Abstract The central objective of this work is to identify the most important state-sectors for the Mexican economy based on their productive linkages through the application of the hypothetical extraction method within the framework of interregional input-output analysis. The most important state-sectors tend to concentrate in the central subregion of the country, especially in Mexico City and Estado de Mexico; in the northeast subregion, particularly in Nuevo León, and in the southeastern oil subregion. The most important productive chain due to its backward and forward linkages is associated with petroleum mining and petroleum derivatives, chemicals, and plastics. Electrical, electronic, and transportation products show considerable backward linkages but have a high export orientation accompanied by intensive use of imported inputs. Services located in the biggest metropolitan areas of the country are another important sector for the economy. The results of this work provide inputs for the formulation of a regional industrial policy and for the study of the effects of economic crises on Mexico’s state level productive structure. Ultimately, progress must be made toward sectoral diversification and the integration of federal entities and subregions that present the greatest disconnection.

Resumen El objetivo central de este trabajo es identificar los sectores-estado más importantes para la economía mexicana según sus encadenamientos productivos mediante la aplicación del método de extracción hipotética en el marco del análisis insumo-producto interregional. Los sectores-estado más importantes tienden a concentrarse en la subregión centro del país ―especialmente en la Ciudad de México y el Estado de México―, en la subregión noreste ―particularmente en Nuevo León― y en la subregión petrolera del sureste. La cadena productiva más importante por sus encadenamientos hacia atrás y hacia adelante es la asociada con la minería petrolera y los derivados de petróleo, química y plásticos. Los productos eléctricos, electrónicos y de transporte muestran niveles considerables de encadenamientos hacia atrás, pero presentan una orientación exportadora alta acompañada por un uso intensivo de insumos importados. Otro sector importante es el de los servicios ubicados en las zonas metropolitanas más importantes del país. Los resultados de este trabajo brindan insumos para la formulación de una política industrial de alcance regional y para el estudio de los efectos de las crisis económicas sobre la estructura productiva de México a nivel estatal. En definitiva, se debe avanzar hacia la diversificación sectorial y la integración de las entidades federativas y las subregiones que presentan la mayor desconexión.

Abstract The paper’s aim is to analyse the effect of both trade and financial liberalization on Mexico’s capital formation and intersectoral productive linkages. The impact of both exports and foreign direct investment (FDI) on the stock of capital and their impulse and dispersion effects across the country’s various productive sectors is empirically assessed during the period 1999-2020. Our main results suggest: i) an increase in both exports and FDI did not bring about an increment in the stock of capital; ii) one effect of FDI was the fragmentation of most local subsectors and their lack of international insertion; iii) a significant statistical relationship between FDI and forward linkages does not seem to exist and iv) a negative relationship between variations in productivity/competitiveness and fixed capital formation was found.

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el impacto de la apertura económica en la formación de capital y los encadenamientos intersectoriales. Con este fin, evaluamos empíricamente el impacto de las exportaciones y la inversión extranjera directa (IED) en el acervo de capital y la capacidad de arrastre/dispersión a nivel multisectorial en México durante el periodo 1999-2020. Nuestros principales resultados sugieren que: i) un aumento de las exportaciones y la inversión externa no propició un incremento en el acervo de capital; ii) uno de los efectos de la IED fue la fragmentación de la mayoría de los subsectores locales y la falta de inserción internacional; iii) no existe una relación estadísticamente significativa entre la IED y los encadenamientos hacia adelante; y, por último, encontramos una relación negativa entre las variaciones de la productividad/competitividad y la formación de capital.

Abstract Since its beginning the 1980s, the globalized model of economic development in Mexico has generated paradoxical results. On the positive side, Mexico attained a privileged position among the mayor economies of the world by becoming the 13th largest exporter and the 12th main importer, while simultaneously turning into a high-ranking recipient of foreign direct investment. These positive results deeply diverge with the mediocre performance in economic growth and the high levels of unemployment, informality and poverty. In this paper we argue that these paradoxical results are the consequence of structural disequilibrium caused by the reorientation of production towards export-based global value chains, which did not contribute to the development of an integrated industrial sector with forward and backward linkages between foreign and local firms. The flows of trade and investment that were stimulated by the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) did not promote economic growth in Mexico because of structural weaknesses that derived from an exporting sector where foreign firms limited the value-added produced by local firms, and created an inelastic supply of imported inputs. Hence, the export-led model became a development strategy that weakened the capacity for the consolidation of a strong and dynamic internal market.

Resumen Desde inicios de la década de los ochenta, el modelo de desarrollo económico abierto y globalizado mexicano ha generado resultados paradójicos. En el lado positivo está la posición privilegiada de México entre las principales economías del mundo, pues se convirtió en el decimotercer mayor exportador y el decimosegundo importador mundial; de manera simultánea, fue un receptor privilegiado de inversión extranjera directa. Estos resultados positivos contrastan con el mediocre desempeño en términos de crecimiento, lo cual ha llevado a mayores niveles de desempleo, informalidad y pobreza. En este trabajo se argumenta que estos resultados paradójicos responden al desequilibrio estructural generado por la orientación de la producción para la exportación basada en cadenas globales de valor, las cuales no se han transmutado en una fuerza significativa para consolidar un sector industrial integrado de encadenamientos hacia adelante y hacia atrás entre el capital extranjero y el nacional. Los flujos de comercio e inversión que se han consolidado con el Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte (TLCAN) no han estimulado el ciclo económico mexicano, debido a deficiencias estructurales cuando se reduce el valor agregado producido por el capital local y se establece un suministro inelástico de insumos importados. El modelo liderado por las exportaciones se ha convertido en un factor que limita la capacidad para consolidar un mercado interno fuerte y dinámico.

BACKGROUND: South Africa has not fully recovered from the 2008 global recession. The World Bank has predicted that South Africa will be one of the worst performers in sub-Saharan Africa in 2020 with tepid growth of 1.3% which is far below the National Development Plan targets growth of 5.4% required a year to reduce unemployment, create decent jobs and generate enough revenue for social development. AIM: We aim to examine whether changes in the components of final demand (changes in government spending, household consumption expenditure, exports, investment spending) have a considerable effect on the sector's gross value added, job creation and tax revenue generation and whether there were changes in the exogenous final demand in die post-recession period. SETTING: We focus on building supply and use tables based on 62 different sectors of the South African economy. METHODS: An economy-wide Leontief multiplier-based model calibrated on a supply and use framework and a micro-simulation model is used to assess post-recession trends in macroeconomic, labour and fiscal multipliers for South Africa. RESULTS: The simulations show that during the post-recession era, the effect of exogenous shock in the economy, like an increase in investment spending, although positive, yields a smaller return in terms of tax revenue, job creation and economic growth. At sector level, the results show that the inter-industry links and industry-consumer links have therefore weakened. CONCLUSION: Our findings imply that the persisting low growth trajectory associated with weaker inter-industry linkages could be exacerbated, while the fiscal austerity measures associated with weaker forward and backword tax linkages could be prolonged. We recommend government should follow a priorities-based spending policy that yields optimal socioeconomic returns.

Abstract This document presents an input-output matrix in order to contribute to the application of networks theory and Leontief in a regional economy (Medellin, Colombia) by a traditional analysis of linkages forward and backward the input-output matrix. Taking into account the different relationships inter sectoral and intra-sectoral, a simulation exercise is generated with some of the strategic sectors and its impact on the regional economy studied.

Resumen Este documento presenta una matriz insumo-producto con el objetivo de contribuir en la aplicación de la teoría de redes y de la matriz de Leontief en una economía regional (Medellín, Colombia), mediante un análisis tradicional sobre encadenamientos productivos hacia adelante y hacia atrás. Tomando en cuenta las diferentes relaciones intersectoriales e intrasectoriales, se genera un ejercicio de simulación, teniendo como base algunos de los sectores considerados estratégicos y su impacto para la economía regional estudiada.

RESUMO: A complexa relação entre estrutura de produção e crescimento econômico tem sido significativamente discutida entre economistas brasileiros. Esse debate tornou-se especialmente relevante depois dos anos 2000, quando o Brasil passou por um período de crescimento originado pelo aumento das exportações de commodities, período este que contrastou com a estagnação observada nas duas décadas anteriores. Para analisar a capacidade das exportações de commodities em promover crescimento sustentado no longo prazo, este trabalho avalia a performance setorial e seus efeitos em setores relacionados nas cadeias à jusante e à montante através de matrizes insumo-produto. Essa análise gera duas conclusões principais. Primeiro, a expansão da produção agrícola e de commodities minerais exibem pouca capacidade de promover crescimento, pois esses setores apresentam baixos índices de ligação. Segundo, a análise da estrutura produtiva brasileira demonstra que setores relacionados à manufatura podem estimular outros setores, tais como serviços sofisticados, devido aos seus elevados encadeamentos com outros setores. Este estudo demonstra ainda que uma estratégia de desenvolvimento deve se beneficiar das vantagens comparativas a fim de promover uma mudança estrutural orientada pra expansão da manufatura.

ABSTRACT: The complex relationship between production structure and economic growth has been the subject of considerable debate among Brazilian economists. This debate became especially relevant after the 2000s, when Brazil experienced a period of growth from the rise of commodity exports, which contrasted with the stagnation observed in the previous two decades. To analyse the capacity of commodity exports to generate long-term economic growth, this paper assesses this sector's performance and its effects on related sectors in the upstream supply chain through input-output tables. These analyses lead to two main conclusions. First, expansion of agricultural and mineral commodities production exhibited little capacity to boost the economy because they have the lowest linkage indices. Second, the analysis of the Brazilian production structure demonstrated that sectors related to manufacturing can stimulate other sectors, such as sophisticated services, because of their high linkage effects on other sectors. This study also demonstrates that a development strategy should take benefit of comparative advantages in order to reach a structural change oriented toward expanding manufacturing.

Debido a su alto potencial de impacto y urgencia, los asuntos relacionados con la sostenibilidad han capturado la imaginación tanto de las empresas privadas, como de las instituciones académicas en todas partes. Este artículo examina cómo dichos problemas y sus soluciones potenciales han sido incorporados en la educación superior, particularmente en la educación de negocios de India. Con unas 3,600 escuelas de negocios en los sectores público y privado, la educación de negocios en India ha proliferado. Sin embargo, los estudiantes, en general, siguen sin tener contacto con conceptos de sostenibilidad y gestión de desastres en sus currículos. Los factores subyacentes a esta situación incluyen la falta de capacidad institucional, los problemas relacionados con la motivación e incentivos de los profesores universitarios, la falta de interés de los reclutadores y la limitada disponibilidad de material de consulta de alta calidad. Además, mientras que varias escuelas de negocios de India se enfocan en sectores relevantes para la sostenibilidad, los vínculos interorganizacionales no han sido desarrollados y las escuelas de negocios operan en general independientemente. Este artículo examina el camino a seguir para integrar principios de sostenibilidad de manera profunda a los currículos básicos de las escuelas de negocios. Las medidas que se sugieren incluyen la creación de comunidades de prácticas entre la academia y la industria, la construcción de materiales pedagógicos de fácil acceso para profesores universitarios y diferentes medidas para fortalecer la capacidad institucional.

Sustainability issues, given their potential scale of impact and urgency, have captured the imagination of both corporations and academic institutions everywhere. This paper examines how such problems and their potential solutions have been incorporated into higher education, particularly business school education in India. With over 3,600 business schools in the public and private sector, business education in India has proliferated. However, students by and large still remain unexposed to sustainability and disaster management concepts in their curriculum. The underlying factors for this include, lack of institutional capacity, issues related to faculty motivation and incentives, lack of recruiter interest and limited availability to high quality resource material. Further, while several schools in India focus on sectors relevant to sustainability, inter-organizational linkages have not developed and business school generally operate independently. This paper examines the way forward to deeply integrate sustainability principles into the core curriculum of business schools. Measures suggested include creating communities of practice among academia and industry, building a resource base of teaching materials for easy access by faculty, and several measures to strengthen institutional capacity.

RESUMEN Este artículo busca identificar las industrias clave de la economía mexicana. Para este propósito, se aplican las siguientes metodologías basadas en el análisis input-output: a) el método Chenery-Watabane (1958) para el cálculo de encadenamientos productivos directos; b) los métodos Rasmussen (1963) para el cálculo de encadenamientos productivos totales; c) el enfoque de demanda de Leontief (1985) para cuantificar los encadenamientos hacia atrás directos y totales; d) el enfoque de oferta de Ghosh (1958, 1968) para la cuantificación de los encadenamientos hacia delante directos y totales. Finalmente, los resultados de estas aplicaciones muestran que los sectores clave de México son las industrias de bienes intermedios y bienes de capital. JEL: C67, D57, R15, L16

ABSTRACT This article seeks to identify the industrial sectors that are key to the Mexican economy. To this end the following methodologies are employed, all based on input-output analysis: a) the Chenery-Watabane Method (1958) for calculating direct productive linkages; b) the Rasmussen Methods (1963) for calculating total productive linkages; c) Leontief's demand focus (1985) for the quantification of direct and total backward linkages; and d) the supply focus of Ghosh (1958, 1968) used to quantify direct and total forward linkages. Finally, the results of the application of these methods shows that the key sectors of Mexico's economy are intermediate goods and capital goods.

RESUMO Este artigo procura identificar as indústrias-chave da economia mexicana. Para esse propósito, aplicam-se as seguintes metodologias baseadas na análise: input-output: a) o método Chenery-Watabane (1958) para o cálculo de cadeias produtivas diretas; b) os métodos Rasmussen (1963) para o cálculo de cadeias produtivas totais; c) o enfoque de demanda de Leontief (1985) para quantificar as cadeias reversas diretas e totais; d) o enfoque de oferta de Ghosh (1958, 1968) para a quantificação das cadeias futuras diretas e totais. Finalmente, os resultados dessas aplicações mostram que os setores-chave do México são as indústrias de bens intermediários e de bens de capital.

RESUMOO presente artigo pretende adicionar nova evidência ao debate de desindustrialização da economia brasileira por meio de indicadores de encadeamentos para frente e para trás. Utilizam-se os índices de Rasmussen-Hirschman para a economia brasileira nos anos de 1996, 2000, 2005 e 2009. O artigo conclui que existe pouca evidência para sustentar a tese de que houve desindustrialização da economia brasileira no período. Durante o período não é observada nenhuma tendência de redução da participação da indústria de transformação em valor adicionado ou emprego total. Em relação aos índices de Rasmussen-Hirschman, os segmentos dentro da indústria de transformação experimentaram decréscimos entre 1996 e 2000 e a maior parte deles apresentou recuperação entre 2000 e 2009.

ABSTRACTThis aim of this paper is to add new evidence to the debate on the deindustrialization of the Brazilian economy by exploring indicators that measure backward and forward linkages. The paper uses the Rasmussen-Hirschman indexes for the Brazilian economy for the years 1996, 2000, 2005 and 2009. It is concluded that there is little evidence to hold the thesis that deindustrialization of the Brazilian economy has taken place. During the periods mentioned there was no clear trend of a fall in the manufacturing industry's share in gross added value or total employment. Furthermore, the Rasmussen-Hirschman indexes for different sectors within the manufacturing industry show a reduction in backward and forward linkages between 1996 and 2000 and a recovery between 2000 and 2009.

The article analyses, from a comparative perspective, the impact that Peronism had in the relationship between province and nation in two regional scenarios of argentine Littoral: the province of Corrientes and Santa Fe between 1946 and 1949. More specifically, the analysis focuses on one dimension of this relationship: the dynamics of the political sphere (Peronist party organization, government-opposition relations, actors, areas and channels of participation) looking forward to advance toward the study of the intricate relationship established in the period between politics and state administration. The selected period presents elements of utmost relevance for the topic, since although conflict in linkages nation-province is not a new phenomenon in the construction of the Argentine state, during the peronist regime takes on new foundations that tend to intensifying trend toward centralization in the context of a deep crisis and mutation of the party system.

OBJECTIVE: To develop an integrated health forecasting model as part of the International Futures (IFs) modelling system. METHODS: The IFs model begins with the historical relationships between economic and social development and cause-specific mortality used by the Global Burden of Disease project but builds forecasts from endogenous projections of these drivers by incorporating forward linkages from health outcomes back to inputs like population and economic growth. The hybrid IFs system adds alternative structural formulations for causes not well served by regression models and accounts for changes in proximate health risk factors. Forecasts are made to 2100 but findings are reported to 2060. FINDINGS: The base model projects that deaths from communicable diseases (CDs) will decline by 50%, whereas deaths from both non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and injuries will more than double. Considerable cross-national convergence in life expectancy will occur. Climate-induced fluctuations in agricultural yield will cause little excess childhood mortality from CDs, although other climate-health pathways were not explored. An optimistic scenario will produce 39 million fewer deaths in 2060 than a pessimistic one. Our forward linkage model suggests that an optimistic scenario would result in a 20% per cent increase in gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, despite one billion additional people. Southern Asia would experience the greatest relative mortality reduction and the largest resulting benefit in per capita GDP. CONCLUSION: Long-term, integrated health forecasting helps us understand the links between health and other markers of human progress and offers powerful insight into key points of leverage for future improvements.

OBJETIVO: Desarrollar un modelo de predicción de salud integrado como parte del sistema de modelos International Futures (IF). MÉTODOS: El modelo IF comienza con las relaciones históricas entre desarrollo económico y social y mortalidad por causas específicas, utilizado por el proyecto Global Burden of Disease, pero genera predicciones a partir de proyecciones endógenas de estos causantes, incorporando asociaciones prospectivas de los resultados de salud que se remontan a aportaciones como la población y el crecimiento económico. El sistema híbrido IF añade formulaciones estructurales alternativas para causas no muy bien tratadas en modelos de regresión y tiene en cuenta cambios en factores de riesgo próximos para la salud. Se hacen pronósticos hasta el 2100, pero se informa de los resultados hasta el 2060. RESULTADOS: El modelo de base proyecta que las muertes por enfermedades transmisibles (ET) disminuirán en un 50%, mientras que las muertes, tanto por enfermedades no transmisibles (ENT) como por lesiones, superarán el doble de lo actual. Se dará una convergencia transnacional apreciable en la esperanza de vida. Las fluctuaciones causadas por el clima en el rendimiento agrícola causarán poco aumento de la mortalidad infantil causada por las ET, aunque no se investigaron otros patrones clima-salud. Una predicción optimista dará 39 millones de muertes menos en el 2060 que una predicción pesimista. Nuestro modelo de asociación prospectiva sugiere que una predicción optimista resultará en un aumento del 20% en el producto interior bruto (PIB) per cápita, a pesar de los mil millones más de personas. El Sur de Asia experimentará la mayor reducción de la mortalidad relativa y el mayor beneficio resultante en el PIB per cápita. CONCLUSIÓN: La predicción de salud a largo plazo e integrada nos ayuda a entender las relaciones entre la salud y otros marcadores del progreso humano y ofrece una ilustrativa perspectiva en puntos clave de influencia para mejoras futuras.

OBJECTIF: Développer un modèle intégré de prévision sanitaire s'intégrant dans le système de modélisation International Futures (IFs). MÉTHODES: Le modèle IFs commence avec les relations historiques entre le développement économique et social et la mortalité par cause utilisées par le projet Charge globale de la morbidité, mais il élabore des prévisions à partir de projections endogènes de ces agents en réintégrant des données, comme la population et la croissance économique, aux corrélations aval des résultats sanitaires. Le système hybride IFs ajoute des formulations structurelles alternatives pour des causes mal prises en compte par les modèles de régression et rend compte de modifications dans des facteurs proches de risque sanitaire. Les prévisions sont faites pour 2100 mais les résultats sont exprimés pour 2060. RÉSULTATS: Le modèle de base prévoit que les morts par maladies contagieuses (MC) baisseront de 50%, tandis que les morts par maladies non contagieuses (MNC) et par blessures feront plus que doubler. Une forte convergence dans l'espérance de vie se produira entre les différents pays. Les fluctuations de la production agricole dues au climat entraîneront un léger excès de mortalité infantile par MC, bien que d'autres approches climat-santé n'aient pas été explorées. Un scénario optimiste produira 39 millions de morts de moins en 2060 qu'un scénario pessimiste. Notre modèle de corrélation en aval suggère qu'un scénario optimiste entraînerait une augmentation du produit intérieur brut (PIB) par tête de 20%, malgré le milliard de personnes supplémentaires. L'Asie du Sud jouirait de la plus forte réduction relative de mortalité et de la plus importante croissance du PIB par tête qui en résultera. CONCLUSION: La prévision sanitaire intégrée à long terme nous aide à comprendre les liens entre la santé et les autres marqueurs de progrès humain et met en évidence des points d'action clés pour des améliorations futures.

ABSTRACT South African National Parks (SANParks) makes use of strategic adaptive management (SAM) to achieve its primary mandate of biodiversity conservation. This involves an iterative adaptive planning, management and review cycle to ensure appropriate alignment of stakeholder values with conservation objectives, to address the uncertainty inherent in complex social-economic-ecological systems and to learn explicitly whilst doing so. Adaptive management is recognised as the most logical framework for continuous improvement in natural resource management; nevertheless, several challenges in its implementation remain. This paper outlined these challenges and the various modifications to SANParks' adaptive planning and management process that have emerged during its development. We demonstrated how the establishment of a regular Science-Management Forum provides opportunities for social co-learning amongst resource managers and scientists of a particular park, whilst providing other positive spin-offs that mature the SAM process across the organisation. We discussed the use of particular conceptual constructs that clarify the link between monitoring, management requirements and operational endpoints, providing the context within which Thresholds of Potential Concern (TPCs) should be set, prioritised and measured. The evolution of the TPC concept was also discussed in the context of its use by other organisations, whilst recognising its current limitations within SANParks. Finally, we discussed remaining implementation challenges and uncertainties, and suggested a way forward for SAM. CONSERVATION IMPLICATIONS: This paper outlined practical methods of implementing SAM in conservation areas, beyond what has already been learnt within, and documented for, the Kruger National Park. It also highlighted several implementation challenges that prove useful to other conservation agencies planning to adopt this approach to managing complex ecosystems

This paper examines, from a geographical point of view, fishing in one of the poorest regions in the Mexican tropics: the Costa Chica in the state of Guerrero. Our central research questions is aimed to relating the existence of mediocre fishing grounds in these waters, the absence of both adequate infrastructure and forward linkages of fishing, particularly referred to the food industry, and the existence of trading channels monopolized by intermediaries; we assume that these factors have contributed significantly to the actual poor living conditions prevalent in the region, which in turn have stimulated notable migration movements in recent years. Among the significant findings of this study, worth mentioning are: fishing in this part of Mexico is based on the catching of selected species, particularly those with the highest commercial value, such as oysters; Acapulco is the major trading post for the Costa Chica fishing products; finally, we found out that a weak organization among fishermen and cooperatives results in their inability to resolve problems associated with the commercialization of their catching, leaving the door open for intermediaries.

Este trabajo examina la actividad pesquera desde un punto de vista territorial, en uno de los litorales más marginados del trópico mexicano: la Costa Chica de Guerrero. La idea central de investigación relaciona y concatena la existencia de recursos pesqueros medianamente importantes, la falta de infraestructura adecuada y de eslabonamientos hacia delante de la pesca con la industria alimentaria y la presencia de canales de comercialización monopolizados por intermediarios; se asume que estos factores inciden en forma directa en las condiciones de vida de la población de los sitios estudiados, caracterizadas como poco favorables y que alientan la emigración. Entre los hallazgos de investigación relevantes se pueden indicar los siguientes: el predominio de explotación referido a unas cuantas especies con alto valor comercial, como el ostión; la primacía de Acapulco como centro de acopio de los productos pesqueros y una débil organización de las cooperativas pesqueras que se manifiesta en una incapacidad para resolver los problemas derivados de la comercialización de sus capturas, lo que abre una ventana de oportunidad para los intermediarios.

Objetiva-se, neste trabalho, analisar o setor de produção e de processamento do café na estrutura econômica de Minas Gerais, determinando sua importância e seus encadeamentos dentro da estrutura do Estado, mediante a utilização de matriz de insumo-produto. Para tanto, são utilizados os índices de ligação de Rasmussen-Hirschman, a abordagem do campo de influência, o índice puro de ligação (abordagem GHS) e os multiplicadores regionais de produto, renda e emprego. Essas aplicações são complementares na identificação de setores-chave da economia. A matriz utilizada foi regionalizada e refere-se ao ano de 1995. Segundo os índices de ligações de Rasmussen-Hirschman e a análise do campo de influência, o setor de produção de café encontra-se acima da média da economia, apresentando maiores encadeamentos para trás e para frente. Já o setor de processamento de café possui forte poder de encadeamento apenas para trás. Pela análise dos multiplicadores, observou-se que o setor de produção do café apresentou os melhores resultados em termos de geração de produto e renda, enquanto a indústria de café, em termos de produto e emprego.

The objective of this work is to analyze coffee production and processing in the economic structure of Minas Gerais, to determine its importance and its linkages to the structure of the State economy, by using input-output matrix. Therefore, it is determined linkages indexes of Rasmussen-Hirschman, boarding fields, pure linkage index (GHS) and regional multipliers of product, income and employment. These applications are complementary to the identification of key sectors of the economy. The 1995 input-output matrix was used. Linkages indexes of Rasmussen-Hirschman and the analysis of the influence field pointed out that coffee production presents multiplying indicators above those of the economy, presenting higher backward and forward linkages. The coffee processing sector presents only backward linkage effects. In the multipliers analysis, it was observed that coffee production sector showed better performance in terms of product and income generation, while the coffee processing industry, in terms of product and of job multipliers.

Tem-se por objectivo identificar, a partir de entrevistas a mulheres a viverem em casal com filhos, formas específicas de construir a autonomia pessoal na vida a dois. Propondo que a conjugalidade é feita tanto de afectos como de rotinas, coloca-se a hipótese de conexão entre orientações amorosas e autonomia das mulheres. Descrevem-se assim várias articulações entre afectos e expressão da autonomia individual.

Le but de cet article consiste à identifier, sur base d’interviews réalisées à des femmes vivant en couple et ayant des enfants, les formes spécifiques de construction de leur autonomie personnelle dans une vie à deux. En partant du présupposé que la conjugalité est faite tant d’affects que de routines, l’hypothèse d’une connexion entre orientations amoureuses et autonomie des femmes est soulevée. C’est ainsi que l’auteure décrit plusieurs articulations entre affects et expression de l’autonomie individuelle.

Based on interviews with women with spouses or partners living with children, the aim of this research is to identify the specific ways in which they establish personal autonomy within the life of the couple. This article suggests that conjugality is made up as much of feelings as of routines, and puts forward the hypothesis that there is a connection between love orientations and female autonomy. Several linkages between feelings and the expression of individual autonomy are described.