Resumen (Introducción): En Latinoamérica, la sensible biodiversidad tropical que se encuentra fuera de las áreas silvestres protegidas está bajo amenaza. En Costa Rica, el pago por servicios ambientales (PSA) representa un mecanismo para proteger bosques en fincas privadas, pero carece de indicadores específicos sobre el estado de la biodiversidad y de conservación de los bosques. (Objetivo): Analizar el uso del monitoreo acústico para la evaluación de ecosistemas en 11 sitios en la Península de Osa: 9 en fincas privadas y 2 sitios dentro del Parque Nacional Corcovado. (Metodología): Se grabaron paisajes sonoros del 25 de mayo al 01 de junio del 2021, utilizando grabadoras acústicas. Se estudia el comportamiento de 6 índices acústicos en cada sitio de muestreo y se aplicó un análisis de detección automatizada de vocalizaciones de 2 especies de aves representativas de la zona. (Resultados): Se encuentra que los sitios más fragmentados presentaron mayor actividad, energía y diversidad acústica, posiblemente por efectos de borde y ecotonos presentes, así como un alto componente de bosque en la matriz circundante. La detección automatizada de vocalizaciones indicó que la especie Hylopezus perspicillatus resultó ser más sensible a las diferencias en el paisaje que Trogon bairdii. (Conclusiones): El uso de índices acústicos, aunque asocia rasgos del grado de conservación del bosque, no resultó un elemento diferenciador de la calidad del ecosistema en las fincas evaluadas, pero el monitoreo de especies mediante la detección de sus vocalizaciones sí resultó promisorio. Es recomendable un diseño de muestreo metódico y riguroso, con más puntos de muestreo por sitio, para lograr mediciones precisas y evitar sesgos en el análisis.

Abstract (Introduction): In Latin America, the sensitive tropical biodiversity found outside of protected wilderness areas is under threat. In Costa Rica, the payment for environmental services (PSA) represents a mechanism to protect forests on private farms, but it lacks specific indicators on the state of biodiversity and forest conservation. (Objective): To analyze the use of acoustic monitoring for ecosystem assessment at 11 sites in the Osa Peninsula, nine on private farms, and two sites within Corcovado National Park. (Methods): Soundscapes were recorded from May 25 to June 1, 2021, using acoustic recorders. It was analyzed the behavior of six acoustic indices at each sampling site and applied an automated detection analysis of vocalizations of two representative bird species of the area. (Results): It was found that the most fragmented sites presented higher activity, energy, and acoustic diversity, possibly due to edge effects and ecotones present, as well as a high forest component in the surrounding matrix. Automated vocalization detection indicated that the species Hylopezus perspicillatus turned out to be more sensitive to differences in the landscape than Trogon bairdii. (Conclusions): The use of acoustic indices, although it associates features of the degree of conservation, was not a differentiating element of the quality of the ecosystem in the evaluated farms. The monitoring of species through the detection of their vocalizations was promising. A careful and rigorous sampling design, with more sampling points per site, is recommended to achieve accurate measurements and avoid bias in the analysis.

Resumen Las alteraciones del paisaje pueden afectar los ensambles de escarabajos donde las especies sensibles pueden desaparecer y las poblaciones de especies altamente adaptadas pueden aumentar. Se evaluó la diversidad de escarabajos en un bosque restaurado y tierras de cultivo del bosque seco tropical de Ecuador. Se realizó trampas de caída y recolección manual en tres sitios; dos sitios con tierras de cultivo y un sitio con remanente de bosque secundario. Se usaron cuatro tipos de cebo para atraer escarabajos que se alimentaban de diferentes recursos para lograr una evaluación preliminar adecuada del ensamble de escarabajos. Este estudio es la primera aproximación a la caracterización de la comunidad de coleópteros en el bosque seco tropical de Manabí. Reportamos 64 morfoespecies asociadas con tierras productivas y bosques fragmentados y destacamos la presencia de algunos géneros resilientes como Canthon, Canthidium, Deltochilum y Euspilotus que se han adaptado con éxito a ecosistemas perturbados; por otro lado, Phyllophaga y Diabrotica también fueron detectados principalmente en el paisaje de cultivos. En general, presentamos una línea de base de la composición de escarabajos en un bosque secundario y tierras de cultivo, y brindamos información relevante para una evaluación adicional del cambio de uso del suelo en la región.

Abstract Landscape alterations may affect beetle assemblages wherein sensitive species can disappear, and highly adapted species populations can increase. Beetle diversity in a restored forest and cropland was assessed in the tropical dry forest of Ecuador. Pitfall trapping and manual collection were performed in three sites: two sites with cropland and one site with secondary forest remnant. Four bait types were used to attract beetles feeding on different resources to achieve an adequate preliminary beetle assessment. This study is the first approach to characterizing the coleopteran community in the tropical dry forest of Manabí. We report 64 morpho-species associated with productive land and fragmented forests and highlight the occurrence of some resilient genera like Canthon, Canthidium, Deltochilum and Euspilotus that have successfully adapted to disturbed ecosystems; on the other hand, Phyllophaga and Diabrotica were also detected mainly in the crop landscape. Overall, present a baseline of the beetle assemblage composition in a secondary forest and cropland, and provide relevant information for further assessment of land use change in the region.

Resumo No Cerrado brasileiro, as populações de arara-vermelha (Ara chloropterus) estão sob forte pressão de perda de habitat, ao mesmo tempo em que suas áreas de alimentação e importantes itens alimentares permanecem praticamente desconhecidos. Neste estudo, avaliei a relação entre a dieta e oferta de recursos alimentares para a arara-vermelha, em um mosaico de habitats, no fragmentado Cerrado do estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. Registrei o consumo de 20 espécies nativas e 5 exóticas, sendo que os hábitats secos (Cerrado, mata estacional e área urbana em meio a Serra de Maracaju) serviram como principais áreas de alimentação no decorrer da estação seca. Por outro lado, a vegetação ripária (Rio Aquidauana e riachos) foi explorada em proporções semelhantes em ambas estações. O uso sazonal de espécies com grandes sementes, ao longo do mosaico de habitats, exibiu um gradiente da área urbana aos habitats secos ao longo do qual as araras consumiram desde espécies exóticas até as do Cerrado. As sementes de Terminalia catappa e polpa de Mangifera indica foram responsáveis por grande parte da alimentação delas na área urbana durante a estação chuvosa, enquanto as sementes de Cariocar brasiliense correspondeu ao mesmo no Cerrado. As sementes de Dipteryx alata e Buchenavia tomentosa, também no Cerrado, ficaram no extremo oposto do gradiente, sendo consumidos durante a estação seca. Em meio ao gradiente, ficaram os frutos de palmeiras, explorados na vegetação dos cursos d`água, tanto nas chuvas quanto na seca. O número de araras-vermelhas se alimentando foi paralelo a abundância de alimentos, bem como ao número e diversidade de espécies de alimentares. Já a amplitude de nicho alimentar exibiu valores elevados durante o ano todo, refletindo o consumo de uma variedade de frutos abundantes. Portanto, não apenas a abundância, mas também a variedade de recursos alimentares influenciou fortemente o número de araras-vermelhas alimentando-se ao longo do mosaico de habitats durante todo o ano. Como as araras-vermelhas dependem extensamente de espécies com sementes grandes, entender como a oferta diversificada desses recursos pode afetar suas variações temporais e espaciais de abundância são fundamentais para o desenvolvimento de planos de conservação. Dessa forma, face ao acelerado desmatamento do Cerrado no Mato Grosso do Sul, a Serra de Maracaju, em meio aos remanescentes do Cerrado, emerge como crucial para as populações persistentes de araras-vermelhas. brasileiro araravermelha arara vermelha Ara chloropterus habitat desconhecidos estudo araravermelha, vermelha, Sul 2 (Cerrado Maracaju seca lado Rio riachos estações chuvosa tomentosa palmeiras dágua d água d`água ararasvermelhas vermelhas alimentos abundantes Portanto alimentandose conservação forma ararasvermelhas. vermelhas.

Abstract In the Brazilian Cerrado, the Red-and-green Macaw (Ara chloropterus) populations are facing an accelerated rate of habitat loss. Despite this, their feeding areas and primary food sources remain poorly understood. In this study, I assessed the relationship between the diet of the Red-and-green Macaw and available food resources in a habitat mosaic from the fragmented Cerrado in Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. Red-and-green Macaws fed on 20 native and five exotic species, mainly in dry habitats (Cerrado, dry forest, and an urban area along the Maracaju Cliffs) during the dry season, while year-round foraging in the riparian vegetation (Aquidauana River and streams). Then, the number of feeding macaws paralleled variations in food abundance and diversity, besides the number of food species. On the other hand, by using a wide variety of abundant foods, macaws' diet breadth presented high values throughout the year. The seasonal consumption of large-seeded fruits across the habitat mosaic displayed a gradient ranging from the urban area to dry habitats, along which macaws ate from exotic to Cerrado species. In this respect, Terminalia catappa seeds and Mangifera indica fruit pulp were important for Red-and-green Macaws in the urban area during the wet season, while Caryocar brasiliense seeds comprised the same in the Cerrado. At this site, both Dipteryx alata and Buchenavia tomentosa seeds composed much of the Red-and-green Macaws' diet during the dry season. Between those habitats, in the watercourse vegetation, macaws frequently foraged on palm fruits across seasons. Therefore, throughout the year, the abundance and variety of food resources strongly influenced the number of foraging Red-and-green Macaws across the habitat mosaic. Understanding the effect of varying seed availability on the spatial and temporal abundance patterns of Red-and-green Macaws, which primarily feed on large-seeded species, is central to developing effective conservation strategies. Due to the accelerated habitat loss, the Maracaju Cliffs emerge as crucial for the Red-and-green Macaw among the Cerrado remnants of Mato Grosso do Sul. Redandgreen Red green Ara chloropterus loss understood study State Brazil 2 species (Cerrado forest season yearround year round Aquidauana streams. streams . streams) Then diversity hand foods largeseeded large seeded respect site seasons Therefore strategies

Abstract The lowland Atlantic Forest, at altitudes of below 500 m, is highly fragmented, and is home to many threatened species of birds. The Brazilian state of Rio de Janeiro has a high concentration of threatened birds in the Americas and is an important residual of the dense ombrophilous formations of the Atlantic Forest, which includes the Reserva Biológica União, a high priority area for conservation of Atlantic Forest birds. This study compiled empirical and secondary records of threatened birds in this reserve and discusses potential factors determining their local occurrence. Since 2008, regular observations, including transect surveys and mist-netting, in addiction to secondary data, have provided records of 306 bird species, of which 49 appear on red lists at some level (state, national or global), including 34 listed as endangered, of which 13 are listed globally, eight of them dependent on well-conserved lowland rainforest. Future studies should include new areas of the reserve, with the aim of confirming the presence of additional threatened species. The long-term conservation of this fauna will depend not only on the adequate management of the reserve, but also the reestablishment of its connectivity with adjacent forest fragments and upland areas in the state. 50 m fragmented União occurrence 2008 observations mistnetting, mistnetting mist netting, netting mist-netting data 30 4 state, (state global, global , global) 3 endangered 1 globally wellconserved well conserved rainforest longterm long term 5 200 20 2

Resumo As florestas tropicais secas da Nicarágua, localizadas principalmente nas áreas do Pacífico e Centro-Norte, desempenham um papel essencial na manutenção dos recursos naturais como a água e a biodiversidade, agora pressionados pelas mudanças no uso da terra e pelas mudanças climáticas. Esses recursos são essenciais para o bem-estar da população, pois os principais aquíferos do país estão localizados nesta área, juntamente com os serviços ecossistêmicos deste ecossistema florestal agora fortemente fragmentado. A influência contínua das mudanças climáticas, juntamente com as mudanças no uso da terra, causou o crescimento de zonas áridas em toda a América Central. Essas mudanças contínuas no uso da terra estão diminuindo a resiliência às mudanças climáticas presentes e futuras.. São mencionados esforços individuais para uma gestão florestal sustentável, mas, no entanto, há uma necessidade urgente de introduzir uma gestão florestal e de bacias hidrográficas mais ampla e intensiva no âmbito de uma estratégia bem planejada baseada nos resultados da investigação científica. Será sublinhada a importância da inter-relação entre a água e as florestas na gestão de ecossisstemas florestais sustentáveis. Nicarágua CentroNorte, CentroNorte Centro Norte, Norte Centro-Norte biodiversidade bemestar estar população área fragmentado Central futuras futuras. sustentável mas entanto científica interrelação inter relação sustentáveis

Abstract The Tropical Dry Forests of Nicaragua located mainly in the Pacific and Central-North zones play an essential role in maintaining resources such as water and the special biodiversity of this vulnerable ecosystem now under pressure from land-use changes and climate change These resources are essential to the well-being of the population as the main aquifers of the country are located in this area along with ecosystem services of this now heavily fragmented forest ecosystem. The ongoing influence of climate change along with land-use changes have caused the growth of arid zones in all of Central America. These on-going land use changes are lowering the resilience to the present and future climate change. Individual efforts to sustainable management of the forests are mentioned but it is nonetheless urgent to introduce wider and more intensive sustainable forestry and watershed management under a well-planned strategy based on findings of scientific research. The importance of the interrelationship between water and forests in the management of sustainable forest ecosystems will be stressed. CentralNorth North landuse wellbeing well being America going wellplanned planned research stressed

ABSTRACT Backgrounds: Urban and peri-urban fragments are vital for biodiversity conservation, requiring genetic assessment of tree species in fragmented forests. The aim of this study was to analyze the genetic variability and diversity for adult individuals of J. micrantha along an urban-rural gradient in the Araucaria Forest. Fifteen individuals were sampled, with five from each remaining forest type. Initially, 10 ISRR primers were tested. Five mother trees were chosen from each site (urban, peri-urban, and rural) with a minimum distance of 100 m. The experimental design was a RCBD with 15 progenies, three provenances, three blocks, and 20 plants per plot, totaling 900 seedlings. Results: The average percentage of polymorphic loci was 93.33%. The urban population showed a greater loss of genetic diversity (H=0.1806). 79% of the genetic diversity was found within populations. The observed gene flow value (Nm) was 1.8790, indicating that there were no random losses of alleles within populations. The fragments did not exhibit significant differences, but there were significant differences among the progenies. The stem diameter (SD) and the height-diameter relationship (H/SD) emerged as the key traits for selecting new individuals due to their higher heritability (< 0.50), accuracy (< 0.70), and relative coefficient of variation (< 7%). Conclusion: The urban fragment is the most affected, but gene flow between fragments prevents the random loss of alleles. The analysis suggests that these fragments form a unique population, despite geographic barriers. Thus, the three fragments can be considered when choosing superior individuals for future progeny tests in genetic improvement programs for the species. Backgrounds periurban peri conservation forests J urbanrural rural Forest sampled type Initially 1 tested urban, (urban periurban, m progenies provenances blocks 2 plot 90 seedlings Results 9333 93 33 93.33% H=0.1806. H01806 H H=0.1806 . 0 1806 (H=0.1806) 79 populations Nm (Nm 18790 8790 1.8790 SD (SD heightdiameter height H/SD HSD (H/SD < ( 0.50, 050 0.50 , 50 0.50) 0.70, 070 0.70 70 0.70) 7%. 7 7% 7%) Conclusion affected barriers Thus 9 933 3 93.33 H0180 H=0.180 180 (H=0.1806 1879 879 1.879 05 0.5 5 07 0.7 93.3 H018 H=0.18 18 (H=0.180 187 87 1.87 0. 93. H01 H=0.1 (H=0.18 8 1.8 H0 H=0. (H=0.1 1. H=0 (H=0. H= (H=0 (H= (H

Resumo No Brasil, a febre maculosa (FM) é causada por duas espécies de Rickettsia, ambas transmitidas por carrapatos Amblyomma: Rickettsia rickettsii, ocasionando casos graves e frequentemente fatais, e Rickettsia parkeri, que causa uma doença leve. Este estudo concentrou-se em R. parkeri em carrapatos Amblyomma ovale na região do Maciço de Baturité, Ceará, Nordeste do Brasil, área endêmica para FM com sintomas leves. Foram examinados 60 cães domésticos com acesso à floresta para carrapatos e soroprevalência de Rickettsia. Conduziu-se uma análise da paisagem em todos os fragmentos florestais dentro de 2–10 km da borda principal da floresta. No total, 125 carrapatos A. ovale foram coletados de 30 cães (50%). Testou-se o DNA de 65 carrapatos, usando-se primers de Rickettsia gênero-específico. Três (4,6%) espécimes de carrapatos testaram positivo para R. parkeri, enquanto a soroprevalência de Rickettsia entre os cães foi de 55% (33/60). Observou-se uma provável ocorrência de transmissão de Rickettsia na fragmentada Mata Atlântica, que possui 1.019 ha de terra preservada e 50,6 km de borda perimetral. As características da área permitem que cães semidomiciliados acessem fragmentos florestais, onde carrapatos A. ovale são comumente presentes. Carrapatos infectados podem parasitar cães, que então os transportam para as casas, potencialmente transmitindo bactérias causadoras da FM aos humanos. Brasil (FM rickettsii fatais leve concentrouse concentrou se R Baturité Ceará leves 6 Conduziuse Conduziu 210 2 10 2–1 total 12 A 3 50%. 50 50% . (50%) Testouse Testou usandose usando gêneroespecífico. gêneroespecífico gênero específico. específico gênero-específico 4,6% 46 4 (4,6% 55 33/60. 3360 33/60 33 (33/60) Observouse Observou Atlântica 1019 1 019 1.01 506 50, perimetral presentes casas humanos 21 2– 5 (50% 4,6 (4,6 336 33/6 (33/60 101 01 1.0 (50 4, (4, 33/ (33/6 0 1. (5 (4 (33/ ( (33 (3

Abstract In Brazil, spotted fever (SF) is caused by two species of Rickettsia, both of which are transmitted by Amblyomma ticks: Rickettsia rickettsii, which results in severe and often fatal cases, and Rickettsia parkeri, which causes a mild illness. This study focused on R. parkeri in Amblyomma ovale ticks from the Maciço de Baturité region, Ceará, Northeast Brazil, an area endemic for SF with mild symptoms. We examined 60 domestic dogs with access to the forest for ticks and Rickettsia seroprevalence. A landscape analysis was conducted in all forest patches within 2–10 km from the main forest edge. In total, 125 A. ovale ticks were collected from 30 dogs (50%). DNA from 65 ticks was tested using genus-specific Rickettsia primers. Three (4.6%) tick specimens tested positive for R. parkeri while the Rickettsia seroprevalence among the dogs was 55% (33/60). A probable occurrence of Rickettsia transmission was observed in the fragmented Atlantic rainforest, which has 1,019 ha of preserved land and 50.6 km of perimeter border. The land's characteristics allow for semi-domiciled dogs to access forest fragments, where A. ovale ticks are commonly present. Infected ticks may parasitize the dogs, which then transport the ticks into homes, potentially transmitting SF-causing bacteria to humans. Brazil (SF rickettsii cases illness R region Ceará symptoms 6 210 2 10 2–1 edge total 12 3 50%. 50 50% . (50%) genusspecific genus specific primers 4.6% 46 4 (4.6% 55 33/60. 3360 33/60 33 (33/60) rainforest 1019 1 019 1,01 506 50. border lands s semidomiciled semi domiciled fragments present homes SFcausing causing humans 21 2– 5 (50% 4.6 (4.6 336 33/6 (33/60 101 01 1,0 (50 4. (4. 33/ (33/6 0 1, (5 (4 (33/ ( (33 (3

Resumen Introducción: Los mamíferos medianos y grandes están amenazados globalmente debido a la pérdida y fragmentación de su hábitat. En Costa Rica, los fragmentos de bosque fuera de áreas protegidas pueden servir como refugio o sitio de paso para estos animales. La presencia de mamíferos en ambientes fragmentados puede estar influenciada por la disponibilidad de recursos, la cual puede variar ampliamente en sitios con una estacionalidad marcada. Objetivo: Determinar la riqueza de especies de mamíferos medianos y grandes en un fragmento de bosque, y examinar si la diversidad y detectabilidad de estas especies variaron entre la época seca y lluviosa. Métodos: Establecimos 26 estaciones de cámaras trampa en el Bosque Municipal de Atenas (Alajuela, Costa Rica), un fragmento de bosque de 26.4 ha, que brinda agua potable a cerca de 1 800 personas. Desde agosto de 2021 hasta abril de 2022, una cámara trampa estuvo activa en cada estación durante 12-21 días en cada época (seca y lluviosa), para un total de 810 días cámara trampa. Aplicamos curvas de rarefacción y extrapolación para caracterizar la diversidad de especies y compararla entre la época seca y lluviosa. Resultados: Registramos 19 especies de mamíferos medianos y grandes, siendo las más detectadas el pizote (Nasua narica; 0.254 detecciones/día cámara trampa) y la guatusa (Dasyprocta punctata; 0.163 detecciones/día cámara trampa). También, registramos cuatro especies consideradas en peligro de extinción en Costa Rica, tres felinos: Puma concolor, Herpailurus yagouaroundi, Leopardus pardalis y la nutria, Lontra longicaudis. No observamos un efecto de la estacionalidad en la diversidad, pero sí en la detectabilidad, la cual fue mayor durante la época lluviosa. Conclusiones: Nuestro estudio demuestra cómo la protección de parches de bosque pequeños puede contribuir a la conservación de mamíferos en paisajes fragmentados.

Abstract Introduction: Medium and large-sized mammals are threatened globally due to habitat loss and fragmentation. In Costa Rica, forest fragments that remain outside protected areas may serve as a refuge or corridor for these animals. Mammal presence in fragmented landscapes may be influenced by resource availability, which varies greatly in seasonal regions. Objective: To determine the species richness of medium and large-sized mammals in a forest fragment, and to examine if species diversity and detectability varied between the wet and dry season. Methods: We established 26 camera trap stations throughout the Municipal Forest of Atenas (Alajuela, Costa Rica), a 26.4 ha forest fragment that provides water to about 1 800 people. From August 2021 to April 2022, one camera trap was active at each station for 12-21 days throughout each season (dry and wet), for a total of 810 camera trap days. We applied rarefaction and extrapolation curves to characterize mammal's species diversity and compare it between seasons. Results: We detected 19 species of mammals. The most frequently detected species were the White-nosed Coati (Nasua narica; 0.254 detections/camera trap day), and the Central American Agouti (Dasyprocta punctata; 0.163 detections/camera trap day). We also registered four species considered as endangered in Costa Rica, three felines: Puma concolor, Herpailurus yagouaroundi, Leopardus pardalis, and the Neotropical River Otter, Lontra longicaudis. Seasonality did not affect species diversity, but it influenced dominant species and detectability, which was greater during the wet season. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates how protecting small forest fragments, can help conserve endangered medium and large-sized mammals in human-dominated landscapes.

Abstract: Urban expansion often replaces forest and farmlands. In Mexico, cities like Guadalajara have become metropolitan areas, and the nearest forest reserves are constantly menaced by urban expansion, loss of farmland and the increase of touristic activities. The aim of this paper is to analyze the main causes and consequences of the transformation of rural economies around the periurban fringe of Bosque La Primavera (BLP), focusing on three key elements: (1) the Metropolitan Area of Guadalajara (MAG) replacing rural areas; (2) the dispossession of rural farmland on the urban fringe; and (3) the environmental deterioration of BLP caused by touristic activities. The methodological procedure is based on the logic framework and the Theory of Change (ToC). The dataset 2020-2021 was obtained from the records of the program implemented by the OPD-BLP. In addition, qualitative data was obtained from 12 key actors interviewed. Findings show three menaces to rural economies: urban pressure on the forest interface is a consequence of fragmented planning in the MAG; agricultural economies are substituted by industrial practices and soil/water deterioration; the increase of touristic amenities into the forest area demand new services, generate new menaces, and modify rural ordinary lives.

Resumen: La expansión urbana a menudo reemplaza bosques y tierras de cultivo. En México, ciudades como Guadalajara se han convertido en áreas metropolitanas, y la zona forestal más cercana está constantemente amenazada por la expansión urbana, la pérdida de tierras de cultivo y el aumento de las actividades turísticas. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar las principales causas y consecuencias de la transformación de las economías rurales en torno al bosque periurbano de La Primavera, centrándose en tres elementos clave: (1) la metropolización de Guadalajara y la desaparición de las zonas rurales; (2) el despojo de tierras agrícolas rurales en la interfase urbana; y (3) el deterioro ambiental del Bosque La Primavera por el aumento de las actividades turísticas. El procedimiento metodológico se basa en el marco lógico y la Teoría del Cambio (ToC). El corpus se obtuvo de los registros del programa implementado por el OPD-BLP 2020-2021. Además, se obtuvieron datos cualitativos de 12 actores clave entrevistados. Los hallazgos muestran tres amenazas para las economías rurales: la presión urbana sobre la interfaz forestal; economías agrícolas transformadas por la demanda urbana y la presión turística sobre la vida rural ordinaria.

ABSTRACT Tropical montane cloud forests in northern Peru are severely fragmented and degraded by land use change with the consequent loss of important plant biodiversity. This research had the objective of analyzing the composition, diversity and structure of the arboreal vegetation in an area of tropical montane cloud forest above 2100 m a.s.l in northern Peru. In a 1-hectare permanent plot, all trees with diametrer over 10 cm were marked and recorded. Diversity, floristic composition and structure of a relict cloud forest were analyzed. A total of 792 individuals of 81 species, 48 genera and 33 families were recorded. The most species-rich families were Lauraceae (25 species), Euphorbiaceae (five species), Melastomataceae, Clusiaceae and Rubiaceae (with 4 species each). Cyathea sp. and Miconia punctata were the most abundant and frequent species. These results show the high ecological value of the forest studied from the point of view of conservation.

RESUMO As florestas tropicais montanas no norte do Peru estão severamente fragmentadas e degradadas pela mudança do uso do solo com a conseqüente perda de importante biodiversidade vegetal. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar a composição, diversidade e estrutura da vegetação arbórea em uma área de floresta tropical montana acima de 2 100 m a.s.l. no norte do Peru. Em um terreno permanente de 1 hectare, todas as árvores com diâmetro superior a 10 cm foram marcadas e registradas. A diversidade, composição florística e estrutura de uma floresta nublada foram analisadas. Um total de 792 indivíduos de 81 espécies, 48 gêneros e 33 famílias foram registrados. As famílias mais ricas em espécies foram Lauraceae (25 espécies), Euphorbiaceae (cinco espécies), Melastomataceae, Clusiaceae e Rubiaceae (com 4 espécies cada). Cyathea sp1. e Miconia punctata foram as espécies mais abundantes e freqüentes. Estes resultados mostram o alto valor ecológico da floresta estudada do ponto de vista da conservação.

RESUMEN Los bosques de neblina montanos tropicales en el norte del Perú, son severamente fragmentados y degradados por el cambio de uso de la tierra con la consecuente pérdida de importante biodiversidad vegetal. Esta investigación tuvo el objetivo de analizar la composición, diversidad y estructura de la vegetación arbórea en un área de bosque de neblina montano tropical sobre 2 100 m s.n.m en el norte del Perú. En una parcela permanente de una 1 hectárea se marcaron y registraron todos los árboles con diámetros mayores de 10 cm. Se analizó la diversidad, composición florística y estructura de un relicto de bosque neblina. Se registró un total de 792 individuos de 81 especies, 48 géneros y 33 familias. Las familias más ricas en especies fueron Lauraceae (25 especies), Euphorbiaceae (cinco especies), Melastomataceae, Clusiaceae y Rubiaceae (con 4 especies cada una). Cyathea sp1. y Miconia punctata fueron las especies más abundantes y frecuentes. Estos resultados evidencian el alto valor ecológico del bosque estudiado desde el punto de vista de la conservación.

Resumen Antecedentes: Para poblaciones con distribución fragmentada, la alta remoción de frutos/semillas puede representar un cuello de botella para su propagación a nuevas áreas. Por lo que es importante conocer cómo la vegetación y el comportamiento de los comedores de frutos influyen en el patrón espacial de remoción. Pregunta: ¿De qué manera la densidad de la vegetación influye en la probabilidad de remoción de frutos post-dispersión de P. hintonii? Sitio y fecha: Estación Científica las Joyas, Reserva de la Biósfera Sierra de Manantlán, Jalisco. Abril-mayo 2015. Métodos: El número de frutos removidos fue registrado en áreas con sotobosque denso y escaso, en dos tipos de bosques y dos áreas abiertas cubiertas de arbustos. Para identificar las especies de vertebrados removedores de frutos, fueron colocadas cámaras-trampas bajo dosel de P. hintonii con alta producción de frutos. Resultados: La remoción de frutos fue más bajo en áreas con baja densidad de sotobosque en pino-encino (11.17 ± 5.30 %) y áreas abiertas (25.5 ± 2.39 %), comparado al bosque nublado (72.51 ± 0.60 %). El número de días para el inicio de la remoción de frutos fue más bajo en el bosque nublado y pino-encino con sotobosque denso, que en aquellos con sotobosque escaso. Se identificaron seis especies de mamíferos y tres especies de aves consumidoras de frutos de P. hintonii; Pecari tajacu y pequeños mamíferos fueron los más importantes removedores de semillas. Conclusiones: Sotobosques poco densos en pino-encino favorecen menor remoción de frutos de P. hintonii, asociado probablemente al comportamiento de sus consumidores.

Abstract Background: High post-dispersal fruit-seed removal can be a bottleneck for successful propagation to new areas of plant populations with fragmented distribution, as in cloud forest. Therefore, it is important to know how vegetation and fruit-eating behavior will influence the spatial removal pattern. Questions and/or Hypotheses: How do vegetation structure and density influence fruit removal of Persea hintonii in potential propagation areas? Study site and dates: Las Joyas Scientific Station, Sierra de Manantlán Biosphere Reserve, Jalisco, Mexico. April-May 2015. Methods: The number of fruits removed were recorded in treatments excluding of different size vertebrates, in areas with a dense or sparse understory within two forest types plus open areas with shrub cover. To identify vertebrate fruit-removing species, camera-traps were placed under the canopy of P. hintonii trees with high fructification amounts. Results: Fruit removal was lower in areas of low understory density at pine-oak forests (11.17 ± 5.30 %) and gap areas (25.5 ± 2.39 %), compared to subtropical cloud forests (72.51 ± 0.60 %). The number of days to start the fruit removal was lower in the cloud and pine-oak forests with dense understory than in those with a sparse understory. We identified six mammal and three bird species as removers of P. hintonii fruits, among which Pecari tajacu and small mammals were the most important fruit removers. Conclusions: Low density understory in pine-oak favor less fruit removal of P. hintonii, probably associated with the behavior of its consumers.

RESUMO Compreender os impactos ecológicos das estradas sobre a fauna de mamíferos requer o monitoramento periódico das estradas e a identificação da distribuição temporal e espacial dos atropelamentos (ou seja, hotspots de atropelamentos). O objetivo principal do estudo foi identificar os mamíferos mais atropelados e avaliar a distribuição temporal e espacial dos atropelamentos na RJ-122, uma rodovia que atravessa a ameaçada Mata Atlântica de baixada no estado do Rio de Janeiro, sudeste do Brasil. Entre outubro de 2017 e janeiro de 2020, foi realizado um intenso estudo de monitoramento, com a coleta três vezes por semana das carcaças dos mamíferos atropelados. Ao todo, registramos 295 mamíferos atropelados pertencentes a 22 espécies, resultando em 11 atropelamentos por mês para a rodovia RJ-122. O gambá-de-orelha-preta, Didelphis aurita (N=149, 51%) destacou-se como o mamífero mais atropelado, seguido pelo ouriço-cacheiro, Coendou spinosus (N= 24, 8%), cachorro-do-mato, Cerdocyon thous (N= 23, 8%), tatu-galinha, Dasypus novemcinctus (N= 23, 8%) e sagui-de-tufo-branco, Callithrix jacchus (N= 20, 7%). Os atropelamentos na RJ-122 variaram ao longo do ano, sendo mais frequentes na estação chuvosa (N=180) do que na estação seca (N=115), e se concentraram em duas áreas, indicando alguns pontos críticos com alta frequência de atropelamentos. Os hotspots foram associados a áreas com vegetação natural densa, que podem funcionar como corredores florestais nesta paisagem fragmentada. Com base em nossos resultados, várias medidas de mitigação são recomendadas para a rodovia RJ-122. ou seja . atropelamentos) RJ122, RJ122 RJ 122, 122 Janeiro Brasil 201 2020 todo 29 2 espécies 1 RJ122. 122. gambádeorelhapreta, gambádeorelhapreta gambá orelha preta, preta gambá-de-orelha-preta N=149, N149 N 149 (N=149 51% 51 destacouse destacou atropelado ouriçocacheiro, ouriçocacheiro ouriço cacheiro, cacheiro ouriço-cacheiro N= (N 24 8%, 8 8% , cachorrodomato, cachorrodomato cachorro mato, mato cachorro-do-mato 23 tatugalinha, tatugalinha tatu galinha, galinha tatu-galinha saguidetufobranco, saguidetufobranco sagui tufo branco, branco sagui-de-tufo-branco 20 7%. 7 7% 7%) RJ-12 ano N=180 N180 180 (N=180 N=115, N115 N=115 115 (N=115) densa fragmentada resultados RJ12 12 202 N=149 N14 14 (N=14 5 RJ-1 N=18 N18 18 (N=18 N11 N=11 (N=115 RJ1 N=14 N1 (N=1 RJ- N=1 (N=11

ABSTRACT Understanding the ecological impacts of roads on mammals requires periodic monitoring of roads, and identification of both temporal and spatial distribution of roadkills (i.e., roadkill hotspots). The main aim of the study was to identify the most roadkilled mammals and evaluate the temporal and spatial distribution of roadkills in the RJ-122, a highway that crosses the threaten lowland Atlantic Forest in the state of Rio de Janeiro, southeast Brazil. Between October 2017 and January 2020, an intense monitoring study was conducted, with the carcasses of the roadkilled mammals being collected three times a week. Overall, we recorded 295 roadkilled mammals belonging to 22 species, resulting in 11 roadkills per month for the RJ-122 highway. The black-eared opossum, Didelphis aurita (N=149, 51%) stood out as the most roadkilled mammal, followed by porcupine, Coendou spinosus (N= 24, 8%), crab-eating fox, Cerdocyon thous (N= 23, 8), nine-banded armadillo, Dasypus novemcinctus (N= 23, 8%), and white-tufted marmoset, Callithrix jacchus (N= 20, 7%). Roadkills on the RJ-122 varied throughout the year, being more frequent in the rainy season (N=180) than in the dry season (N=115), and were concentrated in two hotspots, indicating some critical points with high roadkill frequency. Hotspots were associated with areas with dense natural vegetation, which can function as forest corridors in this fragmented landscape. Based on our results, several mitigation measures are recommended for the RJ-122 highway. i.e., ie i e (i.e. hotspots. hotspots . hotspots) RJ122, RJ122 RJ 122, 122 Janeiro Brazil 201 2020 conducted week Overall 29 2 species 1 RJ-12 blackeared black eared opossum N=149, N149 N 149 (N=149 51% 51 mammal porcupine N= (N 24 8%, 8 8% , 8%) crabeating crab eating fox 23 8, 8) ninebanded nine banded armadillo whitetufted white tufted marmoset 20 7%. 7 7% 7%) year N=180 N180 180 (N=180 N=115, N115 N=115 115 (N=115) frequency vegetation landscape results i.e. (i.e RJ12 12 202 RJ-1 N=149 N14 14 (N=14 5 N=18 N18 18 (N=18 N11 N=11 (N=115 i.e RJ1 RJ- N=14 N1 (N=1 N=1 (N=11

RESUMO O presente estudo tem como propósito analisar áreas potenciais para a implantação de Corredores Ecológicos. Atualmente a área encontra-se fragmentada e está sob os domínios de Cerrado e Mata Atlântica. Baseado no Sistema de Informações Geográficas, foram determinadas possíveis áreas, do ponto de vista ecológico e estrutural, para a implantação dos Corredores Ecológicos. Para a geração do mapa final de potencial ecológico da área, utilizou-se a metodologia de classificação por múltiplos critérios. Foram atribuídos pesos e notas às classes de vegetação, largura dos rios, altitude e declividade em seus respectivos mapas. Após a determinação dos pesos e notas, realizou-se a sobreposição dos mapas no software ArcGis 10.3. Para analise estrutural da área utilizou-se às métricas de paisagem área média, formato médio e borda total dos fragmentos e conectividade média entre os fragmentos no software Fragstats. Os resultados apontaram para uma área ecologicamente e estruturalmente viável para a implantação dos Corredores Ecológicos na área de estudo. encontrase encontra se Atlântica Geográficas utilizouse utilizou critérios vegetação rios realizouse realizou 103 10 3 10.3 Fragstats 1 10.

ABSTRACT The present study aims to analyze the potential of areas for the implementation of ecological corridors. The study area represents a transition between the Atlantic Forest and Cerrado domains and is extensively fragmented. Geographic Information System was used to determine suitable areas for the implementation of ecological corridors based on their ecological and structural potential, while multi-criteria classification was used to generate a final ecological map of the area. Weights and notes were assigned to vegetation class, river width, elevation and declivity in their respective maps, which were overlaid using ArcGis 10.3 software. Structural analysis of the area used the landscape metrics mean area, mean shape and total edge of fragments and mean connectivity among fragments in Fragstats software. The results indicated an ecologically and structurally suitable area for the implementation of ecological corridors in the study area. fragmented multicriteria multi criteria class width maps 103 10 3 10. software 1

RESUMO A Floresta Estacional Semidecidual (FES) é uma das fitofisionomias do Bioma Mata Atlântica. É considerada a mais ameaçada e fragmentada do Brasil. Apesar disso, a Mata Atlântica possui um dos mais elevados graus de riqueza e taxas de endemismos entre os biomas do mundo. O objetivo deste estudo foi diagnosticar e discutir a composição de espécies e famílias em fragmentos florestais de florestas estacionais semideciduais no sudeste brasileiro, fornecendo subsídios para políticas públicas de conservação destas florestas. Este estudo foi realizado em 4 fragmentos de FES em Boituva, SP, com tamanho variando entre 17.3 a 97.7 ha. Foram amostrados indivíduos lenhosos com CAP (circunferência à altura do peito) maior ou igual a 15 cm, dentro de uma área de 12 parcelas de 10x10m, totalizando 1200 m² em cada um dos fragmentos estudados, totalizando 4800m2 amostrados. Foram amostradas 120 espécies pertencentes a 43 famílias. Do total das espécies amostradas, 8 (6,7%) apresentam algum grau de ameaça à extinção, sendo 74 (61.7%) identificadas como espécies tardias (não pioneiras) e 72 (60%) como espécies zoocóricas. A presença de espécies arbóreas, tardias e ameaçadas, como peroba-rosa (Aspidosperma polyneuron Müll.Arg), jequitibá-rosa (Cariniana legalis (Mart.), Kuntze), guarantã (Esenbeckia leiocarpa Engl.), catiguá (Trichilia casaretti C.DC.) e espécies de figueiras (Ficus ssp), as quais são pouco ou não amostradas na região, demonstram que a conservação dos fragmentos florestais de Boituva é indispensável, contribuindo assim para conservação da biodiversidade regional. Pode-se concluir que a FES do município de Boituva encontra-se relativamente bem conservada, pois existe uma grande proporção de espécies tardias, zoocóricas e ameaçadas (IUCN). (FES Brasil disso mundo brasileiro SP 173 17 3 17. 977 97 7 97. ha circunferência peito 1 cm 10x10m xm x m estudados 4800m 6,7% 67 6 (6,7% extinção 61.7% 617 61 (61.7% pioneiras 60% 60 (60% arbóreas perobarosa peroba rosa Aspidosperma Müll.Arg, MüllArg Müll.Arg , Müll Arg Müll.Arg) jequitibárosa jequitibá Cariniana Mart., Mart Mart. (Mart.) Kuntze, Kuntze Kuntze) Esenbeckia Engl., Engl Engl. Engl.) Trichilia C.DC. CDC C DC Ficus ssp, ssp ssp) região indispensável regional Podese Pode se encontrase encontra conservada IUCN. IUCN . (IUCN) 9 6,7 (6,7 61.7 (61.7 (60 (Mart. C.DC (IUCN 6, (6, 61. (61. (6 (Mart (61 (

ABSTRACT The Semideciduous Seasonal Forest (SSF) is one of the phytophysiognomies from the Atlantic rainforest’s biome, which is one of the most threatened and fragmented biomes within Brazil. In spite of that, the Atlantic rainforest possesses one of the highest degrees of biological richness and rates of endemism among worldwide biomes. The aim of this study is to diagnose and discuss the species and familie’s compositions of seasonal forests in southeastern Brazil, providing subsidies for lawmakers to conserve these forests. This study took place in 4 fragments of SSF in Boituva, SP, varying in size from 17.3 to 97.7 ha. It was collected woody plant individuals with CAP (Circumference at Breast Height) of 15 cm or more within 12 plots of 100 m2 per fragment (10x10 m, total of 1200 m2 each), sampling a total of 4800 m² area. 120 species from 43 families were sampled. From this total of species, 8 (6.7%) face some level of threat, 74 (61.7%) were defined as non-pioneer species and 72 (60%) as being animal-dispersed species. The occurrence of late and threatened tree species as peroba-rosa (Aspidosperma polyneuron Müll.Arg), jequitibá-rosa (Cariniana legalis (Mart.) Kuntze), guarantã (Esenbeckia leiocarpa Engl.), catiguá (Trichilia casaretti C.DC.) and fig trees (Ficus ssp), which are barely or not sampled in the region, proves the urgency and the importance for conserving these forest fragments in Boituva, therefore contributing for regional biodiversity conservation. In conclusion, we’re able to say that Boituva’s SSF is relatively well preserved, since there is a great ratio of late (non-pioneer), animal-dispersed and threatened species (IUCN). (SSF rainforests s biome Brazil familie Boituva SP 173 17 3 17. 977 97 7 97. ha Circumference Height 1 10 m 10x10 x (10x1 each, each , each) 480 area 6.7% 67 6 (6.7% threat 61.7% 617 61 (61.7% nonpioneer non pioneer 60% 60 (60% animaldispersed animal dispersed perobarosa peroba rosa Aspidosperma Müll.Arg, MüllArg Müll.Arg Müll Arg Müll.Arg) jequitibárosa jequitibá Cariniana Mart. Mart (Mart. Kuntze, Kuntze Kuntze) Esenbeckia Engl., Engl Engl. Engl.) Trichilia C.DC. CDC C DC Ficus ssp, ssp ssp) region conservation conclusion we re Boituvas preserved nonpioneer, (non-pioneer) IUCN. IUCN . (IUCN) 9 10x1 (10x 48 6.7 (6.7 61.7 (61.7 (60 (Mart C.DC (non-pioneer (IUCN 10x 6. (6. 61. (61. (6 (61 (

Abstract Although Três Lagoas municipality is located in a rare and highly fragmented Atlantic Forest-Cerrado ecotone, there is scarcity of biodiversity data to guide conservation decisions. Therefore, this study aimed to compile the first bird checklist in 31 localities in this municipality to propose conservation strategies based on avian richness, conservation and migratory status. A total of 419 bird species were recorded, of which 412 were exclusive to the Atlantic Forest-Cerrado ecotone and seven to the Cerrado domain (C. minor, L. xenopterus, P. unicinctus, T. curucui, S. pileata, S. melanopis and S. luteola). According to the results, 12 species are included in the Near Threatened category, four are vulnerable (C. fasciolata, L. xenopterus, A. tricolor and S. hypoxantha) and one is endangered (U. coronata). Regarding migratory birds, 112 were recorded (95 intracontinental, 17 intercontinental). Since the majority of these species are recorded in grasslands, aquatic habitats and Seasonal Deciduous Alluvial Forest, they necessarily have highest priority for conservation and restoration. Thus, we recommend that: (1) areas 2, 11 and 24 be considered as both Important Bird Area and “Area de Proteção Ambiental”; (2) riparian forest restoration along the Paraná river act as a local ecological corridor among these areas, allowing the recolonization, genetic exchange and restoration of locally reduced populations of migratory and near/threatened bird species.