The outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic and subsequent lock-down restrictions forced higher education institutions to move towards a fully online mode of delivery. The study explored the teaching and learning experiences of both students and lecturers within such a digitally transformed higher education space. Concerns have however been raised about this sudden move towards the fourth industrial revolution due to the levels of readiness of higher education institutions. A qualitative research approach was followed, and I purposeful selected ten masters' course work students and two lecturers. One-on-one interviews and a focus group discussion were utilised for data generation. The Saldana's thematic method was employed to analyse data. The findings of my research point to both positive and negative experiences of students and lecturers, following the shift to online teaching and learning. Negative experiences highlight the need for support systems to be put in place in a digitally transformed educational milieu.

RESUMEN En el contexto de economías de mercado, sobre la base de una integración con la Cuarta Revolución Industrial, una Educación Superior que satisface las necesidades sociales es un objetivo esencial. Es insuficiente confiar en instituciones de Educación Superior que operan bajo los procedimientos de mecanismos de mercado libres para alcanzar la meta antes mencionada, fundamentalmente en países en vías de desarrollo como Vietnam. El papel del gobierno es fundamental, en consonancia con las políticas que incluyan las universidades. Estas políticas deben crear un ambiente y condiciones que guíen las instituciones referidas para llevar a cabo programas de entrenamiento acordes a las necesidades sociales y económicas. Por consiguiente, este estudio pretende explorar y evaluar la política gubernamental en la educación superior vietnamita. Sobre la base de los resultados alcanzados, el estudio recomienda elementos para que la política gubernamental permita que la educación superior pueda aportas soluciones para satisfacer las necesidades sociales.

ABSTRACT In the context of market-based economies integrated with the Fourth Industrial Revolution, a higher education that meets social needs is an essential objective. It is insufficient to rely solely on higher education institutions operating under free market mechanism procedures to accomplish this goal in developing market economies such as Vietnam. Promoting the government's role requires a well-coordinated policy system. These policies should create an environment and conditions that guide higher education institutions in implementing training programs that are responsive to social and economic needs. Therefore, this study aimed to explore and evaluate government policy in higher education and its results on meeting social needs in Vietnamese higher education. Based on these findings, the study also suggests some recommendations for government policy to strengthen higher education to meet social needs.

Abstract In recent years, the South Korean philosopher living in Germany, Byung-Chul Han, has been setting new paths for philosophical reflection using the theoretical potential that arises from the understanding of the new social, political and economic realities that mark this era of neoliberal evolution and of technological development in the context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Thus, topics such as the transformation of biopolitics into psycho-politics become a very relevant point for the analysis of current societies and their drifts. With this background of thought, this article aims to delve into Han’s arguments, exploring the crucial role that emotions play in societies of performance, fatigue and lack of democracy, resorting to the metaphor of the “hamster wheel” as an image evocative of the dynamics of current societies. In this way, an innovative perspective of the complexity of the 21st Century is presented by delving into certain nuances of Han’s thought in connection with the palpable reality of the emotions that act as the fuel that propels each individual in their own “existential wheel”. This articulation with emotional experiences contributes significantly to contemporary discussions about human nature in contexts of technological innovation.

Resumen En los últimos años, el filósofo surcoreano radicado en Alemania, Byung-Chul Han, viene marcando nuevos derroteros para la reflexión filosófica usando el potencial teórico que surge de la comprensión de las nuevas realidades sociales, políticas y económicas, que marcan esta época de evolución neoliberal y de desarrollo tecnológico, en el contexto de la cuarta Revolución Industrial. Así, temas como la transformación de la biopolítica en psicopolítica se convierten en un punto muy relevante para el análisis de las sociedades actuales y sus derivas. Con este trasfondo de pensamiento, el presente artículo tiene por objetivo sumergirse en las argumentaciones de Han, explorando el papel crucial que desempeñan las emociones en las sociedades del rendimiento, del cansancio y de la infocracia, acudiendo a la metáfora de la “rueda del hámster” como imagen evocadora de las dinámicas de las sociedades actuales. De esta forma, se presenta una perspectiva innovadora de la complejidad del siglo XXI, al adentrarnos en determinados matices del pensamiento de Han, en conexión con la realidad palpable de las emociones, que actúan como el combustible que impulsa a cada individuo en su propia “rueda existencial”. Esta articulación con las experiencias emocionales contribuye de manera significativa a las discusiones contemporáneas acerca de la naturaleza humana en contextos de innovación tecnológica.

This article investigates the transformative impact of the digital revolution on South African higher education institutions through a Systematic Literature Review. Thus, EBSCOHost, Emerald, Google Scholar, SAGE Journals, ScienceDirect, Springer Link, Elsevier, and Taylor & Francis were used to retrieve and analyse information from scholarly publications such as book chapters, reports, peer-reviewed journal articles, and other publications (n = 17) in South Africa between 2019 and 2023. The research questions of the study aided the discovery of significant themes to explore the transformative impact of the digital revolution on South African higher education institutions. The study found that challenges to embracing digital education in South African higher education institutions include resistance to change, marginalisation of certain socioeconomic groups, poor infrastructure, lack of funding, inadequate Fourth Industrial Revolution tools for instruction, and lack of Fourth Industrial Revolution skills training and development. In contrast, the opportunities include increased student enrolment, Massive Open Online Courses, use of technology to end social exclusion, research and development, and curriculum redesign. The study put forward recommendations that key stakeholders of higher education institutions can use to improve the curriculum in the digital revolution. Prospects for future research were suggested. The study concluded that while various challenges exist for the digital revolution in South African higher education institutions, opportunities can be explored.

Resumo Este projeto teve como objetivo identificar os impactos dos modelos de negócios atuais (agilidade de negócios) e dos principais controles de produtividade (KPIs), mais relevantes em um subsetor de pequenos restaurantes franqueados na Costa Rica (2020-2023). Para o qual se desenvolve uma investigação qualitativa, com entrevistas a 31 gestores de pequenos restaurantes que utilizam franquias nacionais e estrangeiras, para determinar diversas subcategorias de análise e estabelecer denominadores comuns que permitiram a superação da pandemia e a estruturação de uma análise de inclusão e exclusão, para priorizar os aspectos críticos de sucesso, a análise das causas, consequências e efeitos utilizando o método Root Cause para propor melhorias duradouras, sendo a principal constatação: a rigidez do modelo de franquia, a limitada agilidade do negócio e o uso de acesso limitado a maior tecnologia, principalmente devido ao custo e ao conhecimento, dificultou o enfrentamento do Cisne Negro da Pandemia por COVID-19).

Résumé Ce projet visait à identifier les impacts des modèles commerciaux actuels (agilité commerciale) et des contrôles clés de productivité (KPI), les plus pertinents dans un sous- secteur des petits restaurants franchisés au Costa Rica (2020- 2023). Pour lequel une enquête qualitative est développée, avec des entretiens avec 31 gérants de petits restaurants qui utilisent des franchises nationales et étrangères, pour déterminer diverses sous-catégories d’analyse et établir des dénominateurs communs qui nous ont permis de surmonter la pandémie et la structuration d’une analyse d’inclusion et d’exclusion, pour prioriser les aspects critiques du succès, l’analyse des causes, conséquences et effets selon la méthode Root Cause pour proposer des améliorations durables, le principal constat étant : la rigidité du modèle de franchise, l’agilité commerciale limitée et l’utilisation d’un accès limité L’essor de la technologie, principalement en raison du coût et des connaissances, a rendu plus difficile la lutte contre le cygne noir de la pandémie por COVID-19).

Abstract This project aimed to identify the impacts of current business models (business agility) and key productivity controls (KPIs), most relevant in a subsector of small franchised restaurants in Costa Rica (2020-2023). For which a qualitative investigation is developed, with interviews with 31 small restaurant managers who use national and foreign franchises, to determine various subcategories of analysis and establish common denominators that allowed us to overcome the pandemic and the structuring of an analysis of inclusion and exclusion, to prioritize the critical aspects of success, the analysis of the causes, consequences and effects using the Root Cause method to propose long-lasting improvements, the main finding being: the rigidity of the franchise model, the limited business agility, and the use Limited access to greater technology, mainly due to cost and knowledge, made it more difficult to face the Black Swan of the Pandemic por COVID-19).

Resumen Este proyecto buscó identificar los impactos de los actuales modelos de negocio (agilidad empresarial) y los controles clave de productividad (KPIs) más relevantes en un subsector de restaurantes pequeños franquiciados en Costa Rica (2020- 2023), por lo que se realizó una investigación cualitativa con entrevistas a 31 gerentes de restaurantes pequeños, usuarios de franquicia nacional y extranjera, para determinar así diversas subcategorías de análisis y establecer con esto denominadores comunes que permitieron sobrepasar la pandemia y la estructuración de un análisis de inclusión y exclusión, asimismo, para jerarquizar los aspectos críticos de éxito, el análisis de las causas, consecuencias y efectos mediante el método de Causa-Raíz para proponer mejoras de larga duración. Este es el principal hallazgo: la rigidez del modelo de franquicia, la limitada agilidad empresarial y el uso limitado de mayor tecnología, principalmente por costo y conocimiento, que hicieron más difícil afrontar el “Cisne negro” de la Pandemia por COVID-19).

Die Vierde Industriële Revolusie (4IR) het aansienlike vooruitgang in tegnologie meegebring wat verskeie nywerhede, insluitend die spoorwegsektor, beïnvloed het. Hierdie artikel ondersoek die implikasies van die 4IR vir die spoorwegbedryf en identifiseer die noodsaaklike sagte vaardighede wat spoororganisasies nodig het om in hierdie era te floreer. 'n Sistematiese literatuuroorsig (SLR) is uitgevoer om 'n teoretiese grondslag te vestig, gevolg deur 'n opname wat aan professionele persone in die spoorsektor gedoen is om die geïdentifiseerde sagte vaardighede te prioritiseer. Vergelykende metodes is aangewend om die opnamedata te ontleed en om die relatiewe belangrikheid van die 4IR sagte vaardighede te bepaal. Die bevindinge het 'n reeks sleutelsagte vaardighede aan die lig gebring, soos aanpasbaarheid, kritiese denke en veranderingsbestuur, waarin dit van kardinale belang is dat spoorwegpersoneel uitblink in die 4IR-era. Die artikel bespreek die belangrikheid van hierdie sagte vaardighede en hul potensiële impak op spoorwegorganisasies, en verskaf aanbevelings om hul ontwikkeling te bevorder. Hierdie navorsing dra by tot 'n meer genuanseerde begrip van die sagte vaardighede wat nodig is vir die spoorwegsektor se suksesvolle aanpassing by die 4IR.

The Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) has brought about significant advancements in technology that have impacted various industries, including the railway sector. This paper explores the implications of the 4IR for the railway industry and identifies the essential soft skills that rail organisations need in order to thrive in this era. A systematic literature review (SLR) was conducted to establish a theoretical foundation, followed by a survey administered to professionals in the rail sector to prioritise the identified soft skills. Comparative methods were employed to analyse the survey data and to determine the relative importance of the 4IR soft skills. The findings revealed a range of key soft skills, such as adaptability, critical thinking, and change management, in which it is crucial that railway professionals excel in the 4IR era. The paper discusses the significance of these soft skills and their potential impact on rail organisations, and provides recommendations for fostering their development. This research contributes to a more nuanced understanding of the soft skills that are necessary for the railway sector's successful adaptation to the 4IR.

This research explores the employability of Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) college graduates in the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) era in South Africa. It examines the role of TVET lecturers in providing skills that are relevant to the contemporary period. The study uses qualitative research inspired by the interpretivist approach, and a purposive sampling strategy to get the perspectives of TVET lecturers and employers. It was observed that TVET lecturers play a minimal role in the development of the curriculum due to a rigid top-down approach from the Ministry of Higher Education. Companies are forming partnerships with TVET colleges by offering places for in-service training, practicals and internships. The study reveals that South African businesses have adopted 4IR-related technologies, requiring a skilled TVET force that is ready for these transformations. The findings highlight the need for regular curriculum transformation and the importance of TVET education in producing artisans, technologists and technicians that are vital for the South African economy on an ongoing basis.

The Fourth Industrial Revolution necessitates relevant initiatives to stay abreast. Higher education plays a pivotal role in providing nuanced opportunities for the future workforce and enabling students to address real-world problems in a complex world. Despite new developments, it is not clear how the Fourth Industrial Revolution will influence the educational sector. We followed a systematic review approach with the aim of providing a comprehensive view on crucial strategies and skills for the Fourth Industrial Revolution. We applied the processes of Evidence for Policy and Practice Information and Co-ordinating Centre as a guideline for conducting the systematic review and retrieved relevant articles published from 2017 to 2021. The results highlight that critical thinking is the most emphasised skill and student-centred teaching-learning strategies are essential for the Fourth Industrial Revolution and future demands. Implications for self-directed learning were also outlined.

ORIENTATION: The Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) is increasingly becoming a reality in organisations worldwide RESEARCH PURPOSE: The aim of this article was to explore the views of international leaders on leadership and skills development in employees to equip them for the 4IR MOTIVATION FOR THE STUDY: Leaders have to adjust their perspectives and leadership while the entire workforce is required to focus on their skills development on technological, individual and interpersonal levels RESEARCH APPROACH/DESIGN AND METHOD: A qualitative research methodology is applied, using a phenomenological paradigm. Eight top leaders from Australia, India, Germany, South Africa, North America, the United Arab Emirates, and Singapore in various global and organisational fields were interviewed on leadership and skills development in the 4IR MAIN FINDINGS: Leaders focus on understanding and applying new technological trends, adopting a 4IR mindset, and developing skills through training and integrating systems. Additionally, they believe that skills development needs to include hard and soft skills, continuous training, and anticipating future trends. Skills need to have individual, interpersonal, organisational, societal and spiritual aspects to address the 4IR complexities adequately PRACTICAL/MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS: Leaders need to understand the complexes of the 4IR and need to train and support employees to develop themselves and their skills adequately CONTRIBUTION/VALUE-ADD: This article adds to the research on skill development, training and understanding future work trends to prepare leaders, industry and employees for future work trends and requirements for education for future work places

ORIENTATION: The emergence of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has compelled various organisations to alter their human resource management approaches in response to a challenging work milieu. Providing meaningful rewards is imperative for maintaining employee productivity and business continuity during turmoil. RESEARCH PURPOSE: The main objective of this research was to explore significant incentives for employees of pharmaceutical enterprises amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Specifically, this study examined the reward preferences of pharmaceutical professionals in managerial positions concerning their age and gender. MOTIVATION FOR THE STUDY: Despite the extensive body of research on rewards during the COVID-19 pandemic, there exists a notable gap in the literature regarding the investigation of total rewards in the pharmaceutical industry from the vantage points of gender and age. RESEARCH APPROACH/DESIGN AND METHOD: A qualitative research approach was followed with data collected from managerial employees in a pharmaceutical company (N = 12). Thematic analyses were applied. MAIN FINDINGS: Overall, the female participants exhibited a greater propensity towards all rewards than male counterparts. The COVID-19 pandemic mostly impacted female Millennials, who identified all aspects of total rewards as crucial. Male Baby Boomers were more inclined towards being incentivised by monetary remuneration than non-monetary perks. PRACTICAL/MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS: The findings underscore the importance of leaders prioritising human-centred values such as trust, appreciation, interpersonal connections, and collaborative teamwork. CONTRIBUTION/VALUE-ADD: The study's results prompt researchers and practitioners to reconsider conventional characteristics and incentive inclinations of distinct age cohorts and gender categories, which have undergone modifications because of the COVID-19 outbreak.

ORIENTATION: This article provides an overview of what transformation looks like in a system from a systems psychodynamic perspective - presenting the concept of transmogrification through empirical research from a group of participants who attended South African Group Relations Conferences (GRC). Extrapolating to the larger system, Elon Musk is singled out as a practical example of a transmogrifier, transmogrifying a system. RESEARCH PURPOSE: Describe transformation from a systems psychodynamic perspective and what this may mean for leaders and organisations in the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR). MOTIVATION FOR THE STUDY: The literature is clear that individuals transform in groups, and a collective form of transformation is possible; however, what this transformation looks like needs to be clarified. RESEARCH APPROACH/DESIGN AND METHOD: The meta-theoretical paradigm of critical realism allowed for qualitative research within the hermeneutic phenomenological school of thought. A non-probability sampling strategy of eight individuals enabled a multimethod research strategy of face-to-face interviews and a focus group. Braun and Clarke's six-step thematic data analysis method, applying a systems psychodynamic lens, was used. MAIN FINDINGS: The findings show that unconscious dynamics intrinsic to all humans manifest as a non-linear transformation process, presenting as preservation, transformation and transmogrification. PRACTICAL/MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS: To survive and thrive in the 4IR and beyond, leaders and organisations must move beyond transformation towards transmogrification to create sustainable organisations that are yet to be thought about. CONTRIBUTION/VALUE-ADD: The concept of transmogrification adds to the literature of group relations conferences, psychology, industrial and organisational psychology and systems psychodynamics.

ABSTRACT In turning, the interaction among target material tool and chip usually causes thermal damage as well as tool wear. High-pressure coolant is an emerging technology that delivers and the tool interface region. High coolant pressure allows better penetration of coolant by enhancing the lubrication effect, and decreasing thermal damage and tool wear through cooling effect at the cutting zone. The manufacturing sector wants to create a lot of goods in a short amount of time as the fourth industrial revolution approaches. Response surface design and the Taguchi L27 orthogonal array methodological paradigm are used in this work. The cutting speed (750, 1000, 1250 rpm), feed rate (0.075, 0.1, 0.125 mm/rev), depth of cut (0.25, 0.50, 0.75 mm), and fluid pressure (2.5, 5, 7.5 bar) represent as the process parameters. The objective of this paper, is to investigate how the surface finish, cutting force, and tool wear mechanism are influenced by coolants under the different coolant pressure, depth of cut, feed and speed in turning of monel using coated carbide tool. Also in this work the performance of cutting coolant (CuO and graphene) were compared with respect to tool wear, cutting force, surface roughness, cutting zone temperature chip morphology and surface modification during turning of monel. The findings showed that, under extreme wear conditions, GO-based nano fluids improved machining performance, as measured by increased cooling and lubrication regime, cutting temperature of 122 °C, and surface roughness of 0.0462 µm and flank wear of 0.2 mm. Highpressure region approaches L L2 750, 750 (750 1000 125 rpm, rpm , rpm) 0.075, 0075 0 075 (0.075 01 1 0.1 0125 0.12 mm/rev, mmrev mm/rev mm rev mm/rev) 0.25, 025 25 (0.25 050 50 0.50 75 0.7 mm, mm) 2.5, 2 5 (2.5 7 7. bar parameters paper finish force CuO graphene conditions GObased GO based regime 12 C °C 00462 0462 0.046 02 0. (75 100 0.075 007 07 (0.07 012 0.25 (0.2 05 0.5 2.5 (2. 0046 046 0.04 (7 10 0.07 00 (0.0 (0. 2. (2 004 04 0.0 ( (0

Resumen: Este estudio pretende profundizar en las potencialidades y las dificultades de la digitalización en la experiencia real de comercialización de los actores fundamentales de la cadena hortofrutícola uruguaya (productores, comerciantes, intermediarios, consumidores y trabajadores del sector público y privado). Para ello, se describieron y consultaron a estos actores y sus proyectos en busca de apreciaciones o puntos de vista sobre innovaciones técnicas, barreras a la comercialización, trabajo familiar, políticas públicas, presión por el uso de la tierra y otros problemas complejos. A través de un “muestreo en bola de nieve”, realizando cuestionarios semiestructurados durante más de 4 meses desde INIA Las Brujas, obtuvimos información principalmente de actores del sur y algunos puntos del noroeste y centro-este de Uruguay. Las opiniones surgen de la complejidad de las personas en sus diferentes roles, con la esperada aparición de tensiones y contradicciones en diferentes momentos de la investigación-acción participativa. Pudimos apreciar que la cuarta y quinta Revolución Industrial están teniendo un impacto significativo en la cadena hortifrutícola uruguaya. La tecnología digital está brindando nuevas herramientas para la comercialización de productos, como plataformas de comercio electrónico, aplicaciones móviles, tecnologías de trazabilidad y monitoreo para el análisis de datos, etcétera. El apoyo a esta transformación provino tanto de iniciativas privadas como de proyectos públicos, algunos de los cuales se reseñan. Discutimos algunas causas de las disparidades en la digitalización y algunas soluciones, debatiendo el papel de cada uno de los actores representados y sus posibilidades de cambio.

Resumo: Esta pesquisa visa estudar com profundidade as potencialidades e dificuldades da digitalização na experiência real de comercialização dos atores fundamentais da cadeia de frutas e hortaliças uruguaia (produtores, comerciantes, intermediários, consumidores, trabalhadores dos setores público e privado). Para tanto, esses atores e seus projetos foram descritos e consultados em busca de apreciações ou pontos de vista sobre inovações técnicas, barreiras à comercialização, trabalho familiar, políticas públicas, pressão pelo uso da terra e outros problemas complexos. Através de uma “amostragem em bola de neve”, realizando questionários semiestruturados durante mais de 4 meses no INIA Las Brujas, obtivemos informações principalmente de atores do sul e de alguns pontos do noroeste e centro-leste do Uruguai. As opiniões surgem da complexidade das pessoas nos seus diferentes papéis, com o aparecimento esperado de tensões e contradições em diferentes momentos da investigação-ação participativa. Constatamos que a Quarta e a Quinta Revolução Industrial estão tendo um impacto significativo na cadeia de frutas e hortaliças uruguaia. A tecnologia digital está proporcionando novas ferramentas para a comercialização de produtos como plataformas de comércio eletrônico; aplicações móveis, tecnologias de rastreabilidade e monitoramento para análise de dados, etc. O apoio para esta transformação veio tanto de iniciativas privadas como de projetos públicos, alguns dos quais são descritos. Discutimos algumas causas das disparidades na digitalização e algumas soluções, debatendo o papel de cada um dos atores representados e suas possibilidades de mudança.

Abstract: This study aims to delve into the potentials and difficulties of digitalization on the real commercial experience of some of the fundamental actors in the Uruguayan fruit and vegetable chain (producers, merchants, intermediaries, consumers, and private and public technicians). For that, these social actors and their projects were described and consulted in search of appreciations or points of view regarding technical innovations, barriers to commercialization, family labor, public policies, pressure for land use, and other complex problems. Through a “snowball sampling”, carrying out semi-structured questionnaires for more than 4 months from INIA Las Brujas, we obtained information mainly from actors in the south and some points in the northwest and east-central Uruguay. Opinions come from the complexity of people in their different roles, with the expected emergence of tensions and contradictions at different moments of the participatory-action research. We could appreciate that the Fourth and Fifth Industrial Revolution are having a significant impact in the Uruguayan fruit and vegetable chain. Digital technology is providing new tools for marketing such as: electronic commerce platforms, mobile applications, traceability and monitoring technologies for data analysis, etc. Support in this transformation comes both from private initiatives and public projects, some of which are outlined. We discuss some causes of digitalization disparities and some solutions, debating the role of each one of the represented actors and their possibilities of change.

In the context of the fourth industrial revolution, the potential of information systems (IS) to revolutionise smallholder farming practices and enhance sustainability is a topic of growing interest, particularly in developing countries. This systematic literature review examines the intersection of agriculture and IS to explore how technology adoption can help to transform small-scale, subsistence farming enterprises into profit-generating, sustainable small businesses, while at the same time addressing the unique challenges present in developing-world contexts. The review critically examines the potential barriers and challenges faced by smallholder farmers in adopting and effectively using IS solutions in their operations. Among other things, the review investigates the assumption of basic literacy in many IS theories, and the extent to which this assumption aligns with the reality of developing-world smallholder farming communities, where literacy levels and digital proficiency may be limited.

Resumo A transformação dos processos de avaliação da aprendizagem tornou-se crítica para as instituições educacionais que aplicam o método do caso, de acordo com agências de credenciamento internacionais. Com a inclusão progressiva de ambientes virtuais ou híbridos para esta metodologia, especialmente após a pandemia de Covid-19, e as expectativas da Educação na quarta revolução industrial, é relevante explorar as complexidades da avaliação associadas ao método do caso. Foi realizado um estudo de casos múltiplos para identificar os principais aspectos problemáticos da avaliação com essa metodologia. Foram documentadas 58 sessões com 2596 alunos de 4 programas de alta direção e 36 professores de diferentes nacionalidades. Os resultados destacam que a participação dos alunos nas sessões plenárias é um fator decisivo para a avaliação, mas é afetada pela forma como o professor concede a palavra, geralmente de maneira pouco homogênea, gerando oportunidades pouco equitativas. A transformação da avaliação no método do caso é crítica diante da inclusão de ambientes virtuais. Um estudo identificou que a participação desigual dos alunos, devido à forma como a palavra é concedida, afeta as oportunidades equitativas na avaliação. tornouse tornou se internacionais metodologia Covid19, Covid19 Covid 19, 19 Covid-19 industrial 5 259 3 nacionalidades homogênea concedida Covid1 1 Covid-1 25 Covid- 2

Resumen La transformación de los procesos de evaluación del aprendizaje se ha vuelto crítica para las instituciones educativas que aplican el método de caso, según agencias acreditadoras internacionales. Con la inclusión progresiva de entornos virtuales o híbridos para esta metodología, especialmente tras la pandemia de Covid-19 y las expectativas de la Educación en la cuarta revolución industrial, es relevante explorar las complejidades de la evaluación asociadas al método de caso. Se realizó un estudio de casos múltiples para identificar los principales aspectos problemáticos de la evaluación con dicha metodología. Se documentaron 58 sesiones con 2.596 estudiantes de 4 programas de alta dirección y 36 profesores de distintas nacionalidades. Los resultados resaltan que la participación de los estudiantes en las sesiones plenarias es un factor decisivo para la evaluación, pero se ve afectada por cómo el profesor otorga la palabra, generalmente de forma poco homogénea, generando oportunidades poco equitativas. La transformación de la evaluación en el método de caso es crítica ante la inclusión de entornos virtuales. Un estudio identificó que la participación desigual de los estudiantes, por cómo se otorga la palabra, afecta las oportunidades equitativas en la evaluación. internacionales metodología Covid19 Covid 19 Covid-1 industrial 5 2596 2 596 2.59 3 nacionalidades palabra homogénea Covid1 1 Covid- 259 59 2.5 25 2.

Abstract The transformation of learning assessment processes has become critical for educational institutions that apply the case method, according to international accrediting agencies. With the progressive inclusion of virtual or hybrid environments for this methodology, especially after the Covid-19 pandemic, and the expectations of Education in the fourth industrial revolution, it is relevant to explore the evaluation complexities associated with the case method. A multiple case study was conducted to identify the main problematic aspects of evaluation with this methodology. 58 sessions were documented with 2,596 students from 4 top management programs and 36 professors of different nationalities. The results highlight that student participation in plenary sessions is a decisive factor for evaluation, but it is affected by how the professor gives the floor, generally in a rather heterogeneous way, generating inequitable opportunities. The transformation of evaluation in the case method is critical given the inclusion of virtual environments. A study identified that the unequal participation of students, due to how the floor is given, affects equitable opportunities in evaluation. agencies methodology Covid19 Covid 19 Covid-1 pandemic revolution 5 2596 2 596 2,59 3 nationalities way Covid1 1 Covid- 259 59 2,5 25 2,