaje. Entre 1985 y 2020, hubo poca pérdida de cobertura forestal. Sin embargo, este resultado es el resultado del balance de ganancias de vegetación secundaria que cubre las pérdidas de vegetación madura, con pérdidas para la biodiversidad. El principal impulsor de la pérdida de vegetación fue la agricultura y la ganadería y actualmente menos del 8% de la vegetación está protegida. El retraso en la creación de las UC y la restauración de las APP tendrá graves y negativas consecuencias para la conservación de la vegetación de la región. Janeiro fitofisonomía 6 QGIS fitofisonomías 198 93%, 93 93% , (93%) 2020 embargo madura biodiversidad 8 protegida 19 9 (93% 202 1 (93 20 (9 2 (

Abstract We evaluated the landscape of the North and Northwest of Rio de Janeiro, determining changes in forest cover by phytophysiognomy using collection 6 of MapBiomas (1985-2020). We worked in the R environment and QGIS. Among the phytophysiognomies, the Lowland forests showed the greatest area loss until 1985 (93%), becoming highly fragmented and isolated in the landscape. Between 1985 and 2020 the loss of forest was reduced. However, this result is related to the balance of secondary vegetation increase that covers up the losses of mature vegetation, with risks to biodiversity. The main driver of vegetation loss was agriculture, and currently less than 8% of the vegetation is protected. The procrastination in the establishment of conservation units and restoration of permanent protection areas will have serious negative consequences for the conservation of the vegetation in this region. Janeiro 19852020. 19852020 . (1985-2020) QGIS phytophysiognomies 198 93%, 93 93% , (93%) 202 reduced However biodiversity agriculture 8 protected region 1985202 (1985-2020 19 9 (93% 20 198520 (1985-202 1 (93 2 19852 (1985-20 (9 (1985-2 ( (1985- (1985 (198 (19 (1

Resumo Avaliamos a paisagem das regiões Norte e Noroeste fluminense determinando as mudanças na cobertura florestal por fitofisionomia, utilizando a coleção 6 do MapBiomas (1985-2020). Trabalhamos no ambiente R e no QGIS. Entre as fitofisionomias, as Florestas de Terras Baixas apresentaram maior perda de área até 1985 (93%), tornando- -se altamente fragmentadas e isoladas na paisagem. Entre 1985 e 2020, houve redução nas perdas de cobertura florestal. Entretanto, este resultado é fruto do balanço dos ganhos de vegetação secundária que mascaram as perdas de vegetação madura, com prejuízos para biodiversidade. O principal promotor da perda de vegetação foi a agropecuária e atualmente menos de 8% da vegetação está protegida. A procrastinação na criação de Unidade Conservação e restauração das Áreas de Proteção Permanente trará consequências sérias e negativas para a conservação da vegetação nas regiões Norte e Noroeste fluminense. fitofisionomia 19852020. 19852020 2020 . (1985-2020) QGIS fitofisionomias 198 93%, 93 93% , (93%) tornando se Entretanto madura biodiversidade 8 protegida 1985202 202 (1985-2020 19 9 (93% 198520 20 (1985-202 1 (93 19852 2 (1985-20 (9 (1985-2 ( (1985- (1985 (198 (19 (1

Resumo Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv. é uma espécie medicinal preciosa nativa das florestas tropicais do Vietnã. Por causa da perda de hábitat e da colheita excessiva, essa espécie está ameaçada de extinção no Vietnã. Para conservá-la, investigamos a variabilidade genética e a estrutura populacional usando nove microssatélites para 148 indivíduos de sete populações em toda a distribuição atual de P. vietnamensis no Vietnã. Determinamos uma diversidade genética moderada dentro das populações (HO = 0,367 e HE = 0,437) e diferenciação populacional relativamente baixa (índice de Weir e Cockerham de 0,172 e índice de Hedrick de 0,254), com diferenciação significativa (P < 0,05), o que sugeriu fragmentação de hábitats, sobreutilização e sobre-exploração de P. vietnamensis. Diferentes métodos de agrupamento revelaram que os indivíduos foram agrupados em dois agrupamentos principais, que foram associados ao fluxo gênico em toda a área geográfica de P. vietnamensis. Este estudo também detectou que as populações de ginseng podem ter sofrido um gargalo recente. Recomendamos medidas em futuros programas de conservação e melhoramento de P. vietnamensis.

Abstract Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv. is a precious medicinal species native to the tropical forests of Vietnam. Due to habitat loss and over-harvesting, this species is endangered in Vietnam. To conserve the species, we investigated genetic variability and population structure using nine microsatellites for 148 individuals from seven populations across the current distribution range of P. vietnamensis in Vietnam. We determined a moderate genetic diversity within populations (HO = 0.367, HE = 0.437) and relatively low population differentiation (the Weir and Cockerham index of 0.172 and the Hedrick index of 0.254) and showed significant differentiation (P < 0.05), which suggested fragmented habitats, over-utilization and over-harvesting of P. vietnamensis. Different clustering methods revealed that individuals were grouped into two major clusters, which were associated with gene flow across the geographical range of P. vietnamensis. This study also detected that ginseng populations can have undergone a recent bottleneck. We recommend measures in future P. vietnamensis conservation and breeding programs.

ABSTRACT Backgrounds: Urban and peri-urban fragments are vital for biodiversity conservation, requiring genetic assessment of tree species in fragmented forests. The aim of this study was to analyze the genetic variability and diversity for adult individuals of J. micrantha along an urban-rural gradient in the Araucaria Forest. Fifteen individuals were sampled, with five from each remaining forest type. Initially, 10 ISRR primers were tested. Five mother trees were chosen from each site (urban, peri-urban, and rural) with a minimum distance of 100 m. The experimental design was a RCBD with 15 progenies, three provenances, three blocks, and 20 plants per plot, totaling 900 seedlings. Results: The average percentage of polymorphic loci was 93.33%. The urban population showed a greater loss of genetic diversity (H=0.1806). 79% of the genetic diversity was found within populations. The observed gene flow value (Nm) was 1.8790, indicating that there were no random losses of alleles within populations. The fragments did not exhibit significant differences, but there were significant differences among the progenies. The stem diameter (SD) and the height-diameter relationship (H/SD) emerged as the key traits for selecting new individuals due to their higher heritability (< 0.50), accuracy (< 0.70), and relative coefficient of variation (< 7%). Conclusion: The urban fragment is the most affected, but gene flow between fragments prevents the random loss of alleles. The analysis suggests that these fragments form a unique population, despite geographic barriers. Thus, the three fragments can be considered when choosing superior individuals for future progeny tests in genetic improvement programs for the species. Backgrounds periurban peri conservation forests J urbanrural rural Forest sampled type Initially 1 tested urban, (urban periurban, m progenies provenances blocks 2 plot 90 seedlings Results 9333 93 33 93.33% H=0.1806. H01806 H H=0.1806 . 0 1806 (H=0.1806) 79 populations Nm (Nm 18790 8790 1.8790 SD (SD heightdiameter height H/SD HSD (H/SD < ( 0.50, 050 0.50 , 50 0.50) 0.70, 070 0.70 70 0.70) 7%. 7 7% 7%) Conclusion affected barriers Thus 9 933 3 93.33 H0180 H=0.180 180 (H=0.1806 1879 879 1.879 05 0.5 5 07 0.7 93.3 H018 H=0.18 18 (H=0.180 187 87 1.87 0. 93. H01 H=0.1 (H=0.18 8 1.8 H0 H=0. (H=0.1 1. H=0 (H=0. H= (H=0 (H= (H

Abstract The Tropical Dry Forests of Nicaragua located mainly in the Pacific and Central-North zones play an essential role in maintaining resources such as water and the special biodiversity of this vulnerable ecosystem now under pressure from land-use changes and climate change These resources are essential to the well-being of the population as the main aquifers of the country are located in this area along with ecosystem services of this now heavily fragmented forest ecosystem. The ongoing influence of climate change along with land-use changes have caused the growth of arid zones in all of Central America. These on-going land use changes are lowering the resilience to the present and future climate change. Individual efforts to sustainable management of the forests are mentioned but it is nonetheless urgent to introduce wider and more intensive sustainable forestry and watershed management under a well-planned strategy based on findings of scientific research. The importance of the interrelationship between water and forests in the management of sustainable forest ecosystems will be stressed. CentralNorth North landuse wellbeing well being America going wellplanned planned research stressed

Resumo As florestas tropicais secas da Nicarágua, localizadas principalmente nas áreas do Pacífico e Centro-Norte, desempenham um papel essencial na manutenção dos recursos naturais como a água e a biodiversidade, agora pressionados pelas mudanças no uso da terra e pelas mudanças climáticas. Esses recursos são essenciais para o bem-estar da população, pois os principais aquíferos do país estão localizados nesta área, juntamente com os serviços ecossistêmicos deste ecossistema florestal agora fortemente fragmentado. A influência contínua das mudanças climáticas, juntamente com as mudanças no uso da terra, causou o crescimento de zonas áridas em toda a América Central. Essas mudanças contínuas no uso da terra estão diminuindo a resiliência às mudanças climáticas presentes e futuras.. São mencionados esforços individuais para uma gestão florestal sustentável, mas, no entanto, há uma necessidade urgente de introduzir uma gestão florestal e de bacias hidrográficas mais ampla e intensiva no âmbito de uma estratégia bem planejada baseada nos resultados da investigação científica. Será sublinhada a importância da inter-relação entre a água e as florestas na gestão de ecossisstemas florestais sustentáveis. Nicarágua CentroNorte, CentroNorte Centro Norte, Norte Centro-Norte biodiversidade bemestar estar população área fragmentado Central futuras futuras. sustentável mas entanto científica interrelação inter relação sustentáveis

Resumen Antecedentes: Para poblaciones con distribución fragmentada, la alta remoción de frutos/semillas puede representar un cuello de botella para su propagación a nuevas áreas. Por lo que es importante conocer cómo la vegetación y el comportamiento de los comedores de frutos influyen en el patrón espacial de remoción. Pregunta: ¿De qué manera la densidad de la vegetación influye en la probabilidad de remoción de frutos post-dispersión de P. hintonii? Sitio y fecha: Estación Científica las Joyas, Reserva de la Biósfera Sierra de Manantlán, Jalisco. Abril-mayo 2015. Métodos: El número de frutos removidos fue registrado en áreas con sotobosque denso y escaso, en dos tipos de bosques y dos áreas abiertas cubiertas de arbustos. Para identificar las especies de vertebrados removedores de frutos, fueron colocadas cámaras-trampas bajo dosel de P. hintonii con alta producción de frutos. Resultados: La remoción de frutos fue más bajo en áreas con baja densidad de sotobosque en pino-encino (11.17 ± 5.30 %) y áreas abiertas (25.5 ± 2.39 %), comparado al bosque nublado (72.51 ± 0.60 %). El número de días para el inicio de la remoción de frutos fue más bajo en el bosque nublado y pino-encino con sotobosque denso, que en aquellos con sotobosque escaso. Se identificaron seis especies de mamíferos y tres especies de aves consumidoras de frutos de P. hintonii; Pecari tajacu y pequeños mamíferos fueron los más importantes removedores de semillas. Conclusiones: Sotobosques poco densos en pino-encino favorecen menor remoción de frutos de P. hintonii, asociado probablemente al comportamiento de sus consumidores.

Abstract Background: High post-dispersal fruit-seed removal can be a bottleneck for successful propagation to new areas of plant populations with fragmented distribution, as in cloud forest. Therefore, it is important to know how vegetation and fruit-eating behavior will influence the spatial removal pattern. Questions and/or Hypotheses: How do vegetation structure and density influence fruit removal of Persea hintonii in potential propagation areas? Study site and dates: Las Joyas Scientific Station, Sierra de Manantlán Biosphere Reserve, Jalisco, Mexico. April-May 2015. Methods: The number of fruits removed were recorded in treatments excluding of different size vertebrates, in areas with a dense or sparse understory within two forest types plus open areas with shrub cover. To identify vertebrate fruit-removing species, camera-traps were placed under the canopy of P. hintonii trees with high fructification amounts. Results: Fruit removal was lower in areas of low understory density at pine-oak forests (11.17 ± 5.30 %) and gap areas (25.5 ± 2.39 %), compared to subtropical cloud forests (72.51 ± 0.60 %). The number of days to start the fruit removal was lower in the cloud and pine-oak forests with dense understory than in those with a sparse understory. We identified six mammal and three bird species as removers of P. hintonii fruits, among which Pecari tajacu and small mammals were the most important fruit removers. Conclusions: Low density understory in pine-oak favor less fruit removal of P. hintonii, probably associated with the behavior of its consumers.

ABSTRACT The Semideciduous Seasonal Forest (SSF) is one of the phytophysiognomies from the Atlantic rainforest’s biome, which is one of the most threatened and fragmented biomes within Brazil. In spite of that, the Atlantic rainforest possesses one of the highest degrees of biological richness and rates of endemism among worldwide biomes. The aim of this study is to diagnose and discuss the species and familie’s compositions of seasonal forests in southeastern Brazil, providing subsidies for lawmakers to conserve these forests. This study took place in 4 fragments of SSF in Boituva, SP, varying in size from 17.3 to 97.7 ha. It was collected woody plant individuals with CAP (Circumference at Breast Height) of 15 cm or more within 12 plots of 100 m2 per fragment (10x10 m, total of 1200 m2 each), sampling a total of 4800 m² area. 120 species from 43 families were sampled. From this total of species, 8 (6.7%) face some level of threat, 74 (61.7%) were defined as non-pioneer species and 72 (60%) as being animal-dispersed species. The occurrence of late and threatened tree species as peroba-rosa (Aspidosperma polyneuron Müll.Arg), jequitibá-rosa (Cariniana legalis (Mart.) Kuntze), guarantã (Esenbeckia leiocarpa Engl.), catiguá (Trichilia casaretti C.DC.) and fig trees (Ficus ssp), which are barely or not sampled in the region, proves the urgency and the importance for conserving these forest fragments in Boituva, therefore contributing for regional biodiversity conservation. In conclusion, we’re able to say that Boituva’s SSF is relatively well preserved, since there is a great ratio of late (non-pioneer), animal-dispersed and threatened species (IUCN). (SSF rainforests s biome Brazil familie Boituva SP 173 17 3 17. 977 97 7 97. ha Circumference Height 1 10 m 10x10 x (10x1 each, each , each) 480 area 6.7% 67 6 (6.7% threat 61.7% 617 61 (61.7% nonpioneer non pioneer 60% 60 (60% animaldispersed animal dispersed perobarosa peroba rosa Aspidosperma Müll.Arg, MüllArg Müll.Arg Müll Arg Müll.Arg) jequitibárosa jequitibá Cariniana Mart. Mart (Mart. Kuntze, Kuntze Kuntze) Esenbeckia Engl., Engl Engl. Engl.) Trichilia C.DC. CDC C DC Ficus ssp, ssp ssp) region conservation conclusion we re Boituvas preserved nonpioneer, (non-pioneer) IUCN. IUCN . (IUCN) 9 10x1 (10x 48 6.7 (6.7 61.7 (61.7 (60 (Mart C.DC (non-pioneer (IUCN 10x 6. (6. 61. (61. (6 (61 (

RESUMO A Floresta Estacional Semidecidual (FES) é uma das fitofisionomias do Bioma Mata Atlântica. É considerada a mais ameaçada e fragmentada do Brasil. Apesar disso, a Mata Atlântica possui um dos mais elevados graus de riqueza e taxas de endemismos entre os biomas do mundo. O objetivo deste estudo foi diagnosticar e discutir a composição de espécies e famílias em fragmentos florestais de florestas estacionais semideciduais no sudeste brasileiro, fornecendo subsídios para políticas públicas de conservação destas florestas. Este estudo foi realizado em 4 fragmentos de FES em Boituva, SP, com tamanho variando entre 17.3 a 97.7 ha. Foram amostrados indivíduos lenhosos com CAP (circunferência à altura do peito) maior ou igual a 15 cm, dentro de uma área de 12 parcelas de 10x10m, totalizando 1200 m² em cada um dos fragmentos estudados, totalizando 4800m2 amostrados. Foram amostradas 120 espécies pertencentes a 43 famílias. Do total das espécies amostradas, 8 (6,7%) apresentam algum grau de ameaça à extinção, sendo 74 (61.7%) identificadas como espécies tardias (não pioneiras) e 72 (60%) como espécies zoocóricas. A presença de espécies arbóreas, tardias e ameaçadas, como peroba-rosa (Aspidosperma polyneuron Müll.Arg), jequitibá-rosa (Cariniana legalis (Mart.), Kuntze), guarantã (Esenbeckia leiocarpa Engl.), catiguá (Trichilia casaretti C.DC.) e espécies de figueiras (Ficus ssp), as quais são pouco ou não amostradas na região, demonstram que a conservação dos fragmentos florestais de Boituva é indispensável, contribuindo assim para conservação da biodiversidade regional. Pode-se concluir que a FES do município de Boituva encontra-se relativamente bem conservada, pois existe uma grande proporção de espécies tardias, zoocóricas e ameaçadas (IUCN). (FES Brasil disso mundo brasileiro SP 173 17 3 17. 977 97 7 97. ha circunferência peito 1 cm 10x10m xm x m estudados 4800m 6,7% 67 6 (6,7% extinção 61.7% 617 61 (61.7% pioneiras 60% 60 (60% arbóreas perobarosa peroba rosa Aspidosperma Müll.Arg, MüllArg Müll.Arg , Müll Arg Müll.Arg) jequitibárosa jequitibá Cariniana Mart., Mart Mart. (Mart.) Kuntze, Kuntze Kuntze) Esenbeckia Engl., Engl Engl. Engl.) Trichilia C.DC. CDC C DC Ficus ssp, ssp ssp) região indispensável regional Podese Pode se encontrase encontra conservada IUCN. IUCN . (IUCN) 9 6,7 (6,7 61.7 (61.7 (60 (Mart. C.DC (IUCN 6, (6, 61. (61. (6 (Mart (61 (

Abstract Tropical forests have been subjected to increasing deforestation, leading to severe habitat loss and fragmentation of the landscape. Studies of various plant groups-indicate alteration in species diversity and assemblage composition in response to these impacts. How theses impacts affect ferns and lycophytes, however, is less well known. In this study we evaluate the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on ferns and lycophytes in lowland non-inundated forests in Ecuadorian Amazonia. We obtained assemblage information from thirteen plots located in gradients of habitat loss and fragmentation (as measured by the landscape fragmentation index: fragindex) and used community and diversity indices to evaluate species responses. We found 3,824 individuals of 55 species. The plot with the highest fragindex value (more than 20% of habitat loss and fragmentation) had the lowest diversity, but the highest diversity was found in plots with fragindex values from 12% to 21% of habitat loss and fragmentation rather than in the landscapes without deforestation. Although community composition varied along the fragindex gradient, species turnover was not significantly related to this index. These results suggest that changes in the landscape caused by deforestation alter the availability of habitats, consequently affecting the distribution patterns of ferns and lycophytes. groupsindicate groups indicate however known noninundated non inundated Amazonia as index responses 3824 3 824 3,82 5 more 20 12 21 gradient habitats 382 82 3,8 2 1 38 8 3,

Resumo O incremento do desmatamento em florestas tropicais tem causado uma perda severa de habitats e fragmentação da paisagem. As respostas das espécies a esses impactos antrópicos indicam alteração na diversidade e composição das comunidades de espécies e têm sido estudadas para vários grupos de plantas. Como esses impactos afetam a comunidade de samambaias e licófitas, no entanto, é menos conhecido. Neste estudo, avaliamos os efeitos da perda e fragmentação de habitat em samambaias e licófitas em florestas não inundadas de terras baixas na Amazônia equatoriana (bacia amazônica ocidental). Obtivemos informações da comunidade de treze parcelas localizadas em um gradiente de fragmentação (medido por um índice de fragmentação da paisagem: o fragindex) e usamos índices de comunidade e diversidade para avaliar as respostas das espécies. Encontramos 3.824 indivíduos de 55 espécies de samambaias e licófitas. A parcela com o maior valor de fragindex (mais de 20% de perda e fragmentação de habitat) teve a menor diversidade, mas a maior diversidade foi encontrada em parcelas com valores de fragindex entre 12% e 21% e não nas parcelas em paisagens sem desmatamento. Embora a composição da comunidade tenha variado ao longo do gradiente do fragindex, a renovação de espécies não foi significativamente relacionada a esse índice. Esses resultados sugerem que as mudanças na paisagem causadas pelo desmatamento alteram a disponibilidade de habitats, afetando consequentemente os padrões de distribuição de samambaias e licófitas. plantas entanto conhecido estudo bacia ocidental. ocidental . ocidental) medido 3824 3 824 3.82 5 mais 20 12 21 382 82 3.8 2 1 38 8 3.

Abstract The mountain forests of Los Altos de Chiapas have been fragmented and their structure and floristic composition have been modified due to logging, agriculture, and urban growth. An alternative that has been promoted for its conservation is ecotourism. The objective was to diagnose the effectiveness of ecotourism management in the conservation of mountain forests in the Arcotete, Grutas de Mamut and Grutas de Rancho Nuevo Ecotourism Parks in the municipality of San Cristóbal de Las Casas. Variables of vertical and horizontal structure and use of the forest were registered in plots of 1,000 m2. Diversity indices of Hill numbers and an ecological condition index per plot were calculated through a deterministic model. Satellite images from the years 2005, 2011, 2015, 2021 were processed to obtain changes in land use. Arcotete and Grutas de Mamut had an ecological condition index of the forest of 0.5 and Grutas de Rancho Nuevo of 0.3, which indicates that the first 2 have an intermediate state of conservation. It is concluded that ecotourism allowed the increase in forest cover that translates into a low and moderate ecological condition.

Resumen Los bosques de montaña de Los Altos de Chiapas se han fragmentado y han modificado su estructura y composición florística debido a la tala, la agricultura y el crecimiento urbano. Una alternativa que se ha promovido para su conservación es el ecoturismo. El objetivo fue diagnosticar la efectividad del manejo ecoturístico en la conservación de los bosques de montaña de los Parques Ecoturísticos Arcotete, Grutas de Mamut y Grutas de Rancho Nuevo del municipio de San Cristóbal de Las Casas. Se registraron variables de estructura vertical, horizontal y de uso del bosque en parcelas de 1,000 m2. Se calcularon índices de diversidad de números de Hill y un índice de condición ecológica por parcela a través de un modelo determinístico. Se procesaron imágenes de satélite de los años 2005, 2011, 2015, 2021 para obtener cambios en los usos de suelo. Arcotete y Grutas de Mamut tuvieron un índice de condición ecológica del bosque de 0.5 y Grutas de Rancho Nuevo de 0.3, lo que indica que los 2 primeros tienen un estado de conservación intermedio. Se concluye que el ecoturismo permitió el incremento en la cobertura forestal, que se traduce en una condición ecológica baja y moderada.

Resumen Introducción: Los escarabajos coprófagos cumplen funciones importantes en los ecosistemas terrestres, pero las presiones antrópicas los afectan negativamente. Estos efectos están bien documentados en los bosques neotropicales de tierras bajas, pero se han estudiado poco en los bosques andinos. Objetivo: Evaluar cómo los atributos de los ensambles de escarabajos coprófagos y tres de sus funciones ecológicas difieren en tres tipos de cobertura vegetal, y determinar las relaciones entre atributos y funciones, y entre funciones. Métodos: Los escarabajos coprófagos se capturaron con trampas pitfall y se midieron las funciones ecológicas a través de un experimento de campo en la hacienda “El Ocaso” (Colombia), en tres tipos de cobertura vegetal: bosque secundario, bosque mixto y pastos para ganado (tres sitios independientes por cobertura). Los atributos del ensamble que se evaluaron fueron: abundancia, número de especies, biomasa y longitud corporal media ponderada; las funciones medidas fueron: remoción de estiércol, excavación del suelo y dispersión secundaria de semillas. Resultados: Se encontró que tanto los atributos del ensamble como las funciones ecológicas se vieron afectados negativamente en las coberturas vegetales más alteradas, particularmente en los pastos ganaderos. La mayoría de los atributos de ensamblaje se correlacionaron positivamente con las funciones; la excavación del suelo y la dispersión secundaria de semillas tuvieron una fuerte correlación positiva con la remoción de estiércol. Conclusiones: Los ensambles de escarabajos coprófagos juegan importantes funciones ecológicas y son sensibles a las alteraciones del ecosistema. Este estudio muestra cómo los escarabajos coprófagos y sus funciones se ven afectados negativamente cuando el bosque se transforma en pastizales para ganado en los ecosistemas forestales andinos poco estudiados y altamente fragmentados.

Abstract Introduction: Dung beetles perform important functions in terrestrial ecosystems, but anthropic pressures affect them negatively. These effects are well documented in neotropical lowland forests but have been studied little in Andean forests. Objective: To evaluate how the attributes of the dung beetle assemblages and three of their ecological functions differ in three types of vegetation cover, and to determine the relationships between attributes and functions, and among functions. Methods: Dung beetles were captured with pitfall traps, and ecological functions were measured through a field experiment in the farm “El Ocaso” (Colombia), in three types of vegetation cover: secondary forest, mixed forest and cattle pasture (three independent sites per cover). The assemblage attributes that were evaluated were abundance, number of species, biomass, and weighted mean body length; functions measured were dung removal, soil excavation, and secondary seed dispersal. Results: It was found that both the assemblage attributes and the ecological functions were negatively affected in the more disturbed vegetation covers, particularly in cattle pastures. Most of the assemblage attributes correlated positively with functions; soil excavation and secondary seed dispersal had a strong positive correlation with dung removal. Conclusions: Dung beetle assemblages play important ecological functions and they are sensitive to ecosystem disturbances. This study shows how dung beetles and their functions are affected negatively when forest is transformed to cattle pasture in the understudied and highly fragmented Andean forest ecosystems.

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar los cambios en la comunidad de aves, durante la sucesión natural, en áreas mineras auríferas abandonadas, Condoto (Chocó), Colombia. Metodología: Se escogieron tres escenarios con diferentes estados de sucesión secundaria en su etapa intermedia ecológica, donde se desarrollaron muestreos, utilizando censos desde puntos de radio fijo y a lo largo de transectos, para analizar los cambios en composición, estructura en el gradiente de la sucesión ecológica. Resultados: Se registraron 731 individuos, siendo la Zona 1, la de mayor riqueza (S=59), abundancia (N=337), equidad de Pielou (J’=0,90) y diversidad (H’= 3,4). El porcentaje de similitud expresado por el índice Jaccard para la riqueza fue bajo entre las tres zonas (18%). Se encontraron entre otras algunas familias como la Ardeidae, Accipitridae, Jacanidae. Conclusiones: La diversidad de aves fue mayor en la Zona 1, mostrando que a medida que aumenta la sucesión, es mayor la diversidad, dejando en evidencia que los efectos de la degradación en el paisaje modifican la fisonomía vegetal del hábitat, influyendo en la dinámica y diversidad de las comunidades de aves.

Abstract Objective: To determine the changes in the bird community during natural succession in abandoned gold mining areas, Condoto (Choco), Colombia. Methodology: Three areas with different states of ecological succession were chosen where samplings were developed using censuses from points of fixed radius and along transects to analyze the changes in composition and structure in the gradient of the ecological succession. Results: A total of 731 individuals were registered, being Zone 1 the one with the highest richess (S = 59), abundance (N = 337), Pielou equity index (J’ = 0.90) and diversity (H’ = 3.4). The percentage of similarity expressed by the Jaccard index for richness was low among the three zones (18%). Some other families such as Ardeidae, Accipitridae, and Jacanidae were found. Conclusions: The diversity of birds was greater in Zone 1 showing that, as the succession increases, diversity is greater, evidencing that the effects of degradation in the landscape modify the vegetal appearance of the habitat, influencing the dynamics and diversity of bird communities.

ABSTRACT Fragmentation is one of the main causes of biodiversity loss in tropical forests through consequences on their different components. Beta diversity patterns across fragments have been studied across multiple spatial scales, but comparisons with intact landscapes and in a variety of vegetation types are scarce. In order to address this issue of anthropogenic landscape disturbance, we tested two hypotheses relating to fragmentation and beta diversity: 1. Floristic homogenization at patch-level scale and 2. Floristic differentiation at landscape-level scale. The study was conducted in the Espinhaço Range biosphere reserve, Brazil. Three landscapes encompassing a broad range of vegetation types were sampled in 115 plots. Two landscapes were fragmented due to mining activities (Sabará and Brumadinho) and one is protected (Parque Estadual Serra do Rola-Moça). Results showed high overall beta diversity both between landscapes (conserved and fragmented) and vegetation types (forest, Brazilian savanna “campos rupestres”, ecotone and ironstone “canga”) with high turnover and species losses, even in highly disturbed vegetation types. The conserved landscape was most diverse in terms of richness. Thus, fragmentation effects differed from the expected with a main role of differentiation processes, and we argue that high beta diversity is not always a good predictor of ecosystem health.

Resumo As florestas nebulares ocorrem em locais de altitude elevada na Floresta Atlântica do leste do Brasil, embora dispersas e fragmentadas no topo das montanhas. Neste habitat, a vegetação ocorre em condições de baixa temperatura e geralmente é suprida por fontes de água adicionais que surgem devido à precipitação horizontal oriundas de nevoeiros, que são frequentes nesses locais. Ademais, os maiores movimentos de ar e a luminosidade, constituem fatores condicionantes a floras singulares que ocorrem em altitudes elevadas, principalmente as plantas epifíticas, que são sensíveis ao macro e microclima. Na região serrana do centro do estado do Espírito Santo, no Sudeste do Brasil, alguns locais mais elevados, como a Pedra Azul (PA), possuem essas características ambientais. Aqui, objetivamos apresentar a primeiro inventário de epífitas vasculares no Parque Estadual de Pedra Azul e arredores com base em trabalhos de campo e espécimes de herbário. Nós registramos 152 espécies, 65 gêneros e 17 famílias, sendo as principais famílias Orchidaceae, Bromeliaceae e Polypodiaceae, com os principais gêneros representados por Vriesea, Acianthera e Peperomia. As holoepífitas constituem a categoria principal entre as epífitas, embora um número incomumente alto de epífitas facultativas tenha sido registrado. Asplenium theciferum e Octomeria cucullata foram registradas pela primeira vez no Espírito Santo, e confirmamos a ocorrência de Rhipsalis cereuscula no estado. No geral, a riqueza registrada em PA está entre as mais altas das da Floresta Atlântica. Seis espécies estão ameaçadas em nível nacional e 32 em nível estadual. Esses resultados corroboram a importância da área protegida para a conservação da flora; entretanto, várias espécies - inclusive ameaçadas - foram registradas apenas no entorno, demonstrando que a zona de amortecimento do Parque Estadual da Pedra Azul deve ser incluída nos planos de manejo.

Abstract Cloud forests usually occur at high-altitude sites of the Atlantic Forest in eastern Brazil, albeit scattered and fragmented along the mountain tops. In this habitat, the vegetation occurs at low-temperature conditions and is usually provided by additional water sources that arise due to the horizontal precipitation of the frequent fogs. Together with the more considerable air movement and higher luminosity, these factors are conditioning for singular floras at high elevations, mainly the vascular epiphytes, which are macro and microclimate dependent. In the mountains range at the center of the Espírito Santo state, Southeastern Brazil, some mountain tops such as Pedra Azul (PA) hold these environmental features. Here, we aimed to present the first checklist of vascular epiphytes in the Pedra Azul State Park and surroundings based on fieldwork and herbarium specimens. The checklist comprises 152 species, 65 genera, and 17 families, the main families being Orchidaceae, Bromeliaceae, and Polypodiaceae, with the main genera represented by Vriesea, Acianthera, and Peperomia. The holoepiphytes were the main category among the epiphytes, although an unusually high number of facultative epiphytes were recorded. Asplenium theciferum and Octomeria cucullata are recorded in Espírito Santo for the first time, and we confirmed the occurrence of Rhipsalis cereuscula in the state. Overall, the richness recorded in PA is amongst the highest of the Atlantic Forest cloud forests. Six species are threatened at the national level and 32 at the state level. These results support the importance of the protected area for conserving the flora; however, several species - including threatened - were only recorded in the surroundings, demonstrating that the buffer zone of the Pedra Azul State Park must be included in the management plans.